Nathaniel Brancazio (Class of 2022) - Blue Science Portfolio

Velocity Worksheet

Speed and Velocity Problems

What is the average speed of a cheetah that sprints 100 m in 4 s? How about if it sprints 50 m
in 2 s?
V=D/T
V=100m/4seconds
V=25m/s

V=50m/2s
V=25m/s
If a car moves with an average speed of 60 km/hr for an hour, it will travel a distance of 60 km.
How far will it travel if it continues this average rate for 4 hrs?
D=V*T
D=60km/hr*4
D=240 km/hr

A runner makes one lap around a 200 m track in a time of 25.0 s. What was the runner's
average speed? Answer: 8.0 m/s`
V=D/T
V=200m/25s
V=8 m/s

Light and radio waves travel through a vacuum in a straight line at a speed of very nearly 3.00 ×
108 m/s. How far is light year (the distance light travels in a year)?

3/108ms-160s*60m*24h*365days
9.50 × 1015 m.

A motorist travels 406 km during a 7.0 hr period. What was the average speed in km/hr and
m/s? Answers:
V=406km/7 hours
V=58km/h
V=16m/s
58 km/hr, 16 m/s.m m m

A bullet is shot from a rifle with a speed of 720 m/s. What time is required for the bullet to strike
a target 3240 m away?
T=3240m/720m/s
T=4.5s

Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m/s. In
kilometers, how far is the earth from the sun?

Answer: 1.5 × 108 km.
D=3*108m/s*498s
D=1.494*1011m/103
D=1.494*108km

*An auto travels at a rate of 25 km/hr for 4 minutes, then at 50 km/hr for 8 minutes, and finally at
20 km/hr for 2 minutes. Find the total distance covered in km and the average speed for the
complete trip in m/s. Answers: 9 km, 10.7 m/s.
D=25km/hr*1hr/60min*4min+50 km/hr *1hr/60min*8min+20km/hr*1hr/60min*2min
D=1.7km+6.7km+0.7km
D=9km
V=9000m/14min*60sec
V=10.7 m/s
*If you traveled one mile at a speed of 100 miles per hour and another mile at a speed of 1 mile
per hour, your average speed would not be (100 mph + 1 mph)/2 or 50.5 mph. What would be
your average speed? (Hint: What is the total distance and total time?) Answer: 1.98 mph.
T=0.01hr+1hr=1.01hr
V=2miles/1.01hr
V=1.98mph
*What is your average speed in each of these cases?
You run 100 m at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk 100 m at a speed of 1.0 m/s.
You run for 100 s at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk for 100 s at a speed of 1.0 m/s.
Answers: 1.7 m/s, 3.0 m/s.
T=100m/5ms+100/1ms =120s

V=200m/120s
V=1.7m/s
D=100s*5m/s+100s*1m/s
D=500m+100m
D=600m
V=600m/200s
V=3m/s
*A race car driver must average 200 km/hr for four laps to qualify for a race. Because of engine
trouble, the car averages only 170 km/hr over the first two laps. What average speed must be
maintained for the last two laps?
(800-340)/2=230mph

*A car traveling 90 km/hr is 100 m behind a truck traveling 50 km/hr. How long will it take the
car to reach the truck?
40000m/hr*1hr/60min*1min/60s=11m/s
T=100m/11m/s=9.09s

The peregrine falcon is the world's fastest known bird and has been clocked diving downward
toward its prey at constant vertical velocity of 97.2 m/s. If the falcon dives straight down from a
height of 100. m, how much time does this give a rabbit below to consider his next move as the
falcon begins his descent?
T=100m/97.2m/s=1.02s
T=D/V
T=1.02s
More Speed and Velocity Problems

Hans stands at the rim of the Grand Canyon and yodels down to the bottom. He hears his
yodel back from the canyon floor 5.20 s later. Assume that the speed of sound in air is 340.0
m/s. How deep is the canyon?
D=(340m/s*5,2s)/2=884m

The horse racing record for a 1.50 mi. track is shared by two horses: Fiddle Isle, who ran the
race in 143 s on March 21, 1970, and John Henry, who ran the same distance in an equal time
on March 16, 1980. What were the horses' average speeds in:
mi/s?
mi/hr?
a. V=1.5mile/143s=0.01mile/s
b. V=1.5mile/143s*60s/min*60min/hr=37.76mile/hr

