Computer book 4 layout final for ctp 2075 (1)

Storage means saving data for future use. The storage devices are
used to store the data. The main job of storage devices is to store
data and programs. The data and programs are permanently
stored for future use in the storage device. Secondary storage
is also called backup storage. Secondary storage can be used
to transfer data from one computer to another. Some of the
commonly used storage devices are hard disks, magnetic tapes,
floppy disks and CD-ROM. In this chapter, we are going to discuss
about the secondary storage devices in detail.

Storage Measurement Units

The following are the storage measurement units

bit 0 or 1
nibble 4 bits
byte (B) 8 bits
kilobyte (KB) 1024 bytes
megabyte (MB) 1024 KB
gigabyte (GB) 1024 MB
terabyte (TB) 1024 GB
petabyte (PB) 1024 TB
exabyte (EB) 1024 PB
zettabyte (ZB) 1024 EB
yottabyte (YB) 1024 ZB

Secondary Storage Devices 49

Hard Disk

Hard disk is fixed inside the computer as
a large storage device. It is fixed inside
the computer casing. Hard disk can store
large amount of data in comparison to
other storage devices. A hard disk drive
(HDD) is called non-volatile computer storage device. The data
stored on hard disk is permanent, so that it is called volatile.

A hard disk drive is a non-volatile storage device which can store
large volume of data and programs for a long time.  

Quick Learn!

¬¬ The storage devices are used to store the data and
programs.

¬¬ The data and programs are permanently stored for future
use in the storage device.

¬¬ Some of the commonly used storage devices are hard
disks, pen drive, memory card, CD-ROM, etc.

¬¬ Hard disk can store large amount of data in comparison
to other storage devices.

¬¬ A hard disk is a non-volatile storage media.

FLOPPY DISK

It is a traditional type of secondary memory
device used to store very limited amount
of data. It can hold the data in the form of
MB (Megabyte) only. The storage capacity
of floppy disk is very less in comparison to
other storage devices. The storage capacity

50 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

is just measured in Mega Byte (MB) only. Nowadays, this storage
device is almost replaced by the latest storage devices.

CD/ DVD

Compact Disk (CD) and Digital Video Disk
(DVD) are related to optical storage devices.
The storage capacity of this is higher than
floppy disk. Nowadays, DVDs are more
popular than CD. A DVD can store more data
than a CD. These storage devices are very
cheaper in comparison to other storage devices. All computers
must have CD/DVD drive to run this storage device.

A compact disc is a portable storage medium that can be used
to record, store and play back audio, video and other data
in digital form.

A DVD is a type of optical storage disk technology similar to
the CD-ROM. It can hold a minimum of 4.7 GBof data

Pen drive

It is a small storage device. It looks like
a pen with built-in data storage that
connects to a computer by a USB port. It is
also called as flash drive or flash memory.
It has been the most popular storage
device these days. It is one of the smallest
storage media but the capacity of storage is very high. We can
insert it on Universal Serial Bus (USB) port which we can see at
the front panel and back panel of the casing box. It is a portable

Secondary Storage Devices 51

device because we can carry it easily. The common storage size of
pen drive are 1 GB, 4 GB , 8GB, 16 GB, but available up to 512 GB.

A pen drive is a portable Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash memory
device for storing and transferring audio, video, and data files
from one computer to another.

Memory Card

A memory card is a type of

storage device that is used for

storing media files and data

files. It provides a permanent

medium to store data. Memory
cards are commonly used in Quick Learn!

small, portable devices, such ¬¬ Floppy disk is a traditional

as camera, mobile, etc. Some type of storage device.

of the most popular forms of ¬¬ The storage capacity of

memory cards are: the floppy disk is very less

1. Secure Digital (SD) card in comparison to current
2. CompactFlash (CF) card storage devices like in MB.
3. Smart Media
4. Memory Stick ¬¬ CD and DVD both are
5. Multi Media Card (MMC) optical storage media.

¬¬ Memory cards are
commonly used in small,

Do you know cloud storage? portable devices, such as
camera, mobile, etc.
It is a cloud computing model
in which data is stored on ¬¬ The common storage size
remote servers accessed from of pen drive are 1 GB, 2
the Internet, or "cloud." It is GB, 4 GB , 8GB, 16 GB, but
maintained, operated and available up to 512 GB.

managed by cloud storage service providers.

52 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Oral Evaluation

Ask the given questions in the class to determine the
understanding level of students.
yy What do you mean by storage?
yy Name any four storage devices.
yy Is floppy a large storage device?
yy What is the full form of HDD?
yy What is a pen drive?
yy What are the full forms of CD and DVD?
yy Is the data stored on hard disk volatile?

