Green Science 4 Final

d. The materials used by the patients should be sterilized.

e. Hands should be washed properly with soap and water after taking care
of the patient.

3. Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a
dangerous disease which is commonly known as TB.

Modes of transmission

Tuberculosis is transmitted:
a. through air and sputum of the patient.
b. through close contact with the patient.
c. through droplets while coughing and sneezing.

Major symptoms

a. Continuous cough (for more than
three weeks)

b. Mild fever

c. Chest pain and sweating Fig.

d. Loss of appetite

e. Loss of weight and weakness 22.4

f. Appearance of blood in the sputum Person suffereing from
tuberculosis

Preventive and control measures

a. Covering mouth and nose with a handkerchief while coughing and
sneezing

b. Isolating the patient

c. Avoiding the use of the personal materials of the patient

d. Disinfection of the materials used by the patient

e. Giving BCG vaccine to the child

f. Giving antibiotics to the patient

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 151

4. Measles

Measles is a viral disease caused by Paramyxo virus. It is a serious disease which
mainly occurs in children.

Modes of transmission Fig. Fig. Measles

Measles is transmitted:

a. through nasal secretion while
coughing and sneezing.

b. through the materials used by the
patient.
22.5

c. through direct contract with the
patient.

Major symptoms

a. Cough and fever
b. Watery eyes
c. Loss of appetite
d. Appearance of red spot or rashes on the body
e. Headache, diarrhoea
f. Disappearance of rashes within 2-3 days

5. Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a communicable disease which affects the lungs. It attacks people
of any age.

Causative agent

Pneumonia is caused by bacteria and due
to cold and entry of dust particles in the
lungs.

Modes of transmission

Pneumonia is transmitted: 22.6

a. by direct contact with the patient. Pneumonia

152 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

b. through cough and sputum of the patient. Do You Know
c. through the materials used by the patient.
If pneumonia is not treated
Symptoms on time, it causes bath,
heart disease and paralysis.
a. Fever, difficulty in breathing
b. Headache, pain in the body
c. Noisy breathing, running nose
d. Swelling of lungs
e. Difficulty in coughing

Preventive and control measures

a. The patient should be kept in a separate room.
b. We should wear warm clothes.
c. The materials used by the patient should be sterilized.
d. We should avoid cold and dust particles.
e. We should maintain personal hygiene.

6. Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a communicable disease common among the children of age 2-5
years. It affects throat, tonsils and nose.

Causative agent

Diphtheria is caused by bacteria.

Modes of transmission Fig.

Diphtheria is transmitted: Diphtheria

a. by direct contact with the patient. 22.7
b. through sputum and mucus of the

patient.

c. through the materials used by the patient.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 153

Symptoms

a. Swelling of throat
b. Throat pain
c. Difficulty in breathing and swallowing

Preventive and control measures

a. DPT vaccine should be given to the child at the age of 6-12 months.
b. We should avoid direct contact with the patient.
c. The materials used by the patient should be sterilized.
d. The sputum and mucus of the patient should be disposed properly.

7. Trachoma

Trachoma is a communicable disease which affects the eyes.

Causative agent

Trachoma is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis.

Modes of transmission

Trachoma is transmitted:

a. by direct contact with the patient.

b. by means of flies. Fig.

c. through the materials used by the

patient. 24.8

Symptoms Trachoma

a. Swollen eyelids and turned in eyelashes.

b. Cloudy cornea and discharge from the eye.

c. Turned in eyelashes rub against cornea which may cause ulcers, scars,
Loss of weight and blindness.

154 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Preventive and control measures

a. Face and eyes should be washed properly.
b. The materials used by the patient should be sterilized.
c. Direct contact with the patient should be avoided.
d. Flies should be controlled.
e. Antibiotics should be given to the patient.
Activity 1
Write down the causative agent, modes of transmission, major symptoms
and control measures of any one communicable disease.

Key concepts
1. The diseases which are transmitted from a sick person to a healthy

person are called communicable diseases. Examples: Tuberculosis, polio,
measles, trachoma, etc.
2. Children suffer from various communicable diseases like polio,
diphtheria, trachoma, measles, etc.
3. Communicable diseases are transmitted through direct contact with
the patient by means of flies, through the materials used by the patient,
through contaminated food and water, through insect bite, etc.
4. We should keep the patient in a separated room, sterilize the materials
used by the patient and maintain a high level of personal hygiene to
avoid the transmission of communicable diseases.

Exercise

1. Put a (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the incorrect one.
a. Communicable diseases transmit from one person to another.

b. In amoebic dysentry, blood appears in the stool.

c. Polio causes paralysis in children.

d. We give DPT vaccine to the child to prevent diphtheria.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 155

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. Baterical dysentery is caused by ....................................
b. Polio causes ....................................in children.
c. .................................... vaccine should be given to the child to prevent
tuberculosis.
d. Swollen eyelids and cloudy cornea are symptoms of ...............................

3. Answer the following questions.

a. What are communicable diseases? Give any five examples.

b. Write any three methods by which communicable diseases transmit.

c. Write any three preventive and control measures of communicable
diseases.

d. What is the causative agent of polio? Write any three symptoms of
polio.

e. What is the causative agent of trachoma? Write down the symptoms of
trachoma.

4. Write down the causative agent and modes of transmission of:

a. dysentery b. polio c. tuberculosis

d. measles e. diphtheria

5. Write down the major symptoms and any three control measures of:

a. dysentery b. polio c. tuberculosis

d. measles e. diphtheria

6. Match the following: Paramyxo virus
a. Amoebic dysentery Bacteria
b. Tuberculosis Chlamydia trachomatis
c. Trachoma Mycobacterium
d. Measles Entamoeba histolytica
e. Diphtheria

156 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Some Non- unit
communicable
23
Diseases

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)

Teaching periods : 10 Marks (in %): 15

Before You Begin

Human beings suffer from various diseases. Some diseases
like goitre, paralysis, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, etc. do not
transmit from a sick person to a healthy person. These diseases are
called non-communicable diseases. These diseases are not caused
by germs or microbes. The diseases which do not transmit from
one person to another are called non-communicable diseases.

Non-communicable diseases are caused due to lack of nutrients,
malfunctioning of body organs, lack of proper physical exercise,
consumption of alcohol, tobacco, drugs, etc. and due to mental
tension or hyper tension. In this unit, we will study the causes,
symptoms and preventive measures of cancer, heart diseases and
diabetes.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:

(i) introduce non-communicable diseases and describe their
causes.

(ii) explain the symptoms of cancer, heart diseases and diabetes.

(iii) explain the preventive and control measures of cancer, heart
diseases and diabetes.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

non-communicable : which does not transmit from one person to another

malfunction : to function badly/ inperfectly, fail to operate normally

tumour : an abnormal growth of tissues

hormone : a chemical substance produced by glands in our body

radiation : powerful and dangerous rays from the sun

deficiency : a state of having not enough of something

cholesterol : a substance found in blood, fat and most tissues of the body

adequate : enough in quantity

nausea : the feeling that you have when you want to vomit

unconsciousness : in a state like sleep and not able to use senses

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 157

1. Cancer

The uncontrolled growth of cells in our body tissues is called cancer. It occurs
in skin, lungs, lips, throat, uterus, blood, intestine, etc.

Fig.

23.1 Skin cancer Lips cancer
Throat cancer

Causes of cancer

The exact cause of cancer is not known so far. However, the conditions that
lead to cancer are as follows:

a. Over exposure to harmful radiations like UV-rays, gamma rays, etc.

b. Contact with harmful chemicals Do You Know
c. Smoking and chewing tobacco
There are more than 100
Symptoms types of cancers, any part of
the body can be affected.

a. Tumour or unusual lump of muscles in In 2008 AD, 7.6 million
any body part people died of cancer 13% of
all deaths worldwide.
b. Unusual bleeding from any body part
c. Indigestion for a long time More than 30% of cancer
d. Permanent hoarseness of voice could be prevented, mainly
e. Appearance of blood in the stool by not using tobacco, having
a healthy balanced diet,
Preventive and control measures being physically active
and moderating the use of
alcohol.

a. Consumption of alcohol and drugs should be avoided.

b. Smoking and chewing tobacco should be avoided.

c. Consumption of fatty and spicy foods and burnt meat (sekuwa) should be
avoided.

d. Working in the sun for a long time should be avoided.

158 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

2. Heart Diseases

Heart diseases are common in the people above the age 45 years. There are
different types of heart diseases. Among them coronary heart disease and
heart attack are common.

Causes of heart diseases Fig. Fig.

Lack of physical exercise and
consumption of foods rich in fat, oil
spices and cholesterol are the main
causes of heart diseases.

Coronary heart disease 23.2

A person suffers from coronary heart Coronary heart disease
disease when coronary artery cannot supply
adequate blood to the heart muscles. So Do You Know
heart muscles do not get enough oxygen
and chest pain occurs. This disease increases The blood vessel that
blood pressure. supplies pure blood to
the heart muscles is called
coronary artery.

Heart attack

Heart attack occurs when heart muscles
do not get oxygen. The major symptoms
of heart attack are as follows:

a. Pain under breast bone that extends
to the arms, throat or back.

b. Feeling of great pressure in the chest.

c. Nausea, vomiting and shortness of

breath. 23.3

d. Unconsciousness Heart attack

Preventive and control measures

a. Consumption of spicy, fatty and oily foods should be avoided.
b. Consumption of alcohol, tobacco and drugs should be avoided.
c. Physical exercise should be taken regularly.
d. Mental tension should be avoided.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 159

Activity 1

Prepare a list of non-communicable diseases. Also, write their causes and
preventive measures.

3. Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease in which sugar (glucose) passes out through urine. This
disease may occur at any age. This disease is commonly known as sugar.

Causes of diabetes

Diabetes occurs due to lack of insulin
hormone produced by pancreas.

Symptoms Fig.

a. Frequent urination

b. Excessive hunger and thirst 23.4
c. Loss of weight Diabetes patient

d. Weakness and laziness Do You Know
e. Delay in wound healing
Ants gather on the urine of
Preventive and control measures the patient suffering from
diabetes because the urine
a. Balanced diet should be taken. contains sugar.

b. Physical exercise should be taken regularly.

c. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be taken.

d. Insulin injection or anti-diabetic tablets should be given to the patient.

Key concepts

1. The diseases which do not transmit from one person to another are called
non-communicable diseases.

2. Deficiency of nutrients, malfunction of body organs, exposure to harmful
radiations and chemicals are the main causes of non-communicable
diseases.

3. Cancer may occur due to over exposure of harmful radiations, contact
with chemicals and consumption of alcohol, tobacco and drugs.

160 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

4. Mental tension and consumption of foods having fat, oil, spice and
cholesterol are the main causes of heart diseases.

5. Diabetes is the disease in which sugar (glucose) passes out through urine.
It is caused due to lack of insulin.

Exercise

1. Put a (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the incorrect one.
a. Non-communicable diseases transmit from one person to another.
b. In coronary heart diseases, heart muscles do not get pure blood.
c. We should consume alcohol, tobacco and drugs.
d. Diabetes occurs due to lack of sugar.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. ...................... diseases do not transmit from one person to another.
b. Permanent hoarseness of voice is the symptoms of ......................
c. In ......................, sugar passes out through urine.
d. Excessive chest pain is the symptom of ......................

3. Answer the following questions.
a. Define non-communicable diseases with any three examples.
b. Write any three causes of non-communicable diseases.
c. What is cancer? Write down the causes and symptoms of cancer.
d. Write down the causes and symptoms of heart attack.
e. What is diabetes? Write down the causes and symptoms of diabetes.

4. Write down the preventive and control measures of cancer, heart diseases
and diabetes.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 161

unit

Safety and First Aid 24

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)

Teaching periods : 8 Marks (in %): 12.5

Before You Begin

Safety is the state of being safe and protected from accident or
danger. An accident is an unpleasant event which occurs suddenly
and causes injury or damage. Accidents may occur at any time and
place to any person. Most accidents can be avoided by adopting
safety rules. The injured people must be given first aid immediately
before they are taken to the hospital. The help given to the injured
person until the medical treatment is available is called first aid. In
this unit, we will discuss various safety rules and first aid to some
common accidents.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
i. introduce safety and first aid.
ii. explain the causes of accidents and help the people that meet

accidents.
iii. state the safety measures and first aid to some minor

accidents.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

safety : the state of being safe and protected from accident or danger
accident
zebra-crossing : an unpleasant event that happens suddenly and causes injury

anticeptic : an area of road marked with black and white lines where vehicles must
splint stop for people to walk across

sprain : a medicine that prevents infections in wound by killing bacteria
first aid
: a long piece of wood or metal that is tied to a broken bone to keep it
fixed and in right position

: to injure a joint by suddenly twisting it

: the immediate help given to an injured person until the medical
treatment is available

162 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Fig. Fig.Safety

An accident can occur at any time and place to any person. The unpleasant
event that occurs suddenly and causes injury is called an accident. Some
accidents are very dangerous as they may cause spot death. Accidents occur
while walking, running, playing, climbing, jumping, crossing the road, driving
the vehicles, etc. Some accidents may occur due to natural disasters like flood,
landslide, earthquake, etc. Accidents usually occur when we are careless. Most
accidents can be avoided by adopting safety rules. Safety is the state of being
safe and protected from accidents.

24.1
(a) (b)

Some of the safety rules that we should follow at home, on the road, at school
and swimming pool are given below:

Safety at home

1. We should not play with sharp objects like knife, blade, etc.
2. We should not play with gas stove, light, match box, etc.
3. We should not go into the kitchen wearing nylon clothes.

24.2
(a) (b) (c)

4. We should not play with electrical appliances, switches, plugs, wires,
sockets, etc. to avoid electrical shock.
Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 163

5. We should not touch electrical Do You Know
appliances, plugs and sockets
with wet hands. Nepal's highways are one of the
most dangerous in the world and
6. We should not play with glass the chances of a bus, truck or car
objects. having a crash are more than 100
times higher than in Japan.
7. We should not run on the ladder
or staircase. There were 1.25 million road traffic
deaths globally in 2013.

Safety on the road

1. We should always walk on the footpath.
2. We should not play on the road.
3. We should cross the road only from the zebra-crossing.

Fig.

24.3 (b)
(a)

4. We should not run while crossing the road.
5. We should not cross the road from behind a parked vehicle.
6. We should not get down from a moving vehicle.

Safety at school

1. We should not pull and push each other on the staircase.
2. We should play safe games.
3. We should not climb and jump on desks and benches.
4. We should not use a blade or knife to sharpen a pencil.
5. We should not push others while playing.

164 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Fig.
Fig.
24.4 (b)
(a)

Safety in the swimming pool

1. We should not go swimming
alone.

2. We should use a tube for
swimming.

3. We should not push others in a
swimming pool.

4. We should not practise
swimming in rivers and streams. 24.5

5. We should not go in a deep pool.

First Aid

First aid is the immediate help given to an injured person until the medical
treatment is available. Accidents may take place any time even though we are
careful. The injured person musty be given first aid immediately. The person
who is trained to give first aid is called a first aider. The main objectives of first
aid are given below:

1. To save life of the injured person.

2. To keep the injured person comfortable before taking him/her to the
hospital.

3. To make sure that the condition of the victim does not get worse.

We should have knowledge about what to do when an accident takes place.
We should know about first aid. We should stay calm and be quick to provide
first aid to the victim. We should not panic if an accident occurs. We should
seek help from a first aider or seniors. We should not allow the injured person
to move. We should not make crowd around the injured person.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 165

Fig. Fig.The first aid to some common accidents is given below:

First aid for cuts and scratches

Before giving first aid for cuts and scratches, we should wash our hands
properly with soap and water. If cuts or scratches are not deep, we should
wash them with soap and water. Then we should apply antiseptic cream after
drying the wound. Then the cuts or scratches should be covered with a clean
bandage or a piece of clean cloth.

24.6
(a) (b)

If cuts or scratches are very deep and bleeding heavily, we should wash then
with soap and water. Then bleeding should be stopped by pressing the wound
with a pad of clean cloth or cotton. The first aider should wash his/her hands
properly with soap and water after giving first aid to the victim.

First aid for burns

Hot objects like fire, steam, acids, boiling water, firecrackers, etc. may burn
our skin. A burn may be minor or serious. No blisters are formed in the skin in
minor burn. The area of the burn should be immersed in cold water for 10-15
minutes. The burnt portion should be covered with a wet cloth.

24.7
(a) (b)

If the burn is severe with blisters the burnt part should be immersed in clod
water and the blisters should not be broken. The burnt part should be covered
with a wet bandage and the victim should be rushed to the hospital immediately.
166 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

First aid for a nose bleeding

On hot summer days, a nose bleeding is
common in children. The nose should be
pinched between the thumb and the fore
finger to stop bleeding. We should apply ice
pack on the nose to stop bleeding.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. 24.8

First aid for sprains

A sprain is a sudden twisting of a joint. The
twisted joint swells up and it is very painful.
The joint should not be moved. We should
apply ice pack to reduce the swelling. Then
an elastic bandage should be wrapped
around the injured portion.

24.9

First aid for fractures

The break or crack in a bone due to an accident

is called a fracture. We should not move the

fractured part. We should give support to

the fractured portion by strapping a splint or

cloth sling to prevent further damage. Then

the victim should be taken to the hospital for

further treatment. 24.10

First aid for animal bites

Some animals like dog, fox, cat, monkey, snake, etc. can bite us. The bites of
these animals can be fatal as it may transmit rabies. The bite of a poisonous
snake kills people if not treated on time.

24.11

(a) (b)
Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 167

The wound made by dog bite, fox bite, monkey bite, etc. should be washed
properly with soap and water. Then the victim should be taken to the hospital
for further treatment. In the case of snake bite, the victim should not be allowed
to move. The bitten part should be kept below the position of the heart and the
victim should be rushed to the hospital for further treatement.

Project Work

Make your own first aid box by keeping the following materials in the box.

- soap - spirit

- cotton wool - thermometer

- aspirin - adhesive pad

- bandage - scissors

- iodine solution - antiseptic

- burncream - band-aids

Key concepts

1. The unpleasant event that occurs suddenly and causes injury is called an
accident.

2. Most accidents can be avoided by adopting safety rules. Safety is the
state of being safe and protected from accidents.

3. First aid is the immediate help given to an injured person until the
medical treatment is available.

4. The person who is trained to give first aid is called a first aider.
5. The first aider should wash his/her hands properly with soap and water

after giving first aid to the victim.
6. A sprain is a sudden twisting of a joint.
7. The break or crack in a bone due to an accident is called a fracture.

Exercise

1. Put a (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the incorrect one.
a. The state of being safe and protected from an accident or danger is
called safety.
b. We should play with electric appliances.

168 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

c. We should go alone for swimming.
d. First aid is given after taking the victim to the hospital.
e. The crack or break in a bone is called a fracture.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. .............................. is an unpleasent event that occurs suddenly and
causes injury.
b. Most accidents can be avoided by adopting ..............................
c. We should cross the road only from the ..............................
d. The person who is trained to give first aid is called a ..............................
e. We should not make .............................. around the injured person.

3. Answer the following questions.
a. What is safety?
b. What is an accident? What is the main cause of an accident?
c. How can we avoid accidents?
d. Write any four safety rules that we should adopt at home.
e. Write any three safety rules that we should follow on the road.
f. How can we avoid accidents at school? Write any three measures.
g. Write any two safety rules while swimming.
h. What is first aid? Write down the objectives of first aid.
i. What first aid is given to a person who has suffered from cuts and
scratches.
j. Write down the first aid for nose bleeding and fracture.

4. Prepare a list of the materials that are kept in a 'first aid box'.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 169

Health Services and unit
Co-operation
25

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)

Teaching periods : 5 Marks (in %): 7.5

Before You Begin

Sometimes we fall sick or meet an accident. We seek treatment from
various health institutions like health post, clinics, hospitals, etc.
These institutions provide us health services. The services that we
get from health institutions to prevent various infections are called
health services. A community is a group of families living together.
The members of a community should work together to maintain good
health of the people. Community health is the combined effort of the
community to provide health services to the people. Co-operation of
the people in the community plays a vital role to assist each other in
getting services when they fall sick or meet with accidents.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
i. introduce health services and health institutions and explain

their importance.
ii. develop positive attitude towards health services and health

institutions.
iii. Seek preventive and curative health services and to encourage

others to seek health services.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

community : a group of families living together
insitution : an important organization that has a particular purpose
awareness : knowing that something exists and is important
drainage : the process by which water or liquid waste is drained from an area
maternal : connected with being a mother

170 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Health Services and Co-operation

When we fall sick or meet with an accident, we need treatment or health
services. Different health institutions like health posts, clinics, hospitals, etc.
provide various health services. We receive health services to prevent the
transmission of diseases and to cure injuries or diseases. The services that we
receive from health institutions to prevent various diseases and to cure our
illness are called health services.

Fig. Fig.25.1 (b)
(a)

In a locality, the group of people living together is called community. Each
member of community should play a great role to maintain good health of
the people. The main objective of community health is to improve individual
health as well as environmental health of the community.

Community health provides information regarding health services and hence
it helps to generate awareness among the community members.

25.2 (b)
(a)

An individual's effort will not be sufficient to solve all the health problems in
a community. Therefore, all the members of a community should work together
for providing health services to the people when they are in need. Similarly,
the community members should involve in development works like building
public toilets, establishing health institutions, etc. The community members

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 171

should conduct various programmes to generate awareness regarding child
health care, family health, maternal health care and communicable diseases.

We can live a healthy life by adopting

healthy behaviour. The health services

should be available to every part of the

country. In rural areas of Nepal, most

people depend on Dhami, Jhankri,

Jharphuk, Tantrik, etc. to treat diseases
Fig.
Fig.rather seeking health services from

health institutions. Some people believe 25.3
in god and hide some curable diseases

like leprosy, tuberculosis due to superstitions. We should generate awareness

to eliminate such types of superstitions.

In our country various health institutions like hospitals, nursing homes, clinics,
health posts, sub-health posts, primary health centres, etc. have been established to
provide health services. In these institutions doctors, nurses, health assistants, etc.
provide health services. They not only cure diseases but also suggest preventive
and control measures for various diseases. In our country, sub-healthposts, health
posts and primary healthpost centres provide health services to a large number of
people. However, these health institutions are not able to provide proper health
services due to lack of health personnel. Similarly, hospitals provide preventive
curative and rehabilitative services from outdoor and indoor departments.
However, the number of hospitals is limited in Nepal.

25.4 (b)
(a)

We should go to health institutions to get treatment when we fall sick. We
should take our family members or community members to health post or
hospital when they fall sick. We should visit health institutions regularly for
health checkup. We should vaccinate our children which helps to develop
immunity against diseases. We should encourage community members to
seek health services from various heath institutions.

172 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

We should co-operate with the people in our community. We should help the people
who are in need. Co-operation of the people in the community plays an important
role to provide health services to each and every member of a community.
Activity 1
Visit a nearby health institution and observe the health services that can be
obtained from that institution.

Activity 2
Prepare some placards to generate awareness regarding health services.
Display those placards in your school.

Key concepts
1. The services that we get from health institutions to prevent various

infections are called health services.
2. Co-operation of the people in the community plays a vital role to assist

each other in getting services when they fall sick or meet with accidents.
3. In our country various health institutions like hospitals, nursing homes,

clinics, health posts, sub-health posts, primary health centres, etc. have been
established to provide health services.
4. We should go to health institutions to get treatment when we fall sick.
5. We should encourage community members to seek health services from
various heath institutions.

Exercise

1. Put a (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the incorrect one.
a. The services that we get from health institutions are called health
services.

b. A person's effort will be sufficient to solve all the health problems of a
community.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 173

c. We can live a healthy life by adopting healthy behaviour.
d. We should go to Dhami and Jhakri to treat various diseases.
2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. The services that we get from health post, clinic, hospitals, etc. are

called .............................
b. The group of people living together are called .............................
c. In Nepal, ............................. provide health services to a large number

of people.
d. We should go to ............................. to get treatment when we fall sick.
3. Answer the following questions.
a. What are health services?
b. Name any three health institutions that provide us health services.
c. What is the main objective of community health?
d. Where should we go to treat diseases?
e. How can we live a healthy life?
4. Name any one health institution that you know.

174 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Tobacco, Alcohol and unit
Drugs
26

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)

Teaching periods : 8 Marks (in %): 12

Before You Begin

In our society, some people adopt bad habits like smoking, drinking
alcohol, taking tobacco and drugs. These bad habits lead to ill health.
Initially, people try smoking, drinking alcohol and taking tobacco to
enjoy, to relax and to reduce tension or boredom. Once people start
smoking, drinking alcohol and taking tobacco and drugs, they feel
difficult to give them up. Regular consumption of tobacco, alcohol
and drugs leads to various health problems. In this unit, we will study
tobacco, alcohol and drugs with their negative impacts on human
health and in our society.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
i. introduce tobacco, alcohol and drugs and explain their

harmful effects.
ii. take preventive measures against tobacco, alcohol and drug

consumption.
iii. say 'No' to tobacco, alcohol and drugs.
iv. organize campaigns against tobacco, alcohol and drugs.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

tobacco : a herb with thick green leaves used for making cigarattes, smoking in a
pipe or chewing

alcohol : drinks like beer, whiskey, wine, rum, vodka, etc. that can make people
drunk

drugs : illegal substances that some people smoke, inject, etc.

boredom : the state of feeling tired due to loss of interest

peer group : a group of people of the same age or social status

gastrointestinal : related to the stomach and intestine

ulcer : a sore area which is painful and may bleed

mental : connected with or happening in the mind

addiction : the condition of being addicted to something

addicted : unable to stop taking harmful drugs or using or doing something as habit

nausea : the feeling that you have when you want to vomit

robbery : the crime of stealing money or goods from a bank, store, shop, person, etc.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 175

Tobacco

Tobacco is a herb which is used for making cigarettes after drying its leaves. It
is also used in for smoking in pipes or chewing. Tobacco is a harmful substance
for human health as it contains nicotine.

Do You Know

About 130 crore people consume
tobacco throughout the world.

Fig. About 4000 types of harmful
Fig. chemicals enter our body during
smoking.

26.1 Chewing of tobacco can lead to
Tobacco plants cancer of mouth and throat.

The bad habit of taking the smoke of tobacco in the forms of cigarettes, hookah,
bidi, etc. is called smoking. People consume tobacco in two ways, viz. smoking
and chewing. It is smoked as cigarettes, bidis, hookah, etc. Similarly, tobacco is
chewed as surti, paan parag, jarda, etc.

26.2
(a) (b) (c)

Causes of consuming tobacco

1. People start consuming tobacco to relax and to have fun.
2. They consume tobacco to reduce tension or boredom.
3. Some people consume tobacco as a fashion.
4. Some people consume tobacoo due to the influence of advertisements or

their seniors.

Effects of consuming tobacco

1. Smoking and chewing tobacco can lead to cancer of mouth and throat.

2. Consumption of tobacco leads to various disorders like cough, increase in
heart beat and blood pressure.

176 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

3. It causes darkening of teeth and lips, breathing disorders, asthma, lung,
cancer and heart attack.

4. It affects pregnant women and the unborn baby.

Preventive measures

1. The company of smokers and bad friends should be avoided.
2. Public places, villages and towns should be declared as 'No Smoking

Zones'.
3. The adverisement of smoking and chewing tobacco should be banned.
4. Proper health education should be given to generate awareness against

tobacco.

Activity 1
Organise a programme in your locality to generate awareness against

tobacco.
Prepare some placards writing harmful effects of tobacco and display

them.
Suggest your seniors not to consume tobacco.

Alcohol

Alcohol is a clear liquid which is used in drinks like wine, beer, vodka, rum,
etc. It is also found in our local alcoholic drinks like jand, chhyang, tongba, etc.
In our society the consumers of alcohol are increasing day by day, However,
some people consume alcohol on some special occasions like picnic, party,
wedding, feast and festivals. People consume alcohol to entertain themselves.

Fig.

26.3

(a) (b)
Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 177

Causes of drinking alcohol

1. Many people drink alcohol to relax and to have fun.
2. Some people drink alcohol to forget their tension and reduce boredom.
3. Some people consume alcohol as a matter of their culture and tradition.
4. Some people drink alcohol under the influence of advertisements or their

seniors.

Effects of drinking alcohol

1. If we take alcohol in small amount, it relaxes the brain. But if we take
alcohol in a large quantity, the control system of the body becomes weak,
the person cannot speak clearly and loses physical balance. The person
may have blurred vision and cannot walk properly.

2. Driving vehicles after drinking alcohol may invite fatal accidents.
3. Long term consumption of alcohol affects liver, heart and kidneys. It

causes ulcers and other gastrointestinal diseases.
4. Regular consumption of alcohol affects the reproductive health of males

and females.
5. The consumers of alcohol lose prestige and respect in the society.

Preventive measures

1. We should avoid the company of bad friends and drunkards.
2. Drinking alcohol in public places should be banned.
3. Advertisements of alcohol should be banned.
4. Drunkards should be encouraged to give up drinking alcohol.
5. Proper education should be given to generate awareness regarding

harmful effects of drinking alcohol.
Activity 2
Prepare a drama against the consumption of alcohol focusing its harmful

effect on personal health, society and nation.
Invite the parents/guardians and stage this drama in the school.

178 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Drugs

Drugs are illegal chemical substances that some people smoke and inject. For
example opium, brown sugar, hashish, heroin, smack, cocaine, etc. Drugs are very
dangerous for human health as they alter the system of the mind and the body.

Fig. Fig.26.4 Brown sugar Hashish Heroin
Opium

A person becomes addicted once s/he starts to take drugs. The drug addicted
person needs continuous supply of drugs. If the addicted person does not get
drugs, s/he shows abnormal behaviours and symptoms like nausea, abdominal
pain, nervousness, muscular cramps, etc. However, these symptoms disappear
when s/he takes drugs.

26.5 (b)
(a)

Causes of taking drugs

1. People take drugs to have fun and to relax.

2. They take drugs to forget their tension and due to peer pressure.

3. Some people take drugs if they become unsuccessful in love, examination,
etc.

4. Some people take drugs if they remain unemployed and due to neglect of
family members.

Effects of drugs

1. Regular consumption of drugs leads to loss in memory, increase in heart
beat, visual disorders and change in facial appearance.
Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 179

2. People who share a syringe while taking drugs may get dangerous diseases
like AIDS, hepatitis B and C.

3. Addicted people involve in immoral activities like stealing things, robbery,
fighting, etc.

4. Addicted people lose social prestige and respect.

Preventive measures

1. The activities of young children (adolescents) should be monitored
properly.

2. We should avoid the company of bad friends and drug addicted people.
3. We should never try to take drugs due to peer pressure.
4. Various programmes should be conducted to develop awareness against

the use of drugs.
5. The government should control the trade and smuggling of drugs.
6. The drug addicted person should be admitted to rehabilitation centres.

Key concepts
1. The bad habit of taking the smoke of tobacco in the forms of cigarettes,

hookah, bidi, etc. is called smoking.
2. Alcohol is a clear liquid which is used in drinks like wine, beer, vodka,

rum, etc.
3. Proper education should be given to generate awareness regarding

harmful effects of drinking alcohol.
4. Drugs are illegal chemical substances that some people smoke and inject.
5. Regular consumption of drugs leads to loss in memory, increase in heart

beat, visual disorders and change in facial appearance.

Exercise

1. Put a (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the incorrect one.

a. Tobacco is used for making cigarettes.

b. Tobacco does not affect pregnant women.

c. We should drink alcohol to forget our tension.

180 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

d. We should avoid the company of bad friends.

e. Opium, brown sugar and smack are some examples of drugs.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. The bad habits of the taking smoke of tobacco is called .............................
b. Smoking and chewing tobacco can lead to cancer of .............................
and .............................
c. ............................. is a clear liquid which is found in drinks like beer,
wine, etc.
d. Regular consumption of alcohol affects ............................. and
.............................
e. ............................. are illegal chemical substances that people smoke
and inject.

3. Answer the following questions.
a. What is tobacco?
b. Write any two causes of using tobacco.
c. Write any three effects of tobacco in human health.
d. Write any two preventive measures of using tobacco.
e. What is alcohol? Why do people consume alcohol? Give any two
reasons.
f. Write any two effects and two preventive measures of consuming
alcohol.
g. What are drugs? Give any three examples.
h. Write any three causes of taking drugs.
i. Write any three effects of drugs in human health.
j. Write any three preventive measures of taking drugs.

4. We should avoid the company of bad friends to stay away from tobacco,
alcohol and drugs. Justify this statement.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 181

Sample Test Paper 3

Health Education

F.M. 50
Time: 1 hr. 30 min.
1. Put a (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the incorrect one. 5

a. We should maintain a high level of personal hygiene.

b. Solid wastes do not cause environment pollution.

c. Minerals help to build strong bones and teeth.

d. In amoebic dysentry, blood appears in stool.

e. We should consume tobacco and alcohol.

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. 5

a. Carbohydrates give ............................ to the body.

b. Mosquito and housefly are called ............................ of diseases.

c. Polio causes ............................in children.

d. Most accidents can be avoided by adopting ............................

e. The bad habit of taking the smoke of tobacco is called ............................

3. Answer the following questions. 10 × 2 = 20
a. What is meant by personal hygiene?

b. Define non-biodegradable wastes.

c. What is a balanced diet?

d. Write any two methods of preserving iodine in iodized salt.

e. What are communicable diseases?

f. Write any two symptoms of trachoma.

g. Write any two cause of non-communicable diseases.

h. What is the main causes of accident?

i. What are health services?

j. Write any two effects of drugs in human health.

182 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

4. Write any four ways to maintain personal hygiene. 4

5. Match the following. 5
a. Amoebic dysentery Paramyxo virus
b. Tuberculosis Bacteria
c. Trachoma Chlamydia trachomatis
d. Measles Mycobacterium
e. Diptheria Entamoeba histolytica

6. Write any three safety rules that we should follow on the road. 3

7. Name the nutrients found in each of the given food items. 2
a. b. c. d.

8. Writeanytwodifferencesbetweenbiodegradableandnon-biodegradable
wastes. 2

9. We should avoid the company of bad friends to stay away from tobacco,

alcohol and drugs. Justify. 4

Marks obtained: ...............................................

Student's grade: ...............................................

Teacher's remark: ............................................. Gardian's signature and

Teacher's signature: ......................................... remark

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 183

Physical Education unit

Locomotive Skills 27

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)

Teaching periods : 5 Marks (in %): 8

Before You Begin

Locomotive skills are the basic skills in physical education. They
include walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, throwing,
etc. These activities keep our body healthy, fit and fine. We need
basic locomotive skills to play games like volleyball, football,
basketball, etc. We can move our body parts skillfully and flexibly.
In this unit, we will practise some locomotive skills like walking
and running.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) introduce and perform locomotive skills.
(ii) say how to walk properly in measured steps, walk in pairs

and walk by imitation.
(iii) explain how to perform running in straight lines, obstacle

running and zig-zag running.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

locomotive : related to movement
hopping
skipping : movement shown by jumping on one foot
zig-zag
: the act of jumping over a rope which is held at both ends
obstacle
: a line that looks like a series of letter w’s as it bends to the left and then
to the right again

: an object that is in your way and that makes it difficult for you to move
forward

184 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Walking

The act of moving slowly with the help of legs is called walking. The proper
way of walking keeps our body fit and fine. We should walk on the heel of the
foot and gradually take help of front side of the foot.

For the proper way of walking, students should be gathered in a group and
should be given commands as slow march, double march and halt. Let the
students walk forward and backward by swinging hands according to the
movement. Let us practise the following activities to develop the proper way
of walking.

Activity 1 Walking in a straight line with long steps

Fig. 27.1
Fig.
Activity 2 Walking fast in a circular path and completing one round

27.2

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 185

Fig.Activity 3 Walking in pairs
Fig.
27.3

Activity 4 Walking fast in a zig-zag line

27.4

Running

Running is the act of moving fast by bending the body forward. We can reach
a place faster by running than by walking. The movement of legs and hands
is faster in running. Running makes our body strong and healthy. Similarly,
it makes our mind alert. We should know certain rules of running and apply
them while running. Running can be done in various ways, e.g. short distance
running, long distance running, hurdle (obstacle) race, relay race, etc. Let us
enjoy short distance race of 50 metre and hurdle race.
186 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Fig.Activity 1 Starting and commanding the way of running
Fig.Measure up a distance of 50 metres between the starting line and terminal line
using a measuring tape. Divide students in groups of three and command them
as on your mark, get set and go. Students should start running immediately
after getting command to proceed.

27.5

Activity 2 Hurdle (obstacle) race
In hurdle race, students run with some obstacles like locking hands, sitting
with friends, etc. To perform such hurdle race, students are taken on a race
course with hurdles or obstacles and are commanded to run.

27.6

Activity 3 Simple jogging
Students run lightly in simple jogging. The teacher should select appropriate
path for simple jogging. Let us enjoy simple jogging.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 187

Fig.

27.7

Exercise

1. What are locomotive skills?
2. Write any two examples of locomotive skills.
3. What is meant by walking?
4. What is meant by running?
5. Write any two advantages of walking.
6. Study the given figures and name the activity shown in the figures.

a. b. c.

188 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Jumping unit

28

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 3 Marks (in %): 4.5

Before You Begin

Jumping is the act of lifting our whole body leaving the ground.
It is a basic skill of physical education. We can move forward,
backward, left and right by jumping. Jumping skill is required to
escape a hurdle or to cross a river on the way. There are different
types of jumping. In this unit, we will practise skipping, long jump
and high jump.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) skip a moving rope and hop by changing directions.
(ii) demonstrate high jump and long jump in different ways.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

jump : to move quickly off the ground or away from the surface by pushing
yourself with your legs and feet
skip
adequate : to jump over a rope which is held at both ends
approach
: enough in quantity or good enough in quality

: to come near to somebody/something in distance or time

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 189

Fig.Skipping
Fig.
Skipping is the act of jumping over a rope
which is held at both ends and is passed again
and again over the head and under the feet.
In skipping, students skip a rotating rope for
a certain number of times. Adequate skipping
helps to keep our body fit and healthy.

28.1

Long jump

To perform long jump, we should select an appropriate ground and make a
sand pit. The sand pit is required to land safely after jumping. Students are
divided into different groups and asked to remain just behind the starting line.
There are four steps of a long jump. They are (i) Approach (ii) Take off (iii)
Flight, and (iv) Landing. Let us practise long jump as follows:

28.2

High jump

High jump is one of the most popular skills of physical exercise. To perform
high jump, an appropriate ground is selected and a sand pit is prepared to
make the players land safely. A cross-bar is fixed with two upright poles. There
are four steps of high jump.
190 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Fig.They are (i) Approach, (ii) Take off, (iii) Flight, and (iv) Landing. Let us practise
Fig.high jump as shown in the given figure.

28.3
Approach is the first step of high jump. In this step, a player reaches the jump
course and stands behind the marked line. After getting the signal from the
teacher, the player should take five to seven steps before the take off.
Take off is the second step of high jump. The player takes off with his/her
strong leg. The leg on which the player is taking off should raised and another
leg should move to cross the bar.
Flight is the third step of high jump. The player should cross the bar without
touching it during the flight.
Landing is the fourth or the last stage of high jump. The player should
balance his/her body for a safe landing on the ground. The player jumping the
maximum height without touching the bar is declared the winner.

Different styles of high jump

Perform different types of high jump getting instructions from the teacher. Let
us enjoy high jump.

28.4

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 191

Fig.High jump on increased height

Practise high jump raising the height in different heights. After every successful
high jump, the height of the bar should be raised by 1 cm.

28.5

Exercise

1. What is meant by jumping?
2. Why is jumping skill required?
3. What is skipping? Write its one advantage.
4. Write down four steps of long jump.
5. Write down the first and third step of high jump.
6. Study the given figures and name the activities.

a. b.

192 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Throwing unit

29

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 2 Marks (in %): 3

Before You Begin

We throw different objects from one place to another in our daily
life. Throwing is an act in which objects are thrown to a distance. We
use the skill of throwing to throw a volleyball, football, basketball,
cricket ball, etc. Similarly, we throw shot put, tennis ball, stone,
chungi, etc. Throwing helps maintain the motion of the body. It
also helps to keep our body fit and healthy. Proper movement of
the body, hands and legs should be maintained for the proper way
of throwing.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) introduce throwing and perform throwing of a ball or any

other object to a certain distance.
(ii) throw an object to a fixed or targeted place.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

throwing : an act in which we throw objects to a distance
shot put throw : the event or sport of throwing a heavy metal ball as far as possible
stance : position, i.e. the way in which somebody stands when playing a sport
glide : continuous movement
chungi : a collection of rubber bands which is played with legs

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 193

Fig.Throwing Chungi or Ball
Fig.
Before throwing heavy objects, we should practise throwing by using light
objects like chungi. Throwing a chungi or a light ball is a basic practice for
throwing heavy objects. We can play this game in groups. Let us enjoy throwing
a chungi.

29.1

Throwing a basketball into the basket

Throwing is an essential skill to play basketball. We should throw basketball
into the basket fixed to the pole in the basketball ground. This game is played
in groups. Let us practise throwing a basketball into the basket.

29.2

Throwing a shot put

A shot put is a heavy metal ball. Throwing a shot put is played in an open area.
We should be careful while throwing a shot put as it may cause accidents.
194 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Fig.To throw a shot put, the player should stand inside the circle and throw the
shot put as far as possible. Throwing of a shot put includes four steps. They are
(i) Holding the shot put, (ii) Stance, (ii) Glide, and (iv) Release. Let us practise
throwing a shot put as shown in the given figure.

29.3

Exercise

1. What is throwing? Write one advantage of "throwing skill".
2. What is chungi? Write one advantage of throwing chungi.
3. What is meant by shot-put?
4. Write down the four steps of throwing a shot put.
5. Study the given figures and name the game shown in the figures.

a. b.

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 195

unit

Non-locomotive Skills 30

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 3 Marks (in %): 4

Before You Begin

Some physical activities can be performed without moving from
one place to another. These activities are called non-locomotive
skills. These activities can be performed by standing, sitting and
lying on a certain place. Pushing, pulling, throwing, swinging, etc.
are some non-locomotive skills.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) introduce non-locomotive skills with examples.
(ii) swing by hanging onto a bar or any other object.
(iii) land safely after hanging and swinging.
(iv) climb up and down high objects like pole, tree, rope, etc.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

non-locomotive : which does not involve movement from one place to another

throwing : an act in which we throw objects to a distance

swinging : to move backwards or forwards or from side to side while hanging
from a fixed point

hanging : to attach something at the top so that the lower part is free

climbing : the sport or activity of going up with difficulty or effort

196 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Fig. Fig.Non-locomotive Skills

Non-locomotive skills are the physical activities which are performed without
moving from one place to another. For example, throwing, swinging, pulling,
pushing, climbing, hanging, etc. Non-locomotive skills can be performed by
standing, sitting, hanging or lying in a place. These skills are helpful to perform
different activities in our day-to-day life. Let us practise some non-locomotive
skills given below:
Activity 1 Hanging on a bar

30.1

Activity 2 Swinging on a rope

30.2

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 197

Fig. Fig.Activity 3 Climbing on a pole

30.3

Activity 4 Climbing a tree

30.4

Exercise

1. What are non-locomotive skills?
2. Write any three examples of non-locomotive skills.
3. Write down one advantage of performing non-locomotive skills.
4. How are non-locomotive skills performed?
198 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4

Drill unit

31

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 4 Marks (in %): 6

Before You Begin

Drill can be defined as the collective physical activities which is
carried out under the command of a team leader. Various activities
are carried out while performing drill. In this unit, we will practise
some activities of drill such as right turn, left turn, about turn,
quick march and halt, right sight and straight sight.

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) introduce drill.
(ii) perform turning items like left turn, right turn and about turn

in proper ways.
(iii) perform quick march, halt and sight items like left sight, right

sight and straight sight.

Glossary: A dictionary of scientific/technical terms

drill : the collection of physical activities which is carried out under the
command of the team leader
march
halt : to walk with stiff regular steps like a soldier
heel
attention : to stop, to make somebody/something stop

: the back part of the foot below the ankle

: the position that soldiers take when they stand very straight with their
feet together and their arms at their sides

Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4 GREEN BOOK 199

Activity 1 Right turn Fig. Fig.
a. Be in attention position in a

straight line before getting
command to turn right.
b. After getting command turn
your right side at an angle of 90°
by standing on right heel and
left toe.
c. Lift the left foot and place it 31.1
with the right after turning.

Activity 2 Left turn
a. After getting command, turn

your left side at angle of 90° by
standing on left heel and right
toe.
b. Be in attention position after
turning and place the right leg,
beside the left.

31.2

Activity 3 About turn

a. Stand up in straight lines in
attention position.

b. After getting first command, Fig.
turn with the help of left toe and
right heel at an angle of 180°. In
the second command, raise the
left foot about 6 inches and keep
it behind the right foot.

c. Come in attention position. 31.3

200 GREEN BOOK Science, Health and Physical Education Book-4