For a long time it was the dream of many runners to break the "4-minute mile." Now quite a few
runners have achieved what once seemed an impossible goal. On July 2, 1988, Steve Cram of
Great Britain ran a mile in 3.81 min. During this amazing run, what was Steve Cram's average
speed in:
mi/min?
mi/hr?
a. V=1mile/3.81min=0.26mile/min
b. V=1mile/3.81min*60min/hr=15.7mile/hr

It is now 10:29 a.m., but when the bell rings at 10:30 a.m. Suzette will be late for French class
for the third time this week. She must get from one side of the school to the other by hurrying
down three different hallways. She runs down the first hallway, a distance of 35.0 m, at a speed
of 3.50 m/s. The second hallway is filled with students, and she covers its 48.0 m length at an

average speed of 1.20 m/s. The final hallway is empty, and Suzette sprints its 60.0 m length at

a speed of 5.00 m/s.

Does Suzette make it to class on time or does she get detention for being late again?

Draw a distance vs. time graph of the situation. (Assume constant speeds for each

hallway.)

a. T=(35m/3.5m/s)+(48m/1.2m/s)+(60m/5m/s)=62s. Suzerre is late again.

b.

During an Apollo moon landing, reflecting panels were placed on the moon. This allowed
earth-based astronomers to shoot laser beams at the moon's surface to determine its distance.
The reflected laser beam was observed 2.52 s after the laser pulse was sent. The speed of light
is 3.0 × 108 m/s. What was the distance between the astronomers and the moon?

D=2.52s*3.0 x 108 =7.56x108 m

For many years, the posted highway speed limit was 88.5 km/hr (55 mi/hr) but in recent years
some rural stretches of highway have increased their speed limit to 104.6 km/hr (65 mi/hr). In
Maine, the distance from Portland to Bangor is 215 km. How much time can be saved in
making this trip at the new speed limit?

Travel at 88.5km/hr, T=215km/88.5km/hr=2.43hr
Travel at 104.6km/hr, T=215km/104.6km/hr=2.06hr
Time saved=2.43hr-2.06hr=0.37hr

The tortoise and the hare are in a road race to defend the honor of their breed. The tortoise
crawls the entire 1000. m distance at a speed of 0.2000 m/s while the rabbit runs the first 200.0
m at 2.000 m/s The rabbit then stops to take a nap for 1.300 hr and awakens to finish the last
800.0 m with an average speed of 3.000 m/s. Who wins the race and by how much time?

Time for rabbit to travel
1000m=(200m/2m/s)+1.3hr+(800m/3m/s)=100s+(1.3*3600)s+266.7s=5046.7s
Time for tortoise to travel 1000m=1000m/0.2m/s=5000s
The tortoise win the race by 46.7 seconds

Two physics professors challenge each other to a 100. m race across the football field. The

loser will grade the winner's physics labs for one month. Dr. Rice runs the race in 10.40 s. Dr.

De La Paz runs the first 25.0 m with an average speed of 10.0 m/s, the next 50.0 m with an

average speed of 9.50 m/s, and the last 25.0 m with an average speed of 11.1 m/s. Who gets

stuck grading physics labs for the next month?

T=D/V 2.5+5.2+2.3 = 10 sec Dr. De La paz wins, Dr. Rices

has to grade

T=25m/10m/s

T=2.5 sec

T=D/V
T=50m/9.5m/s
T=5.2 sec

T=D/V
T=25m/11.1m/s
T=2.3 sec

Quiz - Motion

QUIZ: Motion

Name: Nate Brancazio Date: 3/1/17

Formulas:

A = v2 -v1T2 V2 = V1 + (a * T) T = V2 - V1a

After traveling for 14.0 seconds, a bicyclist reaches a speed of 89 m/s. What is the runner’s
acceleration?
A = v2-v1T2
A = 89m/s-0m/s14 sec
A = 6.35m/s/s
A car starting from rest accelerates at a rate of 18.0 m/s/s. What is its final speed at the end of
5.0 seconds?
V2 = V1 + (a * T)
V2 = 0m/s + (18m/s/s * 5 sec)
V2 = 90 m/s
A cyclist accelerates at a rate of 16.0 m/s2. How long will it take the cyclist to reach a speed of
49 m/s?
T = V2 - V1a
T = 49m/s - 0m/s16 m/s2
T = 3.06 sec

3. During an Apollo moon landing, reflecting panels were placed on the moon. This allowed
earth-based astronomers to shoot laser beams at the moon's surface to determine its distance.
The reflected laser beam was observed 4.6 seconds after the laser pulse was sent. The speed
of light is 3.0 × 108 m/s. What was the distance between the astronomers and the moon?
D=V*T
D = 3.0 x 108m/s * 4.6sec
D = 1.38 x 109 m or 1,380,000,000 m

D = 1.38 x 109 / 2
D = 6.9 x 108 m or 690,000,000 m
Directions: Choose 4 or 5
It is now 10:29 a.m., but when the bell rings at 10:30 a.m. Suzette will be late for French class
for the third time this week. She must get from one side of the school to the other by hurrying
down three different hallways. She runs down the first hallway, a distance of 65.0 m, at a speed
of 5.2 m/s. The second hallway is filled with students, and she covers its 32.0 m length at an

average speed of 1.46 m/s. The final hallway is empty, and Suzette sprints its 60.0 m length at
a speed of 7.3 m/s.
T = D /V
T = 65m / 5.2m/s
T = 12.5s

T=D/V
T = 32m / 1.46m/s
T = 21.91s

T=D/V
T = 60m / 7.3m/s
T = 8.21s

12.5s + 21.91s + 8.21s = 42.62s
Does Suzette make it to class on time or does she get detention for being late again?
Suzette made it to class on time.
The tortoise and the hare are in a road race to defend the honor of their breed. The tortoise
crawls the entire 1000. m distance at a speed of 0.35 m/s while the rabbit runs the first 200.0 m
at 1.85 m/s The rabbit then stops to take a nap for 1.200 hr and awakens to finish the last 800.0
m with an average speed of 4.2 m/s. Who wins the race and by how much time?
What is the Acceleration of the Cart on the Ramp? Determine the Angle of the Ramp (A).
Angle Chart: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Which Angle had the greatest Acceleration? Write a Conclusion based on your findings.
Create a Graph if you have time.
Height of Ramp
(Opposite)
Dist. 1
Time 1
Velocity 1
Dist. 2
Time 2
Velocity 2
Acceleration

50 m
100 m
10 sec.
10m/s
100 m
5 sec.
20m/s

2m/s/s

100 m
100 m
5 sec.
20m/s
100 m
2 sec.
50m/s
15m/s/s
Angle 1 = 15°
Angle 2 = 30°
Graph:

Conclusion:
In conclusion, from the data we can conclude that the second ramp, the 30° one, has the
greatest acceleration. It had an acceleration of 15m/s/s, compared to the other ramp which only
had an acceleration of 2m/s/s. Overall, the velocity of the trial on the second ramp was higher,
which meant that the cart traveled faster. You can see this in the data. The second velocity of
the first ramp was 20m/s, while on the second ramp it was 50m/s. This correlates to the time.
The second time for the first ramp was 5s, while on the second ramp it was 2s. This overall led
to a higher acceleration.

EXTRA CREDIT:
Light from the another star in the galaxy reaches the earth in 46 minutes. The speed of light is
3.0 × 108 m/s. In kilometers, how far is the earth from the star?

