Philosophy (Being Human) - Course Companion - Oxford 2014

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References Cited

Judith B utler, C ritically Queer, GLQ: A Journal oLesbian and Gay Studies 1 ,
No. 1 (1 993) : 1 732.

C ollinson, D ian, Kathryn Plant, and Robert Wilkinson ( eds) , Fity Eastern
Thinkers. London: Routledge, 2 000.

S earle, John R. Is the B rains Mind a C omputer Program?. Scientifc
American 2 62 , No. 1 ( January 1 990) : 2 63 1 .

401

INDEX

Index artifcial intelligence (AI) 1 1 31 6 not in our genes 678
asceticism 1 33, 1 34 biological naturalism 336
A assessment 365 blank slate 1 8, 589
assessment objectives 36770 associationism 5960
a priori reasoning 2 5 6, 1 99 higher level (HL) 365, 366 behaviourism 602
Abrahamic religions 1 30, 1 4250, markbands 3724, 3801 , 387 C homsky, Noam 645
markschemes 3749 conclusions 64
280 revising 391 3 critique 62
absolute 23, 1 61 specimen papers and past papers Kant, Immanuel 624
absurdity 274 Locke, John 59, 60
agency 86 3 7 0 1 bodily criterion o identity 331
agency as a condition o personhood standard level (SL) 3656 body 1 27, 1 8990
stimuli 3806, 393401 eminist perspective 1 934
89 structuring essays 3879 brain 1 27, 1 29
websites 89 use o language 38991 brain criterion 3356
what is agency? 867 associationism 5960 brain plasticity 309, 31 0
who and what possesses agency? atheism 272 brain theory 335
authenticity 934, 237 neuroscience 1 25, 1 64, 1 65, 1 67,
878 authenticity as condition o
alienation 297 175
altruism 46 personhood 956 prerontal cortex 286
kin selection 47 Kierkegaard, Sren 2389 Buddhism 1 32, 1 50, 1 83
reciprocal altruism 478 who and what possesses anatta/anatman (no sel) 225
analysis 1 0 Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama)
analysing a question 1 21 3 authenticity? 945
analytical rameworks 1 86 autonomy 27, 28, 43 1 334, 1 75
analytical strategies 1 86 awareness 77, 78 Noble Eightold Path 1 346
establishing your own position rejecting the sel 228
B sel as dynamic interaction 2258
1 31 4 bundle theory o the sel 2091 3
evaluation 1 2, 1 845 babies 834 B utler, Joseph 3 467
what is analysis? 1 1 1 2 bad aith 93, 275 B utler, Judith 1 8, 689
animalism 3345 Baudrillard, Jean 255
animals 71 , 96, 97 behavioural determinism 31 1 C
agency 878, 89 behaviourism 601 , 1 64
anthropocentrism 981 09 classical conditioning 61 2 Camus, Albert 2489
consciousness 779, 81 trained responses 61 Casper the Friendly Ghost 1 5 78
morality 91 2 being 272 category mistakes 1 58
personhood 72, 745, 76, 978 being human 1 , 1 4, 1 1 9 causal determinism 31 2
sel-consciousness 81 , 84, 856 Being John Malkovich 1 2 5 6, 1 3 0, causation 33
antecedent statements 329 cause 267
anthropocentrism 981 00 1 72 cause and eect 26970
Descartes, Ren 1 002 being-or-itsel 2 74 Chalmers, David J. 1 71 4
does a dierence remain? 1 079 Bentham, Jeremy 1 046 change 1 89
humans as animals 1 034 biography 1 05 C homsky, Noam 645
sentience and suering 1 047 biological approach to personal Christianity 1 33, 1 458, 1 75
religious anthropocentrism 99 Churchland, Paul 1 81
appetitive soul 20 identity 331 cognition 1 64
Aquinas, Thomas 1 52, 1 97 biological determinism 27980 cognitive biases 4854
argument 91 0 are some individuals more conclusions 53
argument analysis activity 351 responses 534
assumptions 1 0, 1 3, 1 84, 1 85 determined than others? 2901 communitarianism 330
implications 1 0, 1 2, 1 3, 1 84 biological determinism in individuals compatibilism 265
quality o argument 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, concepts 1 1 , 1 4, 1 84
2 8 45 conceptual engineering 4
184 criminal behaviour 2857, 2889 conceptual ramework 1 1 , 1 4, 1 85
Aristotle 99, 1 52, 1 75, 1 98, 338 Darwin, Charles 281 2 conceptual scheme 4
Aristotle and the body 1 946 evolutionary psychology and the
biography 1 40
concepts o the sel 1 83, 253, 254 science o attraction 2834
On the Soul (De Anima) 1 41 2, 1 94 reedom 285, 2878
Plato and Aristotle 1 97, 204 human beings, animals, and instinct

