CBLM IN BPP NC II

1/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS Sector: TOURISM Qualification: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II Unit of Competency: PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATIONS Module Title: PERFORMING COMPUTER OPERATIONS GOOD SHEPHERD TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT CENTER, INC. 109 OLD HIGHWAY, GUIWAN, ZAMBOANGA CITY

2/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE How to use this Competency-Based Learning Material 3-4 Summary List of Common Competencies 5 Module Content 6-7 LEARNING OUTCOME 1 8-9 Learning Experiences 10 Information Sheet 5.1-1 11-39 Self-Check 5.1-1 40 Answer Key 5.1-1 41 Information Sheet 5.1-2 42-52 Self-Check 5.1-2 53 Answer Key 54 Information Sheet 5.1-3 55-60 Self-Check 5.1-3 61 Answer Key 5.1-3 62 LEARNING OUTCOME 2 63-64 Learning Experiences 65 Information Sheet 5.2-1 66-78 Self-Check 5.2-1 79 Answer Key 5.2-1 80 Information Sheet 5.2-2 81-83 LEARNING OUTCOME 3 84-85 Learning Experiences 86 Information Sheet 5.3-1 87-88 Self-Check 5.3-1 89 Answer Key 5.3-1 90 LEARNING OUTCOME 4 91-92 Learning Experiences 93 Information Sheet 5.4-1 94-97 Self-Check 5.4-1 98 Answer Key 5.4-1 99 LEARNING OUTCOME 5 100-101 Learning Experiences 102 Information Sheet 5.5-1 103-118 Self-Check 5.5-1 119 Answer Key 5.5-1 120 References 121

3/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL Welcome to the module in Perform Computer Operations. This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete. The unit of competency "Perform Computer Operations" contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for Bread and Pastry Production NC II course. It is one of the specialized modules at National Certificate II (NC II) level. You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Information Sheets and Resources Sheets (Reference Materials for further reading to help you better understand the required activities). Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of each learning outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at the end of each module (or get one from your facilitator/trainer) to write your answers for each self-check. If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learner's guide because you have: • been working for some time already • completed training in this area. If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don't have to do the same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings, show it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to the unit/s of competency they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills, discuss this with your trainer. This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in Bread and Pastry Production NC II. This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in this particular trade independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or help from your instructor. ▪ Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the Training of this unit. Read through the module carefully. It is divided into sections, which cover all the skills, and knowledge you need to successfully complete this module.

4/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 ▪ Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section. Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested references are included to supplement the materials provided in this module. ▪ Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things. ▪ Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when you are completing activities and it is important that you listen and take notes. ▪ You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will improve both your speed and memory and also your confidence. ▪ Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance. ▪ Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress. ▪ When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities outlined in this module. ▪ As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason. When you have successfully completed each element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment. ▪ When you have completed this module (or several modules), and feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with registered assessor to assess you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your competency Achievement Record.

5/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 LIST OF COMMON COMPETENCIES No. Common Competencies Module Title Code 1. Perform Workplace and Safety Practices Performing Workplace and Safety Practices TRS311204 2. Provide Effective Customer Service Providing Effective Customer Service TRS311205 3. Observe Workplace Hygiene Procedure Observing Workplace Hygiene Procedure TRS311202 4. Develop and update industry knowledge Developing and updating industry knowledge TRS311201 5. Perform computer operation Performing computer operations TRS311203

6/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 MODULE CONTENT UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Perform Computer Operations MODULE TITLE: Performing Computer Operations MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module covers the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to perform computer operations which include inputting, accessing, producing, and transferring data using the appropriate hardware and software. NOMINAL DURATION: 16 Hours LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this module, you must be able to: LO1. Plan and prepare for task to be undertaken LO2. Input data into computer LO3. Access information using computer LO4. Produce/output data using computer system LO5. Maintain computer equipment and systems ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1.1. Requirements of task are determined in accordance with the required output. 1.2. Appropriate hardware and software are selected according to task assigned and required outcome. 1.3. Task is planned to ensure that OH & S guidelines and procedures are followed.

7/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 1.4. Client -specific guidelines and procedures are followed. 1.5. Required data security guidelines are applied in accordance with existing procedures. 2.1. Data are entered into the computer using appropriate program/application in accordance with company procedures. 2.2. Accuracy of information is checked and information is saved in accordance with standard operating procedures. 2.3. Inputted data is stored in storage media according to requirements. 2.4. Work is performed within ergonomic guidelines. 3.1. Correct program/application is selected based on job requirements. 3.2. Program/application containing the information required is accessed according to company procedures. 3.3. Desktop icons are correctly selected, opened and closed for navigation purposes. 3.4. Keyboard techniques are carried out in line with OH & S requirements for safe use of keyboard 4.1. Entered data are processed using appropriate software commands. 4.2. Data are printed out as required using computer hardware /peripheral devices in accordance with standard operating procedures. 4.3. Files and data are transferred between compatible systems using computer software, hardware/peripheral devices in accordance with standard operating procedures 5.1. Procedures for ensuring security of data, including regular back-ups and virus checks are implemented in accordance with standard operating procedures. 5.2. Basic file maintenance procedures are implemented in line with the standards operating procedures.

