MPA101 ภาษาอังกฤษสำหรับนักรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ หน่วยที่ 1-8

MPA101 ภาษาอังกฤษสาํ หรับนกั รฐั ประศาสนศาสตร์
(English for Public Administrator)

คณะทปี่ รกึ ษา อธกิ ารบดี ประธานที่ปรกึ ษา
รศ.ดร.บงั อร เบญ็ จาธิกลุ รองอธกิ ารบดีฝ่ายวชิ าการ ที่ปรึกษา
ศ.ดร.ชัยยงค์ พรหมวงศ์ รองอธกิ ารบดีฝา่ ยบรหิ าร ทีป่ รึกษา
ผศ.ดร.วทิ ยา เบ็ญจาธกิ ลุ

บรรณาธกิ ารบรหิ าร ผู้อาํ นวยการสถาบันการศกึ ษาทางไกล
วา่ ที่รอ้ ยตรี ดร. อนนั ต์ โพธิกุล

กองบรรณาธกิ าร ผู้อาํ นวยการสาํ นักพฒั นาตาํ ราและสื่อทางวิชาการ
อาจารยส์ ิทธพิ ร โพธร์ิ ะหง อาจารย์ประจาํ คณะรัฐศาสตร์
อาจารย์ณภทั ร ศลิ ปมา

จดั รปู เลม่ อาจารยป์ ระจําคณะรฐั ศาสตร์
อาจารย์ณภทั ร ศลิ ปมา

ออกแบบปก อาจารยป์ ระจําคณะนเิ ทศศาสตร์
อาจารยว์ รินธร แจ้งโรจน์

ดาํ เนนิ การจดั พมิ พโ์ ดย
สถาบนั การศึกษาทางไกล มหาวทิ ยาลัยกรงุ เทพธนบุรี
โทร : 0 2889 1701 , 0 2889 1700 หรือ 0 2800 6800 -5 ตอ่ 2121 , 2120

พมิ พท์ ่ี
โรงพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยกรงุ เทพธนบรุ ี
16/10 ม.2 ถนนทวีวฒั นา แขวงทวีวฒั นา เขตทวีวัฒนา กรงุ เทพฯ 10170
โทร: 0 2431 5395 หรือ 0 2800 6800 - 5 ต่อ 1124 แฟกซ์: 0 2431 5395

ปที ่พี มิ พ์ 2562

 

FOREWORD

Welcome to English for Public Administrators (MPA 101) for Master Degree in Public
Administration Program. The materials in this book have been written and/or selected for
their value in helping MPA students become better readers of public administration.
English for Public Administration is intended to be used for self-study which will help
students to activate and extend their knowledge of English and gain the necessary
confidence and skills to use for their own purposes.

This course book consists of fifteen units, each containing the same component
sections – reading comprehension, word empowerment, language focus, vocabulary and
grammar review. The author hopes this course book will serve as a useful guide in students’
development of English language fluency needed in and out of the classroom

Asst. Prof. Dr. Kedsuda Ratchadawisitkul

 

Table of Contents Page
1
FOREWORD 7
Unit 1 Public Administration 14
Unit 2 Democracy 21
Unit 3 Public Policy 28
Unit 4 Political Parties 35
Unit 5 Red Tape 43
Revision (Units 1 - 5) 52
Unit 6 The Oak and the Reeds : Leadership Lessons from Aesop’s Fable 60
Unit 7 The Impact of Information Technology on Politics 68
Unit 8 The Watergate Scandal 76
Unit 9 Taxes 83
Unit 10 Free Enterprise System 90
Revision (Units 6 - 10) 100
Unit 11 Woman Suffrage 110
Unit 12 Politics in the UK 122
Unit 13 Supply and Demand 132
Unit 14 Economy 142
Unit 15 RA in PA 149
Revision (Units 11 - 16)
Bibliography

 

UNIT ONE
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Learning Objectives
After studying this unit, students should be able to
1. identify public administration as governmental activities and as multidisciplinary

academic subject
2. explain the differences between public administration and business administration
3. correctly use words and phrases as well as grammatical patterns students learned in

this unit in speaking and writing.

~1~

 

Reading Comprehension:

Words You Many Not Know

implementation = การใช้ (เคร่ืองมือ encompass = รวมเขา้ ไวด้ ้วยกนั
ระบบ)

administration = การบริหาร multidisciplinary = สหวิทยา

expand = ขยาย (กจิ กรรม กิจการ ) reform = ปฏริ ปู

Public administration is the implementation of government policies. As the
government is responsible for building and strengthening society, the public policies and
programs must serve the needs of the people in the society. Though public administration
was described as government management, since the 1990’s, the term has been expanded
to encompass non-governmental organizations (NGOs) which also provide the same services
to the public.

Public administration is also an academic field which studies administrative activities
of the government and prepares civil servants for working in public service. In comparison
with related fields such as political science, public administration is a multidisciplinary field
which was introduced in the 19th century. It draws on theories and concepts from
economics, political science, sociology and management.

Public administration has a rich history which dates back to the Greeks. Though the
idea of public administration dates back thousands of years, it played an important role
throughout the history as our countries developed and new technology changed the way
we live and interact. Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the USA, is addressed as the
“Father of American Public Administration”. He was one of the first political leaders who
promoted civil service reform and emphasized the need to increase the efficiency of the
Government.

Is public administration different from private administration? These are some main
points to ponder. Public administration is bureaucratic whereas business administration is
business like. Public administration is characterized by red-tape whereas private
administration is free from it.

Interesting words and phrases:
‘whereas’

- Public administration is bureaucratic whereas business administration is business like.
‘whereas’ is used as conjunction to indicate

~2~

 

contrast between facts or ideas.
- Whereas most new PCs have several USB slots, older ones only had one.

to play an important role = If something or someone plays a role in a situation, they are
involved in it and have an effect on it.

- Though the idea of public administration dates back thousands of years, it plays an
important role throughout history

- The renewable energies will play an important role for the developing countries.
In comparison to = to compare
In comparison to very fast computer-based communications, telephone services are
slow.
- In comparison to very fast computer-based communications, telephone services are
slow.

Word Empowerment

Word Collocation

Exercise 1: Choose the words in Column A to match the words in Column B

Column A Column B

1. implementation a. education

2. administration b. information

3. expand c. academic field

4. encompass d. strategy

5. multidisciplinary e. business

6. reform f. officials

How to use these word collocations:
1. The Committee are discussing to have a new implementation strategy.
2. Administration officials refused to comment about the Directing Manager’s policy.
3. He has expanded his business to serve the entire state.
4. The psychology class will encompass information such as many mental illnesses and

~3~

 

common behaviors.
5. Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary academic field.
6. Education reform must emphasize education for all.

Language Focus

Present Participle Phrase

- In the 1880s, Woodrow Wilson promoted civil service reform, moving public
administration into academia.