2 8 0 1

402

INDEX

conditioning 61 2 Cartesian Theatre 1 70 epigenetics 309
confrmation bias 48 multiple drats 1 71 episteme 36
fnance 50 Derrida, Jacques 255 epistemology 20, 1 50, 1 85
juries 52 Descartes, Ren 1 8, 234, 1 81 , 1 83 Plato 21 3
paranormal and superstitious biography 1 00 essence 1 86, 1 87, 21 2
concepts o the sel 1 878, 1 978, essential sel 1 85, 1 867
thinking 502 Aristotle and the body 1 946
Wason S election Task 495 0 1 99202 rom Plato to Descartes 1 98202
Conucianism 1 83, 22931 critiques 1 579, 1 60 Hegel and the social sel 204
Conucian sel 231 evil demon 1 556, 1 58 Hume and the bundle theory o the
connectedness 347 oundationalism 245, 1 55
criteria o continuity and I think, thereore I am (cogito ergo sel 2091 3
Immanuel Kant and the
connectedness 34850 sum) 156
consciousness 77, 1 27, 1 30, 1 87, interactionism 1 57 transcendental ego 21 41 7
machine intelligence 1 1 1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the
342 Meditations on First Philosophy
consciousness as a condition o moral sel 203
1 546, 2002 Locke and the psychological theory
personhood 7981 mental distinction between human
ethics 801 o the sel 2049
hard problem o consciousness and animals 1 002 modern debate 1 978
mind as immaterial substance modern sel and the shit rom sel-
1 71 4
minds, machines, and the problem 201 2 knowledge to sel-consciousness
Plato 200, 202 1 98
o consciousness 1 1 61 8 radical doubt 1 55, 1 58 modern theories o the no-sel
Sartre, Jean-Paul 2478 sel-evidence 245 21 31 4
sel-consciousness 81 6 soul 337, 3389 sel as psyche or soul 1 8794
websites 81 , 86 thinking thing (res cogitans) 1 56, St Augustine 1 967
who and what possesses Thomas Hobbes and the materialist
158 sel 203
consciousness? 789 determinism 265 essentialism 1 87, 352
consequent statements 329 biological determinism 27991 ethics 801 , 85, 1 85
continuum 332 integrated approach 31 3 responsibility and punishment
corporeal 1 99 nature versus nurture 279, 291 , 2 8 8 9
Cosmological Argument 256 evaluative ramework 1 84
Creation stories 2801 3061 1 evidence 1 0
criminal behaviour 2857 other types o determinism 31 1 1 3 evolution 424
nature versus nurture 3068 social determinism 291 3 humans as animals 1 045
responsibility and punishment what about reedom? 31 31 9 evolutionary psychology 445
dialectic 1 98 altruism 468
2 8 8 9 dialectical logic 1 61 evaluation 46
criteria 1 3 masterslave dialectic 1 61 2 male aggression 45
culture 2525 dialogue 1 61 mating preerences o humans 45
sociocultural identity 353 Diderot, Denis 1 99 6, 2834
Diotima o Mantinea 1 92 morality 46
D discourse 66 responses 534
distinctions 3279 existential sel 1 85, 1 86, 2323
Daoism 1 83, 232 diversity 69 Albert Camus 2489
Darwin, Charles 1 8, 424 dualism 1 27, 1 28, 1 50, 1 89, 1 99 analytical and continental tradition
evolutionary psychology 445 Cartesian dualism 1 57, 1 58 233
resistance to Darwins ideas 44 intersubjectivity 2502
theory o evolution 281 2 E Kierkegaard and Nietzsche 2367
deence mechanisms 567 Kierkegaard, authenticity and the
denial 57 Eastern perspectives o the sel 21 8 issue o introspection 2389
rationalization 57 China 22932 Merleau-Ponty and the sel as
reaction ormation 58 India 21 829 embodied subjectivity 24950
repression 58 ego 56 phenomenology as an approach to
sublimation 58 empirical ego 21 6, 247, 248 the sel 2335
deliberation 271 empiricism 23, 31 , 59, 1 85, 246 postmodern sel 2556
denial 57 enduring sel 1 81 , 325
Dennett, Daniel 1 6971 , 1 72, 1 73 Enlightenment 1 83, 1 989
Consciousness Explained 1 57, 1 69 environmental determinism 31 1
biography 1 69

403

INDEX

role o culture 2525 G brain criterion 3356
Sartre and the concept o sel-hood Cartesian soul 3389
gender and social conditioning criteria o continuity and
2 45 8 3 0 0 6
Simone de Beauvoir 249 connectedness 34850
understanding Nietzsche 241 5 ghost in the machine 1 57, 1 58 criticisms o Lockes theory o
existentialism 934, 1 87, 1 98 givenness 275
criticisms and counter-criticisms God 32, 1 4250 personal identity 3447
Goethe, Johann Wilhelm von 203 existentialism and the issue o
2 7 6 9
existential anxiety 272 H personal identity 35861
main existentialist philosophers and exploring the position o
hard determinism 265, 268
their infuences 272 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich individualism 3301
main existentialist terms and ideas exploring the possibilities 3257
1 61 3, 1 75, 203 identity theory 1 68
2 7 2 3 biography 1 61 individual versus community 3538
personal identity 35861 social sel 204 individualism vs. communitarianism
responsibility and authenticity 945 Heidegger, Martin 1 83 , 2 3 4
responsibility and authenticity as Heraclitus 1 88 330
heterophenomenology 1 69 Joseph Butler and the circularity
conditions o personhood 956 Hinduism 1 32, 1 35, 1 83, 21 820
extrinsic relations 329 sel as controller 2225 issue 3467
sel in Indian thought (Chariot necessary and sucient distinctions
F
analogy) 221 2 3 2 8 9
acticity 93 Hobbes, Thomas 301 , 34 personal identity according to Derek
atalism 265 biography 31
eminism 65, 689, 391 materialist sel 203 Part 347
Ficino, Marsilio 1 534 dHolbach, Paul-Henry Thiry 1 60, personal identity versus
biography 1 53
nance 50 1 99 sociocultural identity 353
Fitzgerald, F. S cott The Great Gatsby Holy Bible 99, 1 52 psychological continuity and
New Testament 1 45 6
2 9 2 3 O ld Testament 1 42 5 personal identity 341 3
orms 21 3, 1 39, 1 87 Holy Koran 1 4850 qualitative versus numerical
Foucault, Michel 367, 255 Horkheimer, Max 67
reason as a power discourse 657 human condition 274 distinctions 3278
oundationalism 245, 1 55 human nature 1 71 8 Ship o Theseus 3224
reedom 2636 ideologies 658 soul and personal identity 3378
biological determinism 285, 2878 Hume, David 30, 31 2, 1 99 substantial identity 352
causation 26970 biography 31 the sel, the body, and the uture
determinism 31 31 9 Buddhism 229
existentialism and reedom 2725 concepts o the sel 1 98, 2091 3, 3 3 6 7
ree will 2689, 285 understanding the issue o personal
reedom o action 274 352
reedom o mind 274 conclusions 34 identity 3245, 32930
libertarianism 2701 critique o necessary causation 33 ideologies 65
Sartre, Jean-Paul 2746 Husserl, Edmund 2334 biological determinism 678
sucient causal condition 267 conclusions 69
what do we mean by a cause? I eminism 689
neo-Marxism 67
267 I, Robot 1 2 6 reason as a power discourse 657
Freud, Sigmund 1 8 IBM Deep Blue 1 1 0 illusion 1 86
biography 55 id 56 impulses 42
conclusions 58 idealism 1 603, 246 incommensurability 35
deence mechanisms 568 identity 273, 321 22, 327, 361 3 incompatibilism 265, 270
tripartite theory o the unconscious assessing the bodily criterion 3335 incorporeal 1 99
assessing the non-material substance individualism 330
56 exploring the position o
unconscious mind 556 theory o personal identity
unctionalism 1 1 61 8, 1 64, 1 678, 3 40 1 individualism 3301
assessment o the memory theory individualism vs. communitarianism
1 71 2 350
Dennett, Daniel 1 6971 body and personal identity 331 3 330
individuality 325
instincts 42
interactionism 1 57, 1 58
international-mindedness 2, 6
interpretations 39
intersubjectivity 246, 2502

404

INDEX

intrinsic relations 329 M monism 1 27, 1 28, 1 50
introspection 2389, 243, 352 Judaism 1 45, 1 467
irrationalism 1 8, 41 2 machines 71 , 96, 1 26 Montaigne, Michel de 1 99
conclusions 53 agency 88, 89 moral responsibility 8993
Darwin, Charles 424 articial intelligence 1 1 31 6 morality 32, 46
evolutionary psychology 448 consciousness 79, 81 theory o the origins o morality 91
Freud, Sigmund 558 intelligence and imitation 1 1 01 3 what are morality and moral
Islam 1 42, 1 43, 1 4850, 1 75 Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1 1 0
minds, machines, and the problem responsibility? 90
J who and what possesses morality
Jainism 1 32 o consciousness 1 1 61 8
James, William 21 3 morality 92 and moral responsibility? 903
Jameson, Fredric 255 personhood 76, 1 091 0
Jesus Christ 1 45, 1 46, 1 47, 1 83 sel-consciousness 86 N
Judaism 1 425, 1 75 male aggression 45
juries 52 Mannheim, Karl 67 Nagel, Thomas 545
MAOA gene 2867 natural selection 423
K Marx, Karl 1 8, 203, 204, 236, naturalism 1 646
Kant, Immanuel 623, 203, 204, nature versus nurture 279, 291 ,
2 9 7 3 0 1
233 biography 297 3 0 6 8
biography 63 Marxism 65 beyond nature versus nurture
categories 634 applications o Marxism 299
concepts o the sel 1 98, 21 41 7 neo-Marxism 67 3 0 8 9
Karma 31 21 3 material 1 87 philosophical implications 31 01 1
Kasparov, Garry 1 1 0 material substance 330 necessary and sucient distinctions
key concepts 1 , 1 5 materialism 1 60, 1 64, 203, 330
Kierkegaard, Sren 204, 2367 mating preerences, human 456, 3 2 8 9
authenticity and the issue o Necessary Being 26
2 8 3 4 necessary conditions 76, 329
introspection 2389 Matrix, The 1 5 9 Neo-Platonism 1 967
Kierkegaard and the sel 2401 McGinn, Colin 1 76 neuroaesthetics 1 29
knowledge 21 3, 267, 28 meaning 272 neuroscience 1 25, 1 64, 1 65, 1 67,
Kuhn, Thomas 356 mechanistic worldview 36
memory theory 3456 1 75
L assessment o the memory theory Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 1 8,
language 645
Leibniz, Gottried 1 99, 343 350 3941 , 241 4
libertarianism 265, 268, 2701 circularity objection 3467 biography 39
Locke, John 1 8, 59, 1 81 , 1 99 quasi-memory 346 conclusions 401
biography 344 mental continuity 347 despisers o the body 40
concepts o sel 1 92, 1 98, 202, criteria o continuity and infuence on existentialism 245
nihilism 276
2 0 49 connectedness 34850 nondualism 1 35, 1 50
conclusions 60 Merleau- Ponty, Maurice 2 495 0 nothingness 274
criticisms o theory o personal metaphysics 1 85, 1 89, 328 noumenal reality 21 5
methodology 1 1 , 1 85
identity 3447 role o dierent methodologies 1 85 O
Prince and the Cobbler 2078, 343 mind and body 1 2530, 1 758
sel and change o substance 2068 Abrahamic religions 1 30, 1 4250 object permanence 34
theory o personal identity 2056, ancient Greece 1 30, 1 3642 objectivity 1 9, 267, 28
ancient India 1 30, 1 31 6 ontological questions 328
341 4 ancient philosophy in perspective optimism bias 523
logic 85 others 34, 245
logical behaviourism 1 66 1 501 role o culture 2525
logical principles 245 cultural quotations 1 31
lucky charms 52 unctionalism 1 6771 P
Lucretius 338 hard problem o consciousness
Lyotard, Jean-Franois 2 5 5 paradigm shits 356
1 71 4 paranormal thinking 502
idealism 1 603 Part, Derek 21 3
mindbody problem 1 27, 1 28 personal identity theory 34750
naturalism and brain science 1 647 patriarchy 689, 302
rationalism 1 51 9 perception 208
perect knowledge 21 3
permanence 1 89

405

INDEX

persistence o identity 325 what is philosophy? 1 2, 6 R
personhood 71 2, 1 1 9 why do philosophy? 23, 78 rationalism 1 8, 1 51 2, 1 85
agency 868 why philosophize? 56 conclusions 26, 27, 29
agency as a condition o personhood you as philosopher 7 critiques o the rational view 304
physical criterion 3323 Descartes, Ren 236, 1 549, 1 99
89 physicalism 1 64, 1 71 , 1 73
assessment tips 1 202 pineal gland 1 57, 1 58 202
authenticity as condition o Plato 1 8, 1 36, 1 52, 1 75 Ficino, Marsilio 1 534
biography 1 37 good lie 289
personhood 956 Chariot  sel-control 1 920 Nagel, Thomas 545
consciousness 7781 concepts o the sel 1 8794, 1 967, objectivity as rationality 267
consciousness as a condition o perspectivism 3941
1 989, 203, 204, 206, 21 8, 232, Plato 1 923, 1 523
personhood 7981 236, 253 rationality as objectivity 1 9
historical perspective 734 conclusions 21 , 23 relativism 358
legal denitions 756 Descartes, Ren 200, 202 scholasticism 1 52
machines 1 091 8 Diotima o Mantinea 1 92 sel-awareness 54
morality and moral responsibility epistemology  orms and perect warning against dismissing 29
knowledge 21 3 why do we believe this? 28
8993 eminist critique 1 934 rationalization 57
non-human animals 971 09 Ficino, Marsilio 1 53 reaction ormation 58
philosophical terms 76 Kant, Imanuel 21 4, 21 5, 21 7 reason 20, 23, 32
responsibility and authenticity 936 Nietzsche, Friedrich 242, 243 reason as a power discourse 657
responsibility as condition o Phaedo 1 379, 1 41 2, 1 54 social and ecological construction 38
Platos chariot 2 0, 1 91 2 , 22 7 reductionism 1 64
personhood 956 theory o the orms 1 39, 1 87 reerence points 1 3
sel-consciousness 81 6 three parts o the soul 21 , 3378 refection 208, 332
sel-consciousness as a condition o Plotinus 1 96 reincarnation 31 2
postmodern sel 2556 rejection o the sel 1 86
personhood 856 decentred sel 256 relational sel 254
what is a person? 73, 967 multiphrenia 256 relativism 35
why is personhood important? 746 protean sel 256 conclusions 38
perspectivism 3941 sel-in-relation 256 illustration 378
pessimistic meta-induction 38 postmodernism 65, 69, 272 Kuhn, Thomas 356
phenomena 21 , 1 64 power 667 repression 58
phenomenal reality 21 5 practical ego 248 responsibility 934, 273
p he no me no lo gico - e xis te ntialis m pre-refexive consciousness 247 criminal behaviour 2889
pre-Socratic philosophers 1 83, 1 88 responsibility as condition o
245 predetermined categories 69
phenomenology 1 64, 1 69 preerence utilitarianism 1 067 personhood 956
phenomenology as an approach to prerequisites o experience 63 who and what possesses
problem o other minds 1 27, 1 59
the sel 2335 projects 94 responsibility? 945
philosophical behaviourism 1 66 psyche 1 8794 responsiveness 77, 78
philosophical determinism 31 2 psycho-physical sel 247, 248 resurrection 1 44, 1 456
philosophical zombies 1 73 psychological behaviourism 602 Rich, Adrienne 1 945
philosophy 1 psychological determinism 31 1 Rome, ancient 1 83
argument in philosophy 91 0 pure ego 247 Rorty, Richard 2 5 5
core theme 1 4 Pythagoras 1 88 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 1 99, 2947,
how do you start philosophizing? 9
international-mindedness 2, 6 Q 2 9 9 3 0 1
philosophizing with attitude 67 qualitative versus numerical biography 295
philosophy and leadership 8 moral sel 203
philosophy at work 8 distinctions 3278 On the Origins o Inequality 2956
relationship between TOK (theory o questions o necessity 329 Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad 1 49
questions o suciency 328 biography 1 50
knowledge) and philosophy 5 Ryle, Gilbert 1 578, 1 66
understanding key philosophical

distinctions 3279
understanding the process o

philosophical analysis 1 0
what do philosophers do? 45
what do we mean by concepts? 1 4
what is analysis? 1 1 1 4, 1 845
what is evidence? 1 0

406

INDEX

S society and the individual 293 U
sociocultural identity 353 Ubuntu 1 83
Sartre, Jean-Paul 235 Socrates 1 369 unconscious mind 556
being-with-others 248 biography 1 37 deence mechanisms 568
biography 273 concepts o the sel 1 83, 1 88, 1 89, id, super-ego and ego 5 6
Cartesian philosophy 246 universal grammar 65
consciousness 2478 1 901 , 1 92, 1 94, 1 99 utilitarianism 1 046
ramework o sel-hood 246 sot determinism 265, 268
Kantian philosophy 2467 solipsism 1 59, 2502 V
nausea 272 soul 201 , 1 27, 1 289, 1 3642, 1 52 Voltaire, Franois- Marie Arouet 1 99
radical reedom 2746 assessing the non-material substance
searching or a post-Cartesian sel W
theory o personal identity wakeulness 77, 78
245 3 40 1 Wason S election Task 495 0
sel-hood 246 Cartesian soul 3389 Watson, John B . 1 8
scepticism 1 54 mindbody theories 1 478 behaviourism 602
S chiller, Friedrich 2 03 sel as psyche or soul 1 8794 Williams, Bernard 3367
scholasticism 1 52 soul and personal identity 3378 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1 75, 1 83, 21 7
scientifc determinism 31 2 soul theory 338
Searle, John 1 1 41 6 tripartite soul 1 91 2
sel 34, 1 7980, 2569 space 63
bringer o lie 1 90 spatiality 1 87
seat o knowledge 1 90 spirit 1 27
unpacking the question o the sel spirited soul 20
St Augustine 1 478, 1 52, 1 83, 342
1 826 biography 1 48
what is the sel? 1 81 2 Christian sel 1 967
why is a consideration o the sel St Paul 1 456, 1 50
biography 1 46
important? 1 81 Strawson, Peter 21 31 4
sel-awareness 54, 81 6 subjectivity 42, 24950
sel-consciousness 81 2 sublimation 58
personal responses 856 substance 1 87
sel-consciousness as a condition o suering 1 047
sufcient conditions 76, 329
personhood 856 super- ego 5 6
websites 81 , 86 supernaturalism 1 65
who and what possesses sel- superstitious thinking 502

consciousness? 834 T
sel-control 1 920, 267
sel-evidence 245 tabula rasa 58, 59
Cosmological Argument 256 Taylor, C harles 3 5 3 6
eeling sure is not being right 38 biography 354
sel-hood 203 Taylor, Richard 2 71 , 2 89
sel-realization 1 62 temporality 1 87
sensation 208 theological determinism 31 2
sense experience 31 time 63
sentience 1 047 TOK (theory o knowledge) 5
serotonin 286 trained responses 61
Sikhism 1 32 transcendence 23
S inger, Peter 1 067 transcendent ego 246
Smith, Barry 1 67 transcendental ego 21 41 7, 246,
social conditioning 3006
social determinism 291 3 247
blaming society 300 truth 39, 401
can we ree ourselves rom social Turing, Alan 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6
biography 1 1 2
constraints? 299300
gender and social conditioning

3 0 0 6
Marx, Karl 2979
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 2947

407

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PHILOSOPHY: BEING HUMAN Authors
Nancy Le Nezet
Written by experienced IB teachers and examiners to fully explore the core Guy Williams
content of the latest syllabus, this stretching and engaging approach allows Chris White
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Oxford course books are the only DP resources developed with the IB. For international-
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