Proceeding of the International Innovation Technology Exhibition & Conferences 2019 (Itec’19)

SA Conference Proceeding: Industrial Revolution 4.0 Vol.1, Issue 01 (2020) 45-57
International Innovation Technology Exhibition & Conferences 2019 (Itec’19), September 24th - 25th 2019
Copyright © 2020 Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA (KKTM) Kemaman
E-ISBN: 978-967-17985-0-8

Personality Trait and Environment: Are They Wedged the Entrepreneurship
Intention

Myazaitul Akma Mohammad

Faculty of Management and Economic, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris,
35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study aims to identify the relationship between personality traits and environmental
factors with entrepreneurship intention among Institut Kemahiran MARA (IKM)
students. This study is adapted Luthje and Franke (LFM) Model in exploring all the
factors mentioned. A total of 570 students from four IKM gave their feedback in this
study. All data were collected via a survey using questionnaires that contains four major
elements with 57 items. The relationships of personality traits and environmental factors
with the entrepreneurship intention were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test.
Correlation analysis shows that the personality traits and environments factor have a
positive relationship with students’ entrepreneurship intention.

Keywords: Personality traits, environment factors, entrepreneurship intention, TVET.

INTRODUCTION

Ahmad, Ismail, and Buchanan [1] agreed on a nation with a positive, exceptionally
inventive financial development and has various entrepreneurs are underscores on
enterprising improvement. Furthermore, Jamal, Hosseini, and Ahmadi [21] said an
entrepreneur is additionally an impetus for financial advancement and has been actualized
in many created nations and diminishes joblessness rate. Koh. H. C, [25] characterizing
entrepreneur as an imaginative, creative, dynamic, persuaded, focused and hazard taking
person. According to Koe W. L et al [24], an entrepreneur can be shaped through training
and education. These training and education are done to help people intrigued by the field
of entrepreneurship. What is more, understudies with pioneering thought could
conceivably be shaped as a fruitful entrepreneur, Basu and Virick, [8].

In Malaysia, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) is accountable for the development
of Bumiputera as an entrepreneur and for engaging in commercial and industrial
operations. MARA Strategic Plan, PSM (2011-2020) has been developed and one of the
most important targets is entrepreneurship and the strategies to acclimatize MARA to the
challenge of globalization and linked to the Governance Transformation Program (GTP)
and the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP). PSM 2011-2020 focuses primarily
on creating entrepreneurs with the ability to generate wealth, skilled labour and promising
learners. PSM's new initiative is MARA as an entrepreneurship-based organization,
where is more job creators are born especially from TVET MARA.

Mohammad, M. A.

PROBLEM STATEMENTS

Issues of conformity among TVET graduates have been discussed and become a concern.
Ahmad Zaini [2], in its advanced, found that the 80 000 graduates of technical leavers
were still unemployed as employers were more of their academic qualifications than their
skills. The study on the employability of IKM graduates carried out by TVET MARA in
2011 showed that the graduates of the IKM failed to reach good target levels in a
competitive, creative aspect, critically-thinking, solving problems and making Estimated.
This caused them to fail to get jobs appropriate to the field of study.

Director of MARA Skills and Technical Division (BKT) in the presentation of
Key Performance Indicator (KPI) Quarter 3 2015, stated that only 13.2% were graduates
of the IKM/KKTM who were involved in the PUTRA and Technopreneur program. This
percentage is very low in comparison to the number of students who graduate in 2015 for
a total of 6052 people. While in IKM and KKTM, students are required to actively
conduct business especially online as it is a condition for passing their entrepreneurial
subjects. However, the number of students who joined the PUTRA and Technopreneur
program was still low compared to the current number of students. Therefore, research
on entrepreneurial intention of students should be implemented to identify the factors that
encourage them to become an entrepreneur. This will help to improve the TVET
graduates ' market permeates.

Moreover, most studies related to entrepreneurship intention were conducted on
university students (Cheng, Chan, & Mahmood [13]. Nevertheless, the similar research
conducted on students in TVET still slightly

LITERATURE REVIEW

Practical economic growth is critical to guarantee that the nation is constantly focused on
confronting the world's globalization pattern. Furthermore, a creating nation needs to
enable entrepreneurship as it is a key to financial improvement (Peng, Lu, and Kang[37]
and Farhah et al[14] ). As indicated by Wan Nor Halimatul Syadiah Wan Yusof and
Fakhrul Anwar Zainal[44] and Mezgebe Kidane et al [31], examine identified with
innovative assurance has picked up the consideration of over two decades as its
significance in the arrangement of a created country. Numerous innovative advancement
projects have bombed because of absence research in enterprising assurance even though
the program included numerous members. According to Tiwari, Bhat, and Tikoria [41],
pioneering openings can be distinguished through an arranged conduct that can be normal
through an individual's inclination to turn into an entrepreneur yet not all people can
perceive and change these chances to progress. Every individual likewise requires
persuasive infusions as an impetus of trust in turning into entrepreneurship as the choice
taken in a roundabout way relies upon the cooperation between the human and the
association, Wan Nor Halimatul Syadiah Wan Yusof and Fakhrul Anwar Zainal [44].

Lṻthje and Franke Model (LFM)

The Model Of The Entrepreneurial Event (SEE) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
perceive entrepreneurship intention or behaviour are not affected by the external factors
but these factors are identified through individual and feasibility perception (Krueger,
Reilly, & Carsrud [28]). The LFM model developed by Luthje & Franke [30] combines
various external factors (Nabi, Holden, & Walmsley [33]). The LFM Model combines

47

Mohammad, M. A.

personality characteristics and entrepreneurial factors in reviewing the determination or
entrepreneurial intent. Nabi et al [33] have identified that LFM proposed an
entrepreneurship determination model that is more suitable for identifying factors that
influence entrepreneurial intention. This Model also proved to be a good predictor to
identify the factors to influence the entrepreneurship intention of students (Kristianses,
Stein [26] and Harun Sesen [16]). Therefore, this study will use the LFM model to identify
the characteristics of personality and environmental factors to the entrepreneurial
intention of students.

Entrepreneurship Intention

It is critical to ponder the variables that impact the pioneering goal as these elements help
to raise up the entrepreneur. Studies on entrepreneurship intention of undergraduates were
examined utilizing 6 items with Cronbach Alpha 0.94 by Liñán and Chen in 2009. The
investigation of Luthje and Franke [30] found that personality traits highly affect
entrepreneurial attitudes and thus forming an entrepreneurial intention. Aside from the
personality traits, there are different factors, for example, demographics, psychology and
behavioural affecting entrepreneurial intention. People with the qualities, capacities and
innovative discernment need to end up as a successful entrepreneur. The investigation on
entrepreneurship intention has been intensely adjusted towards universities’
undergraduates (Hwee Nga and Shamuganathan[19]; Norasmah et al[37]; Botsaris and
Vamvaka [11]; Farhah et al [14]; Tiwari et al[41]). Aside from undergraduates, research
on entrepreneurship intention likewise completed at TVET (NorHanis [35]; Mezgebe
Kidane et al [31]. Anyway, considers entrepreneurship intention studies in TVET are still
little particularly in TVET MARA.

Factor Of Personality Characteristics In Entrepreneurial Studies

Previous studies display personality traits and entrepreneurship intention factors that have
a significant relationship with entrepreneurial determination, Harun [16]. Liñán & Chen
[29] and Kristianses & Stein[26] in their studies have premeditated the performance of
the achievement requirement ( Need of Achievement) and locus control ( Locus of
Control ) to identify the relationship of personality characteristics with entrepreneurial
intention. In addition, the self-efficacy factor is also reviewed to identify the
characteristics of this personality (Top, Çolakoğlu, & Dilek [42] ).

Need For Achievement

Self-confidence is key for a person to succeed. This belief is derived from a high need for
achievement wherewith this requirement a person has more personal responsibility
estimates, a self-standing preference in solving problems, taking the risk counted, it has
strong concern and passion to know the results of their efforts, and feedback from others
about their decision. In addition, every culture has specific values that are guided to
achieve something more meaningful and value is the hard work and achievement
requirement. The view was supported by Fayolle, Liñán, & Moriano [15] where they
thought the value and motivation played an important role in the development of
entrepreneurial determination. Studies on factors that influence the entrepreneurial
intention of the students in the Institute of Higher learning in Malaysia demonstrate the
need of achievement to have a positive relationship with entrepreneurship intention in

48

Mohammad, M. A.

turn, the entrepreneurship of TVET students in the Community College and the National
Youth Skills Institute (IKBN) also have high relations with the needs of achievements.

Locus Control

Every individual's close conviction towards confidence in controlling what befalls
themselves inside and remotely is the sense of locus control. Locus control is a factor that
can distinguish procedures that are reasonable for the ecological components to deliver
focused entrepreneurs. Kroeck, Bullough, and Reynolds [27] said locus control is a
person's conviction to be superb dependent on confidence to make such greatness and
many years of scientists attempt to recognize highlights. The character of a business
person through the locus control factor. Locus control is equipped for improving
innovative levels through the upgrade of human capital advancement and relational
systems in social capital (Hsiao, Lee, and Chen [18])

Self-Efficacy

Bandura[5] and Bandura[6] defined self-efficacy as an individual belief based on self-
reliance to ensure that the goals are achieved. Self-efficacy is also the best in determining
career options. This self-efficacy can be obtained, altered, enhanced or lowered by one
of the combinations of performance, experience, oral persuasion and emotional
conditions (Bandura [6]). Bandura theory incapacity of self-efficacy factors in
determining career options is supported by Betz Studies [9] and Betz & Hackett[10]. Betz
thinks the self-efficacy theory is a utility in career selection. The key mechanism played
by the impact of the effectiveness of self-efficacy in determining the behavior that
motivates and enables the person to establish a new business is a major attraction to our
researchers and educators especially In the field of entrepreneurship ( Pihie, Z. A. L &
Bagheri [40]).

Environmental Factors In Entrepreneurial Study

People are in contact with natural factors all the time because of outer and inward factors
as they are a significant component in research on enterprising expectations (Ao &
Liu[4]). External factors seen in entrepreneurial studies are culture, social, economic,
political, demographic and technology (Ao & Liu [4] & NGOC Khuong & Huu An [34]).
Norashidah [] defines an internal environment as a condition that forms an organisation
and subsequently an open system. Internal factors used in his study were the elements of
students, lecturers, curriculum, co-curriculum, support resources, and campus conditions.
The same element was used by Norasmah Othman et al [37] in a study to determine the
readiness of students in the Malaysian public universities to venture into
entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial culture will be nurtured if internal factors are given
serious attention (Norasmah Othman et al[37])]. Meanwhile, Nor Hanis [35], the
entrepreneurial intention in IKBN has a strong and significant relationship with
psychosocial factors, namely college experience, social support, and risk-taking
tendency.

49

Mohammad, M. A.

METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

The investigation draws vigorously on Lṻthje and Franke [30] Model (LFM) which was
revised by Harun Sesen []. The LFM model comprises of a novel blend of personal
characteristic attributes and environmental components, which is appropriate for the
investigation directed on understudies at Institut Kemahiran MARA (IKM). The
dependent variable of this investigation is entrepreneurship intention which is surveyed
reliant on 6 items from Linan and Chen [29]. Then, the independent variables are
personality traits and environmental factor. This study adapted personality traits items
from Harun Sesen [16] yet the environmental variables are from Norshidah[36].