8/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Learning Outcome 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR TASK TO BE UNDERTAKEN CONTENTS: • Basic ergonomics of keyboard and computer use • Main types of computers and basic features of different operating systems • Main parts of a computer • Storage devices and basic categories of memory • Relevant types of software • General security • Viruses • OH & S principles and responsibilities • Calculating computer capacity • Reading skills required to interpret work instruction • Communication skills CONDITIONS: Students/trainees must be provided with the following: • Computer hardware with peripherals • Appropriate software EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES ● OHP ● TV, LCD ● Working Table ● Anti-static wrist rap ● Hand Gloves ● Goggles

9/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS LEARNING MATERIALS • Pentel Pens • Eraser • Paper • Alcohol • White Board • White Board Marker • Handouts • Paper-based assessment form. • Assessment record book. • Visual Aids • Related textbooks • CDs for related film show • CBLM METHODOLOGIES: • Modular • Film showing • Computer- based training (e-learning) • Project method • On the job training ASSESSMENT METHODS: • Demonstration & questioning • Observation & questioning • Third party report • Assessment of output product • Portfolio • Computer- based assessment

10/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Learning Experiences Learning Outcome 1 PLAN AND PREPARE FOR TASK TO BE UNDERTAKEN Learning Activities Special Instructions 1. Read Information Sheet 5.1-1 on Main Types of Computers 2. Answer Self-Check 5.1-1 Compare answer with the Answer Key 5.1-1 3. Read Information Sheet 5.1-2 on Components of a Computer 4. Answer Self-Check 5.1-2 Compare answer with Answer Key 5.1-2 5. Read Information Sheet 5.1-3 on Plan and prepare for task to be undertaken. 6. Answer Self-Check 5.1-3 Compare answer with Answer Key 5.1-3

11/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Information Sheet 5.1-1 MAIN TYPES OF COMUTERS Learning Objectives: In an electronics shop scenario, the trainee will be able to plan and prepare for task to be undertaken. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ABACUS It could rightly be called the first mechanical computing device. It was used as far back as 2,600 B.C and is still used today. PASCALINE The first mechanical calculating machine that was developed by Blaise Pascal in the early 1600s. This device could add and subtract. Later Gottfried von Leibnitz developed a calculator that could also multiply and divide. AUTOMATED LOOM This was invented by weaver Joseph Jacquered in LOOM the early 1800s that uses punched cards to record data. DIFFERENCE ENGINE This is where modern computer history began. This machine was proposed by Charles Babbage in ENGINE the 1800s which bears the resemble of today’s computers which is capable of computing and at the same time print results. ELECTROMECAN ICAL ENGINE The American chapter of computer history began when Herman Hollerith successfully completed his tabulating machine for the Census Bureau in 1890. ELECTRONIC COMPUTER John Anatasoff is generally credited with building the first electronic computer as lowa State University. MARK I Was developed by Howard Aiken with the help of IBM, is the first large-scale, general-purpose, electromechanical computer. It was completed in 1994. ENIAC This was the world’s first large-scale electronic digital computer which was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946. This computer is designed to calculate missile trajectories. EDSAC and EDVAC Was later developed by mathematician John von Neuman in the 1940s which runs in the concept of stored programs.

12/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 UNIVAC This is the first commercial computer which was completed and delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. What are the Different Types of Computers? There are many types of computers, but personal computers such as desktop and laptop computers are probably the two types of computers that you think of first. Desktop Computers Example Desktop Computer Many people use desktop computers, or desktops as they are often referred to, at work, home, school, or the library. They can be small, medium, or large in style, and usually sit on a desk. The term desktop actually refers to the casing, or the tower. Once you add a monitor, mouse, and a keyboard, you have what is typically known as a desktop computer. Most desktop computers are easy to upgrade and expand, or add new parts. In addition to expandability, another benefit of desktop computers is the cost. If you compare a desktop computer with 128 MB of RAM and a 2 GB hard drive to a laptop with the same features, you will most likely find that the desktop computer is priced lower. The term desktop computer originated when the computer case was wide and flat, and was designed specifically to fit on your desktop with the monitor on top.

13/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Laptop Computers Example Laptop Computer The second type of computer that you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, or laptops as they are often referred to. Laptops are battery or AC powered personal computers that can be easily carried and used in a variety of locations. A quick glance at the size of a laptop and you might guess that it would be difficult to expand or upgrade. While the desktop computer case is relatively easy to open and access internal components, the small laptop case makes this more difficult in comparison; however, the primary benefit of a laptop computer is its small size and easy portability. A laptop computer is sometimes called a notebook computer because of its size. Types of Personal Computers iMac all-in-one computer Two popular types of personal computers are the IBM compatible and Macintosh computers. The first personal computer was produced by IBM in 1981 and was called the IBM PC. In 1984, Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh, or Mac, and it became the first widely sold personal computer with a graphical user interface or GUI (pronounced gooey). Although both IBM and Apple computers are personal

14/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 computers, the term PC came to refer to IBM or IBM-compatible personal computers. Apple now produces a Macintosh computer called the iMac, which is a desktop computer that features an all-in-one design. This means all the internal components are located behind the monitor, rather than in a tower case, which is customary in desktop computers. While our training is intended for people who use PCs and the Windows operating system. Other Types of Computers You may hear someone refer to a computer as a workstation or a server, especially at work. You may wonder how these two items are different from desktop computers. Workstations are similar to desktop computers, but are more powerful and are usually connected to a network. Servers are specialized computers that store and deliver, or ―serve up,‖ information to other computers on a network. There are many different types of servers such as file servers, database servers, and web servers. For example, employees at a company might store all the business documents on a file server so that they can share files and access then from any computer on the network. When you use your browser to click a link, a web server delivers the page you requested on the Internet, the biggest network in the world. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single part called the "computer." A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.) The illustration below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. Your system may look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop computer has similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sized package.

15/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 System unit The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually, it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off. Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.

16/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Storage Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off. Hard disk drive Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit. CD and DVD drives Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.

17/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD drive, you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto blank DVDs. Tip If you have a recordable CD or DVD drive, periodically back up (copy) your important files to CDs or DVDs. That way, if your hard disk ever fails, you won't lose your data. Floppy disk drive Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be, although some computers still include them. Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, that's just the sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material. Mouse A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.

