1453 Detik-Detik Jatuhnya Konstantinopel ke Tangan Muslim

ROGER CROWLEY

Naish atas informasinya tentang pembuatan meriam; Martin Dow
atas nasihatnya perihal bahasa Arab. Saya mengucapkan terima
kasih kepada mereka semua. Terakhir dan saya senantiasa meng-
ucapkan terima kasih terdalam saya pada Jan, bukan hanya karena
mau membaca proposal dan manuskrip buku ini, tapi juga karena
merawat anjing Turki dan penulis selama bertahun-tahun dengan
cinta.

Saya juga berterima kasih pada sejumlah penerbit berikut atas
izin mereka untuk mereproduksi beberapa kutipan yang dimuat
dalam buku ini. Bahan dari The Tale of Constantinopel karya
Nestor-Iskander, yang diterjemahkan dan dianotasi Walter K. Hanak
dan Marios Philippides, atas izin Aristide D. Caratzas, Penerbit
(Melissa International Ltd); bahan dari Babinger, Franz: Mehmet the
Conqueror and His Time (1978, Princeton University Press, dicetak
ulang atas perkenan Princeton University Press.)

378

INDEKS

Abad Tengah 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 51, 106, Anatolia 4, 16, 18, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35,
163, 171, 181, 183, 217, 233, 235, 36, 37, 48, 49, 50, 51, 67, 70, 73,
249, 304, 312, 317, 333, 335, 339 124, 126, 127, 129, 172, 214, 250,
252, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 288,
Acropolis, titik 102, 134, 136, 174, 327, 333
175, 178, 259, 334
Andrew (Mehmet Pasha) 283, 331,
Adige, sungai 191 376, 377
Adrianople (Edirne) 42
Aegea, kepulauan 16, 71, 79, 96, 162, Andronikos III, Kaisar 36

210, 223, 233, 311 Andronikos si Ganas 106
Agincourt, perang 111, 132
Ahmet Gurani 49, 186, 239 Anemas, penjara 106
Ahmeti penulis sejarah) 37, 38
ak sancak (panji Sultan) 130 Anthemius 104, 105
Akshemsettin, Syeikh 183, 310, 341
Al-Kashgari 27 anti-Kristus 315
Albania 315
Aleppo 18 Apel Merah vii, 1, 5, 6, 37, 126, 248,
Alexander Agung 19, 51, 314 249, 288, 295, 314, 317, 332, 347
Alhambra, Spanyol 325
Ali Bey 62 Apollo, kuil di Dephi 296
Alp Arslan, Sultan 30
Amasya, Anatolia 48 Arab 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25,
Anadolu Hisari 70, 72 28, 29, 37, 40, 49, 73, 95, 96,
102, 109, 141, 161, 226, 229, 234,
242, 252, 265, 304, 310, 313, 329,
330, 378

Armenia 11, 35, 308, 312

Arrian 51

Ataturk 301, 333

Aya Sofya 324

ROGER CROWLEY

Ayyub (Eyüp; pembawa surat Nabi 228, 236, 242, 248, 250, 262, 267,
Muhammad) 17, 183, 252, 310, 294, 295, 296, 297, 301, 305, 309,
330 329, 332, 333, 334, 335, 337, 341,
344, 345, 348, 358, 370, 372, 373,
Baalaam dari Calabria 85 374, 375, 377

Baghdad 18, 28, 29, 32, 249 Caesar 51, 71, 313, 328
Cafer Bey 279
Baltaoglu (laksamana) 145, 164, 168, Camariotes, Mathew 308, 365, 370
169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 178, 184, Campi, Jacopo de 201
185 Cantacuzenos 37, 41, 136, 284, 300
Chalcocondylas (penulis sejarah dari
Barbaro, Nicolo 97, 156, 157, 158,
165, 166, 167, 182, 188, 189, 198, Binzantium) 129, 131, 285, 300
199, 200, 203, 205, 206, 212, 217, Charisian, gerbang 135, 220, 259, 265,
228, 241, 244, 250, 251, 261, 268,
270, 271, 275, 277, 280, 293, 294, 281, 287, 295, 301
314, 339, 342, 343, 351, 353, 354, Chelebi, Evliya 45, 349, 352, 353,
355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361,
362, 363, 364, 366, 369 367, 370
Christian I, Raja Denmark 312
Bayazid II, Sultan 321 Clermont, Khotbah 31
Coco, Giacomo 97, 197, 198, 199,
Bellini, Gentile (pelukis) iix, 55, 328
200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 357
Benedict XII, Paus 85 Contarini 136, 284
Corfu, Antonio de 200, 311, 331
Benvenuto (konsul) 300 Crete 18, 71, 99, 115, 166, 294, 310,

Blachernae ix, 106, 107, 110, 128, 331, 334
135, 146, 261, 265, 274, 277, 284
Dallam, Thomas 326
Bocchiardi bersaudara 135, 274, 277, Danau Garda, armada 191
283, 308 Dandolo, Endrico 33, 298
Dar al-Islam 11
Bosporus, selat 4, 5, 15, 18, 36, 50, Darius, Raja Persia 18, 70
65, 70, 73, 75, 80, 95, 97, 116, Demetrios (saudara Konstantin) 57, 61,
126, 129, 134, 145, 149, 161, 162,
164, 168, 173, 174, 181, 192, 193, 78, 79, 136, 172, 174, 284, 333
196, 227, 250, 257, 262, 294, 305, Dewan Dua Belas Venesia 213
325, 330, 334, 349 Diedo, Aluvixe) 137, 168, 198, 293,

Brankovic, George 67 294
Doktrin Ekonomi 90
Brightman, Thomas 318 Dolfin, Dolfin 205
Doria, Zorzi 166
Brocquiere, Bertrandon de la ix, 47, Doukas (penulis sejarah dari Yunani)
58, 59, 110, 349
53, 74, 93, 94, 116, 120, 125,
Bursa 36, 37, 50, 67, 68, 71, 126, 307 152, 175, 185, 206, 237, 240, 266,
298, 299, 309, 313, 333, 340, 343,
Byzantium, Kekaisaran 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 344, 349, 350, 351, 352, 354, 355,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22,
23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46,
47, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61,
62, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 84, 85, 86,
87, 89, 90, 97, 101, 104, 106,
108, 109, 110, 115, 129, 136, 138,
161, 166, 169, 171, 225, 226, 227,

380

INDEKS

356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, George dari Hungaria 125, 321
364, 365, 366, 370
Georgevich, Bartholomew 318
Edirne 4, 8, 42, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53,
54, 62, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, Gereja Katolik 83, 84, 90, 91
79, 80, 92, 93, 115, 116, 120,
126, 127, 143, 147, 171, 186, 235, Gereja Romawi 88
301, 307, 310, 320, 330, 334, 335,
344 gerhana bulan 236

Edward III, Raja 111 Gilles, Pierre 65, 326, 337, 367, 370
Elizabeth I, Ratu Inggris 326
Eropa 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 24, 31, Giustiniani, Nicholas 99, 101, 110,
134, 135, 138, 141, 144, 154, 158,
33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 50, 51, 56, 188, 190, 192, 197, 199, 207, 208,
65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 77, 79, 80, 87, 209, 211, 213, 215, 218, 233, 241,
110, 113, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 250, 251, 254, 255, 258, 259, 266,
130, 131, 132, 138, 154, 164, 168, 267, 269, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279,
170, 191, 211, 217, F, 239, 247, 280, 284, 294, 332, 367
311, 312, 314, 316, 317, 318, 320,
321, 331 Giustiniani Longo, Giovanni 99
Eugenius IV, Paus 86
Eyup, syahidnya 252 Golden Horn ix, 1, 3, 4, 12, 18, 32,
33, 58, 78, 102, 106, 109, 129,
Firuz Bey 78 134, 135, 137, 146, 149, 165, 166,
Florensia, Konsili (tahun 1439) 333 168, 174, 175, 178, 190, 191, 192,
Francisco dari Toledo, Don 281 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 202, 204,
Frederick III, Kaisar Romawi Suci 79, 205, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 215,
216, 217, 227, 233, 246, 251, 254,
312 255, 256, 258, 259, 261, 262, 268,
Fulcher dari Chartres 19 273, 279, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289,
291, 292, 295, 299, 307, 325, 331,
Gagasan Besar 333 334, 335
Galata 4, 32, 33, 58, 67, 79, 99, 129,
Grant, John 218, 219, 223, 359
133, 134, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175,
178, 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, Gregory (patriark Konstantinopel) 87,
197, 202, 198, 357, 203, 204, 205, 88, 91, 331
206, 208, 215, 217, 237, 239, 240,
254, 256, 268, 292, 294, 299, 307, Grezi, Troilo de 200
308, 309, 311, 320, 321, 334, 358,
199 Grioni, Zacaria 198
Gallipoli 38, 53, 70, 72, 78, 126, 127,
161, 162, 164, 173 Gurani, Ulema Ahmet 49, 186, 239
Gazi 37, 38, 243, 310, 349, 373
Genghis Khan 34 Gutenberg, Johannes 317
Gennadios, Scholarios) 88, 89, 90, 91,
92, 96, 248, 291, 320 Hafiz, Hazret 252
Geoffrey de Villehardouin 33
Halil Pasha (wazir utama) 51, 52, 54,
67, 92, 140, 182, 183, 185, 238,
330

Hamza Bey 185, 202, 285, 295

Hannibal 329

Harff, Arnold von 321

Hasan dari Ulubat 279, 344

Helena (ibunda Konstantin) 62

Heraclius 9, 10, 107

Hexamilion (tembok) 112, 114, 139

Hippodrome 9, 34, 59, 75, 107, 174,

381

ROGER CROWLEY

249, 296, 304 John VIII, Kaisar 61, 86
Hodegetria 127, 229, 256, 287
Humbert dari Mourmoutiers 84 Justinian, Kaisar 5, 6, 7, 20, 58, 226,
Hungaria 23, 42, 47, 49, 50, 52, 67, 232, 259, 260, 295, 296, 299, 303,
310, 316, 337
69, 78, 86, 115, 125, 130, 131,
153, 154, 186, 214, 235, 238, 268, Kallinikos 13
312, 314, 321, 330, 362
Hunyadi, John 67, 78, 153, 235 Kara Bey 76

Ibn Battutah 37 Kara Hizir Pasha 48
Ibn Khaldun 347, 348, 362
Ibrahim 58, 308 Karaja Pasha 129, 246, 274, 277
Ibrahim dari Ankara 308
Igor, Pangeran (Russia) 24 Kekaisaran Romawi 7, 13, 19, 23, 24,
Innocent III, Paus 85 51, 347
Iran 28, 30, 35
Ishak Pasha 129, 246, 273 Kepulauan Princes 97, 145
Isidore, Kardinal 89, 90, 91, 136, 343
Islam 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, Kesultanan Usmani 8, 52, 72, 131,
162, 201, 228, 239, 245, 302, 304,
21, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 308, 320, 321, 339, 340
37, 38, 39, 40, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52,
53, 55, 56, 73, 83, 95, 125, 129, Khan Krum 109
132, 138, 139, 140, 186, 234, 237,
238, 243, 245, 247, 253, 272, 280, Komnenos, John 66, 241
288, 301, 302, 308, 310, 312, 313,
315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, Konstantin I 227
322, 330, 331, 348, 356, 369, 371,
372, 374, 376 Konstantinopel iii, ix, xiii, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8,
Ismail (utusan) 236, 237, 242 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18,
Istanbul iv, vii, ix, 1, 27, 36, 128, 129, 19, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
249, 301, 314, 320, 324, 325, 327, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
329, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336, 339, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58,
348, 365, 366, 371, 372, 373, 374, 60, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 79,
375, 377 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94,
97, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, 112,
Janisari ix, 39, 42, 48, 52, 67, 68, 71, 115, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 135,
123, 124, 128, 130, 132, 157, 173, 137, 153, 154, 161, 162, 164, 165,
183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 211, 243, 171, 172, 182, 184, 189, 204, 213,
246, 247, 269, 274, 276, 279, 280, 219, 223, 225, 226, 228, 229, 231,
281, 295, 296, 299, 301, 302, 325, 234, 235, 237, 244, 245, 248, 250,
344 252, 255, 256, 263, 283, 288, 292,
300, 301, 302, 305, 309, 310, 311,
Jembatan Milvian, perang 225 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 320,
Maslama 14, 17 321, 324, 325, 331, 332, 333, 334,
John dari Jerman 136, 353 339, 342, 343, 345, 348, 353
John V, Kaisar 106
Kredo Nicene 36, 85

Kritovoulos (penulis sejarah Yunani)
77, 162, 176, 194, 274, 278, 287,
288, 302, 340, 341, 345, 350, 351,
352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358,
360, 362, 363, 364, 365, 367, 370

Kurdi 29

Kuwae, gunug api 233, 234

382

INDEKS

Ladislas, raja Hungaria 50 Murat II, Sultan 43, 47
Languschi, Giacomo de 55
Laut Marmara 1, 11, 16, 97, 102, 104, negeri Kristen 81, 99, 131, 154, 238,
256, 311, 316, 320, 324, 327
145, 164, 168, 171, 173, 210, 233,
246, 254, 258, 265, 268 Negroponte, pulau 311, 315
Leo, Kaisar 14, 15 Nestor-Iskander 132, 143, 158, 207,
Leonard 89, 131, 138, 149, 156, 176,
191, 192, 202, 208, 221, 236, 248, 208, 212, 214, 227, 231, 250, 260,
251, 257, 268, 271, 274, 277, 287, 339, 343, 349, 354, 355, 358, 359,
308, 332, 339, 343, 353, 354, 355, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 370, 378
356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, Nicephorus Palaiologos 137
363, 364, 370 Nicephorus Phocas, Kaisar 107, 305
Leonard dari Chios 89, 192, 236, 251, Nicetas Chroniates 32
308, 339, 343, 370 Nicholas, Paus 79, 85, 88, 89, 172,
Leontari, Manuel Bryennius 108 233, 318
Lomellino, Angelo 292, 293, 307, 308, Nicholas V, Paus 318
309 Notaras, Adipati Utama 137, 169, 208,
Longo, Alviso 99, 172 213, 214, 218, 255, 290, 299, 308,
Luke sang Penginjil, Santo 229 309
Lumba-lumba (lambang) 1
Lysippos 19 Odo de Deuil 32
Orban 115, 116, 117, 120, 146, 147,
Maffei, Celso 315
Mahmud Pasha 246 152, 154, 258, 330, 335, 337, 344
Mamluk 191, 313, 327, 329, 371 Orhan, Sultan 36, 37, 43, 50, 51, 53,
Mammas, Gregory 87
Manuel, Kaisar 43, 44, 59, 69, 86, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 94, 136, 289,
290, 299
108, 187 Oruch (penulis sejarah) 301
Manuel II, Kaisar 59, 69, 187
Marangon, Zuan 200 Palaiologos 41, 45, 56, 57, 89, 136,
Maria, Santa 81, 99, 131, 154, 238, 137, 268, 281, 331, 351, 374

256, 311, 316, 320, 324, 327 pasukan Usmani 40, 50, 57, 59, 72,
Mehmet II, Sultan ix, 45, 243 76, 115, 123, 126, 128, 131, 132,
Mehmet III, Sultan 63, 326 144, 145, 147, 155, 157, 158, 164,
Melissenos (penulis sejarah dari Yunani) 168, 172, 173, 175, 181, 185, 187,
202, 206, 214, 219, 221, 235, 236,
196, 202, 344 247, 248, 254, 259, 260, 266, 267,
Mesir 11, 15, 18, 29, 30, 33, 162, 268, 269, 271, 273, 275, 284, 285,
286, 289, 290, 292, 314, 315, 316,
296, 310, 313, 324, 327 330, 335
Michael si Janisari 52, 132, 243
Minotto (hakim Venesia) 98, 135, 284 Peloponnesia 58, 61, 79, 187, H, 333
Mistra ix, 58, 88, H, 333 Pemotong Tenggorokan 77, 78, 79, 80,
Mongol 28, 30, 34, 35, 43, 249
Muawiyyah, Khalifah 13 90, 97, 126, 145, 162, 334, 344,
Murat I, Sultan 39, 46 349
penemuan ilmiah 317
Perang Salib 6, 31, 33, 42, 102, 172,
255, 259, 302, 312, 315, 317, 318

383

ROGER CROWLEY

Perang Troya (Homer) 24, 278, 324, 107, 127, 140, 159, 173, 214, 227,
366 231, 234, 256, 259, 262, 271, 288,
289, 295, 296, 298, 299, 295, 303,
percetakan 317 305, 309, 334, 302, 227
pertentangan agama 40, 297
Philippe de Commynes 328 Steco, Andrea 200
Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius 312
Pius, Paus 315 sufisme 35
Plato 324, 333, 366
Procopius 5, 20, 324, 347, 365, 370 Sultan Rum 46

Syiah 29, 30, 50

Syria 11, 13, 15, 16, 31, 172

Reformasi 321 Tafur, Pero 41, 349, 371
Renaissans 54
Rhangabes (pejabat Yunani) 211, 212, Tamburlaine 43

343, 358 Tartar 23, 52
Rizzo, Antonio 80, 90, 97, 116
Romanus Augustus Argyrus, Kaisar 22 Tetaldi, Giocomo 130, 131, 132, 165,
Romanus IV Diogenes, Kaisar 30 220, 240, 291, 300, 339
Rumeli Hisari 65, 77, 334
Russia 18 Theodora (istri Konstantin) 334

Sa‘duddin (penulis sejarah Usmani) Theodore (saudara Konstantin) 61,
261, 286, 320, 349, 350, 352, 354, 135, 371
362, 364, 365, 366
Theodosius II, Kaisar 107
Saracen 25, 305, 317, 319
Selim “si Muka Masam” (sultan) 318, Theophanes, sang Pengaku Dosa 15,
347, 371
329
Siprus 11, 311, 318 Theophilus 136, 268, 281, 353
Sirkus, Gerbang (Gerbang Kayu) 106,
Thomas (saudara Konstantin) 61, 78,
107, 241, 242, 280, 283, 336 79, 318, 326, 374
Soligo, Bartolarnio 134
Spanyol 41, 139, 256, 312, 320 Timur Tengah 13, 18, 23
Sphrantzes, George 66, 67, 69, 99,
Topkapi, istana iv, 47, 325, 328
133, 134, 139, 261, 262, 263, 290,
331, 339, 341, 343, 344, 349, 351, Trapezuntios George 7
352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 362,
367, 371 Trebizond 66, 67, 197, 294, 315
St. George, biara 227, 287
St. Mark 33, 34, 41, 83, 136, 171, Trevisano, Gabriel 97, 98, 137, 198,
234, 274, 277, 315 199, 213, 216, 294
St. Romanus, gerbang 135, 139, 146,
169, 187, 194, 207, 213, 214, 215, Tugra (stempel kerajaan) 43, 45
266, 267, 270, 281, 295, 300
St. Sophia, Gereja 5, 20, 21, 33, 36, Turahan Bey (jenderal Usmani) 79, 239
41, 58, 75, 83, 87, 88, 89, 91,
Turki ix, 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 24, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40,
42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 66, 79, 86, 97,
99, 123, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
136, 144, 145, 154, 156, 167, 176,
188, 189, 191, 194, 196, 197, 198,
200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 208, 210,
212, 214, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226,
228, 236, 238, 252, 256, 257, 268,
269, 271, 275, 285, 291, 300, 301,
302, 304, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314,
316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 326,

384

INDEKS

330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 341, wabah penyakit 15, 40, 183, 226
342, 344, 349, 350, 352, 355, 357, Wina 369
358, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364, 366,
378 Yerusalem 9, 11, 31, 58, 283, 313, 326
Tursun Bey (penulis sejarah Usmani) Yunani ix, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18,
123, 127, 173, 183, 209, 303, 339,
349, 350, 352, 356, 358, 365 19, 23, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
Tutmose III, Firaun 296 36, 49, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62,
66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 80, 83,
Umar Bey 211 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94,
Urban II, Paus 31 97, 105, 108, 112, 116, 117, 126,
Usman 8, 35, 36, 37, 39, 68 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,
145, 146, 151, 152, 155, 162, 165,
Varna 50, 51, 52, 61, 62, 65, 172 168, 181, 185, 186, 196, 198, 208,
Venesia 8, 19, 32, 33, 34, 41, 50, 58, 211, 212, 213, 215, 220, 222, 223,
231, 233, 236, 237, 238, 245, 250,
59, 62, 65, 67, 71, 72, 79, 80, 97, 255, 256, 257, 260, 267, 268, 272,
98, 99, 102, 112, 115, 126, 133, 273, 275, 276, 278, 279, 285, 287,
135, 136, 137, 138, 156, 161, 164, 290, 291, 296, 298, 299, 300, 303,
166, 167, 171, 172, 179, 191, 193, 307, 309, 311, 313, 314, 315, 320,
196, 197, 198, 203, 204, 205, 210, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 340, 341,
213, 223, 224, 227, 233, 235, 239, 343, 345, 350, 353, 358, 360, 362,
248, 250, 255, 256, 257, 267, 284, 377
285, 292, 293, 294, 308, 311, 314,
315, 316, 327, 328, 329, 331, 340, Zaganos Pasha 51, 129, 147, 186, 192,
349, 353, 362 194, 238, 246, 254, 273, 330

385