Answer must be in scientific notation
D=V*T
D = 3.0 x 108m/s * 2760s
D = 828000000000 m or 8.28 x 1011 meters
D = 828000000 km or 8.28 x 108 kilometers

GPE Project

Potential Energy Project
Due: Friday 3/17

Define and make note cards or QUIZLET for the following words:

Energy: the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity.
Joules: scientific unit of energy
Chemical Potential Energy: the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance
Law of Conservation of Energy:the total energy of an isolated system remains constant — it is
said to be conserved over time
Kinetic Energy:the energy that it possesses due to its motion
Kilojoules: scientific unity of energy
Elastic Potential Energy: the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their stretching or
compressing
Gravity:the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical
body having mass
Potential Energy:the stored energy of position possessed by an object.
Gravitational Potential Energy: the energy stored in an object as the result of its vertical position
or height
Mechanical Energy:
the energy that is possessed by an object due to its motion or due to its position

Resource: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Determine the Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) of 3 different masses (g) at 3 different
heights.
3 objects: You, African Elephant, Chevy Camaro (research the masses)
*2.2 lbs = 1 kg
Data Table:
Your data table will need: Object, mass, gravity, height, GPE
Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5JeLiSBqQY
*Video shows you how to use the GPE equation.

Determine the GPE of one of the masses on the following planets:
Object - Tape
Star Wars Planet #1 - 17% greater than Earth’s Gravity - 11.4m/s/s
GPE = m*g*h
GPE = 0.41kg*11.4m/s/s*5m

GPE = 23.37 J

Star Wars Planet #2 - 39% less than Earth’s Gravity - 6m/s/s
GPE = m*g*h
GPE = 0.41kg*6m/s/s*5m
GPE = 12.3 J

Star Wars Planet #3 - 82% greater than Earth’s Gravity - 17.8
GPE = m*g*h
GPE = 0.41kg*17.8m/s/s*5m
GPE = 36.49 J

*Use the height of your favorite Roller Coaster. You will use this to figure out the Velocity at the
bottom of the hill on the Star Wars Planets.

Calculations:
Choose 3 planets from the Star Wars Universe and use 3 different
Examples:
Star Wars Planet #1 - Hoth - Gravity: 11.8 m/s2
GPE = .5V2
741kg x 11.8m/s2 x 139m = 370.5v2
1.21 x 106J/370.5 = 370.5v2/370.5v
3280.4m/s = v2
57.274m/s = V

B. Star Wars Planet #2: - Kashyyyk - gravity = 12.36m/s2
GPE=.5V2
741 kg x 8.32m/s2 x 139 m = 370.5 V2
856951.68 J = 370.5 V2
2312.96 = V2
48.09 m/s = V

C. Star Wars Planet #3: - Crait - Gravity = 6.69m/s2
GPE = KE
M x G x H = .5mv2
741kg x 6.69ms x 138.98m = .5 x 741 kg x v2

688964.1 = 6.88 x 105 = 370.5 x v2
1859.5 = v2
43.1 m/s = v
Data Table:
Planet #1

Object
mass (kg)
gravity ?
H1 = your coaster
GPE
Crait
741 kg
6.69 m/s2
139 meters
688964.1 m/s2

Planet #2

Object
mass (kg)
gravity
H2 = your coaster
GPE
Hoth
741 kg
11.8
139 meters
1215290.27

Planet #3

Object
mass (kg)
gravity
H1 = your coaster
GPE
Kashyyyk
741 kg
8.32m/s2
139 meters
856951.68

Planet #4

Uranus
741 kg
8.69
139 meters
895061.31
Use the formula: GPE = mass * acceleration due to gravity (Earth is 9.8 m/s2) * height of object

Graph:
X - axis: Planet
Y -axis: Potential Energy

Critical Thinking Questions:
What factors affect Gravitational Potential Energy?
The height, mass, and gravity
Why did the GPE change on the other planets?
The change in gravity, height and mass were constant
Which planet would you be able to hit a golf ball further? Explain using data.
How does GPE relate to Chemical Potential Energy?
How do Energy companies use GPE to generate Electrical Energy? Give an example
What happens to the GPE when the object falls to the ground? Describe the Energy
transformations along the way. Use a diagram.
It gets transferred to kinetic energy
Worksheet 1:
http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0078600510/student_view0/unit1/chapter4/math_practice
_2.html
Worksheet 2: http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/ssp/HK1MSW65.PDF

*We will use our information to see how a roller coaster would be different on those planets.

FINAL PART - Roller Coaster Physics
Objective:
When energy is transformed, the total amount of energy stays constant (is conserved).
Work is done to lift an object, giving it gravitational potential energy (weight x height). The
gravitational potential energy of an object moving down a hill is transformed into kinetic energy
as it moves, reaching maximum kinetic energy at the bottom of the hill.
Determine the velocity of a full roller coaster of riders at the bottom of the largest hill. You can
use the following roller coasters:
Watch these Videos for help:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je8nT93dxGg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYEWIuQBVyg

Use either:
GPEtop = KEbottom

GPE Presentation





Quiz - GPE/KE

Scenario:​ You are an engineer for a major engineering firm that will design the lift motor and
safety restraints for the next roller coaster on the planet Hoth in Star Wars. Hoth has a gravity

equal to 37% greater than Earth’s. The Star Wars Theme Park needs to provide you with the
velocity of the roller coaster on this planet to help you with your design. Your roller coaster will
be called the Millenium Falcon and will have a height of 125 m. Your roller coaster will “The
Falcon” will have a mass of 7000 kg. You will need to compare the needs for safety on Earth to
the needs on Hoth. Explain your reasoning for the changes on Hoth.

Hoth:​

Directions:​ Provide a data table showing the comparisons between the Millenium Falcon Roller
Coaster on Earth and Hoth. Describe the types of restraints that you would need on the faster
coaster.

Calculations:

Earth Hoth
g = 9.8 + 37%(9.8)
GPE = m*g*h g = 13.4 m/s2​
GPE = 7000 kg * 9.8 m/s2​ ​ * 125 m
GPE = 8575000 joules GPE = m*g*h
GPE = 8.575 * 106​ j​ oules GPE = 7000 kg * 13.34 m/s2​ ​ *125 m
GPE = 11725000 joules
KE = .5(m) * v2​ GPE = 1.1725 * 10​7​ joules
8575000 = .5(7000) * v​2
8575000 = 3500 * v2​ KE = .5(m) * v​2
2450 = v​2 11725000 = .5(7000) * v2​
49.49 = v 11725000 = 3500 *v​2
4690 = v​2
68.48 = v

Data Table: GPE Velocity
Earth 8.575 * 10​6 j​ oules 49.49

Hoth 1.1725 * 10​7​ joules 68.48
Graph:

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Millenium Falcon Roller Coaster would be faster on Hoth. On Hoth, it
has a higher velocity of 68.48, compared to Earth, where it is only 49.49. This is due to
the increased gravity on Hoth - 13.4 m/s2​ ​ instead of Earth’s 9.8 m/s2​ .​ Because of this, you
would need stronger restraints on the coaster. In addition, Hoth’s higher gravity also
gave it a higher GPE at the top hill, 1.1725 * 107​ ​ joules on Hoth versus 8.575 * 10​6 ​joules
on Earth. The coaster on Hoth would also more likely require stronger materials, as it
would be under more stress.

Extra Problems:

1. The Millenium Falcon Roller Coaster has a mass of 3200 kg on Planet Tatooine. The
height of the roller coaster is 15 m which results in a Potential Energy of 800,000 J. What
is the gravity on Planet Tatooine?
GPE = m * g * h
800000 = 3200 kg * g * 15 m
800000 = 48000 * g
16.6 = g
The gravity on Tatooine is 16.6 m/s2​

2. The Tie Fighter Roller Coaster has a height of 150 m. on Planet Hoth. Hoth has a
gravity of 5.2 m/s2​ ​. This roller coaster has a Potential Energy of 600,000 J. What is the
mass of the Tie Fighter?
GPE = m * g * h
600000 = m * 5.2 m/s​2​ * 150 m
600000 = m * 780
769.2 = m
The coaster has a mass of 769.2 kg

Simple Machines Presentation













Quiz - Inclined Plane

QUIZ: Inclined Plane
QUIZ: W​ ednesday and Thursday

Directions: ​Analyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:
How does the angle of an inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage? Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using
data.

Hypothesis: (​ Use proper form!)

If the angle of the inclined plane is greater, the mechanical advantage will decrease

Diagrams of Inclined Planes:​ (Use DRAWING - Label Diagrams)

Angle Chart: h​ ttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Calculations ​(Examples):

IMA = ID/OD AMA = OF/IF Efficiency = WO/WI*100
IMA = 300/70 AMA = 12/4 Efficiency = 840/1200*100
IMA = 4.28 AMA = 3 Efficiency = 70

IMA = ID/OD AMA = OF/IF Efficiency = WO/WI*100
IMA = 100/70 AMA = 12/8 Efficiency = 840/800*100
IMA = 1.42 AMA = 1.5 Efficiency = 105

Data Table: (​ Located on Google Classroom

Output Output Output Input Input Input
Force (N) Dist. (m)
Trial Work (J) Force Dist. Work IMA AMA Efficiency
70
Angle = 77 12 840 4 300 1200 4.28 3 70%
70
Angle = 69 12 840 6 200 1200 2.85 2 70%
70
Angle = 45 12 840 8 100 800 1.42 1.5 105%

Graph:​ (​ Angle and Mechanical Advantage)

Conclusion:
Option #1 Write a Conclusion.

***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible
and why?

1. Discuss purpose
2. Restate hypothesis - angle and mechanical advantage
3. Data to support hypothesis
4. Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using research on the Law of

Conservation of Energy (Support with research - Use Explore Tool research -
INLINE CITATIONS )

A machine can be impossible. A machine can never be 100% efficient, due to friction and
the first Law of Conservation of Energy, which states that, “In a closed system, i.e., a
system that isolated from its surroundings, the total energy of the system is conserved”1. In
the data earlier, there was an inclined plane that had an efficiency of 105%. This machine
would be impossible, as some the energy being used to move something up the inclined
plane would be transferred into heat through friction.

5. Use this source to explain the relationship of this machine to Newton’s First Law of
Motion.

Newton’s First Law of Motion State, “An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
outside force.”2 In this case, the outside force would be friction from the air and from the
ramp. If there was no friction, the object could be moved up the ramp with only the energy
required to oppose gravity. In reality, moving an object up a ramp would require enough
energy to oppose gravity and the force of friction.

I consistently get fours so I chose just to do the research

TEXTBOOK REVIEW pg. 152-153 (1-28) Study these
Rubric

1 "Law of conservation of energy - NYU."
http://www.nyu.edu/classes/tuckerman/adv.chem/lectures/lecture_2/node4.html.​ Accessed 12 Apr. 2018.
2 "Newton's First Law - The Physics Classroom."
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-1/Newton-s-First-Law.​ Accessed 12 Apr. 2018.

Heat Project

Thermal (Heat) Energy Project
Chapter 6 (pg. 156-180)
DUE: Friday May 16th

1. Vocabulary - Define and make note cards or quizlet

Conduction- Heat- Insulator- material Calorie-
Transfer of thermal Thermal energy in which heat flows
energy by collisions that flows from a slowly the measure of heat 
between particles in warmer material to needed to raise a 
a matter at a higher a cooler material kilogram or a gram 
temperature and of water by one 
particles in a matter degree Celsius
at a lower
temperature

Convection- Temperature- Second Law of Turbine-
Transfer of thermal Measure of the Thermodynamics- Large wheel that
energy in a fluid by average kinetic States that it is rotates when
the movement of energy of all impossible for heat pushed by steam,
warmer and cooler particles in an to flow from a cool wind, or water and
fluid from one place object object to a warmer provides
to another object unless work mechanical energy
is done to a generator

Radiation- transfer Heat Engine- Specific Heat- Generator-
of thermal energy Device that Amount of thermal Device that uses
by electromagnetic converts thermal energy needed to electromagnetic
waves energy into work raise the induction to convert
temperature of 1kg mechanical energy
of material 1℃ to electrical energy

First Law of Conductor- Kinetic Energy-
Thermodynamics- Material, such as Energy of a moving
States that the copper wire, in object has because
increase in thermal which electrons can of its motion;
energy of a system move easily depends on the
equals the work mass and speed of
done on the system the object
plus the heat added
to the system

2. Provide a diagram showing molecular motion in Solids, Liquids, and gases.

3. Discuss the energy needed to change a 15 gram ice cube into steam. Use a
graph and one calculation from our unit on Phase Changes.
4. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature? Provide a definition,
picture and video link to help you review.

The hotter an object is, the faster the motion of the molecules inside it. Thus, the heat of an
object is the total energy of all the molecular motion inside that object.Temperature, on the other
hand, is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the molecules in a substance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTi3Hn09OBs​ Video

5. Construct a graph showing the average monthly temperatures in Hartford, CT.,
a city on the equator and a city in the Southern Hemisphere.
Questions:

1. What do you notice about the temperatures?
2. How is heat transferred throughout the Earth?

4. How is Steam used to create electricity in Power Plants?

A. Coal Plant- You burn coal, which turns into steam, which is at very high pressure
which then turns a turbine and powers a generator.
B. Natural Gas Plant
You burn the natural gas which then turns into hot gases which turns a turbine. Slightly
less effective then steam.
C. Nuclear Plant
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert water into steam from heat
produced in a nuclear reactor core
D. Where did Fossil Fuels originate?
Where Fossil Fuels Come From. There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil
and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before
the time of the dinosaurs - hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is
called the Carboniferous Period.
E. What is the difference between Renewable and NonRenewable forms of energy?
Nonrenewable energy resources, like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas, are available in
limited supplies. This is usually due to the long time it takes for them to be
replenished.Renewable resources are replenished naturally and over relatively short
periods of time.

Critical Thinking Questions
1. What happens to the molecules in each of the beakers as heat is added?
Molecules become further apart and move faster
2. Which substance showed the greatest temperature change? Least? Use data
The oil.
3. Which substance does research say should show the greatest temperature increase?
Least? Why? How does this relate to Specific Heat?
4. How does Average Kinetic Energy relate to this experiment?
5. Why is water a great substance to put into a car engine radiator?
It cools down the overheating engine, and the water is reusable and easily turns into
steam.
Practice Calculation
1. How much heat was gained by a 50 g sample of Orange Juice that increased its
temperature from 35 C to 75 C?
HG = m * change in temperature * SH
HG = 50g * 40C * 1
HG = 2000
2. How much heat was gained by a 350 g sample of Vegetable oil that increased its
temperature from 24 C to 95 C?

HG = m * change in temp * SH
HG = 350 * 71 * 1.67
HG = 41499.5
Water (32 - 23) Oil (39-23)
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm

Critical Thinking - Choose 2 out of 3 to research
Provide pictures
1. How did NASA protect the astronauts in their space vehicles from the harmful
radiation from space?
In space the only way to protect from radiation is by using the last two points.
Spacesuits provide protection from the UV rays, but they provide limited protection from
particle radiation and gamma and x ray. If particles have enough energy they simply
pass through the space suit.
3. How does the atmosphere act as an insulator?
Clouds and water vapor act as insulators in the atmosphere. Clouds help shield the
Earth from the Sun and trap heat from below. When cloud particles grow large enough,
they may fall out as rain or snow. ... The migration of storms helps to distribute heat
between the equator and poles - shaping wind patterns globally.

8. SPECIFIC HEAT WORKSHEET
WORKSHEET LINK​ - Use this worksheet and show your work

1. A​ 15.75-g p​ iece of iron absorbs​ 1086.75 joules​ of heat energy, and its temperature changes from
25°C to 175°C.​ Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron.

Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
1086.75 = 15.75 g * 150C * X
1086 J = 2362.5 X
2.17541436 = Specific Heat of Iron

2. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10.0 g of aluminum from 22°C to
55°C, if the specific heat of aluminum is 0.90 J/g°C?

Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
Heat = 10 g * 33 C * 0.9 J/gC
Heat = 297 Joules

3. To what temperature will a 50.0 g piece of glass raise if it absorbs 5275 joules of heat and its
specific heat capacity is 0.50 J/g°C? The initial temperature of the glass is 20.0°C.

Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
5275 J = 50 g * change in temperature * .5 j/g C
5275J/25J/C = 25J/C * change in temperature
211 C = Change in temperature

Glass will be 231 C

4. Calculate the heat capacity of a piece of wood if 1500.0 g of the wood absorbs 6.75×104​ ​ joules of
heat, and its temperature changes from 32°C to 57°C.

Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

67500J = 1500g * 25C * X
67500J = 37500gc X
1.8j/gc = Specific heat of a piece of wood.

5. 100.0 mL of 4.0°C water is heated until its temperature is 37°C. If the specific heat of water is
4.18 J/g°C, calculate the amount of heat energy needed to cause this rise in temperature.

Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

X = 100g * 33C * 4.18 J/gC
Heat = 13794 J

6. 25.0 g of mercury is heated from 25°C to 155°C, and absorbs 455 joules of heat in the process.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of mercury.

Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

455J = 25g * 130C * X
455J = 3325 gC * X
7.30769231J/gC = Specific heat of Mercury

7. What is the specific heat capacity of silver metal if 55.00 g of the metal absorbs 47.3 c​ alories​ of
heat and the temperature rises 15.0°C?

Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

47.3Cal = 55g * 15C * X
47.3Cal = 825gC * X
17.4418605Cal/gC = X

8. If a sample of chloroform is initially at 25°C, what is its final temperature if 150.0 g of
chloroform absorbs 1000 joules of heat, and the specific heat of chloroform is 0.96 J/g°C?

Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

1000J = 150g * X * .96 J/gC
1000J = 144J/C * X
6.94444444C = Change in temperature
31.9444444 = Heat

9. How much energy must be absorbed by 20.0 g of water to increase its temperature from 283.0 °C

to 303.0 °C? (Cp of H2​ O​ = 4.184 J/g °C)
Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

X = 20g * 20C * 4.184J/gC
X = 1673.6J

10. When 15.0 g of steam drops in temperature from 275.0 °C to 250.0 °C, how much heat energy is
released?

(Cp of H​2​O = 4.184 J/g °C)
Heat​ = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

X = 15g * -25C * 4.184j/gC
X = -1569J
Use this website for examples
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm

Specific Heat Lab

Name: Nate Brancazio
Class: S3
Teacher
Date

Investigation Title:

I. Investigation Design
A. Problem Statement:

Seeing if placing a heated piece of metal into an insulated cup will warm the water…..

B. Hypothesis: (Hint: Something about comparing metals to water - use increase or decrease)

If we place a heated piece of metal into an insulated cup, filled with room temperature water,
then the metal will give out its calories and make the water warmer.

C. Independent Variable: x
Levels of IV
*What metals did you use?

Aluminium Copper Zinc

D. Dependent Variable:y
Specific Heat

The gain of heat in the water

E. Constants:

Amount of water Time heating/cooling

F. Control:
*What substance makes good control in many labs?

Water

G. Materials: (List with numbers)
1. Piece of metal
2. Insulated cup
3. Thermometer
4. Hot plate
5. Beacon
6. Small beacon
7. Room temp water
8. Warmed up water
a.

H. Procedures: (List with numbers and details)
1. Gather materials
2. Measure mass of metal on triple beam balance to nearest tenth of gram and record.
3. Fill Calorimeter Cup (Foam coffee cup) with exactly 100 grams of water.
4. Record temperature of water in calorimeter cup to nearest tenth of degree Celsius
5. Fill glass beaker halfway with hot water and submerge metal in beaker.
6. Leave metal in hot water until the temperature stops rising.
7. Record the hot water temperature after temperature stops rising. - M​ etal Initial Temp​.
8. Use tool to remove metal from hot water and carefully place into calorimeter cup and
close lid with thermometer placed in spout.
9. Record Final Temperature for Metal and Water after the water temperature stops rising.
10. Perform the calculations using the examples discussed class - Record Specific Heat for
the metal.

A. Heat Gained Water = mass of water * Change in temp of water * Specific Heat of Water

B. Heat Lost Metal = Mass of metal * Change in Temp of Metal * Specific Heat of Metal

II. Data Collection
A. Qualitative Observations: (Describe the metals using characteristics)

Heavy, small, Hexagon shaped.

B. Quantitative Observations: (Key data)
1. Data

Table-https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/168qE7uz3zRATQgqBZzME2_ZpiETLDJP7r3KeZqEn6tY/
edit#gid=303832921

2. Graph - Metal and Specific Heat-

3. Calculations - Show examples of how you solved for specific heat (2 or 3 examples)
HG = m * change in temp * SH
HG = 29 * 4 * .39
HG = 45.24