Let's Revise

áá The storage devices are used to store the data.
áá Secondary storage can be used to transfer data from one

to another computer.
áá A hard disk drive is a non-volatile storage device
áá Floppy disk is a traditional type of secondary memory

device used to store very limited amount of data.
áá Compact Disk (CD) and Digital Video Disk (DVD) are

related to optical storage devices.
áá A compact disc is a portable storage medium that  can

be used to record, store and play back audio, video and
other data in digital form.
áá A DVD is a type of optical storage disk technology similar
to the CD-ROM.
áá A DVD can hold a minimum of 4.7 GB of data.
áá A pen drive is a portable Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash
memory.
áá A memory card is a type of storage device that is used for
storing media files and data files.

Secondary Storage Devices 53

Evaluation Time

1. Select the best answer from the given options.

a. What is the nature of secondary memory?

i. Volatile ii. Non-Volatile iii. Optical

b. One megabyte is equal to ..............

i. 1024 KB ii. 1024 GB iii. 1024 MB

c. 1024 Gigabyte is equal to ..............

i. 1024 MB ii. 1024 TB iii. 1024 KB

d. Hard disk is a ..............

i. Magnetic storage

ii. Optical storage iii. USB storage

e. Which of the following is traditional type of secondary
storage?

i. Floppy ii. Hard Disk iii. DVD

f. Which of the following storage device is small in size?

i. Pen drive ii. Memory Card iii. Hard Disk

g. Which of the following storage device is large in size?

i. Floppy ii. pen drive iii. Hard Disk

h. What is the storage capacity of DVD?

i. 3 GB ii. 4.7 GB iii. 10 GB

54 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

a. The storage devices are used to ……………….. the data.

b. A ……………. can be used to transfer data from one
computer to another.

c. A …………….. is fixed inside the computer casing as a
large storage device.

d. A hard disk drive is a ……………… storage device

e. A …………………… is a portable storage medium that can
be used to record, store and play back audio, video and
other data in digital form.

f. A …………… is a type of optical storage disk technology
similar to the CD-ROM.

g. A DVD can hold a minimum of…………………GB of data.

h. A ………………… is a portable Universal Serial Bus (USB)
flash memory.

3. Write down the full forms of the following.
CD , DVD. CD-ROM, HDD, MB, GB, USB

4. Write True for correct and False for the wrong
statements.
a. Secondary storage is also called the backup storage.
b. Primary storage can be used to transfer data from one
computer to another.
c. A hard disk drive (HDD) is called volatile computer
storage device.

Secondary Storage Devices 55

d. The storage capacity of floppy disk is very less in
comparison to other storage devices.

e. The storage capacity of floppy disk is measured in Mega
Byte (MB).

f. A DVD can store more data than a CD.
g. A pen drive is a large capacity storage device.
h. The common storage size of a pen drive are 1 TB, 4 TB ,

8 TB, 16 TBetc.
i. A memory card is a type of storage device that is used for

storing media files and data files.
j. Memory cards are commonly used in small, portable

devices.
5. Answer these questions:

a. What do you mean by storage? For what purpose are the
storage devices used?

b. Write down the various storage measurement units.
c. What is a Hard Disk?
d. Define floppy disk and compact disk?
e. What is a DVD?
f. What is a pen drive and a memory card?
g. Write few lines about cloud storage.

56 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

6. Find the given words from the given table.

HARD DISK FLOPPY MEMORY
DVD PEN DRIVE CLOUD

A DMNO P Q C

B EHP P RML

C F A P E S EO

F G R QN TMU

L HD V D V O D
O I DTRURZ
P J I V I WY P
P K S AVXGT
YLKSEYJ S

Project Work

¬¬ Prepare a chart paper with at least 10 storage hardware
and use it to decorate your class.

¬¬ Do class presentation about pen drive and memory
card.

Secondary Storage Devices 57

Unit 6 History of
computer

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Expected Competency

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
¬¬ explain about the historical events of the computer in

the following topics:
ABACUS , NAPIER’S BONES, Slide Rule, Pascaline,

Stepped Recknor, Charles Babbage, Lady Augusta Ada
Lovelace, Tabulating Machine , MARK I, Atanasoff
Berry Computer (ABC)

58 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Introduction

In early time, people used to live in the cave, they used to use the
leaves as their cloth and they were much uncivilized. Definitely,
there was a great problem of counting and calculating during
that time. None of the devices were invented for the calculations.
The calculating devices started to develop gradually when people
started to become advanced and civilized. When people were using
stone to count, they never imagined that such days will lead to the
days of computer. People started following a set of procedure to
perform calculation with these stones, which later led to creation
of a digital counting device. The history of computer started with
the concept of developing numbers and counting mechanism. In
this unit, we are going to discuss about the history of computer
development.

The Abacus

The abacus is called the first manual
calculating device developed by the
Chinese people around 3000 BC. It was
used to perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. This device
was developed by the Egyptians at
first, but it was given final shape by the
Chinese people. Abacus was made up of
wooden frame. It was divided into two parts called ‘Heaven’ and
‘Earth’. Heaven was the upper part and Earth was the lower part.
Abacus is still used as teaching learning tools for the beginners.

History of computer 59

Napier's Bones

The Scottish mathematicians John Napier
was the inventor of this device. This device
was developed in 1617 AD. He also developed
the concept of modern logarithm, so this
device was based on the logarithm. This
device was mainly used for multiplication
and division only.

Slide Rule

This device was based on the
logarithm. It was developed
by William Oughtred in 1620
AD. William Oughtred was an
English mathematician. This device was very easy to use. It was
also called as a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule was
used mainly for multiplication and division, but it was not used
for addition or subtraction.

Pascaline

Pascaline is also called as Pascal’s
calculator. In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal a
French scientist invented this device.
He developed this device when he was
of just 17 years old. He developed this
device to support his father’s work.
It was capable of performing addition and subtraction up to 8
digits. This device is known as the first calculator of the world.

60 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Quick Learn!

¬¬ Abacus was the first manual calculation device.
¬¬ John Napier developed Napier’s bone in 1617 AD.
¬¬ Slide rule was developed by William Oughtred in 1620.
¬¬ Pascaline was developed by Blaise Pascal in 1642 AD.
¬¬ Pascaline is also called as the first calculator of the world.

Oral Evaluation

Ask the given questions in the class to determine the
understanding level of students.
yy What was the first calculating device?
yy What are the two parts of abacus?
yy Who developed the concept of logarithm?
yy Who was the inventor of slide rule?
yy When was pascaline invented?
yy Which device is called the first calculator of the world?

Stepped Recknor

This device is also called as
LeibnzCalculator.In1671AD,
a German mathematician,
Gottfried Wilhelm Von
Leibniz developed this
device. It was able to do addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. This device was also capable of calculating the square
root. This device was more advanced than the Pascaline.

History of computer 61

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage was born in London on
December 26, 1791AD. He was the son of
Benjamin Babbage. Babbage is also called
as the father of computer because he was
the first person to develop the concept of
modern digital computer Input – Process
and Output. All the modern computers are
still popular with the concept of Babbage. There are two popular
devices of a computer developed by Babbage.

Difference Engine

Babbage developed this device Difference Analytical
in 1822 AD. It was developed Engine Engine
to do arithmetic calculations
up to 20 decimal places.

Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage developed this device in 1833 AD. It was the
first general purpose programmable mechanical computer.

Quick Learn!

¬¬ Stepped Recknor was developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Von
Leibniz in 1671 AD.

¬¬ Charles Babbage is called the father of computer science.
¬¬ The two devices developed by Babbage are difference

engine and analytical engine.
¬¬ Difference engine was developed in 1822 AD and analytical

engine was developed in 1833 AD.
¬¬ Babbage was the first to introduce the concept of input-

process and output.

62 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace

On December 10, 1815 AD, Lady Augusta Ada
Lovelace was born in London. Lady Augusta
Ada Lovelace is considered as to be the first
computer programmer because she introduced
the computer programs for the first time. Ada
developed the concept of binary numbers. She
wrote a program and suggested to Babbage to
use in his device. The first program was developed in 1848 AD
for Analytical engine.

Tabulating Machine

This was introduced in 1886 AD by Dr.
Herman Hollerith. It was developed to
process the census record of the USA. He
was also the founder of Tabulating Machine
Company which is popularly known as
International Business Machine Company
(IBM). IBM Company was established in
1923 AD which is known as the largest
computer manufacturing company.

MARK I

Mark I was developed by Howard H Aiken.
It was developed in 1944 AD. It is also
known as Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator. It was the first electro
mechanical digital computer. This device
was also based on Babbage engine. This
computer is also called first programmable digital computer.

History of computer 63

Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC)

ABC was developed by John Vincent
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. This
computer was developed in 1942 AD.
It was capable to perform various
mathematical calculations. The ABC
was a specific computer, designed to
solve algebraic equations. Vacuum tube was used as the memory
components by ABC.

Quick Learn!

¬¬ Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace was born in 1855 AD.
¬¬ Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace is known as the first computer

programmer.
¬¬ Tabulation Machine Company was founded by Herman

Hollerith.
¬¬ IBM Company was established in 1923 AD.
¬¬ Mark I was developed by Howard H Aiken in 1944.
¬¬ John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry were the

inventors of ABC.

Oral Evaluation

yy Who is known as the first computer programmer?
yy Who was the inventor of tabulating machine?
yy Which device is called the Automatic Sequence Controlled

Calculator?
yy Who were the inventors of ABC?
yy When was IBM Company established?
yy Which was the first electro mechanical digital computer?
yy Which computer is called programmable digital computer?

64 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Let's Revise

áá Abacus was used to perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.

áá Abacus was divided into two parts called ‘Heaven’ and
‘Earth’.

áá John Napier introduced the concept of modern logarithm.
áá Slide rule was also called as a mechanical  analog

computer.
áá Pascaline was capable of performing addition and

subtraction up to 8 digits.
áá Stepped Recknor is also called as Leibniz Calculator.
áá Babbage is also called as the father of computer because

he was the first person to develop the concept of modern
digital computer.
áá Analytical engine was the first general purpose
programmable mechanical computer.
áá Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace is considered as to be the
first computer programmer because she introduced the
computer programs for the first time.
áá International Business Machine Company (IBM) was
founded by Dr. Herman Hollerith.
áá Mark I is also known as Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator.
áá The ABC was a specific computer, designed to solve
algebraic equations.

History of computer 65

Evaluation Time

1. Select the best answer from the given options.

a. What was the first manual calculating device?

i. Abacus ii. IC iii. Napier’s Bone

b. Who was the inventor of Napier’s Bone?

i. John Napier ii. Babbage iii. John Macula

c. Which device was called the first calculator of the world?

i. Slide Rule ii. Pascaline iii. ABC

d. Who is called the father of modern computer?

i. William Jr. ii. John Barden iii. Charles Babbage

e. Which of the following was the invention of Babbage?

i. ABC ii. Mark I

iii. Analytical Engine

f. Which device was developed to process the census record
of the USA for the first time?

i. Transistor ii. Vacuum Tube

iii. Tabulating Machine

g. What was the memory component of ABC?

i. Transistor ii. Vacuum Tube

iii. Tabulating Machine

66 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

a. …..........……… was used to perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.

b. Abacus was divided into two parts called …..........………
and ‘Earth’.

c. John Napier introduced the concept of modern
…..........………

d. Slide rule was also called as a mechanical …..........………
computer.

e. …..........……… was capable of performing addition and
subtraction up to 8 digits.

f. Stepped Recknor is also called as …..........………
Calculator.

g. Analytical engine was the first …..........……… purpose
programmable mechanical computer.

h. International Business Machine Company (IBM) was
founded by Dr…..........……… Hollerith.

i. …..........……… also known as Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator.

3. Write True for correct and False for the wrong
statements.
a. The calculating devices started to develop gradually
when people started to become advanced and civilized.

History of computer 67

b. Abacus is called the first manual calculating device.

c. Abacus was made up of wooden frame.

d. Heaven is the lower part and Earth is the upper part of
abacus.

e. John Napier was the English mathematician.

f. Slide rule was based on the logarithm.

g. The slide rule was used mainly
for multiplication and division,

h. Pascaline was also called as Pascal’s calculator.

i. Herman Hollerith was the founder of Tabulating Machine

j. Mark I was developed by Howard H Aiken.
k. Mark I was the first electro mechanical digital computer.

l. Babbage developed analytical engine in 1822 AD.

m. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace is considered as to be the
first computer programmer

4. Write down the name of inventor and date of
invention of the following devices.

a. Slide Rule b. Pascaline

c. Stepped Reckoner d. ABC

e. Difference Engine f. Analytical Engine

g. Mark I

5. Answer these questions:

a. Write a few lines about abacus.

b. Who is John Napier?

c. What was the first analog device?

68 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

d. For what purpose was pascaline used?
e. Write about Charles Babbage.
f. Why is Babbage called the father of computer?
g. What were the devices developed by Babbage?
h. What is Stepped Recknor?
i. Write about Tabulating Machine.
j. What is Mark I?
k. Write about ABC.

6. Find the given words from the given table.

BABBAGE ABACUS SLIDE RULE PASCALINE
MARK I
ADA IBM

S PA S C I L I NE
L I D A C MMO P A
I BABBAGESD
DMD A P R R A MM
E DK CMK P O P P
R R I UM I R R Y H
UY A S E T F GHY
L T A C EHYHUO
E VMA S HP Y S T

History of computer 69

Unit 7 Operating
system

Expected Competency

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
¬¬ explain about the operating system.
¬¬ discuss about windows Operating System.
¬¬ explain about Windows 8.
¬¬ tell about the windows desktop.
¬¬ use desktop effects.
¬¬ work with task bar features.

70 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Introduction

As we discussed in previous
classes and units,a computer
system must have a complete set
of computer hardware to work
properly. Without the hardware
and software. It is impossible to
work with a computer. However,
only the hardware is not sufficient to work. The computer must
have software to work. The hardware can work only with the help
of software. Here, we can say without the software, the hardware is
just like a dead body of human. It means hardware is meaningless
without software. The main and essential computer software is
operating system, without which computer is useless. We are
going to discuss about the operating system in this chapter.

Operating system

An operating system is computer
software,which helps to work with
computer hardware. Operating
system creates a working
environment between the user
and computer. Operating system
is also called as master controlled
program because it controls
overall activities of the computer system. The most popular
operating system in the world is Windows. LINUX, UNIX, DOS,
etc. are also the some other examples of operating system.

Operating system 71

Windows Operating System

Windows is a popular operating
system used in the entire world. This
operating system was developed by
Microsoft Corporation of the USA.
The first version of operating system
was DOS 1.0, which was released on
August 1981. The different versions
of operating systems were introduced like Windows 95, windows
98, Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows XP, Windows Vista,
Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 etc. Among
these operating systems, Windows XP, Windows 7 and Windows
8 are the most popular operating systems. In this class we will
discuss about windows 8.

What is Windows 8?

Windows 8 is a personal computer
operating system developed by
Microsoft Corporation USA in 2012
AD. It is one of the latest versions
of operating system. This operating
system is more popular than previous
operating system. After Windows 7, this operating system was
developed. Windows 8 is more interesting and user friendly than
previous operating system. Windows 8.1 is another updated
version of Windows 8.

Starting a computer

As we discussed before, you can start the computer as below.

1. Make sure that all the computer parts are connected properly
with the electric source.

72 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

2. Switch on the power supply button of the UPS of volt guard
if it is attached.

3. Switch on the power button of the system unit and the
monitor.

4. Now, your computer starts to load the operating system,
which is called as booting.

5. If your computer asks the user name and password, type the
user name and password and then press enter.

6. Another screen will appear as below

7. Click on desktop, now you will see the first screen as below.

8. Now, you are ready to work with the computer.
Operating system 73

Oral Evaluation

yy Does a computer system need operating system to work?
yy What is an operating system?
yy Name any three popular operating systems.
yy What is a windows 8?
yy What is another version of windows 8?
yy What was the first version on operating system?
yy When was the windows 8 released?

Desktop

A desktop is the first screen that appears when we load the
computer. It is the gateway for the computer programs. We can see
various elements on the desktop like icons, task bar, notification
area etc.

Understanding desktop

There are various icons with the desktop, which are listed below.
This PC

This icon represents a folder that provides This PC
access to the resources on your computer. This
icon looks like the picture of a computer. In
previous windows, this icon was represented
as My computer or Computer. When we
double click on this icon,we can see the drives
letters and other so many icons as below.

74 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

User

This folder is same as My documents or Documents

as in previous windows. This is a default location

to store the documents. A user icon represents a

folder where the computer automatically stores

the documents that we have saved. To open this User
folder, just we have to double click on the icon. The

following dialog box appears when we double click on this icon.

Recycle bin

This icon works as a dustbin in computer. Recycle bin
It helps to store the deleted items from the
windows. When you delete any item from the
computer, then it goes on Recycle bin. We can
also restore the deleted items of Recycle bin
if it is needed. When you double click on this
icon, it displays a box as given, below.

Task bar

It is the longest
horizontal bar located
at the button of the desktop. It allows you to locate and lunch
program through the start button. It also displays the files that
are opened. We can see the notifications like as sound, data and
time, network, etc. at the right most side of the task bar.

Working with the desktop

The windows 8 uses the Start screen for launching the apps and
other tasks; the desktop view is an important feature of windows
8. In this lesson, we will discuss the basic use of the desktop like
navigate with File Explorer, pin apps to the taskbar, and manage
open windows with built in desktop effects.

Operating system 75

Working with files

File is the collection of related data or informations stored in the
computers memory. To work with the files and folders on our
computer, we have to use the File Explorer app. In File Explorer,
we can navigate to different folders, open files, delete files, etc.

Opening file explorer

Click right mouse button over the windows symbol on
taskbar and select the file explore option.
Or

Click on the File
Explorer icon on the
taskbar, or double-click any
folder on your desktop.

A File Explorer window will
open as given.

Deleting files

Recycle Bin helps to prevent the file from accidental deletion.
When you delete a file, first it moves on the Recycle Bin.

To delete a file and empty recycle bin:

Click, hold, and drag the file
onto the Recycle Bin icon from
the Desktop. Or, you can select the
file and then press the Delete key.

Right-click on the Recycle Bin icon
and select Empty Recycle Bin.

All the files from the recycle bin will
be permanently deleted.

76 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Oral Evaluation

yy What is a desktop?
yy Name any three icons of the windows desktop.
yy What is the use of the recycle bin?
yy What is a task bar?
yy Where is the task bar located on the windows desktop?
yy Where is the file stored after deleting a file from the

windows?

Working with Desktop apps

To open app on the Desktop:

There are two ways to open an app in
the Desktop view:
Click the app icon on

the taskbar.
Double-click the app shortcut on the Desktop.

To pin apps to the taskbar:

By default, only a few apps will have icons on the taskbar. We can
pin your favourite apps to the taskbar, which will create a useful
shortcut to the app from the Desktop view.

Right-click anywhere on the Start screen
and a menu will appear at the bottom.
Click the All apps button.

A list of apps will appear. Locate and
right-click the desired app.

Operating system 77

A menu will appear at the bottom of the screen. Click Pin to
taskbar.

The app icon will now appear on the taskbar.

Using Desktop effects in the windows 8

The windows 8 has several Desktop effects that make it easier to
handle  multi-task and work with the multiple windows. These
were known as Aero effects in older versions of Windows. The
desktop effects include Snap, Peek, Shake, and Flip.
Snap
Snap allows us to resize open windows quickly, which is especially
suitable whenever we are working with multiple windows at the
same time.
1. Click, hold, and drag the desired window to the left or right

until the cursor reaches the edge of the screen.
2. Release the mouse. The window will snap into place.
3. To unsnap a window, click and drag the window down, then

release the mouse.

78 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Peek

We can view our open windows on
the  taskbar by using Peek. If we place
the mouse over an icon in the taskbar,
a  thumbnail preview of open windows
will appear as below.
1. Hover, the mouse over the window

in the thumbnail preview. A full-
sized version of the window will
appear.
2. Select the thumbnail preview
to  open the window, or click the X
to close the window from Peek view.

Shake

When our desktop is untidy with open windows, we can
use Shake to select a single window and minimize the rest.
1. Locate and select the window you wish to focus on.
2. Gently shake the window back and forth. All other windows

will be minimized.
3. Shake the window again, and the minimized windows will

reappear.

Flip

We can use Flip to scroll through a preview of our open windows.
Any apps open on the Start screen will also appear in the Flip
preview. While Snap, Peek, and Shake are designed to work
exclusively in the Desktop view, Flip works the same way in both
the Start screen and Desktop views.
1. Press and hold the Alt  key, and then press Tab. The Flip

preview will appear.
2. While holding the Alt key, scroll through the open windows

by pressing Tab.

Operating system 79

3. Stop on the window or app you wish to select. The chosen
window or app will appear.

Taskbar features

The taskbar includes several features that make it easier to view
and manage the desktop apps.
To show the Desktop
If you want to see the desktop, you can
click the lower-right corner of the screen
to minimize all open windows.
1. Move the mouse to the bottom-right

corner of the screen and click.
2. All open windows will be minimized,

and the desktop will appear.
3. Click the bottom-right corner again to restore the minimized

windows.

Oral Evaluation

yy Can you pin the program on the taskbar?
yy What are the various desktop effects in the windows?
yy What is the use of snap?

80 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Let's Revise

áá An operating system is the computer software, which
helps to work, with computer hardware.

áá The first version of operating system was DOS 1.0, which
was released on August 1981.

áá The windows 8 is a personal computer operating system
developed by Microsoft Corporation USA in 2012 AD.

áá A desktop is the first screen that appears when you load
the computer.

áá The PC icon represents a folder that provides access to
the resources on our computer. This icon looks like the
picture of a computer.

áá A user icon represents a folder where the computer
automatically stores the documents that we have saved

áá A recycle bin icon works like as a dustbin in the computer.
áá When you delete any item from the computer, then it

goes to theRecycle bin.
áá We can restore the deleted items of Recycle bin.
áá A task bar is the longest bar located at the button of the

desktop.
áá The windows 8 has several Desktop effects that make it easier

to handle multi-task and work with multiple windows.
áá A snap allows you to resize open windows quickly.
áá We can view our open windows on the taskbar by using

peek.
áá When our desktop is untidy with open windows, we can

use Shake to select
áá Flip: We can use Flip to scroll through a preview of our

open windows.
áá It is the longest key of the keyboard.

Operating system 81

Evaluation Time

1. Select the best answer from the given options.

a. Which of the following is a popular operating system?

i. Windows ii. Office iii. Adobe

b. When was the first version of DOS 1.0 released?

i. 2000 AD ii. 1981 AD iii. 1987 AD

c. Which of the following is the first screen which appears
after you load the computer?

i. Recycle bin ii. Icons iii. Desktop

d. When we delete the file from the windows, where is it
stored at first?

i. File ii. Recycle bin iii. Desktop

e. Which of the following is related to the taskbar?

i. A place where start button and icons are located.
ii. A place where we can see the icons
iii. A place which can store deleted items from the desktop.

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

a. An…………………. is computer software, which helps to
work with computer hardware.

82 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

b. The first version of operating system was DOS 1.0, which
was released in …………………….

c. A ………………….. is a personal computer operating system
developed by Microsoft Corporation USA in 2012 AD.

d. A ………………. is the first screen that appears when you
load the computer.

e. A …………………. icon works like as a dustbin in computer.
f. When we delete any item from the computer, then it

goes on …………….
g. A ………………… is the longest bar located at the button of

the desktop.
h. When our desktop is untidy with open windows, we can

use ………………. to select

2. Answer these questions:

a. What is an operating system? Write with examples.
b. Define Windows Operating System.
c. What was the first version of the windows? When was it

released?
d. What is the windows 8?
e. Write proper steps to start a computer.
f. What is a desktop?
g. What is the use of the Recycle Bin?
h. What is the use of the Flip?

Operating system 83

3. Find the given words from the given table.
DESKTOP ICON TASKBAR WALLPAPER FLIP
A HO TWD I P U
C I PAXACTT
BDE S K TOP T
C JQKYANET
DKRB Z B FRU
ELSATALCY
FMT R P T I GE
WA L L P A P E R
GNUV L AMK F
Project Work
¬¬ Open the various desktop icons like This PC, User,
Recycle bin, etc and observe the respective dialouge box.
¬¬ Use all the desktop effects in the computer lab.

84 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

8Unit Working with Paint
in windows 8

Expected Competency

At the end of this unit, students will be able to,
¬¬ learn about the paint program.
¬¬ work with home tab such as clipboard, image, tools,

shapes and colour selection.
¬¬ create, save and open files.
¬¬ work with copy, cut and paste options.
¬¬ crop and resize the image.
¬¬ rotate the picture.
¬¬ fill the image with colour.
¬¬ work with pencil, rubber, magnifier and text tool.

Working with Paint in windows 8 85

Introduction

A paint program is a computer
graphics program that helps to
draw different pictures and also
allows colouring them. Microsoft
Paint is one of the most popular
paint programs which exists with
all types of windows operating
system.

Working with the Home ribbon

We can use home tab for warious options which helps to create
a drawing and painting. It has a group like Clipboard, Image ,
Tools , Shapes, Colours and Edit Colors.

1. Clipboard 2. Image

3. Tools 4. Shapes

5. Colours 6. Edit Colours

The details of these tabs are given below.

Clipboard

It has the options like copy, cut and paste. The functions of this
are listed below.

Cut: It allows to cut the required part of the
items.

Copy: It allows to copy the selected items
and put it in the clipboard.

Paste: It allows to paste the items that we
have copied or cut after selection.

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Image

It has the options like Select, Crop, Resize and
Rotate. The functions of this are listed below.
Select : It allows us to select the items with
rectangular selection box.
Crop: It allows us to cut the selected part of
the picture or text.
Resize: It allows us to change or skew the height or width of the
picture.
Rotate: It allows us to flip the selected part of an object.

Tools

It has the various options like pencil,
text, eraser, colour picker, fill with
colour, magnifier, brushes, etc. The
functions of tools are listed below.
Pencil: It allows us to draw free from lines and curves.
Fill with colour: It allows us to fill in an entire area with a single
colour.
Text: It allows us to type the text into a file or inside a drawing.
Eraser: It allows us to erase the part of the picture or drawing.
Colour Picker(Eye Dropper): It allows us to use an exactly
the same color in the next figure.
Magnifier: It allows us to zoom in or out (view as a larger or
smaller) the paint drawing or items.
Brushes: It allows us to draw free from lines and curves. It works
like an ordinary brush that is used to paint the wall at home.

Working with Paint in windows 8 87

Shapes

It has various drawing options like line,
curve, oval, rectangle, square, triangle,
etc. It has also outline, fill and size
options.
Outline: It is used to select the outline
of the figure.
Fill : It is used to select the medium of
our fill.
Size: It is used to select the width of the
picture.

Colour Selection:

It helps us to select different colours on the
picture.
Colour 1 : It helps to give foreground color of the pictures or
drawings.
Colour 2: It helps to give background colour to the picture.
Colour Palette: It is a default colour that we can use to draw or
fill the colour.
Edit Colour: It helps to select new (modify colour)
colours for the colour pallete.

Creating a new working area

Click on File menu.
Select New in the options.
A new working screen will appear.

Saving a picture.

Prepare a drawing.

88 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Click on the File menu and select Save from the option.
A box will be displayed as below.

Select the required location, type file name on the File name
box.

Click on Save button to save the file.

Opening a new drawing

Click on the file tab.
A list will appear as below.

Click on the Open tab.
A box will appear as below.

Working with Paint in windows 8 89

Click on the required picture that you want to open.
Click on the open button.

Oral Evaluation

yy What is a paint program?
yy What are the options available on the home tab?
yy What are the options available on the image group of paint?
yy What are the options available on the clipboard?
yy Do we need to save our paint program?
yy In which menu can you click to save your file?

Working with clipboard (Copy, Cut and Paste)

Copy Paste:

Simply copy paste means making the duplicate copy of the text or
pictures.
Prepare a drawing and select it.
After selection, click on Copy from the

clipboard.
Click on Paste from the clipboard.

90 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Now, click and drag the picture to move at your desired
location with the help of a mouse.

You can see the result as below.

Cut Paste

Simply cut and paste means removing the
picture from one location and placing it to the
new location.
Prepare a drawing and select the required

part
After selection, click on Cut from the

clipboard.
Click on Paste from the clipboard.
Now, click and drag the picture to move at your desired

location with the help of a mouse.
You can see the result as below.

Working with Paint in windows 8 91

Crop, Resize and rotate the picture

We can use this from the image tool. Crop the picture means
hiding the unwanted part from the picture.

Cropping a picture

Prepare a picture
Select the picture that you want to

crop.
Click on crop from the image group.
The image looks like as given in the

right side.
Now, click and drag the mouse on the

pointer to crop the image.
The image looks like below.

Resize picture

Resize tool is used to change the size
of the picture either larger or smaller.
Prepare an image as given in the

right side.
Click on Resize from the image

group.
A Resize and Skew box will

appear as below.
Change the Horizontal and Vertical resize value as required.
Change Skew (degree) value as required in Horizontal and

Vertical box.
Click on OK to see the effect.

92 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Rotate picture

Rotate picture means turning an image in a clockwise or counter
clockwise direction.

Prepare an image and select the
image.

Click on Rotate from image group.
A list of options will appear as in the

right side.
Select the required option to see the

effect on the picture.
If you rotated a picture as Rotated

right 900, the figure would look as below.

Working with shapes

You can draw various shapes
with the help of different shape
styles. The below is the shape box
having different shapes available
in paint.

Working with Paint in windows 8 93

Drawing the shapes

Select the required shape style from
the shapes group.

Place your mouse on the working
area of paint.

Click and drag the mouse on the
working screen.

Release your mouse button to apply
the shape.

If you select an oval shape and drag the mouse on working
screen, the picture will look like below.

You can practice to draw the following shapes at your school lab
or home.

Filling colour on the shape

You can fill various colours
on the shape with the help
of a colour box. To fill up
the colour on the particular
shape, you have to make a closed drawing area. If the picture is
not closed, then your colour may spoil on the whole screen.
94 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Prepare a drawing with the closed area.
Click on the fill with colour from tool area.
Move the mouse inside the picture.
Press the left mouse button to fill the colour.

Before colour fill After colour fill

Working with tools

There are various tools with paint like text, rubber, colour
picker, magnifier etc. Here, we are going to discuss each of them
in detail.

Colour picker tool

This tool is used to copy colour from one part of the drawing to
another. The function of colour picker is same as fill with colour
tool.
Create one picture with a colour and next picture without

colour as below.

Click on the Colour Picker tool.
Working with Paint in windows 8 95

Move the mouse inside the first picture and press the left
mouse button. (picker tool looks like a fill with colour tool)

Move the mouse pointer to the next figure and click the left
mouse button inside the picture to apply the same colour.

Rubber tool

This tool is used to erase the part of a picture from the drawing
area which you do not need.
Prepare a drawing with colour.
Left click on the rubber tool.
Move the mouse cursor to the drawing area.
Press the left mouse button and drag the mouse on the part

of the picture which you want to remove as given below.

96 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4

Pencil tool

This tool is used to draw pictures with free hand. You can draw in
your own way as you want.

Left click on the pencil tool.
Move the mouse to the drawing

area.
Press the left mouse button.
Drag the mouse as your

requirement to draw on the
screen as in the given figure.
You can press shift key together while drawing with pencil
tool, so that the line will be straight.

Text Tool

This tool helps to write in the drawing area.
You can type the text as your requirement.

Click the left mouse button over the
text tool.

Move the mouse to the drawing area
and press the left button of mouse.

A small rectangle dotted boundary
will appear with a cursor as below.

Type the required text from the
keyboard in the text area.

Again press the left mouse button
on the blank area to close the dotted
boundary.

Working with Paint in windows 8 97

Magnifier tool

A Magnifier tool is used to get a closer view of an image.
Click on the Magnifier icon from the Tools group.
Click the left mouse button to zoom in (Large) the image

and right click to the zoom out (small) button of the image.
Now the picture will appear as below after Zoom in.

Oral Evaluation

yy What is copy paste?
yy What is cut paste?
yy What do you mean by resize picture?
yy What is colour picker tool?
yy Why do we use rubber tool?
yy Which tool is used to type the text on paint?
yy What is the use of magnifier tool?

98 New Gateway to Computer Science Book 4