PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.
Nouns 1 Topic • Names of people, animals, objects and places • Do not begin with capital letters • Examples: book, temple, dog, hospital Common nouns • Nouns that cannot be counted • Examples: sugar, butter, milk, water • Can be made countable using countable phrases • Examples: Uncountable Noun Countable Form She bought butter at the supermarket. She bought a slab of butter at the supermarket. The old man gave advice. The old man gave a piece of advice. Pass me the ketchup, please. Pass me the bottle of ketchup, please. Uncountable nouns • Nouns that can be counted • Can be in singular form or plural form • Examples: pen – pens, basket – baskets, carriage – carriages Countable nouns • Nouns that cannot be seen or touched in the same way as concrete nouns • Examples: Emotions/Feelings hate, peace, pride, joy, anger, love Quality/Attributes bravery, honesty, skill, beauty, intelligence Ideas/Concepts/ Ideals belief, truth, faith, culture, thought Movements/Events progress, leisure, friendship, holiday Abstract nouns • Specific names of people, animals, objects and places • Begin with capital letters • Examples: Mr Tan, Pahang, Proton, Toshiba Proper nouns • Nouns that can be observed with our five senses – sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch • Examples: She saw a rainbow in the sky. Mother baked a chocolate cake for tea. Concrete nouns ENERBIT N1 ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Pronouns 2 Topic Used at the beginning of sentences to replace the names of people, animals or objects Example: Hilda will go to my house later. She will go to my house later. Personal pronouns (subject) Used after verbs or prepositions Example: I passed the book to Gopal. I passed the book to him. Pronouns that show possession Example: Gina left her book on the table. This book is hers. Possessive pronouns Used to show that an action is done without any help Example: The boys can carry these bags themselves. Used to ask questions Examples: What did you make for the party? Who told you to come here? Whose pens are these? Which computer are you buying? Whom do you want to speak to? Interrogative pronouns Used for people, animals and objects Examples: The girl who talked to you is my friend. The cat which he kicked is mine. The wallet, which I found, belongs to Ali. This is the dress that I bought at the mall. The girl whom I met earlier invited me to her house. Tell me whose books are on the table. Replace singular or plural nouns and give the location of objects Examples: This book here belongs to me. These are my friends from school. That van parked over there belongs to me. Those are the apple trees we planted. Demonstrative pronouns ENERBIT N2 ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Tenses 3 Topic 1 I go to school at 7 a.m. every day. 2 The moon shines brightly at night. 1 The children are playing in the playground. 2 Sally is painting while Ryan is playing the piano. Present Continuous Tense 1 Derrick went to the circus with his friends. 2 He did not listen to his teacher. 1 She was walking home from school when it started raining. 2 They were playing football at the field. Past Continuous Tense 1 We will visit the orphanage next week. 2 She is going to the mall with her mother. 1 We will be having our dinner at the restaurant. 2 Anna will be graduating soon. Future Continuous Tense 1 My neighbours have gone to India. 2 My father has bought a new car. 1 He has been working on the project since last month. 2 I haven’t been going to the gym for a year. Present Perfect Continuous Tense 1 We had played badminton with our cousins. 2 I had bought a robot vacuum cleaner at the exhibition. 1 Lisa had been learning Mandarin since May. 2 My mother had not been eating properly for weeks. Past Perfect Continuous Tense 1 He will have signed the contract by then. 2 I will have decorated the house by the time my friends arrive. 1 Dahlia will have been working the whole day. 2 I will have been studying Spanish for three months. Future Perfect Continuous Tense ENERBIT N3 ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Verbs 4 Topic Verbs Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Present Past act acted bake baked calculate calculated damage damaged earn earned fasten fastened gather gathered happen happened irritate irritated joke joked knock knocked laugh laughed measure measured obey obeyed queue queued rub rubbed scream screamed tie tied unite united wriggle wriggled zoom zoomed Present Past become became bite bit catch caught dig dug eat ate feel felt get got handwrite handwrote inbreed inbred keep kept leave left mean meant outdo outdid pay paid shine shone teach taught tell told throw threw undergo underwent wear wore write wrote The following irregular verbs do not change in spelling when used in the past form. beat hurt read (In the past tense, it is pronounced differently) cast input quit cost let thrust cut output shut hit put spread ENERBIT N4 ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Adjectives 5 Topic Adjectives of quality/opinion bright rude juicy happy sharp brave comfortable beautiful cold pale tasty noisy polite tough clever Adjectives of size small tiny tall long big thin large narrow Adjectives that describe age young old elder younger older new youngest eldest Adjectives of colour red purple yellow black pink blue green white Adjectives that describe material/type gold plastic glass wooden aluminium leather metal rubber steel Adjectives of shape square triangular spherical oval round rectangular Adjectives that describe nationality Malaysian Indonesian Italian Belgian Mediterranean South