Grammar Guide for Pre-U 2023

PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Unit 1: Nouns 1 Unit 2: Pronouns 12 Unit 3: Adjectives 25 Unit 4: Verbs 38 Unit 5: Adverbs 44 Unit 6: Prepositions 50 Unit 7: Articles 60 Unit 8: Quantifi ers 71 Unit 9: Conjunctions 76 Unit 10: The Present Simple Tense 84 Unit 11: The Present Continuous Tense 99 Unit 12: The Present Perfect Tense 111 Unit 13: The Past Simple Tense 120 Unit 14: The Past Continuous Tense 130 Unit 15: The Past Perfect Tense 138 Unit 16: The Future Tenses 148 Unit 17: Subject-Verb Agreement 160 Unit 18: Modals and Auxiliaries 173 Unit 19: Direct and Indirect Speech 184 Unit 20: Active and Passive Voice 195 Unit 21: Gerunds and Infi nitives 204 Unit 22: Clauses 213 Unit 23: The Apostrophe 221 Common Grammar and Usage Mistakes 230 Miscellaneous Exercises 242 Grammar Assessment 1 251 Grammar Assessment 2 254 Appendices 257 Answer Key 273 Contents Grammar Guide for Pre-U content.indd 3 19/04/2023 3:43 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

1 Nouns 1.1 What is a Noun? A noun is a word that functions as the name of something: such as a person, an animal, an object, a place, a quality or an idea. Nouns can be the subject or the object of a sentence. Nouns can also be the subject and object of a verb. The subject of a sentence comes before a verb. The object of a sentence comes after a verb. The cat meows loudly. He likes rambutan. Mary bought a dress. In the fi rst sentence, cat is a noun and it comes before the verb meows. Therefore, the noun cat is the subject of the verb meows. In the second sentence, rambutan is a noun and it comes after the verb likes. Therefore, the noun rambutan is the object of the verb likes. In the third sentence, Mary is a noun and it comes before the verb bought. Therefore, the noun Mary is the subject of the verb bought. Dress is also a noun and it comes after the verb bought. Therefore, the noun dress is the object of the verb bought. 1.2 Proper Nouns A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or organisation. A proper noun is spelled with a capital letter. People: Noraini, Chen Choi Yen, Santhe Place: Putrajaya, KL Tower, Mount Everest Organisations: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, University of Malaya, Tenaga Nasional Berhad 1.3 Common Nouns A common noun is a name for any group of people, places, animals or things that are of the same type such as doctor, stadium, cat or table. Read the extracts below. All the nouns have been underlined for you. A silent movie produced by Jane Lee is one of the events to mark International Women’s Day. The movie entitled The Road will be screened in March. Nouns UNIT 1 Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 1 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 2 Proper Noun Common Noun Jane Lee movie International Women’s Day events The Road March The members of Teaching for Life Organisation (TLO) gathered recently to honour colleagues who had retired from their duties after years of educating young children. The teachers are familiar to many people. The President, David Ang was at the function. The teachers who were honoured that night were Shuib Hassan, Jean Tan and Philip Arul. Proper Noun Common Noun Teaching for Life Organisation (TLO) members colleagues President duties years David Ang children people Shuib Hassan function teachers Jean Tan night Philip Arul Exercise 1 Underline the proper nouns in the announcement below. The Great Jazz event will take place at Melor Concert Hall in February this year. Gather around this venue for Ahmad Shah, the drummer bringing with him the acclaimed pianist Lucas Bradshaw. Filling the rhythm section is Michael Radley and for brass, saxophonist James Tan will make his first debut. Exercise 2 Fill in each blank with an appropriate common noun. Food expert Marie Johnson announced recently that she was taking her brand to new (1) – partnering with Super Cheese, one of the world’s largest cheese producers to develop a (2) of cheesecake. In announcing the new collaboration, Marie Johnson said the unique cheesecake would be on the (3) of all supermarkets later this (4) . There would be a variety of flavours at affordable (5) . Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 2 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

3 Nouns 1.4 Countable Nouns Countable nouns are for things that we can count using numbers. They have a singular and plural form. We can use the indefinite article a or an for the singular form of countable nouns. Singular Plural book books cake cakes cat cats elephant elephants girl girls Below are several rules to help you change a noun from the singular form to the plural. Rule 1 Add –s Singular Plural monkey monkeys spoon spoons Rule 2 Add -es to nouns that end with sh, ch, ss and x Singular Plural box boxes glass glasses paintbrush paintbrushes pass passes sash sashes Rule 3 When a noun ends with the letter y, change the y to i and add -es Singular Plural baby babies berry berries ferry ferries lady ladies Note If there is a vowel before the letter y, just add -s Singular Plural boy boys tray trays Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 3 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 4 Rule 4 When a noun ends with the letter o, add es Singular Plural potato potatoes tomato tomatoes Rule 5 When a noun ends with ef or fe, change it to ves Singular Plural knife knives thief thieves wife wives Rule 6 Some nouns have irregular forms Singular Plural foot feet goose geese mouse mice tooth teeth ox oxen woman women Rule 7 Some nouns remain the same in the plural form Singular Plural deer deer furniture furniture sheep sheep 1.5 Uncountable Nouns Unlike countable nouns, uncountable nouns are names of things that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot ‘count’ them. Uncountable nouns are also known as mass nouns. They do not have a plural form. We do not use the indefinite article a or an with uncountable nouns. For example, we cannot say three salts or a salt. An uncountable noun is followed by a singular verb. Look at the following examples. Salt enhances the flavour of food. Bread is tasty when toasted. Flour is used to make cakes. Sand fills the desert. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 4 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

5 Nouns Uncountable nouns can be divided into several groups. Look at the groups in the table below. Classification Abstractions Activities Illnesses Minerals/metals Gases Liquids Natural elements Occupations Condiments/herbs/sauces Study subjects Categories Example happiness, joy, peace, adoration jumping, skiing, running, diving cancer, mumps, measles, cough potassium, mercury, silver, iron oxygen, hydrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, nitrogen water, coffee, tea, milk storm, haze, fog, lightning, thunder teaching, plumbing, nursing, lecturing salt, pepper, basil, turmeric, cinnamon, star anise, coriander, thyme, parsley, sage, rosemary, soy sauce, ketchup Economics, Mathematics, Biology clothing, furniture, baggage, food Uncountable nouns can be changed into the ‘countable form’ by adding some words. Look at the following examples. Uncountable noun Countable form 1 The child is drinking hot chocolate. 2 The boy needs new clothes. 3 The man needs advice. 4 The driver saw lightning. 5 They like to play tennis. 6 There is custard on the table. 7 I bought Japanese dinnerware. 8 There is dirt in your eye. 1 The child is drinking a mug of hot chocolate. 2 The boy needs a set of new clothes. 3 The man needs some advice. 4 The driver saw a flash of lightning. 5 They like to play a game of tennis. 6 There is a bowl of custard on the table. 7 I bought a set of Japanese dinnerware. 8 There is a speck of dirt in your eye. Exercise 3 Fill in each blank with a suitable noun. 1 In cold countries, the chimney is an essential part of the . 2 People burn or coal to keep warm during winter. 3 Thick columns of rise up from the chimney. 4 Chimneys are usually made of . 5 Many of the houses on this have chimneys. 6 In the past, some worked as chimney sweeps. 7 The must be cleaned regularly so that it can work efficiently. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 5 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 6 Exercise 4 Complete the following sentences with nouns from the box below. athletes lecturer fur umbrella carton students tree car fever sand 1 The cat keeps its clean. 2 The bird sings merrily on the branch. 3 He is driving a brand new . 4 The is marking exam papers. 5 One of the in the class is asleep. 6 The milk in the has gone bad. 7 The bag of is very heavy. 8 The are practising in the field. 9 I don’t feel well. I think I have a . 10 It is raining. Please use an when you go out. Exercise 5 Fill in each blank with the correct form of the noun given in brackets. 1 These are rare (cactus). I have not seen them before. 2 The horses’ (hoof) need to be shorn. 3 The bees circle around the two (hive). 4 The butcher cuts meat with different types of (knife). 5 The island is subject to the devastating effects of many earthquakes and (tornado). Exercise 6 Change the uncountable noun given in brackets into the countable form. The first one has been done for you. 0 The worker is carrying a bag of sand (sand) on his back. 1 He always buys the latest (clothes) from that designer. 2 Mrs Lim has a good (cookware). 3 There is a (sugar) in the basket. 4 Jeremy drinks a (milk) before he goes to bed. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 6 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

7 Nouns 5 There is a (clothes) in the laundry basket. 6 Jess enjoys a good (badminton). 7 The private investigator has bought a new (apparatus). 8 The child took a (cough syrup). 9 Chemistry is a (science). 10 She puts a (oil) into the pan. Exercise 7 Fill in the blanks with suitable nouns from the box below. Use each noun only once. In an article by Carrie Arnold in the National Geographic, we learn new things about the migration pattern of loggerhead sea turtles. After hatching on (1) around the world, these huge marine reptiles undertake multiyear, epic migrations at sea. Then, the turtles return to the exact (2) where they were born to mate and lay their own eggs. Scientists have long known that the turtles, like many animals, navigate at (3) by sensing the invisible lines of the magnetic field, similar to how sailors use latitude and longitude. But they did not know how the turtles were able to return to the very place where they were born. Now, a new (4) has the answer: The turtles also rely on Earth’s magnetic field to find their way (5) . That is because each part of the coastline has its own magnetic signature, which the (6) remember and later use as an internal compass. It is not an easy commute, though—the magnetic (7) changes slowly, and loggerheads have to shift their nesting sites in response, according to the study, published January 15 in Current Biology. Loggerhead turtles, which weigh about 250 pounds (113 kilograms), have an enormous range that encompasses all but the most frigid waters of the world’s (8) . Though they travel hundreds of (9) out to sea, the turtles seem to prefer coastal (10) and are the most abundant of all marine turtle species in US waters. study field beaches miles oceans animals home habitats spot sea Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 7 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 8 1.6 Collective Nouns Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups which consist of more than one individual, animal, place, thing or idea. committee, government, team, audience, police, group, herd A collective noun can be single or plural. You can use different words to construct your sentence to be sure there is no agreement error. (a) Today, Mr Brown’s class takes a public exam. (Singular collective noun) (b) After three hours in the exam hall, Mr Brown’s class feel tired and look at their watches. (Plural collective noun) 1.7 Abstract Nouns Abstract nouns refer to ideas or concepts (such as joy, anger, justice or hatred). Many abstract nouns are formed by adding a suffix (-ness, -ity, -ion) to adjectives or verbs. sadness (from the adjective sad), taxation (from the verb tax) and prosperity (from the adjective prosper). (For further examples, refer to Appendices: Parts of Speech) 1.8 Possessive Nouns The possessive noun shows a relationship of belonging between one thing and another. To form the possessive, add an apostrophe and a ‘s’ to the noun. a girl’s hat/ a boy’s book/ a bird’s wing If the noun is plural, or already ends in s, just add an apostrophe after the s. many girls’ hats/ many boys’ books/ many birds’ wings Note There are irregular plural possessive nouns, for example men’s hats, women’s shoes and children’s toys Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 8 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

9 Nouns Exercise 8 Fill in each blank with the correct possessive form of the noun. The first one has been done for you. 0 There are four students’ files on the shelf. 1 This is (Pamela) computer. 2 The (hunter) gun is loaded. 3 Many (swans) feathers are white and soft. 4 The (thief) fingerprints were all over the display boxes. They forgot to wear gloves. 5 A (giraffe) neck has seven bones. 6 The (workmen) flasks are on the table. They put them there this morning. 7 The (policeman) uniform is well-pressed. 8 Where is the (child) toy? I saw him put it in the cupboard. 9 All the (buffaloes) horns are curved. 10 The (bee) sting is very painful. Exercise 9 Fill in the blanks with nouns from the box below. Use each word once. Self-care is a common word these days. Most of us spend every day tending to the needs of others first, ourselves last…. whether you are a young (1) or someone older, as long as there is someone around for us to mind. A good warm soak in the bath tub is a very kind thing to do for the browbeaten (2) that has been on its toes for hours. Creating a relaxing ambience is very important. A tealight, soft music, a homemade lavender bath bomb and a handful of epsom salts can do (3) . We need to learn how to shut the (4) out of the mind and actually do nothing for minutes on end. And after that is done, nourishing the (5) with lots of body lotion is a must. Prevention against (6) is crucial. The importance of a nutritious diet rich in vitamins that boost the immune (7) coupled with regular exercise cannot be understated. Most people buy over the counter (8) or vitamins while others go for herbal remedies, which take time to be effective but are less intrusive. The soul is that part which consists of feelings and (9) . Feeding the soul with self-care is equally important. Take time to engage in (10) . emotions person body wonders sicknesses skin system medicine hobbies noises Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 9 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 10 Exercise 10 Fill in the blanks with nouns from the box below. Use each word once. C.S. Lewis had captivated children of all ages with The Chronicles of Narnia which has sold 100 million (1) in 47 languages worldwide. As a young boy, Lewis spent much (2) time in the Mournes and Rostrevor in particular. He is reported to have written a letter to his brother saying: “That part of Rostrevor which overlooks Carlingford Lough is my (3) of Narnia”. The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven (4) novels and considered a classic of children’s (5) . Originally published in London between 1950 and 1956, this series has been adapted for radio, television, the (6) and film. It involves the (7) of four children in a fantasy world of mythical (8) , magic and talking animals. Through the adventures, the (9) discover what it is to stand up for (10) and do what is right. idea stage beasts copies fantasy holiday children adventures justice literature Having a home is a basic (1) that many of us take for granted. However, (2) is an evolving social issue. We see (3) sleeping anywhere – in underground (4) and at the corridors of shopping malls. It is frightening not to know where your next bed is, to be constantly on the (5) and to be surrounded by fear and (6) . Some of these homeless people are able-bodied and young while others are slightly older. Sometimes we even see parents and their children sleeping on the (7) . This social problem is often associated with problems of (8) or alcoholism. Other reasons given are possibly the economic (9) coupled with the impact of reduced (10) , mortgage arrears and rental increases. addiction income homelessness stations downturn move streets need uncertainty people Exercise 11 Fill in the blanks with nouns from the box below. Use each word once. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 10 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

11 Nouns grave recovery secrets sentinels battle-site bank spear shoulder monument civilisations enemies     field     stones    location    hero Exercise 12 Fill in the blanks with nouns from the box below. Use each word once. Archaeology is the study of things in the past through the (1) and analysis of many things like artefacts, architecture or food remains. Early (2) often remain a mystery to many of us. There is so much that is buried and yet to be discovered. There is so much that is standing and yet not understood. Huge megalithic standing (3) that have withstood the passage of time are both magnificent and imposing. But the silent and sombre (4) of the past refuse to give up their (5) . If only stones could speak. Clochafarmore is a menhir (standing stone) and national (6) in County Louth, Ireland. It is located 1.4 km east-northeast of Knockbridge, Dundalk on the left (7) of the River Fane. The three-metre-high standing stone is believed to be from the Bronze Age. This standing stone is traditionally associated with the death of legendary (8) Cúchulainn. It is said that he single-handedly fought his many (9) . He was hit by a magical (10) , mortally wounding him and he tied himself to a standing stone – traditionally the Stone of the Big Man, which had been erected to mark the (11) of a past great warrior – so he could face his enemies standing up. It was only when a raven (symbolically the bird of death) landed on his (12) that his enemies believed he was dead. The region is known as An Breisleach Mór, The Great Carnage, while the (13) in which this stone stands is called the Field of Slaughter. In the 1920s, a bronze spearhead was found in the field, perhaps showing it to be a genuine ancient (14) . Unfortunately, access to the stone isn’t easy. The brown sign pointing to the (15) is shrouded among leaves. Adapted from https://www.discoverireland.ie Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 11 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 12 2.1 What is a Pronoun? A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun in a sentence. Saying the same noun again and again is tedious, so we use pronouns instead. Some examples of pronouns include he, she, I, me, mine, hers, herself, us, we, ours and themselves. 2.2 Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns represent specifi c people or things. Personal pronouns can refer to singular or plural nouns. There are two types of personal pronouns: subject pronouns and object pronouns. Subject Object Singular I me you you he him she her it it Plural we us you you they them (The nouns are underlined, while the pronouns that replace them are in bold) Johan is a talented artist. He (subject) displays his art at several international exhibitions. Many famous artists know him (object). Jennifer is conscientious. She (subject) makes sure she revises her lessons daily. Her parents are proud of her (object). The baby orangutan has lost its mother. It (subject) is now being taken care of by the zookeeper. The zookeeper feeds it (object) daily. Din and Ramli are good students. They (subject) excel in everything that they do. Their teachers like them (object). Sharul and I will be going to the fair. We (subject) intend to play some games there. My parents will drive us (object) to the fair. Pronouns UNIT 2 Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 12 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

13 Pronouns Exercise 1 Underline the personal pronoun in each sentence. 1 Mr Harris leaves early for work. He takes the bus. 2 Hello, my name’s Anita. I will be your tour guide today. 3 Ann’s mother is a pharmacist. She runs her own pharmacy. 4 The football players have arrived. They are ready for the match. 5 Have you seen my cat? It is black and white and has a crooked tail. 6 All the biscuits are in the airtight tin. They are crispy and delicious. 7 Marilyn is a personal coach. She prepares school-leavers for job interviews. 8 My friends and I enjoy Korean drama. That is why we follow most of the series. 9 The workmen are repairing the roof. It was badly damaged by the storm last night. 10 Annette and I are going to the cinema. We want to see the movie that has won fi ve Oscars. Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the correct personal pronouns. 1 Who is that boy? I don’t recognise . 2 Where’s my pencil? Has anyone seen ? 3 Are these your bags? Shall I put in your room? 4 Azlan has gone home. has to pack for his trip tomorrow. 5 I’m Rina and this is Hakim, my brother. live in Teluk Intan. 6 Excuse me, is this your pen? Would mind lending it to me? 7 Mei Lin asked me for your phone number. Can I give it to ? 8 I have a toothache. My mother will take to a dentist tomorrow. 9 We’re going to watch a movie tonight. Do you want to come with ? 10 My grandparents are visiting me next week. I hope will bring me a present. 11 Why didn’t you invite Lily? You know has been looking forward to your birthday party. 12 My brother and are identical twins. look so alike that even our parents have trouble telling us apart. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 13 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 14 2.3 Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns are used to indicate something that we are referring to. To choose the correct demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these or those), we need to know if the noun being replaced is singular or plural, and near or far. Singular Plural Near to the speaker this these Far from the speaker that those This is the computer that I bought. That young man is extremely rude. These shoes are too big for me. Why are those clothes in my cupboard? Exercise 3 Fill in each blank with an appropriate demonstrative pronoun. 1 Are books on the shelf in the other room yours? 2 trousers are too loose. I must return them to the shop. 3 The boy standing over there is crying. is the boy who is lost. 4 Let’s go in. is the Japanese restaurant that I was talking about. 5 I have been looking for a bicycle, and I would like to buy one over there. 2.4 Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns do not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. They are vague and ‘not definite’. Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be both singular and plural, depending on how they are used. Notes The following pairs mean the same thing. someone = somebody anyone = anybody no one = nobody Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 14 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

15 Pronouns Pronoun Example Singular another We are moving to another city. anyone/anybody There isn’t anyone here. There isn’t anybody here. anything I don’t have anything to give you. each Each girl took a pen and a piece of paper. either I haven’t seen either of my parents. enough I just need enough water to fill this jug. everyone/everybody Everyone is talking about it. Everybody is talking about it. everything I’m selling everything in this box. less The less you know, the better. little I know little about computers. much Much of the building is in ruins. neither Neither man is willing to admit his mistake. no one/nobody There is no one in the room. There is nobody in the room. nothing There is nothing in this box. other She raised one hand and then the other. one One of the babies is crying. someone/somebody Can someone help me, please? Can somebody help me, please? something There is something on your head. Plural both I like both coffee and tea. few Few people have met the reclusive old man. fewer Fewer people have landline phones at home nowadays. many Many people are watching the parade. others Some people like coffee, others prefer tea. several There are several books on the table. Both all I’ve washed all the vegetables. any Please give me a bag, any bag will do. more The doctor advised him to do more exercise. most Most people own a smartphone. none None of us heard the bell ring. some He showed them some of his paintings. such They want a 15% pay rise – such is the scale of their latest demand. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 15 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 16 Exercise 4 Choose the most suitable indefinite pronoun for each sentence. 1 There are scratches on my car. (few, several) 2 Do you have paper for the printer? (any, such) 3 of the villagers are affected by the flood. (None, Any) 4 the bicycles have been repaired and sold. (Most, All) 5 Does know what the capital of Georgia is? (anybody, anything) 6 child has bought an ice cream from the vendor. (Any, Each) 7 people know that there is a chess club in the neighbourhood. (Few, Little) 8 I’ve been knocking on the door for ages. I wonder if is at home. (anyone, anything) 9 If you need to do research on malaria, I can show you useful links on the web. (few, several) 10 Maria bought two rabbits yesterday. She is upset because of her rabbits have gone missing. (both, several) 2.5 Interrogative Pronouns Often referred to as ‘wh’ words, these pronouns are used in questions. Look at the interrogative pronouns and examples of sentences in the table below. Pronoun Use Example who for people (as the subject of a verb) Who is that man? whom for people (as the subject of a verb or the object of a preposition) Whom did you meet? To whom did you give it? which for people or things Which house is yours? what for people or things What does Meg want? whose for people (used for possession) Whose bicycle is this? Exercise 5 Fill in each blank with an appropriate interrogative pronoun. 1 designed this fabric? It is lovely. 2 shoes are these? They are certainly not mine. 3 did you buy when you went to Mexico recently? 4 student wants to go mountain climbing? I am organising an event in December. 5 You said you needed to find out more about galaxies. did you call for more information? Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 16 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

17 Pronouns 2.6 Possessive Determiners and Pronouns Possessive determiners and possessive pronouns are used to show ownership. We use possessive determiners before a noun. We use possessive pronouns in place of a noun. Is that your (possessive determiner) bag? It looks very similar to mine (possessive pronoun). That’s not our (possessive determiner) tent. Ours (possessive pronoun) has a tiny flag at the top. This box is his (possessive determiner), it’s not hers (possessive pronoun). Personal Pronoun Possessive Determiner Possessive Pronoun I my mine you your yours he his his she her hers it its – we our ours they their theirs Exercise 6 Fill in each blank with an appropriate possessive pronoun. 1 We both paid for the car. This car is . 2 Why are you carrying that bag? It is not . 3 This pair of socks belongs to Alex. They are . 4 I am giving you this antique clock. It is to keep. 5 These books are . I bought them from the bookshop. 6 Betty won first prize in the English quiz. The prize is . 7 This cup of coffee is . I put it here. Yours is over there. 8 Marilyn won first place in horse jumping. The gold medal is . 9 Sharifah and June are the owners of this house. This house is . 10 Albert, the engineer designed that bridge. That bridge design is . Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 17 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 18 Exercise 7 Fill in each blank with an appropriate possessive determiner. 1 Is this notebook? May I borrow it? 2 This is laptop. I use it to do my work. 3 John plays the piano. concerts are spectacular. 4 He needs a haircut because hair is certainly too long. 5 head is throbbing. I think I had better lie down and rest. 6 I need to know where you live. Can you tell me address please? 7 Aishah practises singing every day. aim is to be a famous singer. 8 That is smartphone. She takes it along with her everywhere she goes. 9 We need to make sure that endangered animals are protected. It is responsibility to do so. 10 George and Sham are part of the neighbourhood watch scheme. duties include walking around the housing estate that they live in and protecting it from undesirable characters. 2.7 Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses do two things. First, they make it clear which person or thing we are talking about. Puan Amina is the woman who called you yesterday. This is the bench which my sister built. The dog that barks loudly is a stray. Note That can be used for people, animals and things only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information). Second, they give more information about a person, thing or situation. My grandfather, who is 65, has just retired. I received a postcard from my sister, who is on holiday in Turkey. My sister, who has never played badminton, somehow managed to win her first match. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 18 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

19 Pronouns The clauses that give extra information are in bold. With this kind of relative clause, we use commas (,) to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Relative Pronoun Used Example who for people and sometimes pet animals That man, who lectures at the National University, is my neighbour. which for animals and things The plane which is arriving from Dubai has been delayed. that for people, animals and things This is the movie that everyone is talking about. whose usually for people and animals; sometimes for things in formal situations; has possessive meaning I have a friend whose little brother is adorable. The little kitten, whose owner had abandoned him, meowed softly. whom for people in formal styles or in writing; often with a preposition; rarely in conversation; used instead of who if who is the object At the meeting, she met two teachers, one of whom she knew. To whom did you give the letter? when with time My father remembers a time when mobile phones were huge and very heavy. where with places Do you remember the place where we bought this snow globe? Exercise 8 Fill in each blank with an appropriate relative pronoun. 1 The van was stolen was not insured. 2 This is the building the fire broke out. 3 The library, is very run-down, is being renovated. 4 Mary, works in the hospital, is an occupational nurse. 5 The man you were talking to an hour ago is my uncle. 6 Madam Ong, son works in the bank, is my good friend. 7 Geraldine, son is sick, is now in the hospital as well. 8 The storeroom is beneath the staircase is infested with rats. 9 The man offered me a lift to town was my long-lost cousin. 10 The apartment they bought cost more than they had expected. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 19 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 20 2.8 Reciprocal Pronouns To reciprocate is to respond to a gesture or action by making a corresponding one. Reciprocal pronouns are used for such actions. The two most common reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. Ever since Laila and Jim quarrelled, they have not been talking to each other. We should be kind to one another if we want to live in harmony. 2.9 Reflexive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun ends with ...self or ...selves. It is used to emphasise a noun and it usually follows the noun directly. Look at the reflexive pronouns and examples of sentences in the table below. Pronoun Example myself I cut myself while chopping the onions. yourself This is a self-service restaurant, so you have to get the food yourself. herself She taught herself how to play the guitar. himself He dressed himself quickly. itself Why does a cat lick itself? ourselves We amused ourselves by counting the cars that passed by. yourselves Please talk among yourselves while we set up the projector. themselves The children are old enough to feed themselves. 2.10 Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns A reflexive pronoun can also act as an intensive pronoun (sometimes called an emphatic pronoun) but it has a different function and usage. An intensive pronoun gives emphasis to its antecedent (the person who has done the action). The student did the project by himself. We ourselves pitched the tent. I myself finished the race. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 20 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

21 Pronouns Exercise 9 Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive or intensive pronouns. 1 Children should not cross the road by . 2 We don’t need to be someone else to be accepted by others. Just be . 3 I saw the man who committed the robbery. I saw him enter the goldsmith shop. 4 She sewed that dress. 5 ‘Can you please introduce to one another?’ the lady of the house said to us. 6 The butcher cut the meat all by . 7 They were careless. They blamed no one but for the accident. 8 I carried out the experiment. 9 ‘Please help to the cakes and pies,’ the hostess told us. 10 The child learnt how to read all by . Exercise 10 Read the advertisement below and fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns. Siam Palace is here to serve delicious and healthy varieties of Thai food. Our kitchen is clean and spacious and (1) are a popular restaurant among Thai expatriates. Anuman Tanawat, our top chef hails from Bangkok (2) is a bustling city well-known for (3) street food. Before you order, let us know (4) dietary requirements, if any. (5) selection of dairy-free mains, gluten-free and vegan dishes is not exhaustive. We use high quality Thai ingredients in dishes (6) are low in calories. (7) is a restaurant with a difference. (8) can order a combination of dishes at a set price. (9) are open daily from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m. (10) who come before noon will be given free drinks. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 21 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 22 Exercise 11 Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns. Looking for hidden treasure is always exciting. (1) can be a lifelong quest for some people. Adventure stories (2) are based on treasure hunting abound. Harrison Ford, in the Indiana Jones series was perpetually trying to look for something precious. In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, we see (3) at Al-Khazneh (The Treasury) at Petra, Jordan. Al-Khazneh is one of the most elaborate temples in the ancient Arab Nabatean Kingdom city of Petra. (4) is one of the most popular tourist attractions in both Jordan and the region. It became known as Al-Khazneh, or The Treasury, in the early 19th century by the area’s Bedouins as (5) believed it contained treasures. Recently we read in the papers that there is hidden treasure in the Rocky mountains. The man (6) claimed to have hidden the fortune was Forrest Fenn, a millionaire. A couple of people claimed that (7) saw him filling up a chest with gold and jewels. The jewels were amassed during (8) archaeological explorations. He had (9) brainwave of hiding the treasure after he was diagnosed with cancer. Many people had tried to find it and some had lost (10) lives in the process. Exercise 12 Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns. Kuala Lumpur: An accountant from India, Suraj Vellu was found dead in (1) apartment unit. Police said (2) believe the motive behind his murder was robbery, based on the evidence that they found near the victim. Suraj Vellu’s remains were discovered by a cleaner called Suzie (3) did general cleaning of the apartment on a weekly basis. Suzie said when she rang the doorbell, no one answered. (4) was when she contacted the manager (5) arrived with the police and knocked down the door. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 22 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

23 Pronouns Exercise 13 Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns. Farming, like any other occupation, has (1) troubles. Disasters like flood or drought can wreak havoc as (2) are unpredictable. Insects like snails and slugs prey on plants (3) are young and tender. Every few years or so, mormon crickets are said to have destroyed acres of crops. (4) are typically native to the western United States. (5) crickets are cannibalistic and they eat each other as well! (6) farmers spread sacks of poison bait in the hope of eradicating the menace. Farmer Ted Brown says, ‘Out of control swarms can mean big economic losses. Swarms can occur at (7) given location. Although there is no clear explanation for the swarms of crickets, apparently temperature and moisture are contributing factors but (8) has pinned that down yet. Last year alone, (9) lost almost half of all my crops. (10) year, I am keeping an eye on invasions.’ He was not the only farmer (11) suffered last year. In fact, (12) whole neighbourhood had declared a state of emergency as well. Exercise 14 Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns. Why are television drama series so engaging? (1) is portrayed on screen? One underlying theme is about relationships. (2) watch the plot and can identify with certain parts of it. (3) watch to escape into another world altogether. With intense relationships being played out on screen, moment by moment, viewers can actually feel alongside the actors. Many even take to reviewing and leaving (4) comments on the shows on virtual threads of discussion. The content itself can be mesmerising. Sometimes (5) is not what we are used to especially cross-cultural dramas. It is not surprising that Korean television dramas appeal to Western audiences as well. (6) is also an attraction towards medical drama. From Casualty and ER to Embarrassing Bodies and One Born Every Minute, (7) can almost be forgiven for imagining that life as a doctor or patient is exactly what is portrayed on television. Even in the 1970s, (8) avidly watched Dr Joe Gannon (Chad Everett) of the medical series Medical Centre. The dashing doctor fixed broken bodies – and mended broken hearts – with such precision and panache. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 23 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 24 Exercise 15 Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns. Japan faces an aging society. (1) is due to the progress of science and medicine (2) has allowed the silver-haired generation to live longer. According to government statistics, (3) were nearly 59,000 centenarians in Japan in 2015. However, age does not deter (4) sprightly older generation from achieving great feats. In fact, when pensioner Mieko Nagaoka was 100 years old, (5) completed a 1500 metre freestyle swim. A 96-year-old Japanese man became the world’s oldest university graduate. Shigemi Hirata received a degree in ceramic arts from Kyoto University of Art and Design. Hirata, (6) served in the navy during World War II was no stranger to receiving awards. (7) also received a Guiness World Records certifi cate. (8) healthy senior citizen, Hidekichi Miyazaki, also known as ‘Golden Bolt’ after Jamaican super sportsman Usain Bolt, also set a world record for the 100 metres race. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 24 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

25 Adjectives 3.1 What is an Adjective? An adjective describes nouns and pronouns. Adjectives come before nouns, and sometimes they come after a verb. (The adjectives in these sentences are in bold and, the nouns and verbs are underlined.) I read an interesting story. That is a blue car. This story is interesting. Your car is blue. To describe taste bitter fruity spicy bland salty sweet delicious sour yummy To describe touch boiling cool freezing hot prickly smooth breezy cuddly furry icy rough soft chilly damp fuzzy loose sharp sticky clammy dry grainy lumpy silky tender coarse dusty greasy melted slick warm cold fl uff y hard painful slippery wet To describe sound barking hissing loud purring screeching squeaking deafening hushed melodic quiet sharp throbbing dull husky monotonous resounding shrill thundering high-pitched jarring muffl ed screaming soft uproarious To describe colour black crimson indigo muted red turquoise bold dark light orange scarlet vibrant bright dull magenta peach sepia white brown gold multicoloured pink silver whitish coral green mustard purple teal yellow Adjectives UNIT 3 Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 25 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 26 To describe size big-boned fat immense majestic minuscule short chubby gargantuan jumbo mammoth petite skinny colossal giant large massive plump small dimunitive great little medium puny tall enormous huge long miniature scrawny thin To describe shape broad curved geometric oval spherical bulbous cylindrical globular angular square circular forked chunky pointy straight cone distorted low rectangular triangular crooked flat narrow round undulating To describe time brief historical quick daily irregular rapid early last regular eternal late short everlasting long slow fast modern speed fleeting old swift future old-fashioned transient futuristic past young To describe an amount all full numerous astronomical heavy one bountiful hundreds plentiful considerable large restricted copious limited several countless little sizeable each many some enough mere sparse every much substantial excessive multiple very few myriad yesteryear Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 26 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

27 Adjectives To describe an emotion afraid elated hysterical aggressive embarrassed immoral agreeable enchanting indignant amiable energetic inquisitive amused enraged interested angry enthusiastic itchy annoyed envious jealous ashamed evil jolly bad excited jubilant bewildered exhausted keen bitter exuberant kind boring fair lazy brave faithful lively callous fantastic lonely calm fierce lucky calming fine mad charming foolish manic cheerful frantic miserable combative friendly mysterious comfortable frightened nervous competitive funny obedient confused furious obnoxious cooperative gentle outrageous courageous glorious panicky cowardly good perfect creepy grateful persuasive cross grieving pleasant cruel grumpy proud dangerous gutsy quirky defeated happy relieved defiant healthy repulsive delightful heartless sad depressed heinous scary determined helpless selfish devoted hilarious serene disgusted hopeful silly disturbed hopeless splendid eager hungry successful Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 27 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 28 tedious thoughtless weak tense tired weary terrible troubled wicked thankful uncomfortable worried thoughtful upset zealous To describe a person or personality aggressive flamboyant real ambitious flighty restless brainy focussed rich bright fragile righteous busy frank romantic calm generous rustic capable gifted ruthless careful guilty sassy careless harmless secretive cautious helpful shy cheerful hesitant sleepy clever honest stingy common indifferent strange complete innocent stupid concerned inquisitive super conscientious judgemental tame crazy kind terrific curious laidback thoughtful dead lazy trustworthy deep macho uninterested delightful matured unreasonable determined mean unscrupulous diligent modern vacuous energetic mysterious vague erratic naughty vivacious evil odd warm excellent outstanding wicked exciting poor wild famous powerful wilful fearless puzzled womanly Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 28 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

29 Adjectives To describe appearance adorable dull quirky alluring elegant self-conscious attractive embarrassed shabby average fair shiny awkward filthy sloppy beautiful glamorous smart bloody glossy smiling blushing graceful smooth bohemian grotesque spotless bright handsome stout calm homely straight clean honest strange clear lanky tall clumsy lovely taut colourful matte thin confident messy ugly cracked modern unattractive crooked murky unsightly crushed old-fashioned unusual curly plain weird cute poised wild dark polite worried dirty pretty wrinkly dowdy quaint wry To describe situations accidental biographical disquieting achievable bizarre doubtful advantageous broken elementary animated careful finger-printed aquatic credible groundless aromatic creepy hard aspiring cumbersome harmful bad disastrous high bawdy dismissive honest Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 29 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 30 horrible logical rainy illegal main redundant illegible minor remarkable imperfect nasty simple impossible nutritious tangible internal obsolete tricky inventive optimal wholesale jazzy organic worse juvenile premium wry legal quizzical x-rated 3.2 Adjectives and Degrees of Comparison We can use adjectives to compare one, two or more nouns. The three different forms of comparison are the positive, the comparative and the superlative. The positive is the form of the adjective that describes one noun. The comparative form of the adjective compares two nouns. The superlative form of the adjective compares more than two nouns. If we wish to compare two nouns, we add -er to the original form of the adjective. When we wish to compare three or more nouns, we add -est to the original form of the adjective. Positive Comparative Superlative big bigger biggest clever cleverer cleverest deep deeper deepest fat fatter fattest hot hotter hottest long longer longest old older oldest thin thinner thinnest white whiter whitest young younger youngest If the adjective ends in -y, the -y is changed to -i and add -er to form the comparative or -est to form the superlative. Positive Comparative Superlative easy easier easiest happy happier happiest tiny tinier tiniest Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 30 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

31 Adjectives Some common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The table below gives examples of the positive, comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives. Positive Comparative Superlative good better best bad worse worst little less least much, many, some more most far further furthest There are some adjectives which do not have comparative or the superlative forms. These would include: absolute, adequate, chief, complete, devoid, dead, entire, fatal, final, ideal, impossible, inevitable, irrevocable, main, manifest, minor, paramount, perpetual, preferable, principal, stationary, sufficient, unanimous, unavoidable, unbroken, unique, universal, whole, etc. 3.3 Formation of Adjectives We can add suffixes to nouns to turn them into adjectives. Examples of suffixes are: -ful, -less, -some, -ish, -y, -en, -ern, -ly, -ous, -able, -ible, -ed, -like, -ic and -al. Noun Adjective Noun Adjective bother bothersome magnet magnetic boy boyish month monthly care careful north northern child childish pay payable child childlike response responsible detect detectable rock rocky glory glorious sense sensible gold golden skill skilful harm harmful south southern hero heroic talent talented history historical thought thoughtful lady ladylike trouble troublesome learn learned victory victorious lump lumpy week weekly magic magical wood wooden Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 31 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 32 We can add suffixes to verbs to turn them into adjectives. Examples of suffixes are: -ive, -able, -en, -ant and -some. Verb Adjective destroy destructive enjoy enjoyable please pleasant spoke spoken talk talkative tire tiresome work workable write written We can add suffixes to adjectives to form different adjectives. Examples of suffixes are: -ish, -al and -ly. Verb Adjective big biggish comic comical elder elderly green greenish please pleasant sick sickly tire tiresome wide widely Exercise 1 Underline the adjective in each sentence. 1 I like dark chocolate. 2 This is the heaviest book I have ever carried. 3 This is the fastest motorbike I have ever ridden. 4 I prefer crunchy biscuits. 5 This is a lighter shade of blue. 6 He is the smartest boy in class. 7 Have you ever seen a dormant volcano? 8 Going on a roller coaster is very exciting. 9 The lonely child sits on the bench. 10 The whale is the biggest mammal that swims. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 32 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

33 Adjectives Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the most suitable adjectives. boring costly delicious gorgeous hardest highest hottest slow studious top 1 This is the season ever. All the rivers have run dry. 2 She is wearing a evening gown. 3 He spent a fortune on that diamond ring. 4 I need to stand on a stool to reach the shelf. 5 The mountaineer is going to climb the world’s mountain. 6 This is the exam I have ever sat for. 7 Jeremy is the most student in this course. 8 No one wants to watch that movie. 9 The ox was caught by the cheetah. 10 He ate all the food on the table. Exercise 3 Form adjectives from the following words. 1 book – 2 water – 3 star – 4 amaze – 5 wood – 6 decay – 7 snow – 8 run – 9 ice – 10 syrup – Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 33 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 34 Exercise 4 Fill in each blank with the correct option. A a little vs. a few 1 We need salt. 2 I have oil left. 3 I take sugar with my tea. 4 Can you please buy oranges? 5 There are people in the room. 6 We had glasses of apple juice. 7 He only read pages of the book. 8 You have time left to complete the task. B some vs. any 1 Is there honey left? 2 She has biscuits in the jar. 3 There is milk in the bottle. 4 Do you have orange juice? 5 I don’t have loose change. 6 I know of the chefs in the kitchen. 7 Do you recognise of these football players? 8 I don’t know of the waiters in that restaurant. They are all new. C some vs. many 1 I don’t have dresses. 2 We had curry with the rice. 3 The lady put powder on her face. 4 She brought food with her in a flask. 5 There aren’t coconuts left. Only two. 6 I can tell you stories before you sleep. 7 Don’t drink so bottles of sugary drinks. 8 I had hot chocolate last night before I slept. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 34 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

35 Adjectives D little vs. less 1 He has shares than I thought. 2 I have hope that he will succeed. 3 Tonight I drank water than last night. 4 You have to drink herbal tea this time. 5 I have joy in listening to this kind of music. 6 She dedicates time to her family than to her friends. 7 He took time to complete this project than the one before. 8 We need cakes for the tea function today as compared to yesterday. E a little vs. a lot 1 change can go a long way. 2 She dabbed powder on her nose. 3 I added sugar to the cake mixture. 4 I don’t have of advice to give you. 5 He left of his assignments undone. 6 I can tidy the communal garden with help from my neighbours. 7 You’ll have to spend of cash on the renovation of this house. 8 He withdrew of money from the bank in order to pay for the new car. F few vs. little 1 people turned up for the talk. 2 There’s I can do about this problem. 3 There’s point in explaining the situation to you. 4 There’s space here in this room for the ten of us. 5 There is use in trying to complete this project by yourself. 6 Lucas is a brilliant student. He has problems with Algebra. 7 people think that the world will end by the end of this year. 8 There was traffic on the road because everyone had gone home. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 35 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 36 G fewer vs. less 1 I wear lipstick these days. 2 I have time to clean the shed. 3 He slept hours than I did last night. 4 People these days are reading books. 5 There were tigers in the zoo this year. 6 I drank coconut water than my brother did. 7 than thirty cows each year suffer from tuberculosis. 8 The students have than 30 minutes to complete the test. H farther vs. further 1 He plans to drive tonight. 2 It’s not that much to my house. 3 That’s a lot than I want to walk. 4 Do you have any hope for this situation? 5 The he runs, the more exhausted he becomes. 6 The child stopped because he couldn’t go any . 7 How much do you want to carry on this debate? 8 How much do I have to run to reach the finishing line? Exercise 5 Fill in each blank with an appropriate adjective. The toxic fumes that engulfed (1) areas in Palm Valley contain a chemical compound which metabolises into cyanide inside the human body. This gas is commonly known as a (2) killer as it can cause cancer in the long run. The (3) dumping of waste also causes pollution. This gas, aided by the (4) winds, spreads quickly to nearby areas. People are advised to stay indoors and limit their (5) activities. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 36 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

37 Adjectives Exercise 6 Fill in each blank with suitable adjectives. biggest British host largest numerous rotten soft whitish The Raffl esia is the (1) fl ower in the world. It is a clingy plant as it attaches itself to the (2) plant which is a vine that grows only in undisturbed rainforests. However, it does not have any leaves, stems and roots. Instead, it has (3) threads to absorb nutrients. There are (4) spots on the reddish brown petals. The Raffl esia is named after Sir Stamford Raffl es, the founder of the (5) colony of Singapore. Raffl esia manillana, the (6) species, has 20-cm diameter fl owers. The fruit is fi lled with (7) fl esh and thousands of tiny hard-coated seeds. But it has a (8) smell. The raffl esia is an endangered fl ower and we are not supposed to pick it. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 37 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 38 4.1 What is a Verb? A verb is an action word in a sentence which tells us what the subject is doing. There are action verbs and non-action verbs. Examples of action verbs: run, jump, hop, talk, shout, scream, laugh, cry Examples of non-action verbs: think, consider, know, love, agree, feel, have, am Verbs usually come after a noun or a pronoun. Look at the following examples. Mat plays badminton every week. (the verb plays comes after the noun Mat) They cook curry for the feast. (the verb cook comes after the pronoun they) To identify a verb, ask yourself these questions: 1 Can I ………….? (sleep, walk, run) Yes, I can sleep. I can walk. I can run. 2 What is happening? (drinking, shouting, laughing) Johan is drinking lemon tea. Marilyn is shouting angrily. James is laughing loudly. 4.2 Categories of Verbs 4.2.1 Physical Verbs Physical verbs are action verbs which describe physical actions. A body movement is a physical action. Using a tool to complete an action is a physical action. Let’s swim in the sea. The cat grabs the ball of string. They play football every Saturday. I drink a glass of water every morning. He writes beautifully with a fountain pen. Verbs UNIT 4 Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 38 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

39 Verbs 4.2.2 Mental Verbs Mental verbs involve processes in the mind such as understanding, thinking, wishing, planning, hoping and discovering. I know that man with the long beard. Do you wish you were born in a diff erent country? Why do you believe everything that James tells you? Why do you think you know that man? I am hoping that Monday will be declared a public holiday. 4.2.3 Linking Verbs Linking verbs is, are, was, were are also known as state of being verbs. There is no action involved. She is the cleverest girl that we know. Who was the man who was talking to you? They were selling tickets for fundraising. Ben and Deen are my friends. There is a black cat under the mango tree. 4.2.4 Transitive Verbs Action verbs that take an object are called transitive verbs. The boy ate (action, transitive verb) bananas (object). They cleaned (action, transitive verb) all the windows (object). The chef prepared (action, transitive verb) a delicious meal (object). 4.2.5 Intransitive Verbs Action verbs that do not take an object are called intransitive verbs. Lucy paints (action, intransitive verb) well. The baby sleeps (action, intransitive verb) soundly. The fox ran (action, intransitive verb) quickly from the hunter. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 39 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 40 Exercise 1 Fill in each blank with a suitable verb. 1 Jim breakfast every morning. 2 She fl owers at the market daily. 3 Why don’t you on the pavement? 4 Meg the meeting early yesterday. 5 The plane to Dubai ten minutes ago. 6 The gardener the plants with a long hose. 7 I every morning. I think I have a sinus problem. 8 The boxer his opponent in the face several times an hour ago. 9 Jeremy the cookies from fl our, eggs and sugar last week. 10 The footballer the ball into the goalpost during the last match. 11 They their friend at the hospital for a while and then they home. 12 We will be in tents and over on open fi re when we go camping. Exercise 2 Read the article and fi ll in the blanks with verbs from the box below. suspected caused work started battled alerted reached destroyed saw left Jamescity: A ten-hectare forest and bush fi re which (1) unexpectedly has shrouded the towns near here in haze. Residents (2) the Fire and Rescue station when they (3) heavy smoke from the forest. Firefi ghters (4) the blaze with the latest equipment. There were no human casualties but the fi re (5) rare trees and shrubs. It (6) behind a great deal of damage. Firefi ghters (7) that the fi re started because of the prolonged drought. The strong winds (8) the fi re to spread even more rapidly. At one point, the fi re almost (9) two educational institutions forcing the fi refi ghters to double their eff orts and (10) non-stop. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 40 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

41 Verbs Exercise 3 Read the article and fill in the blanks with verbs from the box below. The global water crisis is here to stay. We (1) horrifying stories being played out on our television screens daily as humans struggle to make the most of whatever water resources they have. Water is a natural resource that (2) 75 per cent of the earth’s surface. Yet unclean water resources mean that many have to put up with contaminated drinking water. With the rise in population figures, scientists (3) that the demand for water will escalate and may well surpass the present supply. Therefore, there is a need to look for new water supplies. Desalination is the process that (4) salts from water through evaporation and condensation. Countries that (5) droughts regularly would certainly benefit from this. However, there is much concern to (6) efficiency and to (7) cost as well so that clean water supply (8) made readily available to the general public. is watch fear covers separates reduce increase experience Exercise 4 Read the article from a sports magazine and fill in the blanks with verbs from the box below. enables hails hopes will do stop has finally made amassed trains lets aims Susheela Nair is all set to win silver from her four-week stint in the Professional Bowlers Competition. She (1) the cut on Friday after failing in her initial attempts. Susheela (2) a 10-game series of 2000 pinfalls to finish in sixth place. This (3) her to reach the top 16 elimination stage. Although she is excited for the finals, Susheela is tired and (4) to go home soon to have a well-deserved rest. Her parents are very proud of her and have full confidence that she (5) well. Susheela (6) from a small town but she never (7) that bother her. Instead, she (8) daily and (9) to be the best. Her motto is to never (10) trying. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 41 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 42 Exercise 5 Read the letter to the editor and fill in the blanks with verbs from the box below. could obtain is are soaring need can only buy could feed will happen are getting Dear Editor, I certainly feel that inflation (1) here to stay. Prices (2) but our incomes have not increased. For the same amount of money, I (3) my family for a month ten years ago. But now, I (4) groceries to last one week! This is unacceptable. Banks (5) to do something. Where before we (6) loans easily during hard times, it is almost impossible to do so now without collateral. So the rich (7) richer and the poor are suffering. Where does it leave the smallest unit of economic activity, the individual? More specifically, what (8) to you and me? Something needs to be done! Disgruntled Exercise 6 Fill in each blank with a suitable verb. Mater’s Toys Incorporation (1) there is a problem with its latest toy train model. It is recalling around 2 million toy trains globally, the company’s biggest-ever recall as it (2) with a series of quality-related issues following rapid expansion. The toy train (3) expensive and popular with children under five years of age. Last month, more than one million parents (4) to the company complaining about the defective toy. Some parents living overseas even (5) the issue over social media. They (6) worried about the safety of their children. The large toy company (7) that there are several problems involved. The paintwork is hazardous and the engine (8) to start despite using new batteries. The company (9) the national award for innovative toys last year, so this fiasco will be damaging to its image. Overseas exports (10) for around 60 percent of its global sales volume. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 42 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

43 Verbs Exercise 7 Fill in each blank with a suitable verb. Conventional watches tell the time but with advances in technology, most watches (1) more functions now. It is not surprising that the ‘smartwatch’ is able to detect irregular heart pulse rates that could (2) a heart attack. Studies conducted by researchers in the last fi ve years have indicated that this is a landmark creation in health care. It (3) a potential future role for those who are most likely to get a heart attack. It can also (4) a stroke from occurring. Once the watch (5) the wearer, he can then seek medical attention. The physician can use the information and (6) clinical decisions. The ‘smartwatch’ (7) the door to further research into wearable technologies. It (8) like wearable technology is here to stay. Exercise 8 Fill in each blank with a suitable verb. Every year, thousands of people lose their lives on both highways and national roads. Accidents (1) frequently and there are many factors that contribute to that. Some of the causes (2) reckless driving, speeding, poor road conditions and fatigue. Drivers who (3) their heavy vehicles by the road shoulder or in emergency lanes on major highways at night can also cause accidents. Not many heavy vehicle drivers (4) for safety refresher courses from time to time. Knowing the distance of a trip and planning for it (5) very important. Tiredness kills, so drivers who (6) sleepy should know when to stop and (7) a rest if needed. However, some drivers (8) that there are not enough rest areas. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 43 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 44 5.1 What is an Adverb? An adverb is a part of speech that provides greater description to a verb, adjective, another adverb, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence. The following are examples of adverbs modifying verbs. He talks quickly. She eats slowly. He’s happily singing on the stage. Adverbs can also modify adjectives or other adverbs. They give more information about that adjective or adverb. Look at the examples below. The racehorse runs very quickly. (In this sentence, the adverb very describes the adverb quickly.) Martin is an incredibly happy child. (In this sentence, the adverb incredibly describes the adjective happy.) 5.2 How are Adverbs Formed? One way to identify an adverb from a sentence is to look for the word ending in -ly. Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb happy happily quick quickly lazy lazily rough roughly loud loudly slow slowly mad madly soft softly merry merrily stupid stupidly Note Some adverbs do not end with –ly The burglar ran fast when he saw the policeman. Melanie did not do well in the audition. The football players missed the bus because they were late. Aishah studied very hard so she could earn a spot in a prestigious university. Adverbs UNIT 5 Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 44 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

45 Adverbs 5.3 Classes of Adverbs There are eight classes of adverbs. Class of Adverb Example Sentence Adverb of time (when) then, now, soon, before, after, later, seldom, already, since, yesterday, lately, ago His uncle will visit him soon. There is seldom smoke without fi re. He looks very thin because he has not been well lately. Adverb of place (where) here, there, anywhere, down, everywhere, nowhere, out, up There is nowhere on earth that you can fi nd a live mammoth now. I couldn’t fi nd you even after having searched everywhere. The engineer went there to check on the bridge. Adverb of manner (how) slowly, well, hard, cleverly, sadly The elderly man walks slowly with the help of a cane. He wove the tale so cleverly no one knew he was lying. He thought hard for a good answer but couldn’t think of one. Adverb of degree (what) very, quite, only, almost, rather, much, many She is very conscientious. I’m almost done with this assignment. The tiramisu tastes rather lovely. Adverb of frequency (number of times) once, twice, thrice, again, hourly, usually, often We go on a cruise annually. I usually shop for groceries at the mini market round the corner. He is often late for meetings. Adverb of questioning/ Interrogative adverb where, when, why, what, how Where is your brother? When are you going to grow up? How can you eat a dozen pies in one evening? Adverb of affi rmation absolutely, affi rmatively, clearly, truly, defi nitely, doubtlessly, exactly, alright, obviously, positively, really, sure, surely, undoubtedly, yes, certainly, by all means, verily They are certainly going through hard time. The moon is very clearly visible from the terrace of my house. The meeting turned out to be exactly the same as expected. With the kind of commitment she has, she will surely be rewarded at work. Adverb of negation nothing, nowhere, not at all, almost, invalidly, never, no, not, rarely, scarcely There was no visibility during the storm. The tractor I have is scarcely ever used. I had hardly driven for a few kilometres, when I saw a hitchhiker by the side of the road. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 45 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 46 5.4 Adverbs and Degrees of Comparison Adverbs have three degrees of comparisons. Look at the table below. Type of adverb Positive Comparative Superlative Example One syllable fast faster fastest Tim eats fast. Adam eats faster. Suresh eats the fastest. Adverbs ending with -ly * skilfully more skilfully most skilfully Ah Chong carves skilfully. His sister carves more skilfully. His father carves the most skilfully. Adverbs that change in form badly worse worst Norman did badly in the exam. His good friend Noreen did worse. Nash did the worst of them all. * An exception is the adverb early. The comparative form is ‘earlier’ and the superlative form is ‘earliest’. Exercise 1 Underline the adverb or adverbs in each of the following sentences. 1 Michael is very handsome. 2 Colin speaks many languages. 3 He is a rather disciplined student. 4 The robin sang merrily in the garden. 5 The police will catch the robber soon. 6 You will certainly do well at the interview. 7 I heard that he is doing great in his new school. 8 The registration process took a very long time. 9 The tortoise walked very slowly in the race with the hare. 10 He swallowed his food quickly because he was late for the bus. Exercise 2 Rewrite the sentences using the adverb and the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1 The college bus (always / arrive) on time. 2 You and Alice (never / paint) with acrylics. 3 I (often / clean) the birdcage at the weekend. 4 You (usually / be) at the hair salon on Saturday. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 46 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

47 Adverbs 5 We (rarely / watch) a football match at the stadium. 6 I (sometimes / be) hungry in the middle of the night. 7 Our lecturer, Mr Ranjit, (never / be) late for lessons. 8 My sister (hardly ever / help) me with my homework. Exercise 3 Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. 1 I early on weekdays. A get up usually B get usually up C usually get up 2 Carol late for her dental appointment. A never is B is never C never 3 to the East coast? A Often do you travel B Do you often travel C Often you do travel 4 Meriam early for group exercise. A often is B are often C is often 5 When do you go to gym? A always B never C usually Exercise 4 Fill in each blank with an appropriate adverb. 1 I am happier than you. 2 Come in before it rains. 3 This parcel arrived for you two days . 4 I am tired to go out. Let’s stay at home today. 5 The little girl laughed so she fell off her chair. 6 I am annoyed when people talk on the bus. 7 Juanita is treating everyone to dinner. She completed her thesis. 8 Although she studied very hard, she did not do in the state exam. 9 Rita put up the bookshelves. It was too difficult for me to do on my own. 10 Please talk . My brain cannot process so many words at such a speed. Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 47 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.

Grammar Guide for Pre-U 48 Exercise 5 Fill in each blank with an appropriate adverb. 1 Michael speaks Italian very . 2 He shouted at the snatch thief. 3 Please put the porcelain teapot down . 4 The canary sings in the bird competition. 5 Adnan understands his lecturer’s instructions . 6 He walks very because he sprained his ankle. 7 The baby is playing with his toys in the room. 8 Lawrence took on the part-time job because he needed the money. 9 He was very upset so he banged the door on his way out of the room. 10 He didn’t want to be recognised. So he walked away from the crowd. Exercise 6 Fill in each blank with the adverb form of the adjective in brackets. Some college students are seen eating (1) (hungry) at the cafeteria. Most of them live (2) (frugal) because they are on a tight budget. (3) (occasion), they will have only a meal a day. At the cafeteria, they are (4) (usual) the ones who will pick the cheapest meal available. Daily news reporters (5) (recent) delved into the lives of these students and found that among the menus of choice for them were sandwiches and instant noodles. Rooms and apartments are (6) (extreme) scarce with the rising number of students coming from rural areas. Rental prices in the city have increased (7) (sharp) ever since term started. (8) (unfortunate), there is nothing that can be done to lower rental prices as demand exceeds supply. Besides that, ticket prices for public transport have also increased (9) (gradual). Most students rely on public transport at least once (10) (day). Grammar Guide for Pre-U.indd 48 19/04/2023 2:49 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.