A present participial phrase begins with a present participle (the ing form of a verb)
and any objects or modifiers. Present participial phrase function adjectivally to describe a

noun or a pronoun. For example:

- Walking to the lake, Fred imagined making the perfect dive.

In this example, walking to the lake modifies the noun Fred. Walking is a present
participle—it promotes the image that what Fred is doing is ongoing. (Present participles

always end in -ing.) The participial phrase consists of the entire phrase, not only the present
participle. Another example:

- Tilda kicked the man smiling joyfully.

Smiling joyfully modifies the man, not Tilda. There is no comma because the
participial phrase is in the end position of the sentence and it modifies the noun
immediately preceding it. If there were a comma—Tilda kicked the man, smiling joyfully—
then Tilda would be the one smiling joyfully.

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:

1. He was sitting in an armchair……………. a magazine.

a) read b) reads c) reading

2. The candidate …………….. the most votes ………… the election.

a) getting - wins b) got - won c) getting - winning

3. The cup……….. with milk ………….. on the table.

a) filling - stood b) filled - standing c) filled - stood

4. …………… a good novel always …………. me pleasure.

a) Reading - gives b) Read-giving c) Reading – giving

5. His profession, …………….English to immigrants, occupied a great deal of his time.

~4~

 

a) teaches b) teaching c) is teaching

Relative Pronouns for people and things.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:

Preceding noun Relative pronoun Examples

a person who (m) that, whose - Do you know the girl who…....

- He was a man that……

- An orphan is a child whose parents…..

a thing which/that, whose - Do you have a computer which ……..

- The oak is a tree that……….

- This is a book whose author……..

Exercise 2 : Choose the best answer:

1. Where’s the pencil ……… I gave you yesterday?

a) who b) whose c) which

2. Most of the parents …………were invited to the conference did not come.

a) who b) whom c) whose

3. Anyone ………..was caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.

a) whose b) whom c) who

4. She was wearing a dress ……….. was covered in blue flowers.

a) which b) who c) whose

5. Did you find the money ………….. you lost?

a) which b) that c) a) and b)

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known.

However, who or what is performing the action.

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.

Passive: A letter Is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

~5~

 

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Exercise 3 : Choose the best answer:

1. The servant ……………. by his master yesterday for breaking the rules.

a) punished b) was punished c) is punished

2. This apple pie is very tasty. Who ……….. it?

a) has baked b) has been made c) was baking

3. We’re worried. The food is not ready. It ………….. by the Chef since afternoon.

a) was cooked b) has been cooked c) is cooked

4. The Government…………….. a new road near my house.

a) is planning b) has been planned c) is planned

5. Kean remembered parking his car in this parking lot, but he didn’t found it.

It seemed his car ………….. by someone.

a) was stolen b) steals c) stole

**Note : ใหน้ ักศกึ ษาเขา้ ทํากิจกรรมในระบบการเรยี นการสอนออนไลน์ เพือ่ ติดตามภาระงานทอ่ี าจารยม์ อบหมายในแตล่ ะ
สัปดาห์ เช่น แบบฝึกหัด, แบบทดสอบกอ่ นเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรียน และกิจกรรมอ่นื ๆ เสมอื นการเรียนในหอ้ งเรยี นจริง
เป็นตน้

~6~

 

UNIT TWO
DEMOCRACY

Learning Objectives:
After studying this unit, students should be able to
1. identify the definition of “Democracy”
2. tell about the history of democracy
3. explain the problems in democratic societies.
4. correctly use words and phrases as well as grammatical patterns students learned

in speaking and writing

~7~

 

Reading Comprehension:

Words You May Not Know

commoners = สามญั ชน

the Commonwealth = เครือจักรภพ forum = ทีป่ ระชุมสาธารณะ

Democratic Republic = สาธารณรัฐ ประชาธปิ ไตย overthrown = ล้มล้าง

Revolutionary War = สงครามปฏวิ ัติ resolve = แกป้ ัญหา หาทางออก

unique = มคี วามเปน็ เอกลกั ษณ์ cripple = พิการ ทุพพลภาพ

Democracy which comes from 'rule of the commoners' in Greek is a government
system in which citizens can vote for their leaders. In contrast to dictatorship, it is a system
in which the majority influences the ruling elite.

The system of democracy was born in Greece around 500 BC, in the city-state of
Athens. Athens used to be ruled by kings, but they were destroyed and a democratic
system was established. This system was unique in that political leaders could be citizens
who were voted by their peers. Also, they had a public forum in which all citizens could
speak and express their opinions.

However, not all were equal under the democratic system. Women, slaves,
foreigners, and people under 20 years old were not granted full citizenship, so they were
not allowed to vote or express themselves politically.

Through medieval history, democracy was used in narrow ranges because it was just
for political elites. One example of problematic situations under democratic system
occurring in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a European superpower existence from
1569-1795. Although they had a king, they practiced democratic voting in parliament. The

Commonwealth had a law called “liberum veto”, in which laws were only passed if they
were agreed-upon by everyone, and if only one nobleman vetoed it, it could not pass. This
would prove to weaken the country in its later years, and reveals the fact that it's possible
to be too democratic.

This same issue would be faced by the United States of America, one of the best
examples of democracy in history. The US used to have a constitution called the Articles of
Confederation. this document did not give federal lawmakers to achieve a majority votes
from the states to create laws, which was similar in effect to the liberum veto. The United
States is not in fact a democracy but a Democratic Republic. In the United States, what is in
place is a representative democracy. In this form of democracy, the people of a region

elect representatives, who then speak for them in an assembly, such as Congress, and then
this assembly votes on legal issues.

~8~

  Noun
democracy
Word Empowerment foreigner
Adjective politics, politician
problem
democratic equality
foreign
political
problematic
equal

Exercise: Choose the words to fill in the blanks.
a. equal b. equality c. foreign d. foreigner
e. politics f. political g. politician h. problem
i. problematic j. democracy k. democratic

1. We use ……….as a method of selecting representatives.
2. His resignation was possible due to his dislike of Henry’s …….. policy.
3. Benjamin Franklin was an American …… and inventor.
4. Finding enough volunteers to work at the shelter can be ….since it’s not a paying job.
5. Civil right include freedom,…… in law and in employment and the right to vote.

Language Focus

“Used….to “

- Athens used to be ruled by kings.

‘Used to’ refers to something that you regularly did in the past but don’t do it anymore

Did you use to collect things? What sports did you use to play?

Yes, I used to collect comic books. I used to play baseball and volleyball.

No, I didn’t use to collect anything, I never used to play sports, but now I

but now I collect art. Play tennis.

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:

~9~

 

1. David Beckham ……………….. play for Manchester United.

a) used to b) use

2. People ……………… herbs to relieve illness in the old days.

a) used b) used to

3. She ………….. like him, but now they’re married.

a) used to b) uses

4. There is a famous restaurant here. It …………..be a clothes shop.

a) used b) used to

5. “ What music ………. you ………listen to?” “I listened to pop music, but now I prefer rock.”

a) do – used b) did – use to

‘in which’ VS. ‘where’
Let’s take a look at the following two sentences :
- This is the town in which I live.
- This is the town where I live.
As you can probably guess, ‘which’ is more formal than ‘where’.
In the two sentences about the town, the words ‘which’ and ‘where’ both function as

relative pronouns. Both relative pronouns describe place.

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer:

1. Do you know the drawer ………… your mother keeps her jewelry?

a) which b) where

2. Paris,…………is one of the most desired destinations in the world, is the capital of France.

a) which b) where

3. The institution ………….. I got my education is Thammasat University.

a) which b) where

4. The bridge ………… was damaged by the hurricane is being rebuilt now.

a) which b) where

5. ………… picture did David paint, the left one or the right one?

~ 10 ~

 

a) Which b) Where

Conditional Sentences (‘If clause’)

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have
happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the
conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that
include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past"
because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened
in the past.

Conditional Usage If clause Main clause verb tense
sentence type verb tense

Zero General truths Simple Simple present
present

Type 1 A possible condition and its Simple Simple future

probable result present

Type 2 A hypothetical condition Simple past Present conditional or Present
and its probable result continuous conditional

The zero conditional

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always
and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general
truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional
sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the
meaning.

If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple present

If this thing happens that thing happens.

If you heat ice it melts.

If it rains the grass gets wet.

~ 11 ~

 

Type 1 conditional

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real.
The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these
sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple future

If this thing happens that thing will happen.

If you don't hurry you will miss the train.

If it rains today you will get wet.

Type 2 conditional

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that
is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a
hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause
uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause Main clause
If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional
that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen)
If this thing happened OR
that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed
earlier you would not be so tired.
If it rained
If I spoke Italian you would get wet.
I would be working in Italy.

Exercise 3: Choose the best answer:

~ 12 ~

 

1. If you wash the dishes, I …………. dinner tonight.

a) would cook b) cooked c) will cook

2. You ………….a lot about American history, if you visit the exhibition.

a) learned b) would learn c) will learn

3. If she studied harder, she ………………better marks.

a) would get b) will get c) is going to get

4. It would surprise me, if she ……………………

a) would not help b) dose not help c) did not help

5. We will not get there on time if we………………….the bus.

a) don’t catch b) didn’t catch d) are not going to catch

6. If we ……….. more on this subject, we would not be afraid of the test.

a) work b) worked c) would work

7. If the weather……………… bad tomorrow, we will go swimming.

a) was not b) would not be c) is not

8. If I …………..more time, I would learn Chinese

a) had b) has c) have

9. I would buy this bag if it ………… blue.

a) is b) was c) were

10. She …………. cash if she had a credit card.

a) wouldn’t pay b) won’t pay c) didn’t pay

**Note : ใหน้ ักศึกษาเข้าทํากจิ กรรมในระบบการเรียนการสอนออนไลน์ เพ่อื ติดตามภาระงานทอี่ าจารยม์ อบหมายในแตล่ ะ
สปั ดาห์ เชน่ แบบฝึกหดั , แบบทดสอบกอ่ นเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรยี น และกจิ กรรมอนื่ ๆ เสมอื นการเรยี นในหอ้ งเรยี นจริง
เปน็ ตน้

~ 13 ~

 

UNIT THREE
PUBLIC POLICY

 

Reading Comprehension
Words You May Not Know

measure (n.) = มาตรการ intend = มงุ่ หมาย
influence = มอี ทิ ธิพล revise = ทบทวน
resolve = แกไ้ ข impact = ผลกระทบ

Public policy refers to all measures which are provided by government or
governmental agencies to respond to public problems. The public problems which
influence public policy making can be of economic, social or political nature. Public policy
is a decision made by government to either act, or not act in order to resolve a problem.
For example, what the government choose not to do include nuclear power plant, casino,
and inheritance tax. Therefore, public policy is a process about selecting strategies and
making choices. It must be evaluated to see the intended results, to revise existing and
future public programs and projects.

~ 14 ~

 

Public policy is important because policy choices and decisions made by the
government or rulers in power affect nearly every aspect of daily life including education,
healthcare and national security. Since It is concerned with the impact of government
programs on citizens, public policy making consists of three main steps – policy formulation,
policy implementation and policy evaluation. There are three types of public policies –
distributive, regulatory and re-distributive policies.

Regulatory policy is about achieving government’s objectives through the use of laws
and regulations. The measure which requires factories to pay taxes for what they do which is
harmful to the public is an example of regulatory policy. Distributive policy refers to public
services which are provided for the benefits of the nation’s citizens. Universal Health
Coverage, land certificate for local people are some resource allocation policies which the
government provide for the people. Redistributive policy is a method which the
government employ to reallocate the wealth from one group in society to another group.
The major purpose of redistributive policy is to promote equality in society. Re-distribution
of income and re-distribution of wealth refers to the transfer of income and of wealth
(including physical property) from some individuals to others by means of social mechanism
such as taxation, charity, welfare and land reform.

Word Empowerment Adjective
Noun governmental
influential
government strategy
influence decision
strategic regulation
decisive
regulatory

Exercise: Choose the best words to fill in the blanks. e. influential
a. strategic b. regulatory c. decisive d. governmental
1. It’s part of ….. commitment to support families.
2. His theories have become more ……. in recent years.
3. His own ………. plans, which could not be carried out, was forgotten.

~ 15 ~

 

4. Prescription drugs can be dangerous without ……… control.
5. You must be ……… and persistent to succeed in this competitive market.

Language Focus

Reduced Relative Clauses

- Public policy is a decision made by government to either act, or not act in order to
resolve a problem

- Public policy is important because policy choices and decisions made by the government
or rulers in power affect nearly every aspect of daily life.

Reduced clauses are common feature of written English, they are not much used in spoken
language.

Look at the following sentences:

You may delete the relative pronoun and to be verb when:

1. They are followed by a prepositional phrase.

A. The man who is in the house is my father.

The man in the house is my father.

B. The books that are on the desk are mine.

The books on the desk are mine.

2. The main verb in the relative clause in progressive.

A. The man who is swimming in the lake is my father.

The man swimming in the lake is my father.

B. I will make some tea from the water which boiling in the pot.

I will make some tea from the water boiling in the pot.

Adjective Clause Reduced Clause

1. Teachers who work here come from 1.Teachers working here come from

many different countries. many different countries.

2. Oil which is produced here is 2. Oil produced here is exported

exported elsewhere. elsewhere.

~ 16 ~

 

In example 1, ‘who work’ becomes ‘working’. Why?
Because ‘work’ is Active and an Active form is replaced by the Present Participle
(v-ing) in a reduced clause.
It doesn’t matter what tense the verb is, this rules applies. Look at example 3
3. Students who have lost their books have to replace them.

Students losing their books have to replace them.

In example 2 ‘which is produced’ becomes ‘produced’. Why?

Because ‘produced’ is Passive and this is reduced to the Past Participle in a reduced clause.

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:

1. She works for a charity …………… with the welfare of children in developing countries.

a) concerning b) concerns c) concerned

2. I could see my brother ………….. through the park, so I hid behind the tree and waited to
surprise him.

a) comes b) came c) coming

3. Tony pointed to the stairs …………….down to the cellar.

a) leads b) leading c) led

4. These drugs ……………. from sale are used to treat stomach ulcers.

a) withdrawing b) withdraws c) withdrawn

5. In the shop window there’s a sign…………..‘Ten per cent off’

a) saying b) says c) said

When do we use ‘because’, ‘as’, ‘since’ and ‘for’?

Word Explanation Example

because The reason is very important in the The students could go home earlier

sentence. because the teacher was ill.

Because the teacher was ill, the
students could go home earlier.

~ 17 ~

 

as The reason is already known. As we read, we learn.

since The reason is already know. (more Since we were in the computer lab,

formal than as). our English has improved.

for The reason is given at the end of the We went to a small restaurant – for

sentence. we were hungry.

The clause with for cannot be used
in initial position.

Exercise 2: Complete the sentence frames with an item from (A) and an item from (B) in an

appropriate order. For example:

1. Since the train was delayed for more than an hour, passengers were given a
full refund. Answer =1 + e

(A) (B)

1. Passengers were given a full refund. a. It’s your birthday

2. I’ll buy you lunch b. It was her idea to go to the theatre

3. Angela agrees to book the tickets c. I’m trying to lose weight

4. We were recommended to buy d. a new copy would be very expensive

to buy textbooks e. the train was delayed for more than

5. I’ve given up dairy products an hour

6. You should never walk under the ladder f. it’s supposed to be unlucky

1. Since……………………………………………………………………………………....
2. As……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Because ……………………………………………………………………..………….
4. ……………….. since…………………………………………………………………..…
5. Because ……………………………………………………………………………..……
6. ……………..for…………………………………………………………………..………..

~ 18 ~

 

Exercise 3 : Choose the best answer:

1. …………... it was getting late, I decided I should go home.

a) Because b) As c) Since d) For

2. ………….. my mother has arrived, I won’t be able to meet you.

a) Because b) As c) Since d) For

3. ………… Chris was going to be living in Sweden for some time, he thought he should read
something about the country.

a) Because b) As c) Since d) For

4. We must begin planning now, …………the future may bring unexpected changes.

a) Because b) As c) Since d) For

5. The train was delayed ……………. there was an accident.

a) Because b) As c) Since d) For

Verb + wh-clause

Some verbs can be followed by a clause beginning with a wh-word (how, what, when,
where, which, who or why) :

- The measure which requires factories to pay taxes for what they do which is harmful
to the public.

- I asked (him) how I could get to the station and he told me.

- Sam taught me how to play chess.

Some verbs must have an object before the wh-clause:

- She reminded me what (I had) to do.

Exercise 4 : Choose the best answer:
1. Which sentence is correct?

a) I showed her where to put her coat.
b) I showed her where she puts her coat.
2. Which sentence is correct?
a) I can’t imagine him what to like about jazz.

~ 19 ~

 

b) I can’t imagine what he likes about jazz.
3. Which sentence is correct?

a) Go back the way to come you.
b) Go back the way you came
4. Which sentence is correct?
a) I couldn’t decide to catch which train.
b) I couldn’t decide which train to catch.
5. Which sentence is correct?
a) The children were allowed to choose to eat what.
b) he children were allowed to choose what to eat.

**Note : ใหน้ ักศกึ ษาเข้าทาํ กจิ กรรมในระบบการเรยี นการสอนออนไลน์ เพ่อื ติดตามภาระงานท่อี าจารยม์ อบหมายในแต่ละ
สปั ดาห์ เชน่ แบบฝึกหัด, แบบทดสอบก่อนเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรียน และกิจกรรมอ่นื ๆ เสมือนการเรยี นในห้องเรียนจริง
เปน็ ตน้

~ 20 ~

 

UNIT FOUR
POLITICAL PARTIES

 

Learning Objectives:
After studying this unit, students should be able to

1. identify definition of “political party”
2. Explain philosophy and idealism of most well-known political parties
3. use vocabulary concerning political party in correct contexts
4. correctly use words and phrases as well as grammatical patterns learned in this

unit in speaking and writing

~ 21 ~

 

Reading Comprehension

Words You May Not Know

campaign = การรณรงค์ numerous = เปน็ จํานวนมาก

view = ทิวทัศน์, มีความเห็นว่า minority = ชนกลุ่มนอ้ ย

split = แบ่งแยก interfere = แทรกแซง

Political parties are groups of people who have sets of beliefs about how a country
should be governed and hold political power in electing new government officials. These
parties are usually present in republics and democracies. In very basic terms, most
mainstream political parties fall across a political spectrum or their beliefs in relation to each
other. The most standard example of this spectrum is left-wing, center, and right-wing.

The number of political parties differs from country to country. Most countries have
many political parties which fall in different places on the spectrum. Germany, for example,
has twelve parties. A few countries, usually Communist ones like China, have only one
party. Several countries, notably the United States, have a two-party system.

In the US, there are only two parties which hold all the power in politics - the
Republicans and Democrats. There are a few third parties, like the Libertarians, the Green
Party, the Constitution Party, and numerous small local ones, but these have only a small
minority of elected officials in places of power compared to the big two.

The Republican Party, also called the Grand Old Party or the GOP, had Abraham
Lincoln as its first president. It is on the right-wing side of the spectrum. Republicans support
low government interference in the economy and traditional values. They represent
conservative thought.

The Democratic Party was founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson, and is the oldest
still-active party in the world. They are on the left-wing side. They support high government
interference in the economy, and social justice. They represent liberal thought.

In a presidential election, right-wing candidates for president will run under a right-
wing party, left-wing candidates under the left-wing party. Both parties will try to make sure
voters who agree with the party platform vote along party lines. Both parties will spend a
lot of their time trying to convince voters in the center of the political spectrum who might
not be signed up with either party, or with any party at all. This center makes up most the
voters in the United States.

The first political parties in history formed in England in the 1600s. The country was a
kingdom at the time. The parties which formed were the Whigs, who believed in greater
personal liberties, and the Tories, who believed in more power for the king. Political parties,

~ 22 ~

 

ever since, have symbolized the split beliefs
of the people of a country. During campaigning for office, each party does its best to make
sure the other party is viewed as wrong or evil.

How to Use These Words
Our city police have a new campaign targeting drunken driving
He campaigned hard to get more funding.
We’ve discussed this point among ourselves numerous times over the past moths.
The number of people attending the party is becoming increasingly numerous in size.
Only a minority of American households do not have a car.
The minority viewpoint on that matter comes from those who have lost their benefits.
I think it’s time for me to split some more firewood.
The money will probably be evenly split between those two.
I now view life differently than I used to.
Tony has very liberal views.
I have no desire to interfere with something about which I know nothing.
In many cases involving powerful and well-connected suspects, there is
perceived interference in the police investigation.

Word Empowerment
Political Party Vocabulary

political spectrum = ขั้วทางการเมอื ง two-party system = ระบบทีม่ ีพรรคการเมือง
เพยี งสองพรรค
political platform = นโยบายทางการเมอื ง right=wing = ฝา่ ยขวา
mainstream political parties = พรรค left-wing = ฝา่ ยซา้ ย
การเมืองกระแสหลกั
Vote = ลงคะแนนเสียง voter= ผลู้ งคะแนนเสยี ง

~ 23 ~

 

I’m not a citizen of the country, so I cannot vote for you.
Some require that the voter shall be able to read and understand the Constitution
His nomination is supported by the party's left wing but opposed by the right wing.
Democrats and Republican are the mainstream political parties in the USA.
“No Child Left Behind” is the educational platform of this political party.
The United States is one of the countries having a two-party system.

Exercise 1 : Choose the best answer:

1. Patricia is on the liberal ……….. of the Republican Party.

a) spectrum b) side c) team d) wing

2. The results of the ………….. was surprising – 80% of workers favoured strike action.

a) vote b) voters c) voting d) voted

3. The Socialists won the 2004 ………… by a large majority.

a) vote b) election c) campaign d) office

4. A belief in small government and tax reform are examples of the Republican Party ………..

a) idealism b) plans c) platform d) direction

5. Our speakers tonight come from both ends of the political ……………

a) wings b) spectrum c) parties d) groups

Language Focus
Question Words + Suj.+Verb

In an indirect question, the word order changes as the Wh-question or question word
moves to the middle of the sentence. It is no longer a question. For example:

- Politicians have sets of belief about how the country should be governed.
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:
1. Which is correct?

a) What is your name?
b) What your name is ?

~ 24 ~

 

2. Which is correct?
a) Which colour do you like – red or pink?
b) Which colour do like you – red or pink?

3. Which is correct?
a) What kind of music do you like?
b) What kind of music like you?

4. Which is correct?
a) I don’t’ know where does Elizabeth live.
b) I don’t’ know where Elizabeth lives.

5. Which is correct?
a) I want to know how you say ‘good luck’ in Italian.
b) I want to know how do you say ‘good luck’ in Italian.

Confusing Words – ‘Make Sure and Ensure’

‘make sure (that)’ = to do something so that you can be certain of the result. For example:

- During campaigning for office, each party dose it best to make sure the other party is
viewed wrong or evil.

‘ensure’ = to make it certain that something will happen. For example:

- All the necessary steps have been take to ensure their safety.

Exercise 2 : Choose the best answer:

1. His wife …………. that he took all his pills every day.

a) made sure b) ensured

2. Charlie ……….... that the rope was finely fastened around his son’s waist.

a) made sure b) ensured

3. “Did you lock the front door?” “ I think so, but I’d better ……….”

a) make sure b) ensure

4. ……….. to ring and let us know you’re got back safely.

a) Make sure b) Ensure

~ 25 ~

 

5. Lidia peered into the room to ………… that Alice was asleep.

a) make sure b) ensure

‘one’ and ‘ones’

‘one’ is used instead of a noun that has already been mentioned or which the person you
are talking to or already known about. ‘ones’ is plural form of ‘one’.

For example: A few countries, usually Communist ones like China, only have on party.

Exercise 3 : Choose the best answer:

1. I’ve always wanted a CD player and I’ve just saved enough money to buy ………..

a) ones b) one

2. Cakes are so hard to bake. Why is it that the ………. I bake always sink?

a) ones b) one

3. I’ll take one, the ……….. with all the chocolate on top.

a) ones b) one

4. The bus was so crowded so we decided to catch a later ………….

a) ones b) one

5. ………… asks oneself where children learn to behave so badly.

a) ones b) one

‘A number of ’ and ‘The number of’
The expression ‘the number of’ is followed by a singular verb while the expression ‘a
number of’ is followed by a plural verb. For examples:

- The number of people we need to hire is thirteen.
- A number of people have written about this subject.
Exercise 4 : ‘The number’ VS. ‘A number’
1. The number of people lined up for tickets ………. four hundred.
a) was b) were
2. A number of suggestions …………. made.
a) was b) were

~ 26 ~

 

3. There ……….. a number of important announcements in the bulletin.
a) is b) are

4. Here ………… the number of milk shakes you requested.
a) is b) are

5. A number of shoes in our factory …………. exported to ASEAN countries.
a) is b) are

**Note : ให้นกั ศึกษาเข้าทาํ กิจกรรมในระบบการเรียนการสอนออนไลน์ เพอื่ ติดตามภาระงานท่อี าจารยม์ อบหมายในแต่ละ
สัปดาห์ เชน่ แบบฝึกหัด, แบบทดสอบก่อนเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรยี น และกิจกรรมอ่นื ๆ เสมอื นการเรียนในหอ้ งเรยี นจริง
เปน็ ต้น

~ 27 ~

 

UNIT FIVE
RED TAPE

Learning Objectives
After studying this unit, students should be able to:
1. identify what ‘red tape’ is.
2. correctly explain what messages are in ‘news headlines
3. Correctly use words and phrases as well as grammatical patterns in speaking and
writing.

~ 28 ~

 

Reading Comprehension

Words You May Not Know

Red tape = ระเบียบทางราชการท่ี fall behind = ล้าหลงั
หยุมหยิมซ่ึงทาํ ใหง้ านล่าชา้

competitiveness = การแข่งขนั bribery = การติดสนิ บน

enhance = การเพิ่ม requirement = ขอ้ กําหนด

Vietnam to cut business and red tape to support SMEs

Move expected to enhance competitiveness of Vietnamese private sectors

Workers at the TAL garment factory in Vinh Phuc province, Vietnam. Plans to simplify the
administrative process could boost the country's business environment. © Reuters

HO CHI MINH CITY -- Vietnam's Ministry of Industry and Trade plans to cut business
and investment red tape in half in order to simplify the administrative process, especially for
private, small and medium enterprises. The move is a historical change in Vietnam's
administrative environment. A lot of business people describe government red tape for
being "too complicated and beyond understanding and it’s a huge barrier for businesses".

Analysts and business people often complain that many rules and regulations on
businesses in the communist country do not meet international regulations, such as the

~ 29 ~

 

requirements on minimum or legal capital or
human resources rules. Furthermore, the conditions can also make businesses easily expose
to corruption and bribery.

A survey reported by the Vietnam Private Sector Forum showed that 44% of
enterprises said they missed market opportunities because of legal barriers and restrictions.

The cuts, which are part of the ministry's ongoing reforms, promise to reduce
administrative difficulties in businesses.

Not long ago, a number of Vietnamese startups have registered their businesses in
Singapore instead of Vietnam. They found it is easier for Vietnamese startups to raise
investment funds from overseas sources rather than at home.

Vietnam has fallen behind its Southeast Asian peers in the World Bank's Doing
Business index. The institution suggested that the country need to do better at supporting
early-stage businesses, particularly in areas such as dealing with construction permits, getting
access to credit, registering property and enforcing contracts.

Vietnam ranked 82 out of 190 economies, according to the latest Doing Business
report, falling behind neighbors including Singapore (which came in second place), Malaysia
(23rd), Thailand (46th) and Brunei (72nd).

The country's business environment is changing as the government seeks to
develop the private sector. However, the results are neither meeting the expectations of
enterprises, nor government targets.

Since 2016, Vietnam's government has tried to improve the country's business
environment, with the aim of moving from state-owned business to encouraging private
sources to grow the economy.

Vietnam's premier has held a series of meetings, dialogs and conferences with local
enterprises this year, promising to create a better business environment for the private
sector and SMEs.

Word Empowerment Noun
Verbs Become Nouns expect = expectation
invest = investment
Verb compete = competitiveness
analyze = analyst, analysis
describe = description ~ 30 ~
administrative = administration

 

Exercise 1 : Choose the best answer

1. Henry is a financial …………… who is famous for his analysis of economic trends.

a) analyze b) analyst

2. Lora wanted to express her feeling for Andy, but only words could not ………….. him.

a) description b) describe

3. Thousands of application……………… for the same job.

a) compete b) competitiveness

4. The company has ………………… of making profit next year.

a) expectation b) expect

5. The government should …………….. more money in local agriculture.

a) investment b) invest

Language Focus

Newspaper Headlines
A newspaper headline is a very short summary of a news report. The grammar of

headlines is often non-standard and they can be difficult to read. the main features of the
grammar of headlines are the use of a series of nouns and the use of ellipsis (leaving out
words which are not necessary).

Here are grammar rules for writing newspaper headlines:
1. Use present tense for past events:
PARLIAMENT CONFIRMS NEW STRAY DOG POLICY (The Parliament confirmed the New Stray
Dog Policy.)
COLUMBUS DISCOVERS NEW ROUTE TO INDIA (Columbus discovered a new route to India.)
2. Use to for future events:
SUN OIL TO CUT MORE WORKFORCE (Sun Oil is going to cut or will cut more workforce.)

~ 31 ~

 

MISS WORLD TO MEET THE PRESIDENT
3. Omit the, a, an:
BOY LOST IN TEMPLE FAIR (A boy was lost in a temple fair.)
STOLEN CARS FOUND IN LAOS. (The stolen cars were found in Laos.)
4. Use figures for numbers:
2 KILLED 10 INJURED IN CAR CRASH (Two people were killed and 10 people were injured in a
car crash)
5. Leave out ‘to be’:

VILLAGERS HAPPY ABOUT NEW ROAD (Villagers were happy about the new road.)
PM MAD AT PRESS QUESTIONS (The Prime Minister was mad or angry at the press
questions)

Exercises 1 : Read the following are newspaper headlines. Then choose the most
grammatically correct sentences which best explain the headlines.

1. Warning given about computer virus.
a) Warning gave about computer virus.
b) Warning is given about computer virus.

2. Over 100 killed in blast
a) Over 100 people kill in car bomb.
b) Over 100 people were killed in car bomb.

3. Policemen gun down drug traffickers.
a) Policemen gunned down drug traffickers.
b) Policemen are gunning down drug traffickers.

4. PM to visit Russia in May
a) PM visited Russia in May.
b) PM is going to visit Russia in May.

5. Chinese tourists robbed and killed.
a) Chinese tourists were robbed and killed.

~ 32 ~

 

b) Chinese tourists was robbed and killed. Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect and Present Continuous ‘have’+ been + verb +ing

Present Perfect Simple
‘have’ + 3rd column of irregular verbs

The present perfect tense is used to talk about a finished action or situation.

- Vietnam’s government has tried to improve the country’s business environment.

The present perfect continuous tense is used to talk about a continuous, but not
necessarily finished action or situation.

- The country’s business environment has been gradually changing as the government
seeks to develop the private sector.

Exercise 2 : Choose the best answer:

1. The children are hungry. They ………………in the garden for hours.

a) are playing b) have been playing c) were playing

2. We …………….. each other since our school days.

a) know b) knew c) have known

3. It …………….. continuously since morning.

a) has been raining b) is raining c) was raining

4. …………… you …………… the job?

a) Did – complete b) Had – completed c) Have – completed

5. We ………………….. them twice, but they ………………. us yet.

a) visited – did not visit

b) have been visiting – have not visited

c) have visited – have not visited

‘either……….. or’ and ‘neither………… nor’
either ……….or

~ 33 ~

 

When we use ‘either’ as a determiner, it is followed by a singular countable noun. If
this is the subject of the sentence, it is followed by a singular verb. We also use ‘either….
or’ with plural nouns and pronouns.

- You can either stay here or come with us.

- Either John or Peter received your message.

‘neither…… nor’

‘neither ………..nor’ gives a negative meanings to verbs (neither……….nor is also used to
refer to two things or people.)

- Neither Sarah nor Peter was to blame for the mistake.

- Sarah liked neither Rome nor Paris. She prefers the countryside.

Exercise 3: choose the best answer:

1. I didn’t found this restaurant interesting. The restaurant doesn’t have …………… fish………….

vegetarian meals on its menu.

a) either………or……… b) neither …………. nor………..

2. ………….the station……….. the cinema is a good place to meet.

a) Either………or……… b) Neither …………. nor………..

3. ………….. Jack ……….. Jill showed up at the party. They went to the concert.

a) Either………or……… b) Neither …………. nor………..

4. …………..the President ………… his representatives are to attend the meeting.

a) Either………or……… b) Neither …………. nor………..

5. I took ………. chocolate ………..soft drinks. I’m on diet.

a) either………or……… b) neither …………. nor………..

**Note : ใหน้ ักศกึ ษาเขา้ ทํากจิ กรรมในระบบการเรียนการสอนออนไลน์ เพ่ือติดตามภาระงานทีอ่ าจารยม์ อบหมายในแต่ละ
สปั ดาห์ เชน่ แบบฝกึ หดั , แบบทดสอบก่อนเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรียน และกิจกรรมอื่นๆ เสมอื นการเรียนในหอ้ งเรยี นจรงิ
เปน็ ต้น

~ 34 ~

 

REVISION (UNITS 1-5)

 

Learning Objectives:
After studying this unit, students should be able to
1. locate the stated main idea by identifying the topic and what the author is saying about
the topic.
2. using major and minor supporting details and learning strategies to make inferences the
readings
3. apply words and phrases learned to correct and appropriate language use

~ 35 ~

 

Reading Comprehension
Directions: Read the following passages and choose the best answer:
Passage 1 (Questions 1-2)

The first people to grow coffee beans lived in the Middle East. The Persians, Arabs
and Turks were drinking coffee many hundreds of years ago. Then, in the 1600s, Europeans
learned about coffee. They quickly learned to like it. Soon there were coffee houses in
many European cities. Europeans took coffee with them when they traveled to new
countries. That is how people in other parts of the world learned about coffee. Now coffee
is very popular in North and South America, in Africa and in parts of Asia.
1. What is the most appropriate topic of this passage?
a) The history of coffee
b) European coffee houses
c) Popular drinks
d) Coffee

2. Which of the following sentences is not true according to the passage?
a) Europeans have made coffee popular drink all over the world.
b) Wherever they traveled, the Arabs took coffee with them.
c) Coffee was first introduced by the people in Middle East.
d) The Persians, Arabs and Turks drank coffee before the Europeans.

Passage 2 (Questions 3-4)
All around the world large cities have the same problem. That problem is air pollution.
Mexico City has very bad air. The air there is dirty and very unhealthy. Cars are one reason
for the dirty air. Many Mexicans now own their own cars and drive in the city. The factories
in the area also cause air pollution. These factories put a lot of smoke into the air. It is not
easy to clean up the air in a large city. The government has to make new laws and everyone
has to help.
3. What is the most appropriate topic of this passage?

a) Mexico City’s air pollution
b) How factories cause air pollution

~ 36 ~

 

c) Life in Mexico City
d) Air pollution
4. It is obvious that …………….. cause air pollution in Mexico.
a) over-population
b) the city’s location
c) cars and factories
d) traffic jam

Passage 3 (Questions 5-8)

During the American Revolution, a woman named Anna Smith Strong spied for the American
Patriots. She wanted to help defeat the British, but she had to be very careful.

Anna Smith Strong thought a simple way to pass messages to the American patriots. She
had to hang out her laundry to dry in the 1700s. Who would suspect that on her
clothesline hung secret messages?

There were six coves near where Strong lived. The Americans needed to know where a
British ship was hiding. Strong used her laundry to signal in which cove the ship was hiding.
She hung her black petticoat at one end of the line. Then she hung up the correct number
of creased white handkerchiefs to identify the proper cove. Strong helped pass on
important information - and she was never caught.

5. ………………………. is the main idea of this passage.

a) The American patriots wanted to defeat the British

b) How Anna Strong sent secret message to the American patriots

c) The Americans knew where the British ship was hiding.

d) Anna Strong was never caught by the British

6. Anna used ………..to signal in which cove the ship was hiding.

a) dresses b) clothes

c) laundry d) wardrobe

7. The synonym of ‘laundry’ is …………

a) washing b) ironing

c) cooking d) cutting

~ 37 ~

 

8. Finally, Anna…………….
a) was caught by the British
b) sent messages to the Americans
c) went to the United States
d) was married to a patriot

Passage 4 (Questions 9-10)
Congratulations! You have been offered a job. The time has come to negotiate your

salary. The question to ask yourself is: “How much am I worth?”. Your answer will likely
affect the outcome of your salary negotiation. The point is, in order to negotiate the best
possible salary, you must convince both yourself and the employer of the value that you
will bring to the job.
9. The topic of this paragraph is

a) congratulations.
b) being offered a job.
c) asking yourself how much you are worth.
d) negotiating the possible salary.
10. The stated main idea of this paragraph is
a) You have been offered a job.
b) The time has come to negotiate your salary.
c) The question to ask yourself is: “How much am I worthy?”
d) The point is, in order to negotiate the best possible salary, you must
convince both yourself and the employer of the value that you will bring to the job.

Passage 5 (Questions 11-13)
Autocratic leaders are leaders who keep strict control over group members and their

activities. They ask few questions, make the decisions, give orders and are likely to use
coercion to make others carry out their assignments. Laissez-fairs leaders are leaders who
leave out most of the decisions to the group and tend not to get involved. Democratic
leaders encourage group participation in decision-making and problem solving. Their style
falls between the other two extreme.

~ 38 ~

 

11. What is the topic of this passage?
a) leaders
b) group management
c) leadership styles
d) group control

12. What is the stated main idea of this passage ?
a) Democratic leaders are more effective than autocratic leaders
b) There are three leadership styles
c) Autocratic leaders are strict, laissez-faire leaders are hands-off leaders and

democratic leaders encourage group participation in decision-making
d) Employees prefer to work with democratic leaders

13. The word “coerce” means……………
a) rewards
b) punishment
c) power
d) hatred

Passage 6 (Questions 14-15)
A recent survey revealed some shocking results. One in five teens does not know

that if you take out a loan, you must pay interest in addition to repaying the loan. One teen
in four has the mistaken notion that financial aid will take care of all their college expenses.
And one teen in three thinks that Social Security payments will provide all the money they
need when they retire.
14. What is the topic of this passage?

a) financial management
b) teens’ knowledge of money
c) a survey about teens and money
d) teens’ social security

~ 39 ~

 

15. What is the stated main idea of the passage?

a) A recent survey revealed some shocking results: one in five teens does not
know that if you take out a loan, you must pay interest in addition to repaying the loan

b) Teenagers do not know anything about money matters

c) A recent survey revealed some shocking results about how little understanding
teens have about money matters

d) One teen in four has the mistaken notion that financial aid will take care or all
their college expenses. And one teen in three thinks that Social Security payments will
provide all the money they need when they retire

Grammar Review

Vocabulary

Exercise 1: Choose the most appropriate words or phrases to fill in the blanks.

a) resilience b) breed c) opponent d) yield e) candidate

1. The people in the village showed a lot of …………. in times of paucity.

2. Sam knocked out his ………… in the third round.

3. The company expressed a great demand for a new ………….of executive.

4. George stood as a ………….. in the local election.

5. The debater refused to …………. the podium to his challenger.

Exercise 2: Choose the most appropriate words or phrases to fill in the blanks.

a) huge b) burden c) unique d) require e) revolt

6. I’m sorry to have become a ………….. to you.

7. If you ……….. any special diet, please let the kitchen know ahead of time.

8. Consumers are in ………….. against high prices.

9. Some humans are born with …………. supernatural talents.

10. The child’s eyes looked ………… when he was scared

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Exercise 3: Choose the most appropriate words or phrases to fill in the blanks.
a) participate b) represent c) abide by d) consist of e) various

11. In the spring we made excursions to ……….. places of interest.
12. Sally hired agent to ………. her in the contract negotiation.
13. The most important thing in the Olympics is not to win but to …………..
14. If you …………… the guidelines, you are sure to succeed with the project.
15. The exports …………. coffee, peppers, peanuts and coconuts.

Error Identification

Directions: Choose a, b, c, or d to Decide which part of the sentence is grammatically

incorrect.

For example: He wanted always to be a doctor and after doing medicine he now is working

in hospital. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Answer: (a) is grammatically incorrect - always wanted (frequently adverb goes before the
main verb)

1. I enjoyed study geography at school and now I’ve enrolled at the Economics Faculty.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

2. I want meet your sister when she comes to see you – she sounds very nice.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3. My friends tell the English exam is quite difficult but I’m not worried.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

4. There isn’t many time, do you think we should get a taxi to the exhibition centre?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

5. The number of people which asked for the discount was low but grew during the summer

period. (a) (b) (c) (d)

6. The informations they gave us was not very helpful so I consulted the website instead.

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(a) (b) (c) (d)

7. He graduated in public administration in June and is now thinking of do a second degree

in economics. (a) (b) (c) (d)

8. How long does it take to get the station on foot from the station?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

9. He rang me this morning for tell me that he passed his driving test.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

10. I haven’t never seen anybody who rides a horse so well before.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

**Note : ให้นักศึกษาเขา้ ทาํ กิจกรรมในระบบการเรียนการสอนออนไลน์ เพื่อติดตามภาระงานท่อี าจารยม์ อบหมายในแตล่ ะ
สปั ดาห์ เชน่ แบบฝกึ หดั , แบบทดสอบก่อนเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรียน และกจิ กรรมอน่ื ๆ เสมือนการเรยี นในห้องเรยี นจริง
เปน็ ตน้

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UNIT SIX
The Oak and The Reeds: Leadership Lessons from Aesop’s Fable

Learning Objectives:
After studying this unit, students should be able to
1. explain how to be a good leader
2. explain an effective way to cope with difficulties
3. correctly use words and phrases as well as grammatical patterns learned in this
unit in speaking and writing

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  resist = ตา้ นทาน
subservience = ออ่ นข้อให้
Reading Comprehension yield = ยอมจํานน
Words You May Not Know
brook = ธารนา้ํ
opponent = ค่ตู อ่ สู้
resilience = ยืดหย่นุ

A Giant Oak stood near a brook where some slender Reeds were grown. When the
wind blew, the great Oak stood upright with its hundred arms uplifting to the sky. But the
Reeds bowed low in the wind and sang a sad song.

“You have reasons to complain,” said the Oak. “The wind that disturb the surface of
the water makes you bow your heads, while I, the strong and powerful Oak, stand upright
and firm before the loud and noisy storm.”

“Do not worry about us,” replied the Reeds. “The winds do not harm us. We bow
before them and so we do not break. In all your pride and strength, you have resisted their
blows. But the end is coming.”

As the Reeds spoke a great hurricane rushed out of the north. The Oak stood and
fought against the storm, while the yielding Reeds bowed low. The wind redoubled in anger,
and all at once the great tree fell, torn up by the roots, and lay among the Reeds.

As Aesop has suggested in the fable above, the moral of the tale is that “it is better
to yield than to resist and be destroyed.” The word “yield” or even the action of “bowing
low” may appear to be subservience. In the 1640s, this word “resilience” came to be in
use. From the Latin “resilientem”, it means “inclined to leap or spring back”. There is a
bounce in the action, a “going with the flow” with understanding and calmly returning to
balance. Similarly, in some martial arts training, there are “hard” schools that block
resistance (much like the Oak Tree), and there are “soft” schools that yield to the oncoming
attack and with a little force, using it to unbalance the opponent.

A leader is often tested through trials and tribulations. It is not just the office, or the
investors, or the supply chain that is affecting one’s sense of control. Suddenly everything
at home, from your elderly parents, spouse, children, to health, or even finance, can come
crashing down at the same time. The world rains on your parade and nothing seems to go
well in this difficult moment of your life.

Learn, then, to yield to the problems. Acknowledge that these hard times make you
stress. When the time is right, and when your body and energies are recharged, you will find
the inner strength to bounce back. Have trust that your leadership skills will pull you

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through. That means forcing a smile and
forcing yourself to show gratitude for the little that you have. This means that resilience is
always in the moment. And if you take charge of your own life in the long run, you would
need to balance it with what you can do today to stay cool, calm and sensible.

Interesting phrases from the story:

rain on someone’s parade = ทําใหผ้ ิดหวัง หรือ ทําให้ท้อแท้ โดยทาํ ลายแผนการหรือ ความหวงั

- I hate to rain on your parade, but lots of people have tried that strategy and it
hasn’t worked.

sense of control = เปน็ ตัวของตัวเอง

- Research shows that a key component of happiness is a sense of control over your
life.

in the long run = ในทส่ี ุดหลังจากเวลาลว่ งเลยมานานแลว้

- It’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.

trials and tribulations = ประสบการณท์ ่ียากลําบากซง่ึ ทดสอบความอดทน

- Sue went through all the trials and tribulations of being admitted to law school only
to find she couldn’t afford to go.

keep or stay cool and calm = ใจเยน็ ๆ!

- Keep cool, they won’t bother you again.

Exercise 1: Choose appropriate phrases to fill in the blanks.

a. rain on one’s parade b. keep cool c. sense of control

d. in the long run e. trials and tribulations

1. The more you have ………….., the better you feel.

2. Bankruptcy and huge debt ..........and caused him to commit suicide.

3. To be the nation’s athlete, Somsak was faced with …………….to be accepted by the coach

and his peers.

4. …………..…it works out more expensive to rent a television than to buy one.

5. You’ve got to ……………… in a crisis. your impatience will spoil the whole thing.

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Word Empowerment

Adjective becoming Noun

Adjective Noun

angry anger

difficult difficulty

long length

proud pride

similar similarity

strong strength

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:

1. The dresses looked ………………… ; however, there were some differences I found.

a) similar b) similarities

2. Alex took great ………… in protecting Jane, his girlfriend.

a) proud b) pride

3. The friend in known in time of …………..

a) difficulty b) difficult

4. This table is very long. Can you measure the …………..?

a) long b) length

5. She’s doing exercise to help build ………….. in her arm.

a) strong b) strength

Language Focus
Pronoun Reference

You may understand all of the words in a sentence and still not understand what
the writer wants to say. This might be because you did not pay attention to words
which connect the ideas. We will call these reference words because they refer
us to other parts of the text.

Instead of repeating the same noun over and over again, writers use pronouns to

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