American Chinese European Japanese Australian Order of Adjectives Examples: • I have one big blue sapphire. • There is some old teak furniture inside the building. • This is a wonderful ancient Italian clock. • The room has many oval paintings. D Determiner a, an, the, my, your, several O Observation lovely, boring, stimulating S Size tiny, small, huge S Shape round, square, rectangular A Age old, new, ancient C Colour red, blue, green O Origin British, American, Mexican M Material gold, copper, silk Determiner Observation Size/Shape Age Colour Origin Material Noun one big blue sapphire some old teak furniture a wonderful ancient Italian clock many oval paintings ENERBIT N5 ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Sentence Structure 6 Topic Sentence Types Simple Compound Complex Declarative Imperative Has one main clause Has two independent or main clauses Has one main/ independent clause and a subordinate/ dependent clause Makes a statement Issues a command, instruction or demand Examples Compound Sentence 1 I speak Hindi, and my cousin speaks French. 2 He felt unwell, so he went to the clinic. 3 The room was big, but it was messy. Simple Sentence 1 I baked some chocolate chip cookies yesterday. 2 Hema is sending an email to her sister in London. 3 My father goes to the market every day. Complex Sentence 1 Although I am exhausted, I am going to the birthday party tonight. 2 After cleaning the orphanage, the Welfare Club members returned home. 3 All the flights were cancelled because of the snowstorm. Declarative Sentence 1 My new schoolbag is blue. 2 Hakimi goes to the mosque every Friday. 3 She doesn’t like history. Imperative Sentence 1 Please be quiet. 2 Turn off the lights. 3 Put on your shoes. ENERBIT N6 ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Direct and Reported 7 Speech Topic Direct Speech Reported Speech Are you hungry, Sam? Mum asked if I was hungry. Where is Aileen? Sarah asked me where Aileen was. Please wait. She asked me to wait. I will be moving to London next year. Emma said that she will be moving to London the following year. ENERBIT N7 ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Wh-Questions 8 Topic Wh-word Usage Examples What What How How manner place time possessions belongings people ENERBIT N8 ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Unit 1 Articles 1 Unit 2 Nouns 13 Unit 3 Forming Nouns 21 Unit 4 Pronouns 29 Unit 5 Subject-Verb Agreement 40 Unit 6 The Simple Present and Present Continuous Tense 47 Unit 7 The Simple Past and Past Continuous Tense 54 Unit 8 The Future Tense and ‘going to’ 65 Unit 9 The Present and Past Perfect Tense 71 Unit 10 Present and Past Participles 82 Unit 11 Modals 86 Unit 12 Active and Passive Voice 92 Unit 13 Gerunds 99 Unit 14 Infinitives 105 Unit 15 Use of ‘If’ 113 Unit 16 Forming Verbs 122 Unit 17 Adjectives 127 Unit 18 Adverbs 135 Unit 19 Prepositions 146 Unit 20 Conjunctions 161 Unit 21 Connectors 168 Unit 22 Phrases and Clauses 178 Unit 23 Noun Clauses 185 Unit 24 Adjective Clauses 194 Unit 25 Adverbial Clauses 203 Unit 26 Punctuation 212 Unit 27 Types of Sentences 224 Unit 28 Word Substitution 235 Unit 29 Sentence Fragments 243 Unit 30 Run-on Sentences 251 Unit 31 Comma Splices 259 Unit 32 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 267 Unit 33 Faulty Parallelism 277 Grammar Review 284 Answers 291 Contents ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
1 What is an article? Basically, articles are a lot like adjectives. Much the same as adjectives, articles modify nouns. The 1 The is one of the most frequently used words in the English language. It is used before a noun when we know exactly what we are referring to. (a) We use the for countable and uncountable nouns (b) For a specific person, object or place 1 The lady we met is her mother. 2 The roses in her garden are lovely. 3 The water in the container is dirty. 4 The traffic is unusually heavy today. 5 The tables will be delivered tomorrow. Examples 1 I know the boy who lives in that big house. 2 Sam goes to the library every evening. 3 The boy who won the first prize is my friend. 4 They will buy food at the food court. 5 I will show you the album later. Examples Articles A/An, Some (Indefinite Article) The (Definite Article) Articles UNIT 1 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
2 (c) When we speak of only one such thing (d) When we mention something for the first time, we use a or an. When we mention it again, we use the. (e) Before the names of rivers, seas, mountain ranges, island groups and union of states 2 We do not use the article the in the following situations: (a) before the names of roads, streets, states, countries, towns 1 The sun is hot today. 2 The moon is shining brightly. 3 The earth rotates every day. Examples 1 I bought a bag. The bag costs RM25. 2 I have a cat. The cat is called Smokey. 3 I have a rabbit. The rabbit was given by my uncle. 4 I saw a car. The car was parked in front of my house. 5 Jim wrote an essay. The essay is all about dreams. Examples 1 My friend, Apit, lives near the Rejang River. 2 She is going to study in the United States of America. 3 The book fair is at the Putra World Trade Centre. 4 There is an economic crisis in the United Kingdom. 5 My uncle is working in the Philippines. Examples 1 My teacher lives at Pearl Road. 2 My father was born in Pahang. 3 The people of Malaysia live in harmony. 4 King’s Park is very busy in the morning. 5 My sister lives in Melaka. Examples ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
3 (b) before the names of people, buildings, places, days, months, years, etc. (c) before names of games and activities A/An 1 Articles a and an are indefinite articles. So, when do we use these articles? (a) We use a before countable nouns beginning with consonant sounds (b, c, d, f, g, etc.) (b) We use an before countable nouns beginning with vowel sounds (a, e, i, o, and u) 1 My mother goes to St Ignatius church every Sunday. 2 We have to go to school for sports practice today. 3 The girls have to go home in an hour’s time. 4 There is a new shopping mall in town. 5 We will be going to Melaka in November. Examples 1 My favourite sport is football. 2 He plays basketball every evening. 3 My hobbies are knitting and painting. 4 Sham and Anand are going hiking this weekend. 5 My sister loves baking cookies. Examples an ostrich an envelope an English teacher Examples a guitar a house a dog a university a European a month Examples ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
4 (c) We use an before nouns with a silent ‘h’. Some The indefinite article some is used for plural and uncountable nouns. We use some in positive statements. COMMON ERRORS They are going to the church. They are going to church. The villages are near Perak River. The villages are near the Perak River. A girl who lives next to me won the first prize. The girl who lives next to me won the first prize. She works in a bank. A bank is near her house. She works in a bank. The bank is near her house. Do you want food? Do you want some food? Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with a, an, the or a dash. 1 The children are playing with toys in room. 2 We are going to football match today. We are going by bus. an hour an honest woman an honourable man Examples 1 There is some food in the kitchen. 2 Some boys are playing in the hall. 3 There are some boxes on the floor. 4 Only some universities offer the course he is looking for. 5 Some men are helping to move the furniture at her house. Examples ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
5 3 Joy and Lay Yee waited for Cindy for more than hour at the cinema. 4 I had not seen my former neighbour for long time, so it was surprise when I saw young man walking up stairs to hall. 5 When Peter was in Penang, he stayed with old friend who lives near Batu Ferringhi beach. 6 We organised trip to beach last week. trip was really exciting. 7 old man is telling story. story is about his life during the British rule. 8 Bob was born in United States but was brought up in England. He attended illustrious college there. 9 She heard scream from behind. She turned around and saw boy running across field behind school. school is believed to be haunted. 10 When we reached top of hill, we saw little cottage with green gate. Exercise 2 Tick () the correct sentences. Cross out (7) the articles a or the where these articles are not needed. 1 The participants must be at the hall by 9 o’clock. 2 My uncle is filling up his car with the petrol. 3 Bob and his father are leaving for the London next month. 4 Kate met with an accident at the Temple Street. 5 My friends are attending the squash lessons. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
6 6 Bring a box of the books to the hall. 7 The students in the hall are making a lot of noise. 8 We go to a school early in the morning. 9 I am keen on the knitting and sewing. 10 Ali goes to mosque every Friday. Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the, a, an, some or a dash. 1 I’ve run out of stamps. I have to buy at the post office today. 2 of the oranges in basket are sweet but are sour. 3 She goes to church on Sundays. 4 burglars entered house through ceiling. They made off with television, laptops and all jewellery, and cash in the house. 5 There was fight at stadium last night. of the spectators got injured. 6 We are worried about Ani. We heard that she is in kind of trouble. 7 I’m afraid I can’t see you now. Please make appointment with the receptionist. 8 The little boy did not want any food but he did drink water. 9 Before my mother goes to bed, she usually has bread and glass of warm milk. 10 My brother hurt his knee at football game few days ago. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
7 Exercise 4 Circle the correct answer. 1 Is there in the room? I need to help me. A anytime, someone B anyone, someone C someone, anyone D anything, anyone 2 I heard noise outside, so I opened door. A the, the B the, – C –, the D a, the 3 We know that lightning travels faster than thunder. A the, the B the, a C the, – D –, – 4 Did you attend interview at restaurant this morning? A the, – B the, a C a, the D the, the 5 Rick was hired by Director of very prestigious company in Singapore. A –, a B a, the C the, a D an, the 6 I did not see him or others at meeting. A the, the B the, a C the, – D –, the ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
8 7 water from hill flows into Perak River. A A, the, the B The, a, a C –, the, a D The, the, the 8 My brother met of his friends at concert. A some, the B any, a C –, the D some, – 9 The police obtained new information regarding missing child. A – , a B a, the C some, the D the, a 10 Mr Lim is only one who can help you now. A – B a C an D the Exercise 5 Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks in the texts that follow. Text 1 Fruits are (1) ripened ovaries of plants, including (2) seeds within. Many plants have produced (3) fruits that are (4) good food source to animals. Fruits, therefore, make up (5) significant part of (6) diet of most cultures. Some botanical fruits such as tomatoes and pumpkins are ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
9 eaten as (7) vegetables. Just like (8) fruits, vegetables are commonly eaten as (9) food. These include root vegetables, leaf vegetables and stem vegetables. Beans and peas are rich in proteins. They are very important food to (10) vegetarians. 1 A a B an C the D – 2 A a B an C the D – 3 A a B an C the D – 4 A a B an C the D – 5 A a B an C the D – 6 A a B an C the D – 7 A a B an C the D – 8 A a B an C the D – 9 A a B an C the D – 10 A a B an C the D – Text 2 Parents should not discipline their child because they are angry with him or her. It should be (1) case of wanting to teach the child. Both parents should discuss (2) strategy for training and disciplining with ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
10 their child and then agree to work together as (3) team. Both parents need to tell the child (4) same thing. If children realise that one parent is strict and the other is easy, they will play (5) parents against each other. If parents disagree on how to discipline (6) child, they should discuss (7) matter privately. Parents must never lie to their children. If they lie every now and then, children will not believe them even when they tell (8) truth. When parents make (9) threat, they must stick with it. Therefore, (10) discipline should not become the domain of one parent. 1 A a B an C the D – 2 A a B an C the D – 3 A a B an C the D – 4 A a B an C the D – 5 A a B an C the D – 6 A a B an C the D – 7 A a B an C the D – 8 A a B an C the D – 9 A a B an C the D – 10 A a B an C the D – ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
11 Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks below with suitable articles. Text 1 Good morning, students. The topic of my speech today is on the ‘Need for Safety Equipment’. As the proverb goes, “It is better to be safe than sorry”, especially when faced with (1) emergency situation. For example, at sea, one needs to be equipped with the proper safety equipment. When we go out to sea in (2) boat, we should always wear (3) life jacket as our boat can capsize. Every home, office and school should have (4) first-aid kit. In school, it can be used to treat injuries before (5) students are sent to (6) hospital. In (7) office, any (8) staff that gets injured can also be treated before seeking treatment from (9) doctor. Offices, schools and houses must also be equipped with (10) fire extinguishers. This is especially so in case of (11) outbreak of (12) fire. I hope you have found my speech useful. Thank you. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
12 Text 2 Dear Kate, How are you and your family? Convey my regards to them. My school celebrated (1) Teacher’s Day last week. All of us had (2) fabulous time. (3) activities started at 8.00 a.m. First, we had (4) assembly in (5) school hall. (6) Head Prefect went up and gave (7) speech. He informed us about activities for that day. At the end of (8) speech, we clapped loudly to show our appreciation to our teachers. For (9) next item, class monitors read out (10) Teacher’s Day message. This was then followed by our class parties. Some of us presented our class teachers with (11) presents. I gave my favourite teacher, Miss Ong, (12) stalk of rose. Text 3 Parents and teachers should pay attention to developing (1) reading skills in children. In (2) study made on (3) group of children in (4) kindergarten, it was found that children who were read to several times (5) day did substantially better in kindergarten at (6) age of four and five compared to those whose parents only read to them a few times (7) week. Children learn to love (8) sound of (9) language before they even notice printed words. Reading aloud to them stimulates their imagination and understanding of (10) world around them. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
13 1 Nouns can be concrete nouns or abstract nouns. 2 Concrete nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. (a) Common nouns are names of animals, objects or places. They do not begin with capital letters. Common nouns are divided into countable and uncountable nouns. canal baggage ornament tourist judge breakfast Examples Nouns UNIT 2 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
14 (b) Proper nouns begin with capital letters, which include: (i) Special names of people, races, religions, titles and festivals (ii) Special names of countries, places, days, months 3 Abstract nouns cannot be seen or touched in the same way as concrete nouns. They are used to describe: (a) Emotions/feelings • love • anger • pride • hate • peace • joy Buddhist Her Majesty Christmas Examples KLCC Paris A Famosa January Zoo Negara Examples ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
15 1 The children were full of excitement the night before the trip. 2 Send my love to Mum and Dad. 3 She was filled with hate for the cruel man. Examples (b) Qualities/attributes • bravery • skill • loyalty • deceit • honesty • courage • integrity • beauty • compassion • brilliance 1 I admire my friend’s honesty when he returned the wallet to the owner. 2 We are touched by Mr Poh’s kindness to the poor. 3 Wahida has great taste in clothes. Examples (c) Ideas/Concepts/Ideals • belief • trust • dream • information • justice • culture • truth • thought • faith • dedication 1 We live in a state of freedom in our country. 2 The starvation in the country went on for a month. 3 The boys look forward to the trip with eagerness. 4 Luck was on his side when he won the lottery. 5 He will not rest until his wife’s killer is brought to justice. Examples (d) Movements/Events • progress • trouble • education • friendship • hospitality • relaxation • leisure • holiday ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