18/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information. When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on your screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your computer. For more information, see using your mouse. Keyboard A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys: The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used. The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly. The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage. You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same tasks you can perform with a mouse. For more information, see using your keyboard. Monitor A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen.

19/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures. There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable. LCD monitor (left) CRT monitor (right) Printer A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home. The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use. Speakers Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

20/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Modem To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher speed modems are usually separate components. Cable modem MAIN PARTS OF A COMPUTER A typical PC contains the following hardware: There are many other possible hardware components, such as a DVD, CD-RW, Zip drive or network card. There are also many subcomponents of a PC, such as the cooling fan, printer port or reset switch to name a few. This article focuses on the basic PC hardware. The hardware in the list above is nearly universal to a basic PC. What are the main components of my computer and what are their function. An important question, also what should I be looking for in my computer's components, here I will explain the main parts of a computer system and what each part does, and some examples of some good ones to use. Case + PSU A computer case is what contains the entire computer's components, there will be space for drives, add-in cards and the motherboard. In addition to this, space for the Power Supply Unit (PSU). Depending on the size of motherboard that you have and the need for space in your computer there are a variety of computer case sizes to accommodate the computer's components. Things to consider are desk space, cooling, room for expansion and cost. With these things in mind, you should have no problem selecting the correct case for your needs. Listed below are the cases with the advantages and disadvantages of each, most cases cost more the larger they get however very small cases are normally more expensive than the bigger ones!

21/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Mini - Ideal for people who need a PC in a very small space, for the Micro ATX motherboards. Advantages - Look cool, saves loads of space, added features. Disadvantages - Cost, little/no room for expansion, problems of overheating with fast processors. Slim line - Ideal for people who want a desktop computer, but dont want a huge box on their desk. Advantages - Look cool, saves loads of space, added features. Disadvantages - Cost, little/no room for expansion. Desktop - Cheap case solution for a PC. Advantages - Cheap to buy, loads of room for expansion. Disadvantages - They are big, take up desk space. Can have overheating problems if the internal case design is poor. Mini-Tower - Great for more desk space as it can be floor standing. Advantages - Cheap to buy, loads of room for expansion. Disadvantages - Having it on the floor can make problems getting to the drives and cables that are too short. Midi-Tower - Great for more desk space as it can be floor standing. Advantages - Cheap to buy, loads of room for expansion. Disadvantages - Having it on the floor can make problems getting to the drives and cables that are too short. Maxi-Tower - Great for more desk space as it can be floor standing. Advantages - Cheap to buy, loads of room for expansion. Disadvantages - Having it on the floor can make problems getting to the drives and cables that are too short. There are two basic common types for Computer Casing or chassis: Tower Case – it is designed to stand vertically that will lessen the space being occupied. It comes in three basic sizes: full, midi and mini. Desktop Case – it is designed horizontally which are usually used for office or home PCs. It comes in two basic sizes: standard and slimline.

22/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 STANDARD COMPUTER BOX LAYOUT CPU The CPU or the Central Processing unit is the brain of the computer and the single most important chip in the computer. Modern processors contain millions of transistors which are etched onto a tiny square silicon called a die, which is about the with of a standard thumb. The faster and better the processor the more quickly the computer will execute commands, so your games will work faster and your applications will work more quickly and more responsively. There are various chip producers the big two are Intel and AMD, both work well, though the Intel chips still have a slight advantage on floating point calculations.

23/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Microprocessor - The CPU is the first thing that comes to mind when many people think about a computer's speed and performance. It is the ―heart and brain of the computer”. The faster the processor, the faster the computer can think. In the early days of PC computers, all processors had the same set of pins that would connect the CPU to the motherboard, called the Pin Grid Array (PGA). These pins fit into a socket layout called Socket 7. This meant that any processor would fit into any motherboard. Current socket arrangements are often named for the number of pins in the PGA. Commonly used sockets are: Socket LGA775 – For latest pentum 4, Pentum D, Series Core Technologies Socket 478 - for older Pentium and Celeron processors Socket 754 - for AMD Sempron and some AMD Athlon processors Socket 939 - for newer and faster AMD Athlon processors Socket AM2 - for the newest AMD Athlon processors Socket A - for older AMD Athlon processors With a processor, the faster the more expensive it is. Beware the price differences a lot for only a small increase in performance; sometimes a clock speed increase of 0.2Ghz can cost £200 or more extra RAM RAM or Random Access Memory is the memory used by the computer while it is in operation; this memory is described as volatile as it is wiped clean when the computer is shutdown. Again, the more RAM that you have installed in your computer the faster the computer will operate. There are various types of RAM, they vary because of the increasing in processor speeds and the need for the RAM to keep up. You can get RAM modules in various sizes i.e. their logical sizes, the amount of data they can hold. This range from 1MB, 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB. Nowadays you will normally only find RAM in sizes of 128MB or above. SIMM or DIMM? The two main types of RAM are SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) and DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) all modern computers use the DIMM type of RAM. There are 4 main types of RAM listed below and then within these there are even more types under each of these main types. The traditional RAM type is DRAM (dynamic RAM). The other type is SRAM (static RAM). SRAM continues to remember its content, while DRAM must be refreshed every few milli seconds.