PERSONALITY TRAITS ENTREPRENEURIAL
Need of Achievement INTENTION
Locus Control
Self -efficacy

INSTITUTIONAL
ENVIRONMENT
Adapted from Luthje and Franke, 2003; Harun Sesen 2013; Norshidah (2009)

IKM Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Table 1. Number of respondents according to IKM
Number of students Number of respondents

IKM 01 855 75

IKM 02 1281 112

IKM 03 937 83

IKM 04 586 52

IKM 05 714 63

Amount 4373 385

(Source: Corporate DATA MARA,31 April 2018)

The researcher has been using a batch sampling method (cluster sampling) two stages in
sample selection. As mentioned above, at the first level, the researcher has divided

Malaysia into five zones, namely North, Central, south, east and Sabah/Sarawak zone. At
the second level, the researcher has selected an IKM from each zone. The selection of
IKM from each zone is made by random sampling. At the third level, researcher use ratio
calculations based on the number of students in each IKM to determine the number of
samples needed from each IKM (Table 1).

50

Mohammad, M. A.

Table 2. Research Instruments

Instruments Number Of Items Source

1. PERSONALITY TRAITS 9 Linan and Chen [29]
a. Need Of Achievement 8 Kristiansen and Indarti [26]
b. Locus control
c. Self-Efficacy. 6
i. Entrepreneurial 5 Top et al [2]
attraction 7
ii. Social perception 3 Kristiansen and Indarti [26]
iii. Perception of
capacity 13 Norshidah Binti Hashim [36]
iv. Instrumental
readiness 6 Linan and Chen [29]
57
2. Institutional environmental
factors

3. Entrepreneurial Intention
Total

The instruments adapted from previous studies (Table 2). The data used in this study is
obtained through the distribution of questionnaires with 5 Semantic Scales from (1)
strongly disagreeing to (6) strongly agreed are used for obtaining relevant information
from the respondents. Therefore, the following hypothesis was formed:
Ho1 There is no significant relationship between personality traits and

entrepreneurship intention among IKM students.
Ho2 There is no significant relationship between environmental factors and

entrepreneurship intention among IKM students.
Ho3 There is no significant relationship between personality characteristics and

environmental factors among IKM students.

DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive Analysis
Table 3. Frequency and percentage of the respondent's demographic profile

Demographics Category Frequency Percentage
Gender
IKM Male 453 79.5
Female 117 20.5
Semester 01 210 36.8
02 120 21.1
03 122 21.4
04 55 9.6
05 63 11.1
1 51 8.9
2 227 39.8
3 131 23.0
4 136 23.9
6 25 4.4

51

Mohammad, M. A.

The aggregate of 570 students from five IKM addressed the surveys. The respondents
additionally from semester one till six. Every one of them has taken in the
Entrepreneurship Course during their studies in IKM. 79.5% of respondents are male,
and the parity is female. As we are probably aware, the vast majority of the TVET
program is vanquished by male candidates. Table 3 is a descriptive analysis of the
respondent's demographic.

The Personality Traits Relations with Entrepreneurship Intention

Correlation analysis is used to test the extent that there is positive relationship strength
between the personality traits with entrepreneurship intention. Table 4 shows the value of
the correlation. The test results showed that the personality traits factor has a positive
moderate relationship with entrepreneurship intention .527≤ r ≤. 690 except for locus of
control that has a weak positive relationship is r =. 433. The hypotheses are rejected since
the p-value is smaller than .01.

Table 4. Relationship Of Personality Traits Relations with Entrepreneurship Intention

Factor Entrepreneurship Intention

Need for Achievement rp
Locus Control .690 .000
Entrepreneurial attraction .433 .000
Social perception .527 .000
Perception of capacity .573 .000
Instrumental readiness .625 .000
.530 .000

** Significant correlation at level 0.01 (2-end)
*Significant correlation at level 0.05 (2-end)
The Institution Environment Factor Relations with Entrepreneurship Intention

Table 5 shows the value of the correlation. The test results showed that the Institution
Environment factor has a positive moderate relationship with entrepreneurship intention
since r = .653. The hypotheses are rejected since the p-value is smaller than .01.

Table 5
Relationship Of Institution Environment Relations with Entrepreneurship Intention

Factor Entrepreneurship
Institution Environment Intention

rp
.653 .000

**Significant correlation at level 0.01 (2-end)
*Significant correlation at level 0.05 (2-end)

52

Mohammad, M. A.

The Personality Traits Relations with Institution Environment Factors

Table 6 shows the value of the correlation. The test results showed that the personality
traits factor has a positive moderate relationship with entrepreneurship intention .594≤ r
≤. 644 except for locus of control and entrepreneurial attraction. Both elements have a

weak positive relationship which is r =. 423 and r =.493 The hypotheses are rejected since

the p-value is smaller than .01.

Table 6. Relationship Of Personality Traits Relations with Institution Environment

Factors

Factor Institution Environment Factors

rp

Need for Achievement .594 .000

Locus Control .423 .000

Entrepreneurial attraction .493 .000

Social perception .601 .000

Perception of capacity .644 .000

Instrumental readiness .602 .000

**Significant correlation at level 0.01 (2-end)

*Significant correlation at level 0.05 (2-end)

DISCUSSION

The outcome demonstrates that personality traits have a positive association with
students’ entrepreneurship intention. This result is additionally steady with the LFM
Model recommended by Luthje &Franke [30], evaluated by Harun Sesen [16] and Nabi
et al [33]. Students with a solid self-inspiration consistently have guts to move themselves
to be an effective entrepreneur as a job creator. Even though the personality traits have a
positive association with students’ entrepreneurship intention, the component of locus
control has a powerless association. This may be by virtue of nonappearance of sureness
among the IKM understudies who went with not a superior appraisal in their past
assessment result. Further advances must be taken, where MARA particularly BKT can
sorts out courses or extraordinary programs for understudies to help their fearless but the
program must relate to entrepreneurial conditions.

The constructive connection between personality traits and environmental
factors demonstrates that the environmental factors truly affected students' character. This
result bolstered by SP Kerr et al[40]and Hirsh J.B [17].The upshot from this examination
on the environmental factor identical to Nor Hanis[35]. Interfacing the institution
environment factor, the alliance condition factors likewise have a positive relationship
with students’ entrepreneurship intention. This shows, MARA and BKT genuinely
worked eminently in giving special hands to students to join into a business. In any case,
the improvement unpleasing considering how the relationship is inadequate. Perhaps the
data stream is poor, and the students botch all the brilliant chances given by BKT and
MARA. The inventive activities and program must be coordinated cautiously and
determinedly to all students. Students must have comparative open entryways in
transforming into a successful entrepreneur.

53

Mohammad, M. A.

CONCLUSION

Through testing a complete version of the entrepreneurial intentions of the TVET
students, the positive connection between personality traits and environmental factors
demonstrates that the environmental elements without a doubt affected students'
character. Interfacing the organization's surroundings thing, the alliance condition factors
likewise have an advantageous relationship with students’ entrepreneurship aim.

The discoveries of this investigation have a few basic ramifications for
entrepreneurship research and practices. The outcome recommended that personality
traits and environmental variables have an association with TVET students’
entrepreneurship intention. Future research may likewise view different factors, for
example, emotional intelligence that can direct students to be an entrepreneur.

REFERENCES

[1] Ahmad, S. Z., Ismail, M. Z., & Buchanan, F. R. (2014). Examining the

entrepreneurship curriculum in Malaysian polytechnics. International Journal of
Management Education, 12(3), 397–406.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2014.06.004

[2] Ahmad Zaini (2005). Students and Employers as Customers of Multimedia
College. Proceedings of National Seminar “The development of Technology

And Technical-Vocational Education And Training In An Era of Globalization:
Trend and Issues”. Kuala Lumpur

[3] Ajzen, I. (1991). Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.The theory of planned

behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.

[4] Ao, J., & Liu, Z. (2014). What impact entrepreneurial intention? Cultural,

environmental, and educational factors. Journal of Management Analytics, 1(3),
224–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/23270012.2014.994232

[5] Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. Social Learning Theory.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x

[6] Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral
Change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 192–215.

[7] Barba-Sanchez, V., & Atienza-Sahuquillo, C. (2017). Entrepreneurial motivation

and self-employment: evidence from expectancy theory. International
Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1–19.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0441-z

[8] Basu, A., & Virick, M. (2009). Assessing entrepreneurial intentions amongst

students: a comparative study. 12th Annual Meeting of the National Collegiate

(2000), 79–86. Retrieved from

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Assessing+En

trepreneurial+Intentions+Amongst+Students+:+A+Comparative+Study+Peer-

Reviewed+Papers#0%5Cnhttp://www.nciia.net/conf08/assets/pub/basu2.pdf

[9] Betz, N. E. (2000). Self-Efficacy Theory as a Basis for Career Assessment.
Journal of Career Assessment, 8(3), 205–222.

https://doi.org/10.1177/106907270000800301

54

Mohammad, M. A.

[10] Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (2006). Career Self-Efficacy Theory: Back to the
Future. Journal of Career Assessment, 14(1), 3–11.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705281347

[11] Botsaris, C., & Vamvaka, V. (2016). Attitude Toward Entrepreneurship:

Structure, Prediction from Behavioral Beliefs, and Relation to Entrepreneurial
Intention. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 7(2), 433–460.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-014-0227-2

[12] Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the

development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54(1),
106–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00391.x

[13] Cheng, M. Y., Chan, W. S., & Mahmood, A. (2009). The effectiveness of
entrepreneurship education in Malaysia. Education + Training, 51(7), 555–566.

[14] Farhah, S., Binti, F., Mamun, A. Al, Binti, N., Nawi, C., Nazri, M., & Zakaria, B.

(2016). Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention Among Malaysian, (2015),
288–299.

[15] Fayolle, A., Lion, F., Moriano, J. A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions:

values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and

Management Journal, 10(4), 679-689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0306-

7

[16] Harun Sesen (2013). Personality or environment? A comprehensive study on the

entrepreneurial intentions of university students. Education + Training, 55(7),
624–640. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2012-0059

[17] Hirsh J.B (2010). Personality and Environmental Concern. Journal Of

Environmental Psychology 30, pg 245-248.

[18] Hsiao, C., Lee, Y.-H., & Chen, H.-H. (2016). The effects of internal locus of

control on entrepreneurship: the mediating mechanisms of social capital and

human capital. The International Journal of Human Resource Management,
27(11), 1158–1172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1060511

[19] Hwee Nga, J. K., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits

and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start-up intentions. Journal of
Business Ethics, 95(2), 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0358-8

[20] Ibrahim, W. N. A., Bakar, A. R., Asimiran, S., Mohamed, S., Zakaria, N. S.,

Hussain, M. D., Conference, A. A. P. (2015). Impact of Entrepreneurship

Education on the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students in Technical and

Vocational Education and Training Institutions (TVET) In Malaysia. International

Education Studies, 8(12), 141. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n12p141

[21] Jamal, S., Hosseini, F., & Ahmadi, H. (2011). Affective Factors Contributing to

Entrepreneurial Attitudes of University Students in Iran. Annals of Biological

Research, 2(2), 366–371. Retrieved from

http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html

[22] Kadir, M. B. A., Salim, M., & Kamarudin, H. (2012). The Relationship Between

Educational Support and Entrepreneurial Intentions in Malaysian Higher

Learning Institution. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69(Iceepsy),
2164–2173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.182
[23] Kartini Rashid, U., Kamariah Nik Mat, N., Adawiyah Ma’rof, R., Nasuredin, J.,

Sanita, F., & Faiz Mohamed Isa, M. (2012). Entrepreneurial Intentions among
Technical Students. American Journal of Economics, 2(4), 73–76.

https://doi.org/10.5923/j.economics.20120001.17

55

Mohammad, M. A.