16 Nouns with the following suffixes are often abstract: • -tion • -ness • -ship • -ism • -age • -ability • -ity • -ance • -acy • -ment • -ence Exercise 1 Rewrite the following passage by capitalising the proper nouns. Tucked away on the foothills of mount santubong is the award-winning sarawak cultural village. Described as southeast asia’s finest museum and cultural showcase, this tourist resort offers the heritage, culture and crafts of sarawak’s ethnic groups in one location. Officially opened in 1990, it is set in a tranquil setting of landscaped tropical forests. It is considered a mustvisit for every visitor to kuching because it showcases the various attributes of the major ethnic population, namely the malay, chinese, iban, orang ulu, bidayuh, melanau and penan. While there is nothing comparable to visiting the actual dwelling sites of these tribes who thrive in the delta of the rajang river or in deep rainforests, the showcases in this village are pretty much as close as one can get in getting to know the colourful multi-ethnic characteristics of the state. We must not use ‘a’ or ‘an’ when using abstract nouns. The people shouted out in a joy. The people shouted out in joy. The boys told us the news in an excitement. The boys told us the news with excitement. However, we can use the article ‘the’ with abstract nouns. • The sincerity of the man is obvious. • I can never forget the helpfulness of the people in this area. • We find the gentleness of the ladies here endearing. NOTE ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
17 Exercise 2 Underline the abstract nouns in the article below. To speak well before an audience, there are some tips to follow. First, you must have knowledge of the topic. Do enough preparation for your speech. Grab the audience’s attention in the first few minutes with a question or a funny experience. This will help you to connect with everyone and reduce the tension. You also have to control the tone and volume of your voice. Very important, speak with expression. Put emotion into what you say. This has more impact on listeners. In addition, never rush through your speech. The audience will lose interest in your speech. Look in the eyes of your audience. Try to make as much eye contact as possible. It will put you at ease. It also shows that whatever you are saying, you are saying it with conviction. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
18 Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the abstract nouns from the box. fear patience boredom courage knowledge importance truth beauty loyalty advice information drought generosity exhaustion applause 1 The man handled the thief with . 2 Betty is not capable of telling the . 3 The rich man’s towards the flood victims was shown through his actions. 4 I have always had a great of snakes. 5 Sam slumped back on the sofa in . 6 Mrs Toh lost her with her naughty son. 7 The students yawned out of during the lesson. 8 We gained a lot of from the seminar this morning. 9 We must show to our country. 10 The artist captured the model’s in his works. 11 The teacher said that attending all her classes is of utmost . 12 The prolonged has caused a water shortage in the country. 13 I want to take a bus to Penang. I need some about the bus schedule. 14 The popular singer was greeted with thunderous from his fans. 15 Take my and study something practical after your SPM. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
19 Exercise 4 Complete the following texts with the abstract nouns from the box. loss destruction survival erosion shortage pollution impact deforestation assurance disappearance migration preservation malnutrition provision The effects of cutting down of forests are seen at different levels. Firstly, (1) has an important local negative (2). To the forest people, the forest is their home and enables (3) of food, medicines and building materials. All these give (4) of long-term (5) of their community. The (6) of the forest means the (7) of all these elements and consequently, causes (8), which in turn leads to illnesses and in many cases, (9) to other places. As forests assure the (10) of water and soil, their (11) causes serious effects such as extensive flooding, aggravated water (12), soil (13) and serious (14) of water sources. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
20 Exercise 5 Complete the following texts with suitable abstract nouns. There can be alternative answers. Text 1 Playing sports helps in the (1) of the mind and the body. Youths who play sports are more likely to have a positive body (2) and higher self- (3). They are more able to deal with (4) and are less likely to engage in destructive activities. One of the benefits of playing sports is the (5) of motor skills. For example, in a ball game, the person blocking the player with the ball has to think in a split second about the best way to do it and to move quickly in (6) to the brain’s (7). Text 2 People who get angry often tend to be unhealthy and stressed. In case you don’t know, (1) prompts the outpouring of (2) hormones, which can lead to heart (3) and blood (4) to rise. An excess of these hormones can also result in the (5) of blood vessels, prompting a heart attack. Therefore, it can cause adverse (6) effects. So we must learn to control our (7), such as practising anger (8). The classic way is to back off, count to ten, and then go for a walk. This gives you a few minutes to calm down and regain (9). As there is a lot of (10) in doing so, start putting it in practice. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
21 Uses and Formation I Nouns can be used as adjectives We can use a noun as an adjective when it precedes a noun that it modifies. (a) a mountain bike – a bike designed for riding up mountains mountain functions as an adjective modifying the noun bike (b) sports hall sports functions as an adjective modifying the noun hall (c) women footballers women functions as an adjective modifying the noun footballers (d) badminton match badminton functions as an adjective modifying the noun match (e) mail box mail functions as an adjective modifying the noun box (f) cheese sandwich cheese functions as an adjective modifying the noun sandwich Examples II Nouns can be used as verbs We can use a noun as a verb when it performs an action or activity. (a) colour the picture colour functions as a verb describing the action of colouring (b) head a task force head functions as a verb describing the action of leading a task force (c) elbow an opponent elbow functions as a verb describing the action of pushing aside an opponent Examples Forming Nouns UNIT 3 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
22 (d) shoulder the blame shoulder functions as a verb describing the action of taking on or assuming the blame or burden for/of something (e) hand in our resignation hand functions as a verb describing the action of submitting one’s resignation letter Noun Formation Nouns can be formed from adjectives, verbs and other nouns by adding suffixes like –ness, –ty, –try, –ment, –ance and –tion. 1 John is liked for his kindness. The word kindness is formed by adding –ness to kind. 2 My father is a man of responsibility. The word responsibility is formed by adding –ty to responsible. Examples The following is a list of nouns formed by adding suffixes: –ty able ability anxious anxiety honest honesty cruel cruelty –ment amaze amazement advertise advertisement judge judgement move movement –ance allow allowance appear appearance assist assistance disturb disturbance –ence confide confidence emerge emergence correspond correspondence reside residence –tion examine examination attract attraction describe description explain explanation –er/–or write writer work worker audit auditor collect collector ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
23 –ness kind kindness dark darkness good goodness lazy laziness –th long length wide width broad breadth true truth –al approve approval arrive arrival revive revival survive survival –dom wise wisdom king kingdom free freedom bore boredom –hood child childhood mother motherhood adult adulthood boy boyhood –ship friend friendship relation relationship dictator dictatorship member membership –ant immigrate immigrant account accountant assist assistant military militant –ee employ employee pay payee refer referee supervise supervisee –ure please pleasure fail failure expose exposure temperate temperature COMMON ERRORS The man is measuring the longness of the table. The man is measuring the length of the table. Paul’s dismissing from his job is known by everyone. Paul’s dismissal from his job is known by everyone. You can find all the informing in this book. You can find all the information in this book. We need recreate time as a break from work. We need recreation time as a break from work. Sally’s marrying to Wong is on the rocks. Sally’s marriage to Wong is on the rocks. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
24 Exercise 1 Identify if the underlined words are used as nouns or adjectives for each sentence. Write the words in the correct columns. 1 Would you like a cheese sandwich? 2 My little brother ate three slices of cheese. 3 Mother spends a lot of time in the kitchen. 4 We sat at the kitchen table and ate our dinner. 5 Grammar is an interesting subject. 6 I have a red grammar book. 7 The price of gold has gone up a lot. 8 I am wearing a gold bracelet. 9 My father works in the police department. 10 The police arrested the robber just now. 11 Keith is wearing a cotton shirt. 12 The handbag is made of cotton. 13 My neighbour works as a tax collector. 14 All shops today charge government tax on goods. 15 My school did well in the inter-school debates. 16 The school bus was late this morning. 17 They planted a beautiful flower garden behind their house. 18 We like to inhale the smell of a flower. 19 You can get lots of vitamins from eating fruit. 20 Is there any fruit stall nearby? Nouns used as adjectives Nouns 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
25 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Exercise 2 The words in bold are used as both nouns and verbs. Underline the nouns and circle the verbs. 1 We went to camp at the top of the hill at an old mining camp. 2 We decided to stay longer and fish some more fish. 3 I will not drink that strange black drink. 4 Everyone on this block decided to block off the road for the wedding party. 5 “I will cook your favourite meal,” said the cook. 6 I forgot to lock the lock on our garage. 7 When Lina began to laugh, I realised that it was the loudest laugh I had ever heard. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
26 8 We could smell the smell of bread from across the road. 9 The stress of the exam began to stress us out. 10 “The object is too expensive,” I started to object to Jim’s suggestion. 11 “I cannot reply to your reply right now,” I said firmly. 12 The hunt began early as they were determined to hunt down the murderer. Exercise 3 Form nouns from the following words. 1 explain 2 long 3 please 4 begin 5 curious 6 dark 7 attract 8 revive 9 young 10 breathe 11 humble 12 hate 13 famous 14 dirty 15 discover Exercise 4 Rewrite the following sentences by forming nouns from the words in brackets. 1 The children are watching the (fly) of the flamingos at the zoo. 2 The old man is well known for his (wise). ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
27 3 My friend lost her (see) in the accident. 4 Many people like him because of his (kind). 5 I will not take your things without your (permit). 6 I have to make a (pay) of RM500. 7 He was unhappy with the child’s (behave) last night. 8 I must congratulate you on your (succeed). 9 The girls’ (decide) to join the camping trip is a good one. 10 We found James’ (speak) interesting. 11 We gained a lot of (know) from the jungle trip. 12 The lady gave a detailed (describe) of the robber. 13 All of us need to have (strong) in times of crisis. 14 The (depart) of the plane was announced five minutes ago. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
28 Exercise 5 Complete the following sentences using the correct forms of the words in the box. lazy behave absent child happy responsible scarce important arrive tidy operate fail 1 Everybody deserves in their life. 2 I was given a great deal of in my new job. 3 My uncle underwent a kidney . 4 Her at the gathering was shocking as she shouted at the guests. 5 I spent my in a small village. 6 The of the plane was on time. 7 The of water is a serious problem. 8 Her at the meeting went unnoticed. 9 The prefect stressed to the students the of obeying school rules. 10 To work for such a company, you have to maintain a high standard of in your appearance. 11 Adrian was punished for his by Mrs Durai. 12 His to turn up for the game resulted in a loss for his team. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
29 Pronouns UNIT 4 Pronouns are words used to take the place of nouns. There are different types of pronouns. Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Reflexive pronouns Interrogative pronouns Relative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Subject Object I me mine myself what who that we us ours ourselves who which this you you yours yourself whose that those he him his himself which whose these she her hers herself whom whom they them theirs themselves it it itself I Personal pronouns (subject) are used at the beginning of sentences to replace the names of people, animals or objects. II Personal pronouns (object) are used after verbs or prepositions. III Possessive pronouns are pronouns that show possession. They are used in place of nouns. Jasmine went to the market. She went to the market. Example I am chatting with David. I am chatting with him. Example I bought my laptop last week. When did you buy yours? Example ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
30 IV Reflexive pronouns are used to show that an action is done without any help. V Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. Interrogative pronouns include what, who, whose, which and whom. (a) What is used to ask about people, animals, places and objects. (b) Who is used to ask about people as the subject. (c) Whose is used to ask about possession. (d) Which is used to ask about animals, places and objects. (e) Whom is used to ask about people as the object. Sam and his brother built the tree house themselves. Example What did you buy at the flea market? Example Who helped you with the project? Example Whose books are on my table? Example Which pattern do you like? Example Whom is Henry talking to? Example ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
31 VI Relative pronouns are used for people, animals and objects. They are who, which, that, whom and whose. (a) Who is used for people. (b) Which is used for animals and objects. (c) That is used for people, animals and objects. (d) Whom is used to refer to the person as the object in the sentence. (e) Whose is used to refer to possessive nouns. We can use the W-ever words if we want the pronoun to apply to any single one of the people or things or places or times mentioned. The lady who you saw yesterday is my teacher. Example 1 The new watch, which I bought, is broken. 2 This is the cake which I made yesterday. Examples 1 The boy that we saw at the mall is my ex-classmate. 2 The cat that ate the fish is sitting behind the door. Examples He’s the officer whom I met yesterday. Example The lady whose handbag was stolen is at the information counter. Example ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
32 Whatever — Any ‘thing’ (this could also be everything) Whenever — Any ‘time’ (this could also be every time) Wherever — Any ‘where’ (this could be anywhere or everywhere) Whoever — Anyone (any person or every person or sometimes used to refer to a person unknown to the speaker) Whichever — Any ‘which’ (there is a choice between a group or set) However — Any ‘way’ (in any manner or way) 1 Whatever you do, pay attention to the rules of the game. (You can do anything as long as you pay attention to the rules) 2 They say you can buy whatever you desire here, as long as you have the money. (You can buy anything here if you have enough money) Examples 1 Whenever she calls, her husband is busy. (Every time she calls her husband, he is busy) 2 Call me whenever you need something. (Call me anytime you need something) Examples 1 Wherever you go in the world, remember where you came from. (Anywhere you go in the world, remember your roots) 2 With a good command in English, wherever you go, you will have more opportunities. (If you can converse in English, you will have more opportunities everywhere) Examples ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
33 1 Whoever broke the vase, please own up. (Any person who broke the vase should own up to it) 2 Whoever is going to the shop, please remember to buy food. (Anyone who is going to the shop needs to buy food) Examples 1 You can drive whichever car you want. (You can choose to drive any of the cars available) 2 Whichever dress you wear tonight, you will look lovely. (This person looks nice in any of the dresses) Examples 1 However much Teresa eats, she never puts on weight. (It doesn’t matter how much she eats, she never gets fat) 2 However rich the Tans may be, it still isn’t enough for them. (It doesn’t matter how rich they may be; it is never enough for them) Examples VII Demonstrative pronouns replace singular or plural nouns and give the location of the objects. The four demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these and those. • This is used for singular nouns that are near the speaker. The plural form is these. • That is used for singular nouns that are at a distance from the speaker. The plural form is those. • This and these are for objects that are close at hand. This is used for singular objects and these for plural objects. • This and these are often used with the word here to indicate that the object is near. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
34 1 This is my calculator. 2 These costumes belong to the Drama Club. Examples • That is used for singular objects, and those for plural objects, that are located away from the speaker. • That and those are often used with the word there to indicate that the object is away from the speaker. 1 That is Mr Patrick’s house. 2 Those mangoes were given by Uncle Sam. Examples COMMON ERRORS I did the sewing me. I did the sewing myself. What you did, I will approve. Whatever you did, I will approve. I told them the files are her. I told them the files are hers. The maid made for hers a pie. The maid made a pie for herself. Shall we go to your place or our? Shall we go to your place or ours? Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with suitable reflexive pronouns. You can use a word more than once. 1 The cat is licking all over. 2 The little girl can feed . 3 My father cut while shaving this morning. 4 You must not blame for the accident. 5 The children enjoyed at the theme park. 6 We shared the pudding among . ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
35 7 I made it all by ! I followed the recipe very carefully. 8 One must always have faith in . 9 She delivered the documents as her office boy did not show up for work. 10 The ladies are quarrelling among . 11 Yoong ordered for a big plate of chicken rice. He was very hungry. 12 Don’t worry, the kettle will turn off by once the water is boiled. Exercise 2 Rewrite the sentences below using suitable W-ever pronouns. You can use a word (pronoun) more than once. 1 pizza you ordered, I hope it does not have any anchovies on it. I hate anchovies. 2 The prisoner said that he would say he needed to say to get out of jail sooner. 3 I go to sleep at night, I have strange and scary dreams. 4 we sit in the house, the reception is bad. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
36 5 knocked on the door late last night must have done so by mistake. 6 The student was so intelligent that question we asked her, she gave the correct answer. 7 You can drive car you want. I won’t be going out today. 8 You can dress up you like, it’s a costume party. Be a little creative! 9 Sam comes home for the holidays, the first thing he does is drop by the mamak stall for some roti canai. 10 You can put up the painting she gave you you want. I don’t care. 11 You can redecorate your room you like as long as it gets done before the semester break is over. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
37 12 told you that I was leaving the country was lying. Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with this, these, that or those. You can use the words more than once. 1 Is your puppy? I found it wandering in the park. 2 “Are books yours, Johan?” asked Mr Lim. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
38 3 house over there is available for rent. 4 purses belong to my mother. 5 looks like a bad accident. Quick, call an ambulance! ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
39 Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns. 1 The villagers had to put out the fire by . 2 Give the money back to them now. It is . 3 This boat belongs to them. It is . 4 A storm is coming. We should keep safe by staying indoors. 5 Here are the books. We found in the cupboard. 6 This dress suits best. She looks very nice in it. 7 The mangoes are not ripe yet. You had better not pluck . 8 This dress of does not fit me anymore. You can have it. 9 These antique plates are . Puan Siti collects them from her trips overseas. 10 “Excuse me, is this my notebook or ?” I asked the girl who was next to me. 11 That is the woman I spoke to regarding my application. 12 I gave him that shirt for his birthday. That is shirt. 13 My siblings and I are very close. We get on very well with . 14 is that handsome young man over there? 15 Gina has told us to keep free this Saturday. She wants us to attend her birthday party. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
40 The verb must agree with the subject in the sentence. Rules of Agreement (a) A singular subject must take a singular verb. Singular verbs end with ‘s’. (b) A plural subject must take a plural verb. Plural verbs do not end with ‘s’. (c) We use singular verbs for uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns can never take plural verbs. (d) We use plural verbs for words like both, many and all. The nouns are plural. 1 The baby cries. 2 The dog eats a bone. Examples 1 The babies cry. 2 The dogs eat bones. Examples 1 The new furniture is nice. 2 The traffic on this road is heavy. Examples 1 Both boys study in this school. 2 Many books are arranged on the shelf. 3 All the girls are wearing white. Examples Subject-Verb Agreement UNIT 5 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD