Green Science 2 Final

North Pole
Equator

Earth's orbit

Winter

Summer

Autumnal

Changes in seasons on the earth

Exercise

1. Tick (√) the best answer from the given alternatives.

a. The spin of the earth in its own axis is called .........................

movement revolution rotation

b. The earth completes one rotation in .........................

24 hours 30 days 365 days

c. The movement of the earth around the sun in its own path is
called .........................

season revolution rotation

d. The portion of the earth that gets sunlight has .........................

night day and night day

2. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. The earth rotates on its own axis.

b. The portion of the earth that gets the sunlight has a night.

c. The earth completes one revolution in 365 days.

d. The rotation of the earth causes day and night.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 101

3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. The spinning of the earth in its own axis is called ......................
b. The portion of the earth that does not get sunlight has
.........................
c. We are active during .........................
d. The ......................... of the earth causes changes in seasons.

4. Answer the following questions.
a. What is meant by rotation of the earth?
b. What causes day and night to occur on the earth?
c. Which portion of the earth has a night?
d. What is revolution of the earth?

5. Study the given figure and write which portion of the earth
has a day – A or B? Why?

AB
Sun Earth

102 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

unit

Colours of the Sunlight 19

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 2 Marks (in %): 3

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) name different colours of the sunlight.
(ii) identify the rainbow.

Word Power

sunlight rainbow split prism

violet indigo blue green

yellow orange red

Teaching Instructions

ó Demonstrate a picture of a rainbow and explain to the students that
the sunlight is made of these seven colours.

ó Let the students write the names of seven colours present in the
sunlight.

ó Take the students to a sunny place. Demonstrate the seven colours
present in the sunlight by splitting the sunlight using a glass prism.

ó Ask the students to draw a neat and coloured figure of a rainbow.
ó Evaluate the students asking them various questions related to the

colours of the sunlight.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 103

Colours of the Sunlight

We see the sunlight during the day time. Rainbow
The sunlight is formed by the Dispersion of light
combination of seven different colours.
They are violet (V), indigo (I), blue (B),
green (G), yellow (Y), orange (O) and
red (R). In short, we can say VIBGYOR.
The seven colours of the sunlight can be
seen in a rainbow.

During the rainy season, you might have
seen the rainbow. Can you name the
colours present in a rainbow? Similarly,
we can split the sunlight into seven
different colours using a glass prism.
The splitting of the sunlight into seven
different colours is called the dispersion
of light. The dispersion of the sunlight
using a prism is shown in the figure
alongside.

Activity 1
Take a glass prism and go to a sunny place.

Keep the prism in front of the beam of the sunlight and observe
carefully.

Can you see the dispersion of the sunlight?

Draw a neat figure and colour it.

Exercise

1. Tick (√) the best answer from the given alternatives.

a. The sunlight is made of .........................

five colours seven colours ten colours

104 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

b. A rainbow can be seen during the .........................

summer season rainy season spring season

c. Which of the given colours cannot be seen in a rainbow?

black green red

2. Tick (√) the correct statement and cross (×) the incorrect one.
a. The sunlight is made of seven colours.
b. A rainbow can be seen at night.
c. A rainbow consists of five colours.
d. The splitting of the sunlight into seven colours is called a
dispersion.

4. Answer the following questions.
a. What is the sunlight made of?
b. Name the seven colours present in a rainbow?
c. When do we see a rainbow?
d. What is dispersion of light?

Project work
We can see a rainbow during the rainy season. Observe a

rainbow in the sky. Try to identify seven colours in the rainbow.

Draw a neat and labelled figure and colour the figure.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 105

Sample Test Paper 2

Science and Environment
F.M.: 50
Time: 1 hr. 30 min.

1. Tick (√) the best answer from the given alternatives. 5

a. Rice, wheat and maize are the examples of ............................

pulses cereals vegetables

b. The natural world around us is called ............................

soil land environment

c. Which of the given substances have a fixed shape?

solid liquid gas

d. The colour of leaves is .......................

red white green

e. The main source of heat and light on the earth is ...................

the sun the moon electric bulb

2. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the

incorrect one. 5

a. We get eggs from cows and buffaloes.

b. We become healthy in polluted air.

c. Flowers have good smell.

d. Very hot objects emit light.

e. A brick is a transparent object.

106 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words. 5

a. .................... keeps our body warm.

b. We get heat and .................... from the sun.

c. A .................... is a dark patch behind an opaque object.

d. The surface of the earth consists of .................... and
....................

e. The spinning of the earth on its own axis is called ....................

4. Match the following. 5
a. Round

b. Circular

c. Rectangular

d. Cylindrical

e. Irregular

5. Answer the following questions.

a. What are cereals? Give any two examples. 2+1

b. What is environment pollution? Name any two things that

cause air pollution. 2+1

c. What is the taste of a lemon? Name any two things having

good smell. 2+1

d. What is heat? Name any two sources of heat. 2+1

e. What is a sunny day? Why do we feel cold on a cloudy

day? 2+1

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 107

f. What are transparent objects? Give any two examples of
opaque objects. 2+1

g. What is a hill? Name the tallest mountain in the world. 2+1
5. Study the given figure and write which portion of the earth

has a night – A or B? Why? 2

AB

Sun Earth

7. Draw a neat figure of a rainbow and colour it. 7

Marks obtained: ............................................... Gardian's signature and

Student's grade: ............................................... remark

Teacher's remark: .............................................

Teacher's signature: .........................................

108 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Health Education unit

Personal Hygiene 20

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 6 Marks (in %): 18

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) state the proper ways of cleaning our body parts.
(ii) tell the importance of personal hygiene.

Word Power

hygiene cleanliness groom sense
bite
tooth brush bathing sneezing regularly
towel
handkerchief cotton ear-buds

disease seasons comfortable

Teaching Instructions

ó Introduce various organs of the body to the students.
ó Introduce sense organs to the students.
ó Describe the proper method of cleaning those organs.
ó Demonstrate the method of cleaning eyes, ears,nose, tongue, teeth, etc.

to the students.
ó Encourage the students to use local materials to clean their body and

body parts.
ó Check (inspect) the personal hygiene of the students one by one and

give necessary suggestions.
ó Describe the importance of personal hygiene to the students.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 109

Personal Hygiene

A variety of organs are found in our Do You Know
body. Examples: Eyes, ears, nose,
tongue, skin, heart, lungs, kidney, Personal hygiene
is the process of

brain. Among them eyes, ears, nose, maintaining cleanliness

tongue and skin are found outside and grooming of the
the body. These organs are more external body.

sensitive than other body organs. So We should maintain a
they are called sense organs. Mouth, high level of personal
hair, teeth and nails are some other hygiene to keep
parts of the human body. We should ourselves fit and fine.

clean our body parts regularly to maintain personal hygiene.

A good personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to protect
our body from various diseases. So we should take a bath and clean
body parts regularly.

Eye Ear Nose Tongue

1. Skin and its care

Skin forms the outermost layer of our

body. While working and playing,

skin becomes dirty. So we should take

bath regularly. Bathing keeps our skin

clean. We should use pure water and

soap for bathing. We should wash

all the lather of soap and shampoo

while bathing and cleaning hair. After

bathing, we should wipe our body Taking a bath
with a clean towel. We should wear

110 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

clean clothes according to the season. Do You Know

2. Eyes and their care Skin helps us to feel
hot and cold.

Eyes are the sense organs that help Skin forms the outer

us to see things. We have two eyes in most covering of
the facial region. We should take care human body.

of our eyes. So we should wash our

eyes with pure and clean water. We should

not wash eyes with hot and dirty water. We

should not rub our eyes with hands. We

should not see the sun directly . We should

not read in a moving vehicle. We should eat

green vegetables and yellow fruits to keep

our eyes healthy. Washing face

3. Ears and their care

Ears are the sense organs that help us to

hear. We have two ears, one on either side

of the head. We should wash our ears with

clean water. We should use soft cloth to

wipe our ears. We should not insert any

sharp and pointed object inside the ears.

We should use cotton ear buds to remove Cleaning ear

dirt from the ears. We should keep our ears clean.

4. Nose and its care Cleaning nose with a towel

Nose helps us to smell things. It also
helps in breathing. We should use
a clean handkerchief to clean our
nose. We should cover our nose with
a handkerchief while sneezing. We
should keep our nose clean.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 111

5. Tongue and its care

Tongue is a soft organ found in the
mouth cavity. It helps to taste food
and speak. The tongue remains
surrounded by teeth. We should clean
our tongue with a tongue cleaner.

We should wash our tongue with Cleaning tongue
clean water.

6. Teeth and their care Do You Know

Our tongue can detect

Teeth are found in the upper jaw and four types of tastes.
lower jaw in the mouth cavity. They They are sweet, salty,
help to chew food. They add the sour and bitter.

beauty to our face. Food particles get

stuck between teeth and they become dirty. We should brush our

teeth twice a day with a soft brush and good toothpaste. We should

take care of our teeth.

Do You Know

Adult humans have 32 teeth in
their mouth.

Humans have four types of
teeth. They are incisors, canines,
premolars and molars.

Brushing teeth

7. Hair and its care

Hair adds the beauty to our head. We
should wash our hair regularly with
shampoo or soap. We should comb
our hair regularly. We should trim
our hair regularly.

Cleaning hair

112 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

8. Nails and their care
Nails are found in the tip of fingers.
They grow slowly and become long.
Dirt may stick inside the nails. So we
should trim our nails regularly with a
nail-cutter. We should not use a blade
or knife to trim nails.

Trimming nail

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. We should maintain a high level of personal hygiene.

b. We should bath once in a month.

c. We should not wash eyes with hot water.

d. We should brush our teeth twice a day.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.

a. Personal hygiene is the process of maintaining .................... .

b. We should wear clothes according to the ......................... .

c. The tongue helps us to ......................... foods.

d. We should trim our nails with a ......................... .

3. Answer the following questions.
a. What is personal hygiene?
b. Write any two ways of caring for eyes.
c. Write any two ways of caring for the tongue.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 113

d. Which organs of our body help to see things?
e. How many sense organs do we have? Name them.

4. Identify the given organs/body parts and write any two ways
of cleaning those organs.
abc

5. Match the following: Clean water
a. Ears Clean towel
Ear buds
b. Eyes Nail cutter
c. Nails Tooth brush
d. Skin
e. Teeth

114 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Good Habit unit

21

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 4 Marks (in %): 12.5

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) identify good habits and bad habits.
(ii) say good habits for walking, sitting, reading and

sleeping.

Word Power

posture position sleep rest

sit stand muscle shape

unfit bending rinse straight

affect healthy active avoid

Teaching Instructions

ó Observe various habits of students for walking, sitting, reading,
writing, etc.

ó Demonstrate correct postures and good habits for walking, sitting
sleeping, etc.

ó Suggest the students to practise good habits and avoid bad habits.
ó Evaluate the students by observing their habits and asking various

questions related to good habits and bad habits.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 115

Good Habit

Our body assumes various positions Do You Know
while walking, sitting and sleeping.
These positions are called postures. Postures are various
The postures that we practise may be positions of a body
while walking, sitting,

correct or incorrect. Correct postures sleeping, etc.

keep our body fit and healthy and We should practice
incorrect postures affect our body correct postures

in many ways. Therefore, we should and avoid incorrect
always practise correct postures postures.

while doing various activities such

as walking, sitting, reading, standing and sleeping.

Some correct postures and incorrect postures of our body while
doing different activities are shown in the figures below. Follow the
correct postures and avoid the incorrect ones.

1. While walking

Correct posture Incorrect posture Incorrect posture
2. While sitting

Correct posture Incorrect posture

116 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Correct posture Incorrect posture
3. While reading and writing

Correct posture Correct posture

Incorrect posture Incorrect posture
4. While sleeping

Correct posture Incorrect posture Incorrect posture

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 117

5. While standing

Correct posture Incorrect posture Incorrect posture

Some of the good habits that we should practise in our daily life are
as follows :

1. We should wash our hands with soap and water or ash and
water before having food and after visiting a toilet.

2. We should brush our teeth after having food.

3. We should rinse our mouth after eating sweets and chocolates.

4. We should wash our eyes with clean water.

5. We should take a bath regularly.

Activity 1
Demonstrate your habit of walking, reading, sleeping and

standing one by one.

Discuss with your friends whether these habits are good or bad.

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. Correct postures keep our body fit and healthy.
b. We should write by lying our body.
c. We should read by lying on bed.
d. We should wash our eyes with dirty water.

118 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. The positions of our body while walking, sitting and standing
are called ......................... .
b. ......................... postures keep us fit and healthy.
c. We should ......................... our teeth after having food.
d. We should take a bath ......................... .

3. Study the given figures and write whether these postures are
correct or incorrect.

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v) (vi)

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 119

unit

Cleanliness of a House 22

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 3 Marks (in %): 9

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) tell the ways to clean the house.
(ii) differentiate between a clean house and a dirty house.

Word Power

cleanliness ceiling wall broom
toilet bathing
attatched plastic dirt garden
tidy
sewage dust

kitchen neat

Teaching Instructions

ó Describe the ways to clean a house to the students.
ó Teach them about biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes.
ó Differentiate between a clean house and a dirty house.
ó Take the students to a nearby house and let them inspect the cleanliness

of that house.
ó Let the students discuss the ways to clean a house.
ó Evaluate the students asking them various questions related to

cleanliness of house.

120 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Cleanliness of a House

A house is the place where Clean house
we live in. We should keep
our house neat and clean.
We should keep our study
room and sleeping room
clean. We should remove
spider's webs from walls
and ceilings. We should
remove dusts from windows
and doors.

We should wipe doors, Green dustbin Red dustbin
windows and window
panes regularly with moist
cloth. We should clean the
surroundings of our house
(courtyard) everyday. We
should collect dust, plastics,
paper pieces and other
wastes in a dustbin.

Some wastes like pieces of

paper, waste vegetables,

peels of fruits and waste

food decay. Some wastes

like pieces of plastics, pieces

of glass and pieces of metals

do not decay. The wastes that

decay after a certain time are

called biodegradable wastes. Washing hands after toilet

These waste can be used to make compost manure by decaying.

So, biodegradable wastes should be kept in a separate dustbin or

basket. We can also use those wastes in the kitchen garden.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 121

The waste materials that do not decay for a very long time are called

non-biodegradable wastes. These wastes should be kept in a

separate dustbin. We can also recycle and reuse some waste

materials.

We should wear sleepers while using Do You Know
a toilet. We should wash our hands
with soap and water after using a Sewage is the waste
toilet. We can use ash-water if we do water coming from
not have soap. We should flush the kitchen, bathroom,
toilet properly after use. We should toilet, etc.
keep our toilet and bathroom neat
and clean. Garbage includes the
waste materials that we
throw away.

We should dispose sewage and garbage properly. We should take
a bath regularly. We should keep our house and its surroundings
clean.

Activity 1
Observe the cleanliness of your own house.

What is the condition of the bathroom, toilet, kitchen, and other
rooms. Observe and write in your notebook whether they are
clean or not.

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. We should keep our house clean.
b. We should throw wastes in the courtyard.
c. We should separate biodegradable and
non-biodegradable wastes.
d. We should not flush the toilet.

122 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. We should throw ......................... in a dustbin.
b. ......................... wastes decay after certain time.
c. Pieces of plastics and pieces of glasses are the examples of
......................... wastes.
d. We should dispose ......................... and garbage properly.

3. Study the given figure carefully and answer the following
questions:

a. What is shown in the above figure?
b. Why is the person covering his nose?
c. Is the given house clean or dirty?
4. Answer the following questions.
a. How can you clean your house? Write any three points.
b. What are biodegradable wastes? Give any two examples.
c. What are non- biodegradable wastes? Give any two examples.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 123

unit

Cleanliness of School 23

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 2 Marks (in %): 6

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) state some ways to clean a school.
(ii) differentiate between a clean school and a dirty school.

Word Power

broom basket waste pit
bury garden
flower tap pick wrapper

uproot pluck

dustbin manage

Teaching Instructions

ó Teach some proper ways to clean the school to the students.
ó Let the students observe the condition of cleanliness of the school and

prepare plans to clean the school.
ó Divide the students into four groups to clean different areas of the

school.
ó Motivate the students to keep their school clean.
ó Evaluate the students asking them various questions related to

cleanliness of school.

124 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Cleanliness of a School

We should keep our school Clean school
neat and clean. We should
clean the classroom every
day with a broom. We should
not throw food wrappers
here and there. We should
throw pieces of paper and
plastics only in a dustbin.
We should not write on the
desk.

We should manage

our classroom

properly. We

should clean the

surroundings of

the school. We

should clean

the toilet and Clean toilet Clean water tap
bathroom of the

school. We should pick and collect waste papers, pieces of glasses

and separate degradable and non-degradable wastes.

We should not pluck flowers from the school garden. We should
water the flowers of the garden regularly. We should uproot
unwanted plants in the garden.

We should keep the water tap clean. We should not throw waste
materials near the water tap. Neat and clean school looks beautiful.
How is your school? Clean or dirty?

Activity 1
Inspect the classrooms and surroundings of the school. Identify

whether they are clean or not.

Suggest some ways to keep your school neat and clean.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 125

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. We should not clean our classroom.
b. We should uproot flowers from the school garden.
c. We should manage our classroom properly.
d. We should throw wastes near a water tap.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. We should keep our school neat and ......................... .
b. We should not ........................ flowers from the school garden.
c. We should keep water tap ......................... .
d. We should separate ......................... wastes and .........................
wastes.

3. What are shown in the given figures? Also, write down their
uses.

abc

4. Observe the given figure. Write
any three points after your
observation.

126 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

My Food unit

24

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 4 Marks (in %): 12.5

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) name various food items that we eat.
(ii) classify food items in the terms of energy-giving, body-

building and protective foods.

Word Power protein body-building
energy
protective provide carbohydrate
vitamins
curd minerals protein
rich
disease germs

function nutrition

Teaching Instructions

ó Ask the students to tell the names of foods that they eat.
ó Encourage the students to eat clean and fresh foods.
ó Write the names of various food items on the board.
ó Group those food items into energy-giving, body-building and

protective foods.
ó Encourage the students to eat fruits and vegetables.
ó Discourage the students to eat junk foods and packaged food items.
ó Evaluate the students asking them various questions related to food

items that we eat.
GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 127

My Food

Every day we eat a variety of food items. We eat food to live. Foods
provide energy to our body. We need energy to do work. Our food
includes rice, dal, bread, curry, meat, egg, fish, milk, curd, fruits
and vegetables. These food items are rich in nutrition. We get
nutrition from different types of food. Some food items are rich
in carbohydrates, some are rich in proteins and some are rich in
vitamins.

Nepali dish Mutton Chicken Fish

Eggs Milk Curd Fruits

Some foods give us energy to do work. Some foods help in body

building. Some foods protect our body from various diseases. On

this basis, foods are classified into following three groups :

1. Energy-giving foods Do You Know

The food items like rice, bread, The food items that
potato, maize, sweet potato, chapati, provide us energy are
sugarcane and sweets give us energy. called energy-giving
These food items are called energy- foods. Examples: Rice,
giving foods. Some energy giving bread, potato, sweets, etc.
foods are given below:
Energy-giving foods are
rich in carbohydrates.

128 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Rice Chapati Bread

Sweets Potatoes Sugarcane

2. Body- building foods

The food items like meat, fish, pulses, Do You Know
chicken and eggs help our body to
grow. These foods are rich in protein. The food items that
Food items like milk, curd, butter, help our body grow
cheese and oil are rich in fat. They are called body-
make our body healthy and strong. building foods.
The food items which are rich in
protein and fat are also called body- Body- building foods
building foods. are rich in proteins and
fats.

Some body- building foods are given below:

Mutton Chicken Fish

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 129

Eggs Milk Ghee

3. Protective foods

Different types of fruits and Do You Know
vegetables protect our body from
various diseases. These foods are The food items that
called protective foods. protect our body from
various diseases are

Various types of fruits like mango, called protective foods.
apple, orange, papaya, banana,
guava, lychee, peach, pear and Protective foods are
plum and vegetables like cabbage, rich in vitamins and
minerals.

cauliflower, broccoli, lettuce, onion, garlic, radish and carrot provide

vitamins and minerals to our body. We should eat different types

of fruits and vegetables to protect our body from illness. Some

protective foods are given below.

Fruits Vegetables

We should cook our food properly. We should boil milk properly
before drinking. We should wash fruits and vegetables properly.
We should include different types of food items in our daily meal.

130 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Activity 1
Make a list of different food items that you eat at your home.
Classify these food items into following groups.

Energy- giving foods Body-building foods Protective foods
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. Foods provide energy to our body.

b. Rice, maize and bread are energy-giving foods.

c. The food items that protect our body from diseases
are called body-building foods.

d. Protective foods are rich in vitamins and minerals.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.

a. Different food items are divided into ......................... groups.

b. Energy- giving foods are rich in ......................... .

c. ......................... foods are rich in proteins and fats.

d. The food items that protect our body from illness are called
......................... .

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 131

3. Answer the following questions.
a. Why do we eat food?

b. Name three groups of food items.

c. What are energy- giving foods? Give any three examples.
d. What are body- building foods? Give any three examples.
e. What are protective foods? Give any three examples.

4. Match the following: Body-building foods
a. Rice, bread and potato Protective foods
b. Pulse, meat and fish Energy-giving foods
c. Fruits and vegetables

5. Identify the following food items and write their types.
a. b. c.

Project work
What type of food items are eaten in feasts and festivals?

Prepare a list of those food items.
Classify these food items into energy-giving, body-building

and protective foods.

132 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Drinking Water unit

25

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 2 Marks (in %): 6

Learning Objectives

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
(i) describe the importance of pure drinking water.
(ii) state the qualities of drinking water.
(iii) state the methods of keeping water safe for drinking.

Word Power

need pure possible survive

drinking irrigation generate contaminated

boil filter clean healthy

hydroelectricity purpose irrigation

impurities germs minerals potable

Teaching Instructions

ó Describe the properties of pure water to the students.
ó Describe the methods of keeping water safe for drinking.
ó Explain the importance of pure water to the students.
ó Describe some methods of purifying water.
ó Demonstrate the method of keeping water safe for drinking.
ó Evaluate the students asking them various questions related to

drinking water.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 133

Drinking Water

We drink water to survive. Living beings cannot survive without water.
Life is impossible in the absence of water. We use water for various
purposes. We use water for drinking, bathing, washing and cooking.
Similarly, we use water for irrigation and generating hydroelectricity.

We get water from various sources. River, well, tube-well, tap,
lake, pond and spouts are some sources of water. But all sources of
water do not contain potable water. The water which is suitable for
drinking is called potable water.

River Well Tube-well Lake

Our drinking water should be pure. Clean water without germs
and other impurities is called pure water. Drinking water should
have the following properties.

1. Drinking water should be clean.
2. It should be free from germs and other impurities.
3. It should be pure.

4. It should be rich in minerals.

We should purify water before drinking. We should filter and
boil water before drinking. And filtered water should be kept in
a clean pot and the pot should be covered properly. We can also
add chlorine to purify water. Now-a-days, we can purify water by
electrical method by using euro guard. Pure drinking water keeps
us healthy.

Boiling water Filtering water Pure water Storing water

134 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

The contaminated water may contain germs. We suffer from various

diseases like typhoid, Do You Know
diarrhoea, dysentery and
jaundice by drinking We should always drink pure water.
contaminated water.
Therefore, water should We can purify water by boiling,
be purified before filtering and adding chlorine.
drinking.
Contaminated water may cause
various diseases like typhoid,
diarrhoea and dysentery.

Activity 1
How do you purify water at your home? Is that water safe for
drinking or not? Write in your science notebook.

Activity 2
Visit a nearby source of water with your science teacher.
Collect some water in a pot and observe it carefully.
Discuss whether the water is fit for drinking or not.

Activity 3
Discuss the qualities of pure drinking water in the classroom.
Write any three qualities of pure drinking water.

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. We can survive without water.
b. River water is fit for drinking.
c. Drinking water should be pure.
d. Contaminated water may contain germs.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 135

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. River, well and tube-well are some sources of ....................... .
b. Drinking water should be free from ......................... .
c. We should ......................... water before drinking.
d. Contaminated water may contain .......................... .

3. Answer the following questions.
a. Why should we drink water?
b. Name any four sources of water.
c. Write any three qualities of drinking water.
d. How can we purify water? Write any two methods.
e. What happens if we drink contaminated water?


Project work
Observe a water filter at your home or school. Study the

mechanism of purification of water with the help of the water
filter.

136 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

unit

Be safe from Diseases 26

Weighting Distribution (Approximate)

Learning Objectives Teaching periods : 5 Marks (in %): 15

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:

(i) explain the healthy and unhealthy condition of the
body.

(ii) state the ways to be safe from diseases.

(iii) define communicable and non- communicable diseases.

Word Power

safe disease communicable

non-communicable physically mentally

injured wounded infection sputum

mucus sneezing coughing headache

blindness deafness tuberculosis typhoid

measles conjunctivitis transmit patient

malnutrition accident

Teaching Instructions

ó Demonstrate cut-out pictures of the people suffering from various
diseases.

ó Introduce diseases to the students with examples.
ó Ask the students whether they have been suffered from any diseases

or not.
ó Prepare a list of diseases and classify them in terms of communicable

and non- communicable diseases.
ó Introduce communicable and non- communicable diseases with

examples.
ó Evaluate the students asking them various questions related to diseases

and their types.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 137

Be Safe from Diseases

A disease is a condition when we feel uneasy. A sick person feels
uneasy to work. Diarrhoea, typhiod, cancer, common cold and
headache are some examples of diseases. A sick person becomes
physically and mentally weak.

Common cold Diarrhoea Bone fracture

We suffer from diseases due to many reasons. Some of them are
given below:

1. When germs enter our body.

2. When the body or body parts get injured or wounded.

3. If a part or entire body does not work.

4. If we do not get a balanced diet.

Some diseases transmit from one person to another and others not.
On this basis, diseases are of two types. They are as follows:

(i) Communicable diseases (ii) Non- communicable diseases

(i) Communicable diseases Do You Know

Some diseases like common cold, The diseases which
diarrhoea, dysentery, measles, transmit from one
scabies, hook worm infection, round person to another are
worm infection, tuberculosis, AIDS, called communicable
rabies, mumps and chickenpox diseases.

transmit from one person to Example: common cold,
another. These diseases are called diarrhoea, typhoid,
communicable diseases. AIDS.

138 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Tuberculosis Chickenpox Polio

Communicable diseases transmit from one person to another by
the following methods.

1. Through contaminated food and water

2. Through insects like mosquitoes and houseflies

3. Direct contact with the sick person

4. Through the materials used by the sick person

5. Through sputum and mucus while coughing and sneezing

6. Through urine and stool of the patient

(ii) Non- communicable diseases

Some diseases like goitre, headache, Do You Know
tumour, cancer, fracture, blindness
and deafness do not transmit from The diseases which
do not transmit

one person to another. These diseases from one person to

are called non-communicable another are called
diseases. These diseases are caused non- communicable
due to accident, malnutrition or any diseases.
other defects in body parts.
Examples: Headache,
tumour, cancer,

Prevention from diseases fracture, blindness,
deafness.

We should adopt the following

measures to protect ourselves from diseases:

1. We should avoid direct contact with the patient.

2. We should not use the materials used by the patient.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 139

3. We should cover our mouth with a handkerchief while
coughing and sneezing.

4. We should eat balanced diet. We should wash fruits and
vegetables properly before eating.

5. We should keep our body clean.
6. We should not consume stale foods and junk foods.
7. We should wash our hands properly with soap and water after

going to toilet and before taking food.

Activity 1
Prepare a list of diseases that you have been suffered from.
Identify which of them are communicable and which are not.

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. We feel uneasy when we fall sick.
b. A sick person becomes physically strong.
c. Common cold and diarrhoea are communicable diseases.
d. Tumour and headache are non-communicable diseases.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. We fall sick when ......................... enter our body.
b. The diseases which transmit from one person to another are
called .......................................... .
c. ............................................. diseases do not transmit from one
person to another.
d. We should ......................... our mouth and nose while
coughing and ......................... .

140 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

3. Answer the following questions.
a. What is a disease? Give any two examples.
b. Write any two causes of diseases.
c. Name the two types of diseases.
d. What are communicable diseases? Give any two examples.
e. How do communicable diseases transmit from one person
to another? Write any three ways.
f. What are non- communicable diseases? Give any three
examples.
g. Write any three ways for the prevention of diseases.

4. Name the diseases shown in the given figures.
a. b. c.

Project work
Prepare a list of communicable and non-communicable

diseases.
What can you do to protect yourself from diseases? Write any

five ways.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 141

Safety and First Aid unit

27

Learning Objectives Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 4 Marks (in %): 12.5

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:

(i) introduce safety and first aid.

(ii) tell the importance of safety rules in our day to day
life.

(iii) list out some safety rules.

Word Power

safety first aid accident pain

unpleasant event avoid sudden

zebra-crossing traffic light suffering swimming

carelessness sharp injured bleeding

sinking fainting tincture bandage

iodine scissors victim treatment

Teaching Instructions

ó Demonstrate some pictures of accidents to the students. Let them
discuss the causes, effects and preventive measures of those accidents.

ó Encourage the students to be safe from accidents and help the people .

ó Explain the safety rules to be followed while working, playing,
walking, swimming and doing other activities.

ó Introduce first aid to the students and demonstrate the things that are
kept in the first aid box.

ó Explain the use of the things kept in the first aid box one by one.

ó Evaluate the students asking them various questions related to safety
and first aid.

142 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

A. Safety

The condition of being safe and free from danger, risk or injury is
called safety. We may meet an accident any time. It occurs suddenly
and harms us. It causes pain and suffering. Asudden and unpleasant
event which causes injury is called an accident. We should be alert
and follow safety rules to avoid accidents. Some of the accidents
that may occur in our daily life are given below.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)
Some of the safety rules that we should follow in our day to day life
are given below:
1. Safety at home

i. We should not play with a knife and other sharp objects
like blade, khukuri, sickle and axe.

ii. We should not touch naked electric wires, switches and
electrical devices with wet hands as we may get an electric
shock.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 143

iii. We should not play with fire.
iv. We should not run on a staircase.
v. We should not climb on walls, furniture and trees.

2. Safety on the road Do You Know

i. We should always walk on Every day many
the footpath. people get injured and
killed in road accidents
ii. We should not play and run when they do not
on the road. follow safety rules.

iii. We should cross the road We should be careful
only from the zebra- on the road to avoid
crossing. accidents.

iv. We should not try to get
down from a moving vehicle.

v. We should not cross the road from behind a parked
vehicle.

vi. We should follow traffic rules.

Road accident Zebra-crossing Traffic light

3. Safety at school

i. We should not climb and jump on the table, desk and
chair.

ii. We should not run or push others on the staircase.

144 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

iii. We should play safe games.
iv. We should not use a blade to sharpen a pencil.
v. We should not push others while playing.

(a) (b) (c)
4. Safety while swimming

i. We should never go to swim alone.
ii. We should use a tube while swimming.
iii. We should not push others into the water.
iv. We should never go to swim in a deep pool or river.

Swimming Pushing others into the water

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 145

B. First Aid

Accidents cannot be avoided though we are alert. An injured person
should be given first aid immediately to save his/her life. The help
given to an injured person before getting medical treatment is called
first aid. We should prepare a first aid box. We should keep a first
aid box at our home, in school bus and school. The things that we
keep in a first aid box are given below :

Cotton Bandage Handiplast Scissors

Iodine tincture Anti burn cream Cetamol Antiseptic cream
While giving first aid to an injured person, we should follow the
following rules :
1. We should call seniors for help.
2. We should not shout and crowd near an injured person.
3. We should give first aid to the victim.
4. We should take the victim to a nearby hospital.

Activity 1
Prepare a list of safety rules that we should follow.

i. on the road ii. at home

iii. at school iv. while swimming.

146 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. The condition of being safe is called safety.
b. Accident does not cause pain.
c. We should follow safety rules to avoid accidents.
d. We should never go to swim alone.
e. We should keep a first aid box at our home.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. A sudden and unpleasant event which causes injury is called
......................... .
b. Our ......................... is the main cause of an accident.
c. We should cross the road only from the ......................... .
d. We should use a ......................... while swimming.

3. Answer the following questions.
a. What is safety?
b. What is accident?
c. What is the main cause of accident?
d. Write any three safety rules that we should follow at home.
e. Write any three safety rules that we should follow on the road.
f. Write any three safety rules that we should follow at school.
g. What is first aid?

Project work
Prepare your own first aid box and keep at your home. Name the

things that you have kept in your first aid box in the given table.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 147

Health Services unit

28

Learning Objectives Weighting Distribution (Approximate)
Teaching periods : 2 Marks (in %): 6

After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:

(i) say the meaning of health services.

(ii) say how to seek health facilities in their communities.

Word Power sick treatment health post
feel
hospital ambulance stretcher patient
disease
institutions doctor nurse

Teaching Instructions

ó Ask the students where they go when they feel sick.
ó Describe the meaning of health services and their importance to the

students.
ó Introduce health posts, health centres and hospitals to the students.

Discuss the health facilities that we can get there.
ó Discuss the materials that are used to transport patients to health

institution in rural and city areas.
ó Encourage the students to seek health services when they fall sick.
ó Pay a visit to a nearby health post or a hospital. Let the students observe

the health services that can be obtained from there.
ó Evaluate the students asking them various questions related to health

services.

148 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2

Health Services

The services that we get from health institutions like health post,
clinic and hospital are called health services. When we feel sick, we
should go to health posts, clinics and hospitals for treatment.

In rural areas, people go to sub-health posts, health posts and
health centres for treatment. Simple diseases are treated in sub-
health posts, health posts and health centres. We can meet health
assistants, community medical assistants (CMA) and nurses in a
health post. Injections and medicine for some simple diseases like
headache, diarrhoea, dysentery, tuberculosis and vomiting are
given in health posts. Vaccination is also available in a health post.

Sub-health post Health post Medical check up

In city areas, people go to hospitals when they fall sick. Different
types of diseases are treated in hospitals. There are different doctors
for different diseases. Almost all health facilities can be obtained
in hospitals. Laboratory, pharmacy and operation theatres are also
available in hospitals.

Bir Hospital TU Teaching Hospital Sahid Gangalal Hospital

In rural areas, people use a basket (doko) or a stretcher to carry patients
to a health post. Some time they carry a patient on their back. In city
areas, we use an ambulance to carry patients to a hospital.

GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2 149

Patient on Patient in Doko Patient in Patient on a
shoulders Ambulance stretcher

Activity 1

Visit a nearby health post or hospital in your locality. Prepare a list
of health services you can get there.

Exercise

1. Put a tick (√) for the correct statement and a cross (×) for the
incorrect one.
a. We should not go to hospital when we feel sick.

b. Vaccination is available in a health post.

c. In hospitals, only simple diseases are treated.

d. People use an ambulane to carry patients to a hospital.

2. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words.
a. We should go to ......................... when we fall sick.
b. Some simple diseases are treated in a ......................... .
c. Almost all diseases are treated in a ......................... .
d. In rural areas, people use ......................... to carry patients to
a health post.

3. Answer the following questions.
a. What are health services?
b. Where should we go when we feel sick?
c. Write any two health facilities that we can get in the hospital.
d. What do people use in rural areas to carry patients to the
health post?

150 GREEN Science, Health and Physical Education Book-2