[24] Koe, W.-L., Sa’ari, J. R., Majid, I. A., & Ismail, K. (2012). Determinants of

Entrepreneurial Intention Among Millennial Generation. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 40, 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.181
[25] Koh. H.C. (1996). “Testing Hypotheses Of Entrepreneurial Characteristics A
Study Of Hong Kong MBA Students.” Journal Of Psychology. Management,

11(3), 12–25.

[26] Kristianses, Stein, N. I. (2004). Entrepreneurial Intention Among Indonesian And

Norwegian Students.pdf. Journal of Enterprising Culture.

[27] Kroeck, K. G., Bullough, A. M., & Reynolds, P. D. (2010). Entrepreneurship

and Differences in Locus of Control. Journal of Applied Management and
Entrepreneurship, 15(1),21–49.Retrieved from http://0-

search.proquest.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/docview/203917010?accountid=14664%5

Cnhttp://openurl.ac.uk/?genre=article&issn=10771158&title=Journal+of+Applie

d+Management+and+Entrepreneurship&volume=15 &issue=1&date=2010-01-

01&atitle=Entrepreneurship+and+Diff

[28] Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of
entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0

[29] Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application

of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship

Theory and Practice.
[30] Luthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The “Making” Of An Entrepreneur: Testing A

Model Of Entrepreneurial Intent Among Engineering Students At MIT. R and D
Management, 33(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288

[31] Mezgebe Kidane, G., Satya Raju Professor, R., Gebremedhn Mezgebe Kidane,

C., & Satya Raju, R. (2016). Entrepreneurial motivation and determinant factors
of the TVET graduate students, 2(1), 422–428. Retrieved from

www.allresearchjournal.com
[32] Mohamed, Z., Rezai, G., Nasir Shamsudin, M., & Mu’az Mahmud, M. (2012).

Enhancing young graduates’ intention towards entrepreneurship development in

Malaysia. Education + Training, 54(7), 605–618.

https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211265648

[33] Nabi, G., Holden, R., & Walmsley, A. (2010). Entrepreneurial intentions among
students: towards a re‐focused research agenda. Journal of Small Business and

Enterprise Development, 17(4), 537–551.

https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001011088714

[34] Ngoc Khuong, M., & Huu An, N. (2016). The Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial
Intention of the Students of Vietnam National University — A Mediation

Analysis of Perception toward Entrepreneurship. Journal of Economics, Business,
and Management, 4(2), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.7763/JOEBM.2016.V4.375

[35] Nor Hanis Binti Mat Salleh (2014).The Influence Of Psychosocial Factors On

Entrepreneurial Intention Among Ikbn Students Thesis Submitted to Othman

Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia

[36] Norashidah Hashim. (2009). Kesediaan Keusahawanan Pelajar dan Persekitaran

Dalaman Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam Malaysia dalam Melaksanakan

Pendidikan Keusahawanan. (Unpublished PhD), Universiti Kebangsaan

Malaysia.

56

Mohammad, M. A.

[37] Norasmah Othman, Norashidah Hashim, & Hariyaty Ab Wahid (2012). Readiness
towards entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 54(8/9), 697–708.

https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211274837

[38] Peng, Z., Lu, G., & Kang, H. (2012). Entrepreneurial Intentions and Its
Influencing Factors: A Survey of the University Students in Xi’an China. Creative
Education, 3(8), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.38B021

[39] Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2013). Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention:
The Mediation Effect of Self-Regulation. Vocations and Learning, 6(3), 385–401.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-013-9101-9

[40] SP Kerr, WR Kerr, C Olivetti & E Barth (2018). Personality Traits Of

Entrepreneurs: A Review Of Recent Literature. American Economic Review

107(5), 110-114

[41] Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). The role of emotional intelligence

and self-efficacy on social entrepreneurial attitudes and social entrepreneurial
intentions. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 165–185.

https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2017.1371628
[42] Top, S., Çolakoğlu, N., & Dilek, S. (2012). Evaluating Entrepreneurship

Intentions of Vocational High School Pupils Based On Self- Efficacy Concept.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 934–943.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1072

[43] Tsai, K. H., Chang, H. C., & Peng, C. Y. (2016). Extending the link between

entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention: a moderated mediation model.
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(2), 445–463.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0351-2

[44] Wan Nor Syadiah Wan Yusof, & Fakhrul Anwar Zainal. (2015). Be self-

independent from the perspective of cognitive social theory and the moral

approach in entrepreneurial development. The Journal Of Muamalat And Islamic

Fiance Research. Retrieved from http://www.qualitative-

research.net/index.php/fqs/issue/view/36

57

SA Conference Proceeding: Industrial Revolution 4.0 Vol.1, Issue 01 (2020) 58-64
International Innovation Technology Exhibition & Conferences 2019 (Itec’19), September 24th - 25th 2019
Copyright © 2020 Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA (KKTM) Kemaman
E-ISBN: 978-967-17985-0-8

Automated Light Control for IoT Application

N. A. Zainuddin1, a), H. Hashim1, b,*), N. Mhd Yatim1, c), and N. A. T. Mohd Zain1,d)

1Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Petaling Jaya, Petaling Jaya, 46000, Selangor,
Malaysia

b,*)Corresponding author: [email protected]
b)[email protected]
c)[email protected]
d)[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a practical implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) in daily
activities. It is a common thing to depend on the manual process to control home
appliances. Upon leaving home unattended, human might have forgot to check the
operation of appliances. This leads to energy wastage and cost consumption. An
automated light control system is developed with the aim to monitor and control
lighting system, hence reducing energy and cost consumption. The lighting system is
equipped with PIR motion sensor to allow automatic switching. It will automatically
turn the light off around the room or area when there is no presence of human for an
allocated time. Fail-safe options are available in two methods; by using a virtual switch
in mobile application and also the physical switch accessible in the room. The mobile
application will be displaying the energy consumption as well as billing monitoring in
Ringgit Malaysia based on the electricity tariff set by Tenaga Nasional Berhad.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays the urge to connect everything to the Internet is growing rapidly. While
internet is very significant as a platform to access data and for communication, the
purpose has now been expanded to provide full control of physical devices over the web
and through mobile applications. This is when Internet of Things (IoT) takes control.
Smart house, smart agriculture, connected healthcare systems and wearable devices are
ones of many examples on how IoT could elevate the quality of life. IoT is a term first
introduced by Kevin Ashton in 1999 with intention to empower the purpose of computers
using Internet. Initially the concept includes devices communicating with each other via
radio frequency (i.e. RFID tags), which now has reach a much wider vision with evolving
technology [1].

Despite of the growth of IoT technology around the world, there is yet a consistent
definition of this terminology. It is however well to be understand as a complete system,

Zainuddin, N. A. et al.

with several devices are interfaced with either input or output and are connected together
over the Internet using a middleware. This enables the bidirectional communication of
exchanging information between human and things. Four main core components of an
IoT system are the things, the middleware, applications (apps) and the Internet itself as
shown in Figure 1. As a simplistic definition, IoT relates to the connection of a variety of
devices to the Internet and the Machine-to-Machine interfaces [2]. These interfaces also
allow the effortless access for data sharing through databases at anytime and anywhere.

FIGURE 1. Four core components of Internet of Things
According to the research, there are 500 million devices in the world that interact with
each other in 2003, grown to 14 billion throughout the years and the figure is expected to
rise to another 50 billion devices by the year 2020 [3]. This clearly exhibits the possibility
of enhancing human lifestyle with the application of IoT. The transformation is visible
when today people could control their home electrical appliances [4][5], set an automated
heating system according to regional weather conditions [6], monitor the plants irrigation
schedule and soil nourishment [7] and monitor health condition using wearable medical
devices [8][9][10], all remotely in real time with the help of the smartphones and Wi-Fi
connectivity.
In this study, an IoT-based system has been proposed in which lighting system could
operate in three different mediums, either remotely by using mobile application,
automated switching using sensor or by conventional switching. The proposed system
allows the user to program and remotely control devices via the android-based user
interface. The system provides energy savings to the households. This paper will explain
the system design including the microprocessor, sensors and actuators. Apart from that,
the system architecture is also explained on how the lighting system could be controlled
through mobile application. Results are then presented followed by the recommendation
for future work.

SYSTEM DESIGN
The system design consists of two major parts which is software and hardware design.
The hardware is designed through the assemble of microcontrollers, sensors, physical
switch, actuators and load (light) while software design process involves with
programming that is written and then uploaded in the microcontroller. The

59

Zainuddin, N. A. et al.

microcontroller is connected to sensor modules and actuator modules to control and
monitor the light. This section shows how all those aforementioned hardware components
are set up. The specifications and information regarding various components are
described as follows.

ESP8266 (NodeMCU)
The ESP8266 which is also known as NodeMCU (NodeMicrocontrollerUnit) is the
central co-coordinator of the sensors and the actuators [12]. This microcontroller is also
a self-contained Wi-Fi networking and connectivity which allows it to send and receive
data from mobile application via internet server. It reads the data from the sensors and
sends them to mobile application. In opposite, the NodeMCU is used as a platform to
perform the switching from mobile application and drives the relay module to control the
light. Figure 2 shows the role of NodeMCU in this project that applies the IoT concept.

Sensor Modules
Sensor modules receive information regarding the ambience according to their specific
purpose and send them to the NodeMCU. In this project, the following sensor modules
are used; PIR motion sensor and current sensor. PIR or Passive Infrared Sensor is a low
cost, low power and very reliable sensor [13]. The sensor can detect the presence of users
across the room. Upon detection of motion, PIR sensor generates the output in the form
of electrical signal and trigger the relay module to turn on the light. On the other hand, a
current sensor module is precise, low-offset, linear Hall sensor circuit [14]. It is used for
load detection and management apart from overcurrent fault protection. The current
sensor is used in this project to measure the current usage and the data is subsequently
used to calculate power consumption by the system.

Mobile Application
Blynk is a hardware-agnostic IoT platform with mobile apps, private clouds, device
management, data analystic and machine learning [15]. It is compatible with two of the
famous mobile phone operating system; the iOS and Android. It provides widgets to
display sensor data received from NodeMCU and control output signals from NodeMCU
to the actuator circuits; current sensor and PIR sensor. Blynk application and NodeMCU
communicate by using an Internet server, in this case, Blynk server. Bidirectional transfer
of data between NodeMCU and mobile application occurs through this server. In this
project, besides of remote switching, the mobile application also displays the energy
consumption and real-time billing amount according to Tenaga Nasional Berhad’s tariff.
The calculation of these energy and billing amount is programmed in the Arduino.

Arduino
Arduino is an open source microcontroller which can be easily programmed, erased
and reprogrammed at any instant of time. The Arduino platform was designed to provide
an inexpensive and easy way for anybody to create devices that interact with their
environment using sensors and actuators [11]. Based on simple microcontroller boards, it
is an open source computing platform used to construct and program electronic devices
using its Integrated Development Environment (IDE). In this project, Arduino is used as
the brain to store programming to be executed under specified conditions. In this case,
the Arduino has been set to instruct the relay module to switch on the light whenever an
instruction is received from the mobile application (through NodeMCU) or whenever the
PIR sensor detected any motion around the room.

60

Zainuddin, N. A. et al.

Switching Module
A single relay is used as the switching module inside this project. It acts as a
mechanical switch to turn the light on and off accordingly. The output signal from
NodeMCU activates and deactivates the relay to perform this switching operation.

FIGURE 2. IoT application using NodeMCU
In overall, there are three platforms that can be used to operate and control the lighting
system. The first method is by using conventional physical switch. User could simply turn
the light on and off manually. The second method is by using the motion sensor. A PIR
motion sensor is equipped in this project to deploy an automated switching for the lighting
system. It will automatically turn the light on whenever a motion is detected and vice
versa. The duration to turn off the light when there is no presence of human can be
customized accordingly by setting up the delay time. The third method is by applying the
IoT concept. A mobile application is developed to integrate the lighting system with the
virtual switch to control the light remotely. There will be no conflict in operating and
controlling the light through these 3 platforms. The proposed system appears as illustrated
in Figure 3.

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Generally, the proposed system provides the user with convenience to control the light
remotely anytime from anywhere just by using smartphones. This is done via internet by
using an integrated mobile application and monitor parameters of the current usage easily
by reading sensor data in the mobile application. Figure 4 shows the entire set up of the
proposed system. A DC power supply of 5V is used as the power source for Arduino,
NodeMCU, sensor modules and the relay module. Upon being powered up, NodeMCU
searches for the present SSID (Service Set Identifier) according to the configuration set
up and connects automatically to the Internet. This enabled the sensor modules to send
the data; current usage by current sensor and switching status by PIR sensor through

61

Zainuddin, N. A. et al.

NodeMCU. It also enables the NodeMCU to send instructions through mobile application
to the Arduino and operates the relay module for switching. When the relay is turned on,
the light gets the power from 230V AC source.

FIGURE 3. Overview of the proposed system

Manual Light
Switch

(a) (b)

FIGURE 4. The hardware set up of proposed system (a) Prototype circuitry (b)
Lighting System Setup

62

Zainuddin, N. A. et al.

RESULTS
The Blynk application provides the facility to read sensor data and control the light
remotely. A tab is created namely “Light Control” and includes a display widget which
shows sensor data presently fetched from NodeMCU via Blynk server. The button widget
is clicked to change the state of virtual switch. The present state (on/off) of the light
appears on the button widget together with energy consumption in Watt-hour unit and
billing amount display. Figure 5 shows the screen of mobile application while navigating
the switch virtually.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The lighting system is able to be controlled using mobile application. Apart from that,
the energy consumption and real-time billing amount can also be monitored through the
app. Method to operate the system is varied where user can now access to the control and
monitoring process at anytime and anywhere. This work can further be upgraded by using
different sensors to control different home appliances. Smartphones are widely used
nowadays and this accessible system can be further upgraded to improve life quality and
feasibility. The cost of the system is also within reach and affordable. A feature of
automatic turn off and sending emergency notifications can be very useful for safety
purpose. The integration of this automated light control with Amazon Alexa and Google
Home device is also possible. These devices are smart speakers that receive verbal
instructions from users. By having multiple methods to operate the system remotely,
safely and hassle-free, the growth of this system could be a hit especially in today’s
modern lifestyle.

(a) (b)

FIGURE 5. Blynk mobile application screen of proposed system (a) off mode (b) on mode

63

Zainuddin, N. A. et al.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Board of Management and academic members of
Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Petaling Jaya for their initiative and supports.

References

1. S. Misra, M. Muthucumaru, H. Salman, (2017) “Security Challenges and Approaches
in Internet of Things, Cham: Springer International Publishing,” pp. 5-17.

2. B. Prakash, M. Alekhya, G. K. Reddy, A. Geethika, B. S. Reddy, “IoT Based
Monitoring and Control System for Home Automation”, International Journal of
Research, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 4120-4124, April 2018.

3. J. Gubbi, R. Buyya, S. Marusic, M. Palaniswami, “Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision,
Architectural Elements and Future Directions”, Future Generation Computer
Systems, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 1645-1660, 2013.

4. S. Pirbhulal, H. E. Zhang, M. Alahi, H. Ghayvat, S. Mukhopadhyay, Y. T. Zhang,
W. Wu, “A Novel Secure IoT-Based Smart Home Automation System Using a
Wireless Sensor Network”, Sensors, vol. 17(1), no. 69, 2017.

5. M. Taştan, H. Gökozan, “An Internet of Things based Air Conditioning and Lighting
Control System for Smart Home”, American Scientific Research Journal for
Engineering, Technology and Sciences, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 181-189, 2018

6. L. Chapman, J. B. Simon, “High-Resolution Monitoring of Weather Impacts on
Infrastructure Networks Using the Internet of Things,” Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 2018.

7. A. Malhotra, S. Saini, V. V. Kale, “Automated Irrigation System with Weather
Forecast Integration”, International Journal of Engineering Technology,
Management and Applied Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 179-184, 2017.

8. M. Taştan, “IoT Based Wearable Smart Health Monitoring System”, Celal Bayar
University Journal of Science, vol. 14(3), pp. 343-350, 2018.

9. S. Ghanavati, H. J. Abawajy, D. Izadi, A. A. Alelaiwi, “Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based
Health Status Monitoring Framework”, Cluster Computing, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1843-
1853, 2017.

10. S. Deshkar, R. A. Thanseeh, G. M. Varun, “A Review on IoT Based m-Health
Systems for Diabetes”, International Journal of Computer Science and
Telecommunications, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 13-18, 2017.

11. L. Louis, “Working Principle of Arduino and Using It as a Tool for Study and
Research”, International Journal of Control, Automation, Communication and
Systems, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 21-29.

12. Ivan Grokhotkov, “ESP8266 Arduino Core Documentation”, 2017
13. P. Zappi, E. Farella, L. Benini, “Tracking Motion Direction and Distance with

Pyroelectric InfraRed Sensors”, IEEE Sensor Journal Class Files, 2008
14. M. Sen, I. Balabozov, I. Yatchev, R. Ivanov, “Modelling of Current Sensor Based on

Hall Effect”, in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Electrical on
Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems. (Yekaterinburg, Russia, 2017), pp.
457-460.
15. Blynk - Getting Started, https://blynk.io

64

SA Conference Proceeding: Industrial Revolution 4.0 Vol.1, Issue 01 (2020) 65-73
International Innovation Technology Exhibition & Conferences 2019 (Itec’19), September 24th - 25th 2019
Copyright © 2020 Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA (KKTM) Kemaman
E-ISBN: 978-967-17985-0-8

Modelling and Validation of Quarter Vehicle Traction Model

Sharil Izwan Haris1,2,* and Fauzi Ahmad1,**, Ahmad Kamal Mat Yamin1,***

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.
*Email: [email protected]
**Email: [email protected]
**Email: ahmadkamal @utem.edu.my
Phone: +606-2704341; Fax: +606-2701046
2 Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Masjid Tanah,

Km 1 Persiaran Paya Lebar, Ramuan China Besar, 78300 Masjid Tanah, Melaka.

ABSTRACT

The present work was undertaken to study mainly the modelling and validation of the
quarter vehicle model in order to investigate the dynamic vehicle behaviours of Antilock-
Braking System (ABS). The simulation model was developed in MATLAB Simulink
software and verified with the experimental data made by Fauzi et al. [1]. The vehicle
dynamics behaviours consist of body velocity, wheel longitudinal velocity, and the
longitudinal tire slip. By comparing the simulation and the referred data, it can be said
that the trend had satisfied each other and can be used as a plan in the ABS control
development.

Keywords: Modelling, Validation, Quarter vehicle model.

INTRODUCTION

Today Antilock-Braking System (ABS) was very important in a braking system and
played a major role in enhancing vehicle safety. The ABS is an electronic system that
helps secure and controls the abrupt stopping of a vehicle. It is a critical safety system
that requires accuracy in all equipment, even though on the simulation stage, including
brake, vehicle model as well as the control strategy. Fail to do so, and it may cause the
developed system could not function properly and thus reduce the braking effectiveness.

In the simulation of ABS, the most important is the credibility of the models. The models
should represent the actual system correctly so that the control strategy that was
developed can be deemed to be effective. On that basis, a quarter vehicle traction model
was developed in this and verified experimentally using data made by Fauzi et al. [1].
The behaviours to be validated were wheel linear velocity, body velocity, longitudinal
slip and the stopping distance.

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

The deriving of mathematical modelling for the 2 DOF vehicle model in Figure 1 is based
on the previous approach presented by Sivaramakrishnan [2] and Aly et al. [3]. In this
study, some assumptions are made in deriving the dynamics mathematical model of the
ABS system. The model only consists of the vehicle longitudinal dynamics, which meant
that the vertical and lateral motions could be neglected. Beside that, during braking the

Haris, S. I., et al.

force of rolling resistance is minimal and can be neglected also. Since this is a quarter-
vehicle model, no interaction between the four wheels is taken into consideration. Other
assumptions are:
The vehicle model consists of a single body (sprung mass) connected to a wheel
(unsprung mass). The sprung mass is assumed to move in the longitudinal direction with
the steady velocity of v and the interaction with the road is represented using wheel
traction model. Aside from that, the vehicle always remains grounded and the tire never
lost contact with the ground during maneuvering. In simulation the drag force of the
vehicle during acceleration and braking are neglected. Beside that the rolling resistance
force is disregarded since it is very insignificant throughout braking.

Figure 1. Quarter Car Model

The motion equation of the simplified vehicle according to Newton’s second law can be
expressed as:

= − ̇ (1)

where m is the total mass of the vehicle body and wheel, ̇ is represented the acceleration
of the vehicle and is the tire friction force.

According to Coulomb Law, the tire friction force, also can be defined as:

= (2)

Thus

− ̇ = (3)

where μ is the road adhesion coefficient and is the total normal force of the vehicle
body and wheel and can be defined as:

= (4)

where g is the gravity mass.

Therefore, the equation (3) can be simplified as:

66

Haris, S. I., et al.

− ̇ = (5)

Thus

̇ = − (6)

During deceleration, the braking torque is applied to the wheels and causes the speed of

wheel and vehicle going to decrease. At the same time, ignored the wheel rolling

resistance force because it is too smaller compared to the friction force between the wheel
and road. Therefore, according to Newton’s second law, the wheel motion equation can

be written as:

− = ̇ (7)

Where is wheel torque, is brake torque, while and ̇ are wheel inertia and
angular acceleration, respectively.

The wheel torque also can be defined as: (8)
=

Where is known as wheel radius.

Therefore,

− = ̇ (9)

By substituting Equation (1) and (5) into (9), equation (10) can be obtained as:

− = ̇ (10)

Thus,

̇ = − (11)



During the vehicle travel at a certain speed, the wheel rotational velocity is corresponding
to the vehicle velocity in the forward direction. Brake force is generated at the interface
between the wheel and the road surface when the brake is applied and causes the wheel
speed to decline. As the force on the wheel’s rises, slippage will occur between the wheel
and the road surface and causes the wheel velocity to be lesser than the vehicle velocity
[4]. The difference value in velocity during braking is called wheel slip, K and defined
as:

= − (12)
( / )

The zero value of wheel slip indicates that the wheel and vehicle have a same velocity,
while the ratio of one means that the tire is not rotating and the wheels are skidding on
the road surface, i.e., the vehicle is beyond controlled. When the wheel slip approaches

67

Haris, S. I., et al.

at +1, the condition shows the wheel is ‘spinning’ with the vehicle speed at zero value
while the wheel is ‘locked’ at zero speed after the wheel slip approaches at -1. The 
value is obtained using the lookup table based on the experiment on normal road surface.
The response from the variation of friction coefficient with slip ratio is used as the input
for quarter vehicle ABS model.

VALIDATION RESULT

The test was conducted in three conditions of vehicle speed, such as 40 km/h, 60 km/h
and 110 km/h. The results from simulation model and then been validated by the
experimental data [1] of each speed, respectively. The results of the output variables
obtained for each speed respectively are shown through figures 2 to 4. Table 1 shows the
tire parameters used in the simulation model.

Table 1. Quarter Vehicle Parameters

Parameter Value

Total Quarter Vehicle Mass 240 kg
Rolling Radius 0.2 m
Wheel Moment Inertia 1.4 kgm2
Gravity Acceleration 9.81 m/s2

As in the figures, the dotted line represents the responses of the simulation model while
the solid line refers to the experimental data. From the observations the simulation data
were faster than the experimental results, which resulting error about 1 second the time
response. Even that so, the trend of the simulation results was satisfying each other even
though there is a small deviation in between the data. These findings may be a direct
consequence of difficulty by the driver to maintain a constant ideal speed during
maneuvering and the abnormality of the road surface which is totally disregarded in the
simulation nature. According to [5] the most important feature in control-oriented model
is the trend of the model response. Since the trend of the model responses is almost like
the measured responses with a satisfactory level of deviations and errors, the results can
be admitted. Apart from that, Rykiel [6] had stated that the reasonable level of deviation
between measured and simulated responses should below than 5 % of inequalities.
According to Sergant, [7], 5% disparities are the maximum allowable error to express the
credibility of a simulation. Therefore, based on these statements, it can be concluded that
the model is realistic.

68

Haris, S. I., et al.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure 2. Validation results of the sudden braking test at 40 km/h constant speed;

(a) Speed Comparison; (b) Wheel Slip and (c) Stopping Distance.
69

Haris, S. I., et al.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure 3. Validation results of the sudden braking test at 60 km/h constant speed;

(a) Speed Comparison; (b) Wheel Slip and (c) Stopping Distance.
70

Haris, S. I., et al.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure 4. Validation results of the sudden braking test at 110 km/h constant speed;
(a) Speed Comparison; (b) Wheel Speed; (c) Wheel Slip and (d) Stopping Distance.

71

Haris, S. I., et al.

CONCLUSION

Through this study, a quarter vehicle traction model has been developed and validated in
three different speeds, such as 40 km/h, 60 km/h and 110 km/h then been compared with
the experimental data at same speeds. The trends between simulation and experiment data
shows similarity with satisfactory errors. The deviations in the response, maybe come
from simplified modelling assumptions, vehicle speed contribution and surface of road
disturbance. The proposed approach reduces the errors considerably by fine tuning both
vehicle and tire parameters. Due to the similarities trend between simulations and
experimental data of this study indicate that the model could be used for further research
to study ABS system performance in real vehicle.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully appreciate the financial support from Majlis Amanah Rakyat
(MARA) and Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
(UTeM) for the use of the facilities. Some special thanks go to those who contributed to
this study directly or indirectly.

REFERENCES

[1] Fauzi A, Mazlan SA, Zamzuri H. Modeling and validation of quarter vehicle
traction model. In Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014 (Vol. 554, pp. 489-
493). Trans Tech Publications.

[2] Sivaramakrishnan S, Siramdasu Y, Taheri S. A new design tool for tire braking
performance evaluations. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and
Control. 2015 Jul 1;137(7):071013.

[3] Aly AA, Zeidan ES, Hamed A, Salem F. An antilock-braking systems (ABS)
control: A technical review. Intelligent Control and Automation. 2011 Aug
8;2(03):186.

[4] Kayacan E, Oniz Y, Kaynak O. A grey system modeling approach for sliding-
mode control of antilock braking system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics. 2009 May 19;56(8):3244-52.

[5] Hudha K. Non-parametric modeling and modified hybrid skyhook groundhook
control of magnetorheological dampers for automotive suspension system
(Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).

[6] Rykiel Jr EJ. Testing ecological models: The meaning of validation. Ecological
modelling. 1996 Nov 1;90(3):229-44.

[7] Sargent RG. Verification and validation of simulation models. Journal of
simulation. 2013 Feb 1;7(1):12-24.

[8] Aparow VR, Ahmad F, Hudha K, Jamaluddin H. Modelling and PID control of
antilock braking system with wheel slip reduction to improve braking
performance. International Journal of Vehicle Safety. 2013 Jan 1;6(3):265-96.

[9] Ahmad F, Mazlan SA, Zamzuri H, Jamaluddin H, Hudha K, Short M. Modelling
and validation of the vehicle longitudinal model. International Journal of
Automotive & Mechanical Engineering. 2014 Jul 1;10.

[10] Cao F, Chen C, Zhou L. Research on simulation of anti-lock braking system based
on MATLAB. In: 2018 3rd International Conference on Automation, Mechanical

72

Haris, S. I., et al.

Control and Computational Engineering (AMCCE 2018) 2018 May 20. Atlantis
Press.
[11] Ahmad F, Mazlan SA, Hudha K, Jamaluddin H, Zamzuri H. Fuzzy fractional PID
gain controller for antilock braking system using an electronic wedge brake
mechanism. International Journal of Vehicle Safety. 2018;10(2):97-121.
[12] El-Garhy AM, El-Sheikh GA, El-Saify MH. Fuzzy life-extending control of anti-
lock braking system. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2013 Dec 1;4(4):735-51.
[13] Rahman, M. L. H. A., Hudha, K., Ahmad, F., & Jamaluddin, H. Design and
clamping force modelling of electronic wedge brake system for automotive
application. International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and
Testing, 2013; 8(2), 145-156.
[14] Aparow, V. R., Fauzi, A., Hassan, M. Z., & Hudha, K. Development of antilock
braking system based on various intelligent control system. In Applied Mechanics
and Materials,2012 (Vol. 229, pp. 2394-2398). Trans Tech Publications.
[15] Chen, G. M., Wang, W. Y., Lee, T. T., & Tao, C. W. observer-based direct
adaptive fuzzy-neural control for anti-lock braking systems. International Journal
of Fuzzy Systems, 2006;8(4).
[16] P. M. Hart, “Review of Heavy Vehicle Braking Systems Requirements (PBS
Requirements),” Draft Report, 24 April 2003.

73

SA Conference Proceeding: Industrial Revolution 4.0 Vol.1, Issue 01 (2020) 74-85
International Innovation Technology Exhibition & Conferences 2019 (Itec’19), September 24th - 25th 2019
Copyright © 2020 Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA (KKTM) Kemaman
E-ISBN: 978-967-17985-0-8

Relevance of Metaphysics on Functional Performance of
Commercial Building Designs

Nor Aniswati Awang Lah 1,2* and Masran Saruwono 2

1 Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara Rembau, 71400 Pedas, Negeri Sembilan
*Email: [email protected]

Phone: +60126335054; Fax: +606970590

2Faculti of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the findings of a study on the relevancy of metaphysics on functional
performance of commercial building design. Similarities in principles on building design
and planning practices by three major Asian cultures, the Chinese-Buddhist, Indian-
Hindu, and Malay-Islam, are looked into. The main aim of the study was to gouge whether
the selected existing building designs were in compliance with any metaphysic theories
and conformance with certain an established standard commercial building design
guidelines. There are 13 commercial premises owned by Government agency were
selected and of these, six were categorized under “performing”, while seven were “non-
performing”. Two locally well-known commercial premises were used as “benchmark”.
A combination technique done previously by others with observational procedure was
devised in the analysis process. The findings reveal some evidence that metaphysics had
certain influence towards functional performance of the commercial buildings and could
be considered to complement the modern design practices. However, further analysis
needs to be carried out involving larger number of samples and area coverage to confirm
the findings of the present study.

Keywords: Metaphysics; Commercial Building; Functional Performance

INTRODUCTION

In a report published in 2010 indicated that newly established malls enjoyed high
visitation rates compared to older ones (Group, 2010). The success was much dependent
on the economic climate and rigorous marketing strategies. Providing entertainment in
shopping malls is common to attract visitors and shoppers. This shows that people work
diligently towards buildings sustaining customer visits rather than emphasising on
building functionality to encourage attraction.

It seems, the aesthetic aspect became the most concerned criteria as providing
success in most recent commercial buildings. The motivation for the study to be
conducted was based on the implication that a number of Government agency-owned
business premises or commercial buildings (GAB) have not performed well as intended
(METRIX), 2005; KPMG, 2006). GAB is an agency established by the government to
encourage the participation of bumiputras in business and entrepreneurship. As part of

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M.

the strategies, the agency has developed physical infrastructure including commercial
buildings or complexes in various locations and sizes, nationwide.

There are various factors contributing to these failures such as location of the
building premises, improper planning and designing of the buildings, types of building
purpose and how they are managed and operated. The main aim of this study is to discover
whether metaphysics factors influence the performance of buildings. The study attempts
to determine whether the two systems (traditional and modern approach) have certain
bearing towards the functional performance of commercial premises. The study is focused
on GAB existed at various locations. The management decided the selection of premises
and locations for commercial premise with the advice from consultants. It is estimated
the number of Government agency-owned commercial premises are more than 500
nationwide. These premises are rented to bumiputra-owned small businesses or
individuals at a minimal rental rate. In addition, this agency also provides advisory service
to business owners as part of the scheme at nurturing and guiding them to succeed in
business. The details of research stages and objectives are as Figure 1.

Figure 1. The Research Stages and Objectives.
The study areas had focused on two states in the central region comprising Selangor
and Negeri Sembilan. The samples were divided into three categories; Category A:
Government agency-owned buildings (performing cases) - 7 samples; Category B:
Government agency-owned buildings (non-performing) - 6 samples; Category C: Two
prominent commercial buildings i.e. SOGO in Kuala Lumpur and PKNS Complex in
Shah Alam were selected as benchmarks (where business is good) in the analysis.

75

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M

LITERATURE REVIEWS

The term “functionality” is roughly defined as the quality criterion of a building that makes
it sustainable and serving the needs of people. It is based on the principle that the ultimate purpose
of design where “users’ well-being” shall take precedence over other priorities to bring together
a sense of dignity and pride within the design environment (Caan, 2011). Caan insists that the
basic purpose of design is to create a comfort zone in satisfying human five senses, health,
and harmonious feelings; thus, encouraging towards a sense of inspiration and
motivation. Such philosophy had already been practiced by a populace of the Malay
ancient kingdom (Al-Ahmadi, 2006; Gibbs, 1987) and peoples in other Asian countries
like China and India. These old practices had established systems that were used as
informal guidelines in planning and design for buildings they built or settlements they
planned.

The metaphysical approach system is a guide to satisfy the human’s enthusiasm for
a more successful life; harmonious, healthy, upholding and advancement. It provides a
set of followed rules to have the best alignment of the proposed building with the entire
universe (Gibbs, 1987; Koh, 2003; Pegrum, 2000). This alignment was relating to the
sciences of the cosmos or cosmology (Akkach, 2005) and is interrelated to the arts and
science of Geomancy (MacLean, 1997). Today, the term ‘environology’ is commonly
used to denote this practice (Malaysian Institute of Geomancy Sciences, 2014).

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy consisting an abstract theory that beyond the
reality (Oxford University Press, 2014). It relates to the unseen flow of energy forces that
can felt through experiencing. The word ‘energy’ was identified as the ability to be active
in terms of the physical or mental strength. It allows people to behave which relates to
naturally enthusiasm and effort; usable power that comes from heat, electricity, etc.
(Merriam Webster, 2014). The Metaphysical approach revolves around the Universe and
the Earth. It was interconnecting to each other by an ‘electromagnetic field’ and other
forces, such as gravity, uptake of earth forces, cosmic forces, etc. The same nature applies
for buildings designed by humans, aiming to achieve sustainability.

PROBLEM STATEMENTS

The original design and planning of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank in Hong
Kong is an example where metaphysical approach was adopted and proved to be a
success. Designed by Norman Foster, inputs from a geomancer during the design stage
were followed closely, including comprehensive study of the circulation routes and
structural elements, for better prosperity (Lip, 1997). According to Lin (2014), the
physical design and planning of most buildings in Singapore’s commercial area had direct
involvement of a Feng Shui master. The late Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, insisted this
requirement. It begs the question whether physical planning of buildings that relies on

76

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M.

modern approach is sufficient to predict the building performance once in operation and
if metaphysical factors can be considered during the planning and design stages.

Contemporary building designs have been criticised for having little or no
reference to the natural and spiritual context in which the building stands. Such neglect
had probably contributed to failures of buildings to perform functionally as intended.
Thus, it is interesting to find out whether the consideration of metaphysical factors in
planning and design influenced the business.

METHODOLOGY

A research study by (Poldma, 2010) stated that the analysis using subjective
experience uncovered issues that are functional. According to her, listening to the users
allowed the design researchers to glean what they wanted. Hence, the present study
decided to use the same observational approach methods with analysis of floor plan and
Google Satelite Image techniques used by M. R. M. Daneshvar et al, 2013; Saruwono,
2007. The study had some limitations with regards to the choices of samples, but shall be
accepted for the aim of this study.

For the present study, both quantitative and qualitative methods are used with the
observational approach and techniques were adopted in extracting information and data
gathering. The process involved include visiting and studying buildings of similar
function or type, and/or observing the buildings’ physical design and planning
characteristics (Foster, 2008). Aspects of study include the examination of the spatial
zoning, organization, adequacy of spaces, and environmental comfort.

The identification of GAB in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan was carried out with the
assistance from their officers. Thence, buildings were categorized into “performing” and
“non-performing”. Some private document review data also helpful in identified the
selections of performing criteria. The criteria set for a performing building are based on
high frequency of people visiting, and with good occupancy rate of above 80%. The
premise should also enjoy a good rental collections records, with a minimum cost for
utilities maintenance. Besides, the businesses carried out in the premises are profitable
based on the monthly collection record. As mentioned previously, two prominent
commercial building “where business is good (sustain more than 20 years)” were taken
as a benchmark or “control samples”.

The metaphysical principles criteria were derived from three established Asian
cultures namely the Feng Shui, Vastu Vidya and Tajul Muluk. There are five
metaphysical principles, which were extracted from these practices, namely energy
generator or accumulation, building orientation, spatial hierarchy, physical configuration
and symbolism. A systematic observational analysis tool and procedure was devised and
data collection was undertaken by employing previous techniques done by others.

77

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M

Altogether, there were 13 metaphysical elements, which were taken as compliance
variables. The total "score" for each case (commercial premise) is the sum of all 13
variables converted into percentage in the analysis. The mapping of variables on physical
design and planning of building against the Traditional Metaphysics Approach Guideline
(TMG) criteria, and together with the Standard Commercial Guidelines (SCG). The SCG
comprised 19 conformance variables under three main principles: physical functioning,
comfort and convenience, and pleasure (moral and physical). Similar scoring method was
used as with metaphysical elements, adjusted to 19 conformance variables. Each building
was analysed against both approach and guidelines. From the data several interesting
findings were discovered.

The analysis is based on the existing images on physical design condition, and the
building layout planning. The building-surrounding context was taken from the Google
satellite images accessed in September 2015. Philosophically, all of the TMG and the
SCG characteristics were assessed point-by-point at the selected samples. It should be
mentioned that during observational visits, several tools were used for measurement
instrument such as laser measurement, light meter, indoor thermometer and compass.

RESULTS OF ANALYSIS

As for GAB, the total numbers are 13. For the purpose of the analysis, each was
labelled with a code denoting the name of building; 6 ‘non-performing’ (NSA, RBA,
KDA, KJA, JMA and LCP), 7 "performing” (SBA, SCP, SPD, TSA, ARM, AGK and
SBC) and two benchmark buildings (labeled as PKA and SOA).

Referring to the Figure 2, there are two sets of data, A and B. Set A is a performing
buildings category including benchmark. While the set B is a non-performing building
category. Further observed on the set A data on performing buildings, there are two
cluster sets were identified. Most of the observations, the TMG score distribution growing
outward than the SCG score (some with TMG perfect score), so the distribution is inward-
skewed. There are two outliers (AGK and TSA), which is show that the TMG score
distributions shrink inward than the SCG score, so the distribution is outward-skewed.
Further explore on this two outliers is needed for the next stage.

Different observation of distribution of data for set B, non-performing buildings. All
of the TMG score distributions shrink inward than SCG score (TMG score almost close
to 0%), so the distribution is outward skewed. Buildings that complied with TMG and
conformance with SCG tend to perform better. Unexpectedly, it appears that the higher
its score for TMG, obviously influence on its performance more that the score for SCG.

78

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M.

Figure 2. Marked Radar Chart on the Influences of TMG and SCG on A) Performing
and B) Non Performing Building.

Verification and Correlation of Data

The following table depicts the results of the Mann-Whitney U Test on the two
guidelines system towards the performance of commercial buildings, in order to see their
influences. The test revealed significant differences in the performing levels of TMG
compliances with z value at -2.669 (rounded) with a significance level (p) of p= 0.005.
The probability value (p) is less than or equal to 0.05, so the result is significant. This is
contrary to the performing levels of SCG conformances. The z value is -1.668 (rounded)
with a significance level (p) of p= 0.101. The probability value (p) is more than or equal
to 0.05, so the result is insignificant. There is statistically significant difference in the
performing levels of TMG compliances, but not for the performing levels of SCG
conformances.

Table 1
Mann-Whitney U Test on the Two Guidelines System Towards the Performance of
Commercial Buildings

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Category N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

TMG_Compliances SGA (Perform) 7 9.64 67.50

SGA (Non-perform) 6 3.92 23.50

SCG_Conformances Total 13 60.50
SGA (Perform) 7 8.64

SGA (Non-perform) 6 5.08 30.50

Total 13

79

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M

Test Statisticsb

TMG_Compliances SCG_Conformances

Mann-Whitney U 2.500 9.500
Wilcoxon W 23.500 30.500
Z -2.669 -1.668
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .008 .095
.005a .101a

a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Category

The table also indicates which group can be considered most influential towards
the performance of commercial buildings, overall; namely, the group with the highest
mean rank. In this case, the TMG compliances (Mean Rank= 9.64) had higher influences
towards a building’s performance rather than the SCG conformance.

The findings provide some evidence that metaphysics strongly influences the
functional performance of commercial buildings. The z value that is reported in the output
is used to calculate an approximate value of r score (an ‘effect size’ or ‘strengh of
association’). The value of r= z/ square foot of N, where N= total number of cases. In this
case, z= -2.669 and N= 13; therefore the r-value= -0.74. According to Cohen (1998) as
cited in Pallant (2010), this would be considered a large effect size.

Spearman Results on The Most Influencing Components of TMG

The correlation analysis is used in order to gauge the strength and direction of the
linear relationship between two variables. The Table 2 shows the Spearman Rank Order
Correlation (Rho), provides the correlation coefficients between each pair of variables
listed, their significant levels and the number of cases.

The relationship between the components of TMG and the Overall Total
Combined Results (OTCR) was investigated using the Spearman Rank Order Correlation
(Rho). According to Cohen (1998), cited in Pallant (2010) suggest that r = .50 to 1.0
(large), r = .30 to .49 (medium) and r = .10 to .29 (small). In the table presented above,
there is a large correlation for the three TMG component namely energy, orientation and
symbolism (above .5). The configuration is considered as small correlation based on the
data (below than .29).

80

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M.

Table 2
The Output Generated Displaying Spearman Results

Further assessment on TSA building (with lowest OTCR under the performing
category) shows that, its only score for configuration and orientation component but able
to perform. However, NSA building (with the same OTCR score as TSA, 15%) is also
perfectly score for configuration component with 0 score for the others TMG component
is under non-performing category. The findings suggest that the orientation component is
the most influencing factor in the functional performance of commercial building design,
which also supported by the above Spearman’s results. Then, the sequence followed by
others component: energy generator, symbolism, spatial hierarchy and the last is
configuration.

DISCUSSION
This current research has made an experiment on performing and non-performing
building. This study was tested physical design and planning of a building on the

81

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M

compliances with metaphysical approach (TMG) components and conformance with
standard commercial guidelines (SCG) components. The TMG criteria consist of five
main components namely energy generator or accumulation, orientation, spatial
hierarchy, configuration and symbolism. While, the SCG criteria consist of three main
components namely physical functioning, comfort/ convenience afforded and pleasure.

Buildings that complied with TMG and conformance with SCG tend to perform
better. There are three SGA premises, which highly comply with all the criteria, namely
ARM, SCP and SBC. Surprisingly, the entire premise were not totally managed and
operated by the SGA (only a few commercial lots are belongs to SGA not the entire
building). The highest overall score (88%) for performing building has been existence for
17 years. It appears that appearance not considered as main factors for building
performance.

The Spearman’s results reveals that the orientation component is the most
influencing factor in the functional performance of commercial building. Then, the
sequence followed by others component: energy generator, symbolism, spatial hierarchy
and the last is configuration. The findings also provide some evidence that the higher
subtle energy component approach application on the design of the building, the higher
it’s performed and prosper.

Based on the results from the above data, it could be possible to establish an
indicator to categorize the levels of functional performance of buildings. In the context
of the study, it may be appropriately known as “Functional Performance Indicator” (FPI).
For this purpose, it is suggested that four levels namely ‘Very Efficient’, ‘Fairly
Efficient’, ‘Adequate Efficient’ and ‘Inefficient’ indicate FPI ranges. In terms of scoring,
these score indicate by >75%, 50%-75%, 25-49% and <20% respectively. The following
table summarize the FPI:

Table 3
A Rudimentary of Functional Performance Indicator (FPI)

COMPLIANCES INDICATOR CRITERIA IDENTIFICATION
RANGE
Very Efficient  Shows good score in the TMG and SCG criteria
> 75% (above 75% respectively). Most of the buildings
Fairly Efficient in this range almost perfectly score for
50% - 75% Adequate Efficient application of energy generator or accumulation,
25% - 50% the orientation of the building and symbolism.
Others component are moderately high.

 Shows better score in TMG criteria (complies to
more than 60%). Mostly complies to the needs
of the five senses. Moderate scores for the SCG
criteria (compliances range between 40%-50%)

 Shows lower score for TMG (below 25%
compliance) but not in the SCG criteria
(compliances range between 40%-60%). Better

82

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M.

< 25% Inefficient only terms of physical appearance using
corporate theme but with no symbolism (spirit,
motivation and beliefs) to cater to the five
senses.
 Shows lowest score for TMG (15% and below)
and SCG (in the range 25%-40%). There is
build-up of negative energy such as stagnant air,
trapped heat, in proper planning and no interior
or exterior enhancement elements.

CONCLUSION

This current research is a unique approach. The approach appears establishing a
simple method of assessment, which can easily repeated by other researchers. The study
has highlighted how factors linked to non-performance of commercial buildings that
explained by critical analysing it within the context of metaphysical criteria and Standard
Commercial Building Guidelines. The findings provide some evidence that metaphysics
has, to certain extent, influenced the functional performance of the buildings.

A comprehensive literature study that combined common characteristics found in
three Asian culture-based system which had established five main criteria components
which formed the metaphysical elements. A reasonable result obtained which implies the
relevance of metaphysics.

The study also has proposed a rudimentary ‘Functional Performance Indicator’ (FPI)
that incorporates metaphysical criteria within the overall guideline for the development
of commercial buildings. Perhaps it also can be used to assist the performance of different
types of buildings. Future studies may explore and validate the utility of this FPI,
particularly as a practical instrument for sustainability. The ‘indicator’ may be useful in
enhancement of building functional performance.

The belief systems in the three Asian cultures included in the study may have been
seen as religiously inclined, but based on the investigation, the relevance criteria are
mostly physically and logically practical rather than what is considered as spiritual.

It was anticipated that this research work would uncover a new vision of reality
towards the traditional metaphysical approach. The metaphysical principles seen are more
related to environmental sciences rather than ‘mystics’, with some insight on design
sensitivities and preferences without losing positive social and spiritual values.

Hopefully its may help the traditional metaphysical approach to ‘grow’ in line with
the inherited positive traditional values of the Malaysian society. Indeed, the cultural
values and traditions are sustained for the goodness and the appreciation of future
generations. They also increased sense of national pride and consciousness.

83

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M

At this point, it is pertinent that a more comprehensive and detailed study undertaken
in the future regarding the metaphysical principles especially in the Malay-Islamic
architecture. A more detailed analysis has to be carried out in order to confirm the findings
involving more different categories of samples. Perhaps, an experimental method is
needed in getting analytical model of sciences to reveal the existence of subtle energy in
space. There is a need to further explore more detail on the metaphysical criteria and can
be further added in the future.

Thus, the general conclusions for the main outcome contribution have reveal that
metaphysics become an important factor influencing the functional performance of
commercial building design. Metaphysics seems to be of relevance in modern design
practice.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The main author wishes to express our heartfelt gratitude towards UNI-Mara (Unit
Penyelidikan dan Inovasi Mara) for its SGPIM grant award, BPI-Mara (Unit Pembanguan
Industri dan Infrastruktur Mara), BBS-Mara (Unit Binaan dan Selenggaraan Mara) and
Mara State Offices (Negeri Sembilan and Selangor) for their support and cooperation.
The staff and students of Postgraduates Studies of Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM)
have been inspirational and supportive during the preparation of this paper.

REFERENCES

[1] (METRIX), M. R. S. B. (2005). Mara Corporate Image Study.
[2] Akkach, S. (2005). Cosmology and Architecture in Premordern Islam: An

Architectural Reading of Mystical Ideas. (Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ed.) (SUNY
serie). United States of America: State University of New York Press, Albany.
Retrieved from www.sunypress.edu
[3] Al-Ahmadi, A. R. (2006). Petua Membina Rumah Melayu: Dari Sudut Etnis
Antropologi. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia.
[4] Caan, S. (2011). Rethinking Design and Interiors: Human Beings in the Built
Environment. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd.
[5] Foster, P. (2008). Data Collection: Observational Research. In Data Collection
and Analysis (pp. 57–92). SAGE Publications Ltd.
[6] Gibbs, P. (1987). Building a Malay House. Oxford University Press Pte. Ltd.,
New York.
[7] Group, O. B. (2010). The Report: Malaysia 2010. Retrieved from
www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/malaysia
[8] Koh, V. (2003). Basic Science of Feng Shui (3rd Editio). Asiapac Books,
Singapore.
[9] KPMG, M. A. R. (2006). Study on MARA Business Premises –.
[10] MacLean, H. P. (1997). Organic Architecture : Sustainability and Geomancy As
One. NESEA Building Energy Conference, 1–6. Retrieved from
http://timearch.com/assets/Organic_Architecture,_MacLean,_Edit_July_2012.p
df

84

Awang Lah, N. A. and Saruwono, M.

[11] Merriam Webster. (2014). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionaries: An
Encyclopedia Britannica Company. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/business?show=0&t=1392103204

[12] Oxford University Press. (2014). Oxford dictionary (British & World English).
Retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/energy

[13] Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual. Mc Graw-Hill, Open University Press.
[14] Pegrum, J. (2000). The Vastu Vidya Handbook: The Indian Feng Shui (First

Edit). New York: Three Rivers Press.

85

SA Conference Proceeding: Industrial Revolution 4.0 Vol.1, Issue 01 (2020) 86-91
International Innovation Technology Exhibition & Conferences 2019 (Itec’19), September 24th - 25th 2019
Copyright © 2020 Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA (KKTM) Kemaman
E-ISBN: 978-967-17985-0-8

Early Descriptive Research on Factors That Influence the Business Financing
Repayment among the Lenders

Noor Huda Binti Kamaludin1 and Ismail Omar2
Department of Real Estate, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM),

[email protected]
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The rate of bankruptcy among business leaders is increasing almost every year. Various
efforts were made to help borrowers overcome the problem so that entrepreneurs could
continue their business. A total of 109 respondents from Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA)
leaders in Malacca were selected in this study to identify factors that affect repayment
ability business financing. This study used a descriptive analysis to evaluate the elements
of the condition with the ability to repay the financing. This 10-years study found that
maturity in conducting business and capability are the most important factors affecting
the ability to pay financing using credit analysis. Therefore, this study purposes a study
on financing conditions.

Keyword: Credit analysis, entrepreneur, economy, business

INTRODUCTION

The government has provided various facilities to enhance entrepreneurs’ economy
such as Business Financing. Therefore, debt arrear control is significant to ensure the
stability of the business and the growth of finance agency. This problem has been started
since the beginning of financing application until the approval. This occurrence is
supported by the data that shows 14% escalating in bankruptcy due to the business loan.
It should be coped as entrepreneurs are the main contributor for KDNK (Mohd Jan, Ab.
Wahab, Salleh, Abdul Kadir, & Osman, 2010). Failure to do so could disrupt the process
of future financing. Therefore, this research is done to identify the capability to repay the
financing given by MARA. Credit Analysis consists of five basics which are character,
capital, capacity, guarantor and economic status. (Wachira, 2017 & Afram & Mills-
Robertson, 2014).

RESEARCH LITERATURE AND HYPOTHESIS

Financing is a source for entrepreneurs to expand their businesses. However, high arrear
could give negative impacts to finance agency and that entrepreneur. Meanwhile, if the
repayment is done smoothly, the agencies and entrepreneurs’ businesses would be

Kamaludin, N. H. and Omar, I.

expanded successfully. According to Minister of Entrepreneur Development, Mohd
Redzuan Md Yusof, he told Dewan Rakyat recently that by the end of 2017, 31 December,
the percentage of unpaid financing rate was 37.82 percent out of the total of financing
portfolio (Utusan 7 Ogos 2018, Utusan Malaya).

In previous research, demography aspect showed that young adults possessed high
esteem in financial aspect until failing in managing it well (Nuraini Abdullah & Mohamad
Fazli Sabri, 2016). Meanwhile Scheresberg Research which referred the data from
National Financial Capability Study (NFCS),(2009) showed that the young adults with
range of age of 24 until 34 years old have low finance literacy especially for the young
female with low monthly salary. Therefore, age and gender approach are classified as
character which play an important role in influencing financing repayment.

Capacity and capital are the core in managing the financial in business. Capacity
assessment could be checked through Central Credit Reference Information System
(CCRIS). Meanwhile the higher the capital shows the determination towards the business
empire. According to Rohaizat, based on a research by Lussuer, he discovered that 100
United States of America’s entrepreneurs fail in business due to capital deficiency, high
fixed cost and the recession. Therefore, good debt management influences the psychology
factor which is self-esteem or high self-control (Brennan, Zevallos dan Binney, (2011).

Research finding by Rosli Mohd Saad, Abdullah Abd Ghani, Shuhymee Ahmad,
2014 shows that the source of financing equity is connected significantly and positively
towards business’ performance meanwhile debt financing source is not that significant.
Slackness in financing equity is caused by the non-existing guarantor or land collateral.

World economy condition influences entrepreneurs in Malaysia especially during
the economic crisis occurred in Malaysia for about every seven to ten years starting 1970,
1977, 1985, 1999 and 2010. The government has provided various solutions to recover
our economy status such as enforcing the economy in manufacturing and services sector
(Abdul Aziz Awang, 2010). Changes in year and business type play important role in
ensuring the cash flow including debt management.

Therefore, repayment assessment could be measured by two methods which are
internal control and external control. Internal control is an enforcement action
implemented by MARA district sector while external control is implemented by MARA
states sector.

METHODOLOGY

Quantitative method uses the data from secondary source because the analysis in this
research requires answers from financing rules to respond towards the level of financing
repayment. Therefore, this quantitative data is easier to use to measure the lenders’ data
who have received facilities from MARA in Malacca since 2009 until 2018. 109
respondents were involved and Skim Pembiayaan Mudahjaya (SPiM) is used for this
research.

87

Kamaludin, N. H. and Omar, I.

Main data is collected by getting lenders’ files to analyse the requirements which are
based on character, capacity, collateral, and economic condition. Descriptive analysis is
used based on the collected data to see the correlation between 4C factors and the
effectiveness of repayment through enforcement actions which are internal control and
external control. Therefore, the dependent variable is financing requirements and the
independent variable is the enforcement either internal or external control. Internal
control refers to the enforcement action implemented by Notice of Demand, while
external control refers to legal parties.

FINDING

This research is about 4C’s in credit analysis. There are character, collateral, capability,
and condition of economy.

Table 1: Analysis of character factor (Gender and Age) in influencing the financing repayment.

No Character Self-control Internal External ∑ñ
control control

N% n% n%

1 Male 43 73% 12 20% 4 7% 59

2 Female 37 76% 8 16% 4 8% 49

4 Young adults 13 80% 6 29% 2 10% 21

5 Adults with/without 8 50% 7 44% 1 6% 16
family

6 Adults 32 3% 3 8% 1 3% 36

7 Late adults 28 78% 4 11% 4 11% 36

Based on the table above, character factor does not influence the repayment process. Self-
control factor shows that female has higher percentage by 3% compared to the male.
However, there is only 1% difference between male and female for external control factor.
The data shows that both male and female could control their own debt.

For age factor, the adults with or without family in range of 25 years old to 34
years old and Late Adults in range of 44 years old and above have high risk in capability
to do the repayment. Meanwhile, the adults show low percentage in external control
factor. This data proves that the maturity plays an important role in applying the
financing.

88

Kamaludin, N. H. and Omar, I.

Table 2: Analysis of guarantor and collateral factor in influencing financing repayment.

Assurance Self-control Internal control External ∑ñ
control

n% n% n%

No guarantor 32 91% 2 6% 1 3% 35

With guarantor 42 63% 18 27% 7 10% 67

Collateral 7 100% 0 0% 0 0% 7

Based on the table above, it shows that guarantor factor is not the main factor in
influencing the repayment. However, collateral factor shows 100% in self-control due to
the usage of land collateral to borrow huge amount of money. Hence, land collateral rate
might be the one of the repayment factors.

Table 3: Analysis of capability factor in financing repayment.

No. Lending Self-control Internal External ∑ñ
capabilities control control

N% n% n%

1 Less than 51k 58 70% 17 20% 8 10% 83

2 51k-100k 8 80% 2 20% 0 0% 10

3 101k-150k 7 88% 1 13% 0 0% 8

4 150-200k 2 100% 0 0% 0 0% 2

5 200k-249k 3 100% 0 0% 0 0% 3

6 250k and above 3 100% 0 0% 0 0% 3

Capability means financing approval based on the eligibility that has been assessed by
the panel. Based on the table above, it shows that the lower the financing rate, the higher
the risk of financing repayment while the higher the received financing, the lower the risk
of repayment.

Table 4: Analysis of economic factor in influencing the financing repayment.

Internal control Internal control External ∑ñ
control

89

Kamaludin, N. H. and Omar, I.

Manufacturing n % n% n%
sector
100% 0 0% 0 0%
Clothing 3 33% 0 0% 2 67% 3
3
Foods and Beverages 1
∑ñ
Services sector Internal control External
control 6
18
n% n% n% 2
4 67% 35
Education 9 50% 2 33% 0 0% 6
Foods and beverages 36
Transportation 0% 6 33% 3 17%
Retail 30 86%
Professional 4 67% 2 100% 0 0%
Other services 30 83%
2 6% 3 9%

2 33% 0 0%

6 17% 0 0%

Based on the table above, it shows that services sector tends to depend on self-control
while foods and beverages sector is quite risky in external control.

CONCLUSION

This research is done by involving 109 entrepreneurs who received MARA financing
since 2009 until 2018 in Malacca. All respondents applied for Skim Pembiayaan
Mudahjaya (SPiM). Based on the analysis above, it shows the factor of maturity,
capability and collateral in managing the business debt. Collateral also factor of Self-
control proved as one of the positive attitude in entrepreneurs. So, it proved that
entrepreneurs’ attitudes affect the business. Meanwhile, external and internal control are
main factors that avoid bankruptcy.

90

Kamaludin, N. H. and Omar, I.

REFERENCES
Brennan, L., Zevallos, Z., & Binney, W. (2011). Vulnerable consumers and debt: Can
social marketing assist? Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 19(3), 203-211
Mohd Jan, N., Ab. Wahab, I., Salleh, Z., Abdul Kadir, M. A. B., & Osman, C. A.
(2010). Study on Factors that Contribute to the Success and Failure of SMEs.
National Conference on Entrepreneurial (NiCE0 2010.
Nuraini Abdullah & Mohamad Fazli Sabri, (2016).
Faktor Peramal Pengurusan Hutang dalam Kalangan Pekerja Muda
International Journal of Education and Training (InjET) 2(2) November: 1- 19 (2016)
Rohaizat Baharun (2000).
“Kejayaan Para Usahawan Daripada Perspektif Penyelidikan.” Dewan
Ekonomi.Januari. 2000
Rosli Mohd Saad et al. (2014).
Kesan Sumber Pembiayaan Ekuiti dan Hutang ke atas Prestasi Perniagaan PKS di
Malaysia. Sains Humanika 2:1, 151–157
Scheresberg, C. de B. (2013).
Financial Literacy and Financial Behavior among Young Adults: Evidence and
Implications. Numeracy, 6(2), 5.

91

SA Conference Proceeding: Industrial Revolution 4.0 Vol.1, Issue 01 (2020) 92-101
International Innovation Technology Exhibition & Conferences 2019 (Itec’19), September 24th - 25th 2019
Copyright © 2020 Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA (KKTM) Kemaman
E-ISBN: 978-967-17985-0-8

How Effective Is Malaysian Studies Subject in Developing Patriotism Among
Diploma Students at Institut Kemahiran MARA Sik

S. Bakar1, N. Ab. Rahim2, N. A. Mohd Tobi3
General Studies Department, Institut Kemahiran Mara Sik, Kedah

08200 Sik, Kedah
Email: [email protected]

Phone: +604695964 ; +6044693164

ABSTRACT

Patriotisme is a special emotions for country, all emotion identity individually for nation,
worries as main concern for country welfare and readianess to sacrifice for the country
benefits. This research are made to see how much the effectiveness this subject
(Malaysian Studies) that learnt by the students of Diploma Teknologi Penyejukkan dan
Penyamanan Udara (PPU) in Institut Kemahiran MARA Sik in order to show the spirit
of patriotism. The outcome of this research can be as measure for the administration to
make sure the main objectives of this subject its existence are achieved. This research are
made to see the four(4) main factors which in students background, methods are teaching
and learning, syllabus development and mass media influences. This research have been
used simple questionnaire upon 33 students in semester 3 dan 4 in IKM Sik.

Keywords : Patrotisme; Malaysian Studies; PPU Students; IKM

INTRODUCTION

In realizing that the Bumiputeras especially Malays were left behind in economic aspect
due to poverty factor which the majority lived in poverty and had less ability to compete
with other races (Mardiana Nordin and Hasnah Husiin, 2005), a rationale action was taken
by the previous government. A new policy was formulated known as New Economic Plan
(NEP) to solve the issue. The NEP first implemented under Second Malaysian Plan
(1971-1975) with the main objective to function as prongs in order to eliminate poverty
among all races and restructure the socio-economic status with no racist-based (Ma’arof
Redzuan, 1997). Meanwhile Malay intellectuals started to think to possible ways to
improve the people and it was found that most Malays were likely capable in carpentry
and woodoworking. Responding to that, the government encouraged all Malays to
involve in those skills while Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) was the leading agency to
support the government’s intention to help the people. The first skill school was Sekolah
Latehan Kemahiran MARA now known as Institut Kemahiran MARA Jasin officially
launched on October 1968.

Sekolah Latehan Kemahiran MARA first managed by a principle with eight training
instructors and three administrative staffs. Initially, there were two training courses

Bakar, S., et al.

offered, Motor Mechanic and Mechanical courses. All training was based on fundamental
training named as Common Module and separated to different few skills such as Welding,
Machineries, Technical Drawing etc; (Institut Kemahiran MARA Jasin, 2011). The
demand for skillful workers was increasing and Sekolah Latehan Kemahiran became a
first option skill school to non-Bumiputeras, with the encouragement from the
government to perceive youth participating in industrial and business field (Aishah Edris,
1997). Due to increasing numbers of students, Sekolah Latehan Kemahiran in Melaka
was excessive to receive more students which then caused the school to be relocated at
Jasin town in 1984 and it was renamed as Institut Kemahiran MARA Jasin.

Till early 1990s, all the training courses were conducted for certificate level for
Bumiputeras youth age ranged between 16 to 40 years old (MARA Technical and
Vocational Division, 2010). Among the courses are Automotive Engineering, Electrical
Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Architecture, Arts and
Design etc. Then, it started to develop with numbers of Institut Kemahiran MARA were
build with the objective to produce skillful Bumiputeras who capable to serve in industrial
business and trading, as well as to produce more entrepreneurs. The effort was continually
expanded by MARA when education level was upgraded by introducing Kolej
Kemahiran Tinggi MARA (KKTM) which offers full diploma courses.

Earlier, MARA was introduced with social oriented-based objective to overcome
education left behind issue among Bumiputera teenagers and youths in rural areas. The
issue or problem is caused by difference gap of opportunities between good-grade and
low-grade school passes. Concerning to this issue, IKM was introduced to give
opportunities to those students and numbers of left behind school leavers were reduced
yearly. The relationship of this issue and Malaysian Studies subject is explained by the
study structure of IKM that covers all the technical and soft skills together with complete
study components including Mathematics, English, Islamic Studies, Entrepreneurship
and Malaysia Studies itself. This is different to other skill institutions whereas the study
structure and syllabus only focusing on technical aspect. The soft skill is important to
meet the attitudes and academic background of students.

Malaysian Studies is a compulsory subject for all higher education institutions in
Malaysia. The subject is monitored by Malaysia Qualification Agency (MQA) while the
main objective is to develop patriotism and understanding the building of nation. The
course outcome for is to discuss people growth in socio-cultural, political and economic
aspects. Besides, it elaborates the system of government and explains the national policies
which contribute to national development. Patriotism is essential for youngsters
nowadays who live and grow in the era of fast developing technology. Without the effort
to promote patriotism, they possible have no feeling of love, devotion and sense of
attachment to a country. Disrespect to Yang Di Pertuan Agong (YDPA), the country and
state rulers, national flag and chaos among different religions and races may happen if
there is no effort to develop spirit of patriotism among Malaysian youth.

93

Bakar, S., et al.

RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Malaysian Studies is one of soft skill subject for IKM study syllabus. Students are
compulsory to register for the subject both for certificate and diploma levels. There are
5 topics for diploma syllabus, the topis is Malaysian Society and Culture, Independence
Process, Malaysian Government, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) and Government
Policies respectively (MARA Vocational and Technical Division, 2016). As stated in
Pengajian Malaysia Sejarah Malaysia, there are five subtopics for national history which
are Malaysian History, Malaysian Constitution, People’s Unity, National Development
Policy, and Foreign Policy (Mardiana Nordin & Hasnah Husiin, 2014). Though there are
differences in topic structure for Social Studies subject among colleges and universities,
yet the objective of the subject or course for IKM is following the standard requirement
by Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA).

The first topic is discussing about Malaysian society, with the purpose to introduce the
races and ethnics in Malaysia as well as the unity and harmonic status. Students learn
about various cultures and religions including the special days and occasions celebrated
by people of different races and ethnics in respectful ways. The spirit of unity is also
shown in daily life and promoted by media mass that plays important roles to develop
patriotism. Then, the process of seeking independence is explained in second topic which
includes the details about Malacca Sultanate, British colonization, Japanese occupation,
communist defeat, independence process, Malaysia formation and national government.
Students learn and appreciate the sacrifice of independence figuras and former leaders to
save and let the country free from foreign powers. The storyline how Tunku Abdul
Rahman led the mission to London and many Malays made donation of their valuable
things to achieve Merdeka, these give inspiration to students to feel the patriotism in
them. Though students had prior knowledge during History subject in school, this is
consider as continuos learning for the topic..

The last topic explains the details about government policies specially formulated to unite
all the races and ethnics. Among the policies are Economic Transformation Programme
(ETP), Vision 2020 and Foreign Policy. The ETP which was implemented on 25
September, 2010 designed to boost Malaysia in becoming a developed and high-income
country. It is relevant to Vision 2020 inspired by Tun Dr. Mahathir in 1991 to achieve
developed nation status by year 2020 (Ruslan Zainuddin:2004). There can be no fully
developed Malaysia until the nine central strategic challenges as outlined in Vision 2020
is overcomed. All the challenges are the components that bring prosperous into Malaysian
society and ignite the spirit of patriotism for every Malaysian (Mardiana Nordin &
Hasnah Husiin, 2014).

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Heading towards a modern and developed nation requires the country to fulfill a high
demand for skillful manpowers. Under the 11th Malaysia Plan (11MP) tabled by the
previous Prime Minister in 2015, TVET was forced to play a vital role to produce skilled
workforce for action plan 2011-2015. In 11MP, 1.5 million employment was provided

94

Bakar, S., et al.

and 60% required TVET background. The development of globally competitive human
capital is very comprehensive effort from both private and public sector including the
society.

Thus, it is important to strengthen the collaboration between all those public and private
sectors in improving the development of human capitals. A holistic approach will meet
the needs for all Malaysian, thus TVET is among the best way to produce a skillful and
innovative workforce. Based on academic background, most IKM students have lack of
knowledges on History subject and scored weak result for SPM examination level. It is
also shown during class presentation by observing the communication skills. Students
tend to answer the Question and Answer (Q&A) session based on their logic thinking
without referring to facts and correct sources. The ‘copy and paste’ practice becomes their
habit while many use references from untrusted or inofficial pages about certain issue.
Reading books or knowledgeable articles is none popular among them. Previous
observation also shown that students answered the test and examination questions by
guessing the fact, for instance writing a wrong date for important histories.

Based on the course objective of Malaysia Studies for IKM programme syllabus, students
learn the lesson about nation and feel the patriotism spirit in themselves. Therefore, the
research is carried out to find how effective the course to develop patriotism among IKM
students.

RESEARCH FINDING

This paper is based on a descriptive study using questionnaires to collect the data. The
research is focusing on four (4) main factors; respondent background, course
methodology, course syllabus and media mass influences. The sample of the research
consists of 34 students who were chosen randomly from Institut Kemahiran MARA Sik
studying of third and fourth semesters for Diploma in Heating, Ventilating and Air-
Conditioning (HVAC) programme.

The collected data for student background is including gender, age, hometown, parent
occupations, academic achievement and survey questions about student’s experience in
patriotic occasions such as Merdeka and Malaysia Day celebrations.

Table 1: Demography for Respondent Background

Gender Item Frequency Percentage
Age Male 34 100.0
Hometown Female 0 0.0
18 - 20 years old 18 52.9
Above 20 years old 16 47.1
Kedah 12 35.3
Perlis 5 14.7
Perak 3 8.8

95