24/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 DRAM consists of micro capacitors, while SRAM consists of off/on switches. Therefore, SRAM can respond much faster than DRAM. SRAM can be made with a rise time as short as 4 ns. It is used in different versions in L2 cache RAM (for example pipe line BURST Cache SRAM). DRAM is by far the cheapest to build. Newer and faster DRAM types are developed continuously. Currently, there are at least four types: FPM (Fast Page Mode) ECC (Error Correcting Code) EDO (Extended Data Output) SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) Most Common DRAM used in PC’s are: Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) 1. Single Data Rate (SDR) SDRAM is a synchronous form of DRAM. 2. Double data rate (DDR) SDRAM was a later development of SDRAM, used in PC memory from 2000 onwards. DDR2 SDRAM is a minor enhancement on DDR-SDRAM that mainly affords higher clock speeds and somewhat deeper pipelining. Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board inside the PC which holds the processor, memory and expansion slots and connects directly or indirectly to every part of the PC. It's made up of a chipset (known as the "glue logic"), some code in ROM and the various interconnections or buses. PC designs today use many different buses to link their various components. Wide, high-speed buses are difficult and expensive to produce: the signals travel at such a rate that even distances of just a few centimeters cause timing problems, while the metal tracks on the circuit board act as miniature radio antennae, transmitting electromagnetic noise that introduces interference with signals elsewhere in the system.

25/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Shown below is an annotated diagram of the motherboard. The move recently is the have as much as possible on the board so there is little need for PCI and AGP expansion slots, i.e. you have onboard sound, graphics, LAN, modem, wireless LAN and even SCSI and RAID. Graphics Card A video adapter (alternate terms include graphics card, display adapter, video card, video board and almost any combination of the words in these terms) is an integrated circuit card in a computer or, in some cases, a monitor that provides digital-to-analog conversion, video RAM, and a video controller so that data can be sent to a computer's display. Today, almost all displays and video adapters adhere to a common denominator de facto standard, Video Graphics Array (VGA). VGA describes how data - essentially red, green, blue data streams - is passed between the computer and the display. There are 3 main types of graphics card, and are divided into these types by the way that they connect to the motherboard. They are listed below: PCI (Perhiperhal Component Interface) - This is the oldest type of connection and thus the slowest, though performance is not that great it does the job fine for Windows non-graphics applications. Often the graphics cards for PCI are very cheap. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) - With the need for faster graphics a new connector was added to motherboard to allow faster graphics. The graphics cards available for this are vastly faster than PCI offering better performance, though there is a price hike too. PCI-Express - A new and most expensive type of card that fits into a PCI-Express slot on a motherboard that supports it. The bandwidth to the card is much greater and thus the performance of the card.

26/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Monitor – an output device used for visual display of information. If you are looking at your computer’s monitor for extended periods of time it is important to find one which offers the maximum comfort for your eyes. The trend with monitors is toward ever higher resolution with increased number of colors. The table shows the types of monitors and their comparative features in terms of resolution, scanning rate and number of colors. Sound Card A type of expansion board on PC–compatible computers that allows the playback and recording of sound, such as from a WAV or MIDI file or a music CD–ROM. Most PCs sold at retail include a sound card. Quite commonly now motherboards come with built on sound cards, they seem to be perfectly useable, although some of the older onboard sound cards are awful. Any modern motherboard you should be okay with. If you want extra performance, you can buy a sound card, this fits in a spare PCI slot. TYPE OF MONITOR Resolution Color Palette Scanning Rate (KHz) Monochrome Composite 640 x 350 1 1 15.75 Color Composite 640 x 200 4 4 15.75 Monochrome (TTL) 720 x 350 1 1 18.40 RGA (CGA) 640 x 200 4 16 15.75 EGA 640 x 350 16 64 21.80 Multiscan 800 x 600 Unlimited Unlimited 15.5 to 35.0 PGA 640 x 480 Unlimited Unlimited 30 VGA 640 x 480 256 262.000 31.49 Super High 1200 x 800 + Varies Varies 30 to 75 LCD 1200 x 800 + Varies Varies 40 to 100 Touch Screen 1200 x 800 + Varies Varies 45 to 100

27/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Network Card A network card allows you to connect your PC to a network, it acts as the interface between the network medium (cable, radio waves etc.) and your PC. There are various types of network cable, however now you will only really find UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) CAT 5/5e/6 and wireless 802.11a/b/g network cards. Again, most motherboards have built on Network Cards and they are normally fine to use. You can pick up a PCI network card for around £8 and up. Intel or 3com cards seem to be the best and most stable in my experience, though they do cost a bit more. You can connect two PCs together with some network cable or more than two with a hub/switch to which you connect more PCs, see my networking section about this. LAN Card/Ethernet Card/Network Interface Card (NIC) – an expansion card inserted in the computer to be connected into a network. Router– an internet working devices that passes data packets between networks and makes decision regarding the best path for delivery of data on a network. Networking Media Modems (which is short for modulator/demodulator) converts the digital data signal of the PC into the analog data signal that is used on the plain old telephone system (POTS) — which is also called the public telephone switched network (PTSN). Modems can be installed inside the PC in an expansion slot, or they can be attached to the PC externally through a serial or USB port. An internal modem is installed like any other expansion card — into a compatible expansion slot. Wireless LAN PCI LAN Card ISA LAN Card RJ 45 Connector UTP Cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

28/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Floppy Disk Drive A floppy disk is a data storage device that comprises a circular piece of thin, flexible (hence "floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic wallet. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive or FDD, not to be confused with "fixed disk drive", which is an old IBM term for a hard disk drive. Floppy disk drives use a small flat disk called a "diskette" the information is stored on it magnetically. There are various types of size of floppy disk, nowadays all you will find are High Density 1.44MB 3.5" disks. Below is a list of the various types of 3.5 Inch disks: 360KB - Single Density 720KB - Double Density 1.44MB - High Density 2.88MB - Ultra High Density Floppy disks are on the way out, though they are still used when installing an OS on a computer, though with bootable CD-ROMs even this use is on the way out it all seems to be going to CDs or USB pen drives (also called a "Think Stick.") Hub or Switch – a common connection point of a network Internal Modem External M odem

29/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Hard Disk Drive This is a non-volitile storage medium, all modern PCs will have one if not more than one. A magnetic disk that stores data. Usually a fixed disk, permanently sealed in the drive, though possibly a removable hard disk. A hard disk can store a huge amount of data up to 400GB on one disk. Access time is much faster than soft (floppy) disks. The head that reads the data floats over the hard disk's surface, while the head of the floppy disk touches the disk's surface while reading or writing data. The main thing that differentiates drives from one another, other than the size is the interface they use to connect to the PC. The two main PC interfaces are SCSI and IDE (ATA) they are listed below: SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) most commonly found on servers or Apple Macintoshes SCSI allows for the "daisy-chaining" of up to 7 devices per bus. It has always had the image of being faster, more expandable and more reliable though IDE keeps getting better. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) and ATA (AT Attachment) is what you will commonly need on your PC for home or small office use a ATA drive is more than enough. It is cheaper to buy an ATA drive and ATA/IDE drive controllers are built on to all motherboards as standard. IDE drives are rated by ATA 33, ATA 66, ATA 100 and ATA 150 the larger the number the faster the drive can transfer data. Hard drives are one of the computer components that have plummeted in price over the years, now you can get a 40GB drive for under £40. Removable Storage Drive Removable storage drives, things kind of like a removable hard disk became very popular but now with the Internet and USB memory sticks they seem to have gone out of favour again. The Iomega Zip drive was one of the most widely used, but suffered from the problem that the storage capacity was small and the costs of the drive and media were expensive especially for the larger sizes. Often these drives work by having a hard disk drive like disk that is contained in a case so it can be removed easily and transported protecting the disk and its contents.

30/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 An Iomega Zip Drive is around £80 and plugs into the USB port, nowdays to ensure there is no need for a Zip Drive on the other computer you are moving data to, it just needs a USB port and away you go! CD Drive CD-ROM drives are necessary today for most programs. A single CD can store up to 650 MB of data (newer CD-Rs allow for 700 MB of data, perhaps more with "overburn"). Fast CD-ROM drives have been a big topic in the past, but all of today's CD-ROM drives are sufficiently fast. Of course, it's nice to have the little bits of extra speed. However, when you consider CD-ROM drives are generally used just to install a program or copy CDs, both of which are usually done rarely on most users' computers, the extra speed isn't usually very important. The speed can play a big role if you do a lot of CD burning at high speeds or some audio extraction from audio CDs (i.e. converting CDs to MP3s). CD-Writer Drive CD-R (which stands for Recordable) drives (aka burners, writers) allow a user to create their own CDs of audio and/or data. These drives are great for backup purposes (backup your computer's hard drive or backup your purchased CDs) and for creating your own audio CD compilations (not to mention other things like home movies, multimedia presentations, etc.). With a CD writer you can burn to a CD once, it works by WORM (Write Once Read Many). You can make multiple sessions on a disk so you can write a bit one day and a bit more another up to the storage capacity. But unlike CD-RW you can't erase it all and start again. Normal capacities for these CDs are 650MB/74Min or 700MB/80Min. Note some older drives will not support 700MB/80Min discs. CD-Writer & Re-Writer Drive CD-R/RW (which stands for Recordable / Rewritable) drives (aka burners, writers) allow a user to create their own CDs of audio and/or data. These drives are great for backup purposes (backup your computer's hard drive or backup your purchased CDs) and for creating your own audio CD

31/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 compilations (not to mention other things like home movies, multimedia presentations, etc.). With a CD-R/RW you can write to a CD then erase its contents and rewrite over it all again. Normal capacities for these CDs are 650MB/74Min or 700MB/80Min. Remeber RW discs will not always work in normal CD-Drives and rarely work in Audio CD Players. DVD-ROM Drive DVD-ROM drives can store up to 4 GB of data or about 6 times the size of a regular CD (not sure on the exact size, but suffice to say it's a very large storage medium). DVDs look about the same and are the same size as a CDROM. DVD drives can also read CD-ROM drives, so you don't usually need a separate CD-ROM drive. DVD drives have become low enough inprice that there isn't much point in purchasing a CDROM drive instead of a DVD-ROM drive. Some companies even make CD burner drives that will also read DVDs (all in one). DVD's most practical use is movies. The DVD format allows for much higher resolution digital recording that looks much clearer than VCR recordings. DVD-Writer Drive DVD recordable drives are available in a couple of different formats - DVD-R or DVD+R with a RW version of each. These are slightly different discs and drives (although some drives support writing to both formats). One is not much better than the other, so it really boils down to price of the media (and also availability of the media). You can fit up to 4.3GB on a single DVD disc, and now some drives support multiple layers with 2 x 4.3GB i.e. 8.6GB per disc. All the CD standards are a bit confusing so here is a table showing them, note that some of these standards and the equipment built to them have gone the way of Betamax and the Dinosaurs.

32/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Now a rundown of each of the standards and what each one can do. Standard Description CD-ROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory - This is a disc that only allows for reading can store up to 650MB or 700MB. CD-R Compact Disc Recordable - This disc allows for you to write once to a disc, i.e. you can erase it and start again. Stores up to 650/700MB. CD-RW Compact Disc Rewritable - This disc allows for you to write many times on one disc, i.e. you can erase it and start again. Stores up to 650/700MB. DVDROM Digital Versatile/Video Disc - This disc only allows for reading can store up to 4.3GB. DVD R+ Digital Versatile/Video Disc - Recordable -This disc allows for you to write once to a disc, i.e. you can erase it and start again, can store up to 4.3GB. Note that one is plus and one minus you need to select the correct disc for your drive. DVD RDigital Versatile/Video Disc - Recordable - This disc allows for you to write once to a disc, i.e. you can erase it and start again, can store up to 4.3GB. Note that one is plus and one minus you need to select the correct disc for your drive. DVD RW+ Digital Versatile/Video Disc - Rewritable - This disc allows for you to write many times on one disc, i.e. you can erase it and start again. Stores up to 4.3GB. Note that one is plus and one minus you need to select the correct disc for your drive. DVD RWDigital Versatile/Video Disc - Rewritable - This disc allows for you to write many times on one disc, i.e. you can erase it and start again. Stores up to 4.3GB. Note that one is plus and one minus you need to select the correct disc for your drive. DVDRAM Digital Versatile/Video Disc - Random Access Memory - DVDRAM has the best recording features but it is not compatible with most DVD-ROM drives and DVD-Video players. Think more of it as a removable hard disk. Any comments or suggestions please mail me; I’ll try to update this page when I can, with more useful information about computers and the like.

33/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 STORAGE DEVICES Flash drive Floppy Disk Hard Disk Drive Other Storage Devices Digital audio tape can also refer to a compact cassette with digital storage. Digital Audio Tape (DAT or R-DAT) is a signal recording and playback medium developed by Sony in the mid1980s. In appearance it is similar to a compact audio cassette, using 4 mm magnetic tape enclosed in a protective shell, but is roughly half the size at 73 mm × 54 mm × 10.5 mm. A hard disk drive[1] (often shortened as "hard disk"[2] or "hard drive"[3]), is a main storage device of the computer or is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. When installing two hard drives, it is necessary to check the jumper setting for the Master/Slave configuration. The jumper pins for Master/Slave can be found between the power connector and IDE ribbon cable connector. Every hard drive manufacturer has different pin configurations which is found on the information pasted in the hard drive itself

34/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Master is used for the first hard drive Slave is for the second hard drive. USB flash drive consists of a NAND-type flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB (universal serial bus) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, much smaller than a floppy disk (1 to 4 inches or 2.5 to 10 cm), and most USB flash drives weigh less than an ounce (28g).[1] Storage capacities typically range from 64 MB to 128 GB[2] with steady improvements in size and price per gigabyte. Some allow 1 million write or erase cycles[3][4] and have 10-year data retention,[5] connected by USB 1.1 or USB 2.0. Different RAM Types and its uses The type of RAM doesn't matter nearly as much as how much of it you've got, but using plain old SDRAM memory today will slow you down. There are three main types of RAM: SDRAM, DDR and Rambus DRAM. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) Almost all systems used to ship with 3.3 volt, 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs. SDRAM is not an extension of older EDO DRAM but a new type of DRAM altogether. SDRAM started out running at 66 MHz, while older fast page mode DRAM and EDO max out at 50 MHz. SDRAM is able to scale to 133 MHz (PC133) officially, and unofficially up to 180MHz or higher. As processors get faster, new generations of memory such as DDR and RDRAM are required to get proper performance.

35/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM) DDR basically doubles the rate of data transfer of standard SDRAM by transferring data on the up and down tick of a clock cycle. DDR memory operating at 333MHz actually operates at 166MHz * 2 (aka PC333 / PC2700) or 133MHz*2 (PC266 / PC2100). DDR is a 2.5-volt technology that uses 184 pins in its DIMMs. It is incompatible with SDRAM physically, but uses a similar parallel bus, making it easier to implement than RDRAM, which is a different technology. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) Despite it's higher price, Intel has given RDRAM it's blessing for the consumer market, and it will be the sole choice of memory for Intel's Pentium 4. RDRAM is a serial memory technology that arrived in three flavors, PC600, PC700, and PC800. PC800 RDRAM has doubled the maximum throughput of old PC100 SDRAM, but a higher latency. RDRAM designs with multiple channels, such as those in Pentium 4 motherboards, are currently at the top of the heap in memory throughput, especially when paired with PC1066 RDRAM memory. DIMMs vs. RIMMs DRAM comes in two major form factors: DIMMs and RIMMS. DIMMs are 64-bit components, but if used in a motherboard with a dual channel configuration (like with an Nvidia nForce chipset) you must pair them to get maximum performance. So far there aren't many DDR chipset that use dual-channels. Typically, if you want to add 512 MB of DIMM memory to your machine, you just pop in a 512 MB DIMM if you've got an available slot. DIMMs for SDRAM and DDR are different, and not physically compatible. SDRAM DIMMs have 168-pins and run at 3.3 volts, while DDR DIMMs have 184-pins and run at 2.5 volts. RIMMs use only a 16-bit interface but run at higher speeds than DDR. To get maximum performance, Intel RDRAM chipsets require the use of RIMMs in pairs over a dual-channel 32-bit interface. You have to plan more when upgrading and purchasing RDRAM. DRAM SDRAM SIMM

36/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 PRINTER Printer is an output device which is connected to computer to get permanent output. The output of printer is also called Hard Copy. There are two types of printers (a) Impact printers (b) non-impact printers. The main categories are: Laser printers, Ink-jets, Dot-matrix, Multifunctional, etc. Normally home computer users will use ink-jets as they are relatively cheap but superior in quality to dot-matrix. Laser jets and other printers created by new technology are more expensive and more commonly found in the offices. Ink-jets (bubble-jets) printers spray ionized tiny drops of ink onto a page to create an image. This is achieved by using magnetized plates which direct the ink's path onto the paper in the desired pattern. Almost all ink-jets offer a color option as standard, in varying degrees of resolution. Ink-jet printers are capable of producing high quality print which almost matches the quality of a laser printer. A standard ink-jet printer has a resolution of 300 dots per inch, although newer models have improved on that. As a rule color link-jet printers can also be used as a regular black and white printer. Laser printers operate by shining a laser beam to produce an image on a drum. The drum is then rolled through a pool, or reservoir, or toner, and the electrically charged portions of the drum pick up ink. Finally, using a combination of heat and pressure, the ink on the drum is transferred onto the page. Laser printers print very fast, and the supply cartridges work a long time. Color laser printers use the same toner-based printing process as black and white ( B/W) laser printers, except that they combine four different toner colors. Color laser printers can also be used as a regular black and white laser printer.

37/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Flatbed Scanners Flatbed scanners will take up some desktop space but provide a lot of bang for the buck. They look like miniature printers with a flip-up cover protecting the glass platen. Depending on their size, these can fit standard or legal-sized documents, and the flexible cover allows you to scan large items such as books. These scanners are great for scanning the occasional newspaper article, book chapter, or photograph; or for those who may need to scan or bulky items such as the cover of a DVD. Flatbed scanners are often built into multifunction printers (MFPs). You can find decent flatbed scanners for $100 or less. Photo Scanners Sheet fed scanners are smaller than flatbed scanners; as the name implies, you feed a document or photo into the scanner rather than place it on top. You’ll win back some of that desktop space with a sheetfed scanner but you may sacrifice some resolution in the process. If you’re only scanning documents, however, it may be a worthwhile trade, especially if you’ve got a lot of them since you can feed them in bunches. With a flatbed scanner, you’ll have to scan one page at a time (unless it comes with an automatic document feeder). Portable Scanners Portable scanners are small enough to bring on the road. In fact, some are small enough to put in your pocket; pen scanners are just a bit bigger than fountain pens and can scan the text of a document line by line. Some are as wide as a page and roll easily down the page. They’re not going to give highresolution scans and so aren’t good for scanning photographs or other applications where you need a high-quality result. Since they’re not cheaper than flatbed scanners, they’re probably only useful if you are a student, a researcher, or a spy. Figure on spending about $150 for one. KEYBOARD - is an input device, partially modeled after the typewriter keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, which act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding

38/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or computer commands. Different types of computer keyboards: ERGONOMIC: Often when someone refers to an "ergonomic", "split", or "natural" keyboard, they mean the type of keyboard which has an empty area in between two sets of keys, which have a different layout intended to be more ergonomic than typical keyboard types. AT: The abbreviation "AT" can be used when referring to any keyboard made for AT-class (most computers made since the mid-1990s) computers, including standard PS/2 keyboards. However, it is most frequently used to describe keyboards with a large 5-pin connector; these fit some pre-Pentium and Pentium I/II computers, but require an "AT-to-PS/2" adapter to be connected to most computers, because they have a different (PS/2) jack. USB: Some newer keyboards connect to a computer's USB port (a small rectangular port) rather than a PS/2 port. This doesn't offer any great benefit, as humans can't possibly type fast enough to take advantage of USB's faster data transmission speeds. Some older computers lack USB ports.

39/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 ADB: This refers to a different type of accessory port/jack on some Apple computers which ADB keyboards can be connected to. For computer types which don't have an ADB port, adapters are available which allow them to be plugged into a USB port. XT: Keyboards referred to with the abbreviation "XT" can be used with some older types of computers (8086/8088, XT-286) but won't work with most computers being used at present. Many of them have fewer keys than modern keyboards. AT/XT keyboards are more versatile; they can be used with both older and newer computers and usually have an AT/XT switch on the back. XT and AT/XT keyboard types are more likely to have the larger, backward- "L" shaped "Enter" key, rather than the smaller straight kind on many newer keyboards. MOUSE (Plural mouses, mice, or mouse devices) is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or features can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User Interface.

40/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 SELF-CHECK 5.1-1 IDENTIFICATION Direction: Read each statement carefully and give the correct term for each statement. 1. A pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. 2. An input device typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. 3. These scanners are great for scanning the occasional newspaper article, book chapter, or photograph; or for those who may need to scan or bulky items such as the cover of a DVD. 4. Operate by shining a laser beam to produce an image on a drum. 5. an output device which is connected to computer to get permanent output and its output is called hardcopy. 6. A main storage device of the computer or is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. 7. A data storage device that comprises a circular piece of thin, flexible magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic wallet. 8. An internetworking device that passes data packets between networks and makes decision regarding the best path for delivery of data on a network. 9. It allows you to connect your PC to a network, it acts as the interface between the network medium (cable, radio waves etc.) and your PC. 10. The brain of the computer and the single most important chip in the computer.

41/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 ANSWER KEY 5.1-1 1. Mouse 2. Keyboard 3. Flatbed Scanner 4. Laser Printers 5. Printer 6. Hard Disk Drive 7. Floppy Disk Drive 8. Router 9. Network Card 10. Central Processing Unit/CPU

42/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Information Sheet 5.1-2 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER Learning Objectives: In an electronics shop scenario, the trainee will be able to plan and prepare for task to be undertaken. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER In this lesson, we take a look at the different components of a computer system. After this lesson, you will be able to Define the primary components that make up a computer Estimated lesson time: 10 minutes As you might expect, the components of a computer reflect the function of the machine—specifically, the three stages of computing, as outlined in Lesson 1. Let's examine the components. Input Devices The following table lists some examples of devices that are used to put information into a computer. Device Description The primary input device for a computer, allowing users to type information just as they once did on a typewriter. Used with graphical interface environments to point to and select objects on the system's monitor. Can be purchased in a variety of sizes, shapes, and configurations. Converts printed or photographic information to digital information that can be used by the computer. Works similar to the scanning process of a photocopy machine. Scanner Mouse Keyboard

43/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Works like the microphone on a tape recorder. Allows input of voice or music to be converted to digital information and saved to a file. Compact disc-read only memory: stores large amounts of data on a CD that can be read by a computer. Processing The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart and brain of the computer. This one component, or "chip," is responsible for all primary number crunching and data management. It is truly the centerpiece of any computer. It is so important that whole generations of computer technology are based and measured on each "new and improved" version of the CPU. When we refer to the CPU, we are usually speaking of the processor. However, the CPU requires several other components that support it with the management of data to operate. These components, when working in harmony, make up the primary elements of the PC we know today. The following table lists these fundamental support components. CD-ROM/DVD Drive Microphone

44/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Component Description MOTHERBOARD The main circuit board of the computer. The large circuit board found inside the computer. Without it, a computer is just a metal box. The motherboard contains all the remaining items in this table; for all practical purposes, it is the computer. CHIP SET A group of computer chips or integrated circuits (ICs) that, when working together, manage and control the computer system. This set includes the CPU and other chips that control the flow of data throughout the system. DATA BUS A group of parallel conductors (circuit traces) found on the motherboard and used by the CPU to send and receive data from all the devices in the computer. DATA BUS Which information is sent to, or received from, the data bus. An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify a physical address. When a processor or DMA-enabled device needs to read or write to a memory location, it specifies that memory location on the address bus (the value to be read or written is sent on the data bus).

45/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 EXPANSION SLOTS Specialized sockets that allow additional devices called expansion cards or, less commonly, circuit boards, to be attached to the motherboard. Used to expand or customize a computer, they are extensions of the computer's bus system. CLOCK Establishes the maximum speed at which the processor can execute commands. Not to be confused with the clock that keeps the date and time. BATTERY Protects unique information about the setup of the computer against loss when electrical power fails or is turned off. Also maintains the external date and time (not to be confused with the CPU's clock). MEMORY Stores temporary information (in the form of data bits) that the CPU and software need to keep running.

46/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Output Devices The following table lists some common devices, known as peripherals, used exclusively for output. Device Description PRINTER Generates a "hard copy" of information. Includes dot matrix, ink jet, and laser varieties. MONITOR The primary output device. Visually displays text and graphics. PLOTTER Similar to a printer, but uses pens to draw an image. Most often used with graphics or drawing programs for very large drawings. SPEAKERS Reproduce sound. Optional highquality speakers can be added to provide improved output from games and multimedia software.

47/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 Input and Output Some devices handle both input and output functions. These devices are called input/output (I/O) devices, a term you will encounter quite often. DEVICE DESCRIPTION FLOPPY DISK DRIVE Mechanism for reading and writing to lowcapacity, removable, magnetic disks. Used to store and easily transport information. HARD DISK DRIVE High-capacity internal (and sometimes external) magnetic disks for storing data and program files. Also called fixed disks. MODEM Converts computer data to information that can be transmitted over telephone wires and cable lines. Allows communication between computers over long and short distances. NETWORK CARD An expansion card that allows several computers to connect to each other and share information and programs. Also called network interface card (NIC).

48/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 CD RECORDER Also called CD-R. You can copy data to a CD with this device, but you can only write to a section of the disc once. Variations on this type of device include compact disc– rewritable (CD-RW) drives. These drives allow you to read, write, and overwrite a special CD-ROM-type disc. TAPE DRIVE Large-capacity, magnetic, data storage devices. Ideal for backup and retrieval of large amounts of data. Works like a tape recorder and saves information in a linear format. Other external storage devices include Iomega Zip drives, which allow users to store 100 MB or 250 MB of data on a single Zip disk. Other Computer Parts and Accessories the following table lists some examples of cable that used to communicate to a system. CABLE/CORD DESCRIPTION IDE (ATA/PATA Cable) IDE is also known as ATA or PATA (Parallel ATA) and is a way of handling a parallel data bus from a disk drive (well, usually a disk drive) to a computer mother board where the disk controller is mostly embedded in the disk drive. SATA/ATA SATA (Serial ATA) is an advance on this where the signals are sent over a serial bus not a parallel bus. The cable is much smaller and it will run at higher speed and will support more than 2 drives on a bus. Note: They are both ways to connect a disk drive to a computer. You use the one that matches your computer mother board (old one’s support IDE only, newer ones will support SATA and may support both SATA and IDE) and your disk drive (disk drives are either IDE or SATA, never seen one with both available).

49/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 USB Cable USB cable is a cable that is used to connect a device to a computer or laptop or Printer, Video cameras, Mp3, mp4 even cell phone. A/V CABLE A/V cable is to use for connect a device to tv and it has the video and audio cable. HEAT SINK An environment capable of absorbing heat from an object with which it is in thermal contact without a phase change or an appreciable change in temperature. A protective device that absorbs and dissipates the excess heat generated by a system. USB HUB A device that increases the number of USB ports on a PC. However, since the hub plugs into one of the USB ports on the computer, the total number of additional ports is minus one. For example, a four-port hub adds three new ports. USB hubs are typically used to extend USB sockets to the top of the desk for conveniently connecting external peripherals.

50/121 CBLM IN BPP NC II COMMON COMPETENCY “Performing Computer Operations” Date Developed: August 2022 Date Revised: April 2023 Document No. 2022-UC5 of UC5 Issued by: GSTAACI Developed by: RIENA CLAIRE M. BENITEZ REVISION # O1 POWER CORD A power cord, line cord, or mains cable is a cord or cable that temporarily connects an electrical appliance to the distribution circuits of an electrical power source via a wall socket or extension cord. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or nearinstantaneous protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of diesel generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short—5– 15 minutes being typical for smaller units—but sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment.