MPA101 ภาษาอังกฤษสำหรับนักรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ หน่วยที่ 1-8

 

replace it. The pronoun must agree in number (singular / plural) with the noun it
replaces and, if it is a personal pronoun, also in gender (masculine / feminine).
Some of the most common pronouns used are: it, they, him, her, one, ones,
another, others. Look at the example below.

Modern technology has dramatically changed the way we view the world.
With air travel, satellite communication and computers, it seems a much
smaller place these days.

What does ‘it’ refer to? In this context, the pronoun ‘it’ refers back to ‘the world’ in
the previous sentence, that is, ‘the world’ is the referent for ‘it.’

Look at another example. The words in parentheses are the referents for the
words in italics.

I lose so many things that I’m sure that they (things) just get up and
walk away. I am jealous of people who are so orderly that they (orderly
people) never lose anything.

Notice here that the plural pronoun ‘they’ replaces a plural noun (things, people).
Exercise 1: Read the paragraphs below. Find out what the underlined pronouns refer
to. Look for the underlined pronouns and write their referent in the line provided.

A pedicab is a small cab which is pulled by a bicycle. This
human-powered transportation has been popular in Asian
countries for many years. Two years ago, a local businessman
decided to introduce it (1) in Denver, Colorado. So far, he (2)
has four of them (3) on the road. He explained that they (4)
  do not take the place of taxis, because people use them (5)

for short rides. The passengers are often people who don’t want to walk because they
(6) are dressed in evening clothes.

1. it refers to …………….

a) pedicab b) bicycle c) transportation

2. he refers to ……………

a) human-powered b) small cab c) businessman

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3. them refers to …………..

a) Asian countries b) pedicabs c) two years
c) businessman
4. they refers to …………… c) taxis
c) passengers
a) pedicabs b) taxis

5. them refers to …………..

a) short rides b) pedicabs

6. they refers to ……………

a) clothes b) taxis

Passive with by (simple past)
The passive changes the focus of a sentence
for the simple past, use the past of be + past participle

Active Passive

Sally baked a lot of cakes yesterday. A lot of cakes were baked by Sally yesterday.

The police found the stolen car. The stolen car was found by the police.

The fire fighters helped the fire The fire victims were helped by the fire
victims. fighters.

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer.

1. The secretary …………….. some sale letters last week.

a) wrote b) was written

2. All the paper ……………... by the machine.

a) destroyed b) was destroyed

3. Danny did well at the interview but he…………the job.

a) gave up b) was given up

4. The maids ……………. the house for her boss’ birthday party.

a) cleaned b) were cleaned

5. A number of people voted for him. He …………… the Chairman of the Committee.

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  b) was elected

a) elected

Exercise 3: Read the following news report and choose the best answer:

Three people 1. ………… and one child 2. ………… in a collision between two cars on the
Clifford Highway yesterday. The fatal accident 3. ………….. Just before 6 pm. during one of
the storms that have hit the area over the last two days. The police 4. …………….. the names
of the victims because the relatives of the occupants of one car 5. ……………..

1. a) killed b) were killed

2. a) was badly injured b) were badly injured

3. a) occurred b) was occurred

4. a) have not released b) have not been released

5. a) have not informed b) have not been informed

When VS. While

‘While’ is used only about a continuous state and another event or state that happens
during that time. It does not imply or refute causality.

- The doorbell rang while I was making dinner.

- I listened to the radio while I was making dinner.

‘When’ implies a causal relationship between two things. When X happens Y happens. It
can be used about a single event, an intermittent state or a continuous state.

- Please come and see me when you are free.

- When the red light is showing, you can’t cross the road.

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer.

1. ……………….. I heard the doorbell, I went to the door.

a) While b) When

2. ………………. Julia was washing, her sister did her homework.

a) While b) When

3. ……………… I buy bread, you can go to the butcher’s

a) While b) When

4. The customer was being helped by the salesman ……………… the thief came into the store.

a) when b) while

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5. …………….. Mrs. Frances came back to her hotel, she called the elevator.

a) When b) While

6. Jenny was writing her report ………… her sister was baking.

a) while b) when

7. Where were you ……….. the light went out?

a) while b) when

8. ……………. I was young, life was not as hard as it is now.

a) while b) when

9. I heard the siren……………. I was walking home.

a) while b) when

10. The shoplifter was caught …………. he picked up some groceries from the shelf.

a) while b) when

Let / Make /Have / Get

let + person + verb

- Will your parents let you go to the party?

make + person + verb

- The wind that disturbs the surface of the water makes you bow your head.

have + something + past participle

- I had my hair cut last week.

get +person + infinitive with ‘to’

- I got my messenger to send me some letters.

Exercise 5: Choose the best answer:

1. My parents always make me …............. my homework before I can watch television.

a) to finish b) finishing

c) finish d) finished

2. My Mum lets me …………….… later at the weekend.

a) stay up b) stayed up

c) staying up d) to stay up

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3. Her boss gets Jenny …………….. the visitors to the company.

a) welcome b) to welcome

c) welcomes d) welcomed

4. Mrs. Simpson had her evening dress ……………….. by the fashion designer.

a) repaired b) repairing

c) to repair d) repair

5. My father doesn’t allow me ………………his new car.

a) to drive b) driven

c) driving d) drove

**Note : ใหน้ ักศกึ ษาเขา้ ทาํ กจิ กรรมในระบบการเรยี นการสอนออนไลน์ เพอ่ื ติดตามภาระงานที่อาจารย์มอบหมายในแต่ละ
สปั ดาห์ เช่น แบบฝึกหดั , แบบทดสอบกอ่ นเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรยี น และกจิ กรรมอื่นๆ เสมือนการเรยี นในหอ้ งเรยี นจรงิ
เป็นตน้

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UNIT SEVEN
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON POLITICS

Learning Objectives:
After studying this unit, students should be able to
1. explain how politicians make use of IT to achieve their goals in political

campaign
2. identify the definitions of Internet-related vocabulary
3. correctly use words and phrases as well as grammatical patterns learned in this

unit in speaking and writing

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Reading Comprehension potential = ทสี่ ามารถพฒั นาไปเปน็ สง่ิ หนงึ่ สิ่งใดได้ในอนาคต
Words You May Not Know exploit = ใชป้ ระโยชน์อย่างเตม็ ที่
breed = สายพันธ์ candidate = ผู้เข้าแขง่ ขนั
utilize = ใช้สอย (use) target = เปา้ หมาย
public opinion = ประชามติ
publicize = เผยแพร่

The politics, as we once knew, is over. The new breed of politicians have embraced
technology and harnessed the power of new communication mediums through channels
like iTunes, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, or podcasting websites, to sway public opinion. In
“comment sections”, we can learn about our friend’s political views from their Facebook
feeds much faster than we did from traditional radio and television. Social media enables
peer-to-peer dialogue, public discourse and political messaging to read more potential
voters during campaign.

Through the clever use of technology, politicians have woken up entire generations
of new potential voters. A candidate without some sort of online presence would now be
at a terrible disadvantage over other candidates who are exploiting technology to help them
gain attention, money, support and votes.

In the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, the Obama campaign’s use of Facebook,
YouTube and Twitter were widely credited with helping secure the historic victory of
President Barack Obama. While this may have been the most publicized use of social media
in politics, it wasn’t the first time that technology and social platforms found their way into
the U.S. political areas.

For nearly 20 years, the Internet and technology has been playing a role in U.S.
politics. In February 1997, the GOP Internet forum “FreeRepublic” was set up. Later, the
political community “MoveOn” was constituted in response to the impeachment of
President Bill Clinton in 1998, in the same year Google was formed. In 2000, the Bush
Campaign used phone bank technology and email lists for get-out-the-vote initiative action.

It was reported that Republicans used a targeted advertising approach with 20 unique
banners on thirty-five sites, while Democrat ran only one banner ad on Yahoo. Republicans
also used online marketing tools to build a database of 700,000 names!

It can be said that the most unique feature of how the Internet interwoven into
political campaigns, creating a new form of “smart” politics is the Trump for the U.S.
presidency in 2016. From his hyper-active social media presence, we see a novel political

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relationship between Trump and his
followers. By the very nature of social media, the visibility of a post is inherently related to
popularity, to the amount of likes, retweets, and views. Due to this intimate connection
between public popularity and the influence and presence of Trump's medium of choice,
he attained his ultimate success – the U.S. presidency.

Word Empowerment

Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B to build Internet-Related
Vocabulary

Column A Column B

1. public a) Internet

2. peer-to-peer b) media

3. social c) forum

4. wireless d) café

5. Internet e) dialogue

6. Electronic f) marketing

7. digital g) mail

8. interactive h) game

9.online i) audio

10. website j) address

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:

1. To make it faster and easier, we need ……………. to do our work.

a) wireless internet b) Internet café c) Internet provider

2. People of all backgrounds with all sorts of interests may post their opinions¸ comments,

etc. on …………………..

a) public opinion b) public forum c) public poll

3. I’m searching for a university offering an M. Ed degree. What is its……………….?

a) chat room b) service provider c) website address

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4. Instead of depending on newspaper or TV., politicians are increasingly using ……………

to get their message across………

a) social media b) online marketing c) digital television

5. The player of the …………. must create his own magical realm before engaging in online

play.

a) digital audio b) interactive game c) interact forum

6. ATM seems a little unpopular because more people are using …………………

a) online marketing b) credit card c) Internet banking

7. By means of his knowledge of computer science, David is trying to develop his own…………

a) electric mail b) Internet site c) digital audio

8. Google, Twitter, Pantip, etc. are kinds of ……………….

a) social platform b) social community c) social marketing

9. ………………. is a technology-based channel.

a) Radio b) Telegraph c) E-mail

10. Because of electricity problem, we had difficult Internet ………………

a) assess b) asset c) access

Language Focus

Present Perfect Continuous VS. Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous (Subj. + has + been + v.+ing)

have

We use Present Perfect Continuous to express the idea of an activity ( a task, piece of
work, etc.) in progress until recently or until the time of speaking:

- Have you been working in the garden all day? You look exhausted.

- Janet has been writing the book since she was in her twenties and at last it’s finished.

Present Perfect (Subj. + has + V3 (Past Participle)
We often use the present perfect to talk about the result of circumstances or an

activity. We use the present perfect rather the present perfect continuous.

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We use the present perfect continuous to emphasize that an activity is ongoing and
repeated while the present perfect suggests that the activity happened only once or on a
specified number of occasions.

- Workers have called for management to begin negotiations on pay. ( maybe a
number of times or only once)

- I’ve used three tins of paints on the kitchen walls. (= the kitchen walls are already
painted)

Exercise 1 : Choose the best answer:

1. She ……………French words for hours, but she still doesn’t remember all of them.

a) has learned b) has been learning

2. The children ……………… videos for two hours.

a) have been watching b) have watched

3. We ……………. Lisa for ages.

a) haven’t seen b) haven’t been seeing

4. He has been writing his essay all day, but he…………. yet.

a) hasn’t been finishing b) hasn’t finished

5. Sorry, I’m late. ……………………..

a) Have you waited for long? b) Have you been waiting for long?

6. How many times …………… New York?

a) has John visited b) has john been visiting

7. The students…………… their exams. They’re very happy.

a) have finished b) have been finishing

8. Nancy ……………. abroad.

a) has never been b has never been going

9. I …………. your book all day. It’s very interesting, but I’m only on chapter 2.

a) have read b) have been reading

10. Help! I …………. my wallet. How can I get home?

a) have been losing b) have lost

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‘Can and Could’: Things about possibility

To talk about the theoretical possibility of something happening, we use ‘could’ not
‘can’. However, we use ‘can’, not ‘could’ to say that something is possible and actually
happens. Compare:

- It could be expensive to keep a cat. (=if we had one, it could or it may not be
expensive.)

- It can be expensive to keep a cat. (=it can be or it sometimes is.)

Exercise 2 : Choose the best answer:

1. …………….you understand Professor Larson’s lecture? I found it really difficult.

a) Can b) Could

2. “Do you want a game?” “Sorry, I ……………. play chess.”

a) can’t b) couldn’t

3. Look at me. I …………. ride my bike without any help.

a) can b) could

4. The air was so polluted in the city center, I …………. hardly breathe.

a) can b) could

5. I knew John had been smoking. I …………. smoke the cigarette when I came into the room.

a) can b) could

Preposition of Time
‘During’, ‘in’ and ‘throughout’

- Social media enables peer-to-peer dialogue, public discourse and political
messaging to read more potential voters during campaign.

- In 2000, the Bush Campaign used phone bank technology and email lists for

get-out-the-vote initiative action.
We use during or in to talk about a period of time within which an event or activity

occurs. The activity may continue for the whole of the period of time.
- I stayed at home during the summer. (or…. in the summer.)

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- The population in the city has actually fallen during the last decade. (or…..in the
last ….)

We use during, rather than in, to mean ‘at some time in the period of ’ before
nouns such as illness, holiday, meal, stay, treatment and visit, when we refer to an event
which lasts some time:

- The President made the speech during a visit in Madrid.

We use throughout to emphasize that something happens over the whole of the
period of time.

- We had enough firewood to keep us warm throughout the winter.

- Susan sang in her father’s music band throughout her childhood.

Exercise 3: Choose the most appropriate prepositions.

1. I’m going to get a cup of coffee……………. the break.

a) in b) during c) Both a) and b)

2. She lost more than 15 Kilos ………… her illness and she was off work for two months.

a) in b) during c) Both a) and b)

3. The weather was terrible here ……………December.

a) in b) during c) Both a) and b)

4. Miguel was born in Mexico ………….. 1963.

a) in b) during c) Both a) and b)

5. Sarah had a phone call ………… the meal and had to leave early.

a) during b) throughout c) in

6. Nick will perform his concert tour ………….. this year.

a) during b) throughout c) in

7. He had to put up with great pain ………… his treatment for a heart condition.

a) during b) throughout c) Both a) and b)

8. This town was rebuilt ……………… the early 16th century.

a) during b) in c) Both a) and b)

9. My stomach ache got worse ………….. the evening.

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a) during b) throughout c) Both a) and b)

10. The meeting will be some time ……………. January.

a) during b) in c) Both a) and b)

**Note : ให้นกั ศึกษาเข้าทํากิจกรรมในระบบการเรยี นการสอนออนไลน์ เพอ่ื ติดตามภาระงานทอ่ี าจารยม์ อบหมายในแต่ละ
สปั ดาห์ เช่น แบบฝกึ หัด, แบบทดสอบก่อนเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรียน และกิจกรรมอ่นื ๆ เสมือนการเรยี นในหอ้ งเรยี นจริง
เปน็ ตน้

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UNIT EIGHT
THE WATERGATE SCANDAL

 

Learning Objectives:
After studying this unit, students should be able to

1. identify what “Watergate Scandal” is all about
2. explain cause and effect of Watergate Scandal
3. correctly use words and phrases as well as grammatical patterns learned in this unit in
speaking and writing

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Reading Comprehension headquarter = สํานกั งานใหญ่ กองบัญชาการ
device = เครือ่ งมือ
Words You May Not Know involve = มสี ว่ นเกย่ี วขอ้ ง

scandal = เร่อื งออ้ื ฉาว

resign = ลาออก (จากตาํ แหน่งหรอื งาน)

impeachment = การกลา่ วโทษฝา่ ยบรหิ ารช้ันสงู
ของรฐั บาลโดยสภาผแู้ ทนราษฎรต่อสภาสูง
(senate) ของสหรัฐอเมรกิ า

One of the worst political scandals in the United States ended with the resignation of
a president. In 1972 five men were arrested for breaking into Democratic Party offices, and
two years later, President Richard Nixon resigned from office. The name of this political
scandal was named Watergate, which was on the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. and was
the location of the Democratic Party headquarters.

There were many people who tried to get Nixon, who was a Republican, re-elected
for a second term and they chose to spy on the Democratic Party to learn about the
strategies they were using and other information. They broke into the offices and placed
wire-taps (recording devices) on the phone, and took pictures of secret documents. At first
they got away with it, but they tried to break in again a month later and the men were
finally arrested and they had to disclose all the truth.

Nixon and some presidential staff tried to deny the knowledge of the break-in. He
said his staff was not involved. The people believed him and he was again re-elected
president. However, two reporters, Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, from the Washington
Post newspaper investigated the burglary. One of their anonymous sources nicknamed
'Deep Throat' had told the reporters President Nixon was involved in the break-in. It was
reported that a lot of members of Nixon's staff knew about the break-in, and Nixon had
provided money to keep the burglars quiet. Nixon also used his power over the CIA to
prevent the FBI from investigating the case.

Unfortunately, there was not direct proof of Nixon's involvement in the burglary, but
investigators did learn of White House tapes of conversations Nixon had in the Oval Office.
Nixon refused to turn over the tapes but he was ordered to do so by the Supreme Court.
The tapes proved he was involved in the cover-up.

The tapes were released publicly and Nixon's political career and his presidency was
over. The Congress was going to impeach him (remove him from office), but instead of

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impeachment, Nixon resigned on August 9,
1974. He became the first President of the United States to resign from office.

Word Empowerment

Exercise 1 : Find a phrase that is usually paired with each two-part verb.

a. an apartment b. political party’s headquarters c. the tables

d. the hole e. flowers f. the radio g. the lights

1. clean up =

2. break into =

3. cover up =

4. pick up =

5. turn on =

6. turn off =

7. spy on =

How to use the words:

1. She used dried leaves and twigs to cover up the hole.

2. After the party, the servants started cleaning up the tables.

3. The burglars broke in to an apartment last night.

4. It’s dark. Please turn on the lights.

5. Linda went to the garden and picked up some beautiful flowers for her mother.

6. The show is over. Turn off the radio.

7. A group of men spied on a political party’s headquarter yesterday.

Language Focus
Verb patterns:
Some verbs (or adjectives or nouns) need ‘to + infinitive’ as part of their patterns. These are
some examples, but there are many more.
- decide + to + infinitive : I’ve decided to go home.
- Promise + to + infinitive: She promised to arrive early.
- ask someone + to + infinitive: John asked Lucy to pass the salt.

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- try + to + infinitive: The thieves tried to break into the house again, but they were arrested.

- want + to + infinitive: I want to buy a new coat.

Exercise 1 : Choose the most suitable verbs to fill in the blanks.

a) require b) promised c) consider d) instructed e) tells

f) expected g) advise h) allowed i) want j) ordered

1. If you ………….to take the job, have your things ready then.
2. Julie is very bossy. She always ………….us to do this and that.
3. Finally he was elected and he …………..to do his best as president.
4. If you …………..any special diet, please let the kitchen know ahead of time.
5. Peter ……………to gain a lot of profit from his business , but it became a big loss.
6. The police…………… the victims to prevent themselves from being robbed.
7. My father ……………me to drive after I have got a driving license
8. The man ……………them to keep quiet and follow what he told them.
9. Experienced seaman will ………….you about sailing in this weather.
10. I don’t know what you will think of it, but I ………….it my duty to let you know of it.

Verb + object + v-ing

Verb + object + infinitive without ‘to’

Some verbs (feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch) can be followed by an object
and these either by an-ing form or a bare infinitive but their meaning may be slightly
different.

An-ing form suggests that an action is in progress, while a bare infinitive suggests a
completed action. Compare:

- I was able to watch them building the new car park from my office window.

- I watched him climb through the window and then I called the police.

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer.

1. I heard the tire……….. and then the lorry skidded across the road.

a) burst b) bursting

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2. Katie noticed someone…..at her from an upstairs window.

a) shout b) shouting

3. Sue felt the bee ………her just before she brushed it off her arm.

a) sting b) stinging

4. With a good telescope, you can see the eagles……….. their children in the nest.

a) feed b) feeding

5. We didn’t have any vegetable left in the fridge so we stopped ………… some at the

grocery store.

a) to buy b) buying

Two-Word verbs

The meaning of some words used with a preposition is often different from the meaning of
their separate parts. We call these two-word verbs or phrasal verbs. Many two-word verbs
are usually intransitive verbs.

Two-Word Verb Meaning Example

fall through หยุดชะงักใน There was a long period of time when he had a lot
ทนั ทีทนั ใด of projects fall through and had a lot of difficulties
getting the project off the ground.

cover- up การปกปดิ They claim he did not gun down the president and
insist there was a cover-up.

take over รับชว่ ง (กิจการ) ต่อ Sun Oil is planning to take over Fruity Garden.

break in บุกรกุ It sounds like someone trying to break in.

hold out ตา้ นทานหรอื อยรู่ อดใน Russian troops held out against constant attacks.
ภาวะคับขัน

pick up เก็บรวบรวม (สง่ิ ของ) Susan came over to pick up her things
clean up
ทําใหส้ ะอาด(ช่ือเสยี ง) The party needs to clean up its somewhat tarnished

หมดมลทิน image.

Exercise 3 : Choose the most suitable phrasal verbs to fill in the blanks.
a. blow up b. called c. give d. hand in e. found out

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off away
e. looked over f. fill
out
1. My sister ……………that her husband had been planning a surprise party for her.
2. The students ……………their papers and left the room.
3. The manager phoned telling he was sick. He ……………this afternoon’s meeting.
4. The terrorists tried to …………….the railroad station, but they didn’t succeed.
5. He decided to …………….everything he possessed and became a monk.
6. The lawyers ……………..the papers carefully before questioning the witness.
7. Before you become the member of this club, you have to …………the application form.

‘Do so’
- Nixon refused to turn over the tapes but he was ordered to do so by the Supreme Court.
We use ‘do so’ (or does so, did so, doing so, etc.) instead of repeating a verb phrase ( a verb
and what follows it to complete its meaning) when it is clear from the context what we are
talking about.
- She won the competition in 1997 and seems likely to do so (= win the competition) again
this year.
- Dr. Lawson said, ‘Sit down.’ Katie did so (= sat down) and started to talk about her
problems.
- The climbers will try again today to reach the summit of the mountain. Their chances of
doing so (= reaching the summit of the mountain)
We can also use ‘do’ alone rather than ‘do so’ in less formal English, especially after
modals or perfect tenses.
- ‘Will this program work on your computer?’ ‘It should do.’
- I told you that I’d finish the work by today, and I have done. (‘have´ is stressed here.)

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer.
1. If you have not already handed in the form, then please …………. without delay.

a) do b) do so

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2. Tome drives much faster than you……….

a) do b) do so

3. He jumped down from the window, but in ………….twisted his ankle.

a) did so b) doing so

4. I know that many people don’t enjoy Kevin’s films, but I……….

a) do so b) do

5. She pointed to the old box, her hand shaking as she …………..

a) did b) did so

must’ VS. ‘have to’
‘must’ and ‘have to’ are both used to express obligation. There is a slight difference

between the way they are used.
‘must’ expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary.
- I must stop smoking.
- We mustn’t go. It’s already midnight.

‘have to’ suggests that somebody else has imposed the decision.
- Tom has to wear a uniform at school.

Note:
1. ‘have to’ can be used in all tenses:
- Sonia has to wait for her mother to take her home.
- The work hasn’t finished. John has to come back tomorrow.
2. ‘must’ can be used to talk about the present or the future.
- Tom doesn’t have money to pay for his tuition fee. He must call his mother
tomorrow.
But it can’t be used to talk about the past (you use ‘have to’)
- Mary broke her favorite tea cup. She had to buy a new one.

Exercise 5: Choose the best answer.
1. You …… take me home because my father is giving me a lift.

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a) mustn’t b) don’t have to

2. You …… talk to her like that; she is your mother.

a) mustn’t b) don’t have to

3. Today is the due date, we …….pay the bills.

a) must b) have to

4. To be eligible for financial aid, one ……….be 21 years of age or older.

a) must b) has to

5. Proper identification is required at the entry so everyone …. have their IDs with them

a) have to b) must

6. If Kathy wants to stay healthy, she …… have a diet high in fiver and low in fat.

a) has to b) must

7. All the workers ……. be punctual in this company or they get fired.

a) must b) have to

8. A good counselor ……. be able to help students achieve optimal school-life balance.

a) must b) has to

9. You ……. read the instructions carefully before you turn on the machine otherwise it could

be dangerous.

a) must b) have to

10. You ….. get at least 7 hours of sleep tomorrow night for the upcoming exam.

a) must b) have to

**Note : ใหน้ ักศึกษาเข้าทํากิจกรรมในระบบการเรยี นการสอนออนไลน์ เพ่ือติดตามภาระงานทอี่ าจารย์มอบหมายในแต่ละ
สัปดาห์ เชน่ แบบฝกึ หดั , แบบทดสอบกอ่ นเรียน, แบบทดสอบหลังเรยี น และกิจกรรมอ่นื ๆ เสมือนการเรียนในห้องเรียนจริง
เปน็ ตน้

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