Chharito Nepali class 2 final

/ft latfpyF ] . /ft a9b\ } uPkl5 hf8f]
klg a9g\ ] xg' fn] 5]kf/f] ar] g} xG' Yof ] .
c¿ hgfj/x¿sf] h:tf] p;sf]
z/L/df /fF} klg lyPg . c;fWo} hf8f]
xg' ] xFb' f pm /fte/ ;'Tbg} Yof ] . hf8f]n]
nu' n'u sfld/xGYof] .

$= Ps lbg 5k] f/f]n] uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rof,] ædnfO{ dfq} olt la£g hf8f] ePsf] xf] ls
c¿nfO{ klg o:t} xG' 5, x]g{ hfg'k¥of] .Æ cfÇgf] l5ds] Lsf] /ftsf] l:ylt aˆ' g
5k] f/f] lkm:6fsf] 3/df kU' of] . lkm:6fn] cfÇgf] rR' rfn] cgs] TofGb|fx¿ a6'nL
Gofgf] uF8' agfPsf] lyof] . 5k] f/f]n] lkm:6fsf] u'8F b]v/] p;nfO{ ;f]Wof], æltdLx¿
/ftdf Gofgf] xg' ] 3/ s;/L agfp5F f} <Æ æxfdL r/f xfF } . xfd|f xftv6' \6f
5g} g\ . To;n} ] xfdL rR' rfn] Rofk/] NofPsf] ;;fgf k/fnsf TofGbf| n] 3/
agfpF5f }F . ltdL klg To;u} /L agfpg " . 3/ algxfN5 lg . 3/ agfpg t hfFu/
kf] rnfpgk' 5{ t .Æ lkm:6fn] 5]kf/f]nfO{ hafkm lbof] .

%= lkm:6fn] cfk"mnfO{ xK] g vf]hs] f] h:tf] 5]kf/fn] fO{ nfUof ] . p;n] l/;fpbF } eGof],
æef] ¤ d ltdL h:tf] vfg] dv' n] k/fnsf TofGb|ft'GbL| hDdf kf/]/ 3/ agfpFlbg F .
d ltdL h:tf] r/f klg xf]Og . x/] g d]/f t dflg;sf h:t} bO' { cf]6f xft / bO' {
cf6] f v'6\6f 5g\ . dflg;n] s;/L hf8f] 5Nbf
x'g\, x]5{' / ltgsf] h:t} 3/ agfpF5' .Æ

^= 5]kf/f] ufplF t/ nfUof] . ufplF t/ hfg] qmddf

af6f]df p;n] efg]d'ª\uf| ]nfO{ e6] o\ f] . /ft kg{

nfus] fn] efgd] ª' \u|f] cfÇgf] u'F8lt/ kms+b{ }

lyof] . 5k] f/fn] ] ;f]Rof], æefg]dª' \u|fs] f] klg

d/] f] h:t} gfªu\ f] z/L/ 5 . d/] f h:t} xftv'6\6f 5g \ . o;n] s:tf] 3/ agfPsf]

/x5] Psk6s x]g{ kfP d klg To;} uy{ +] .Æ 5k] f/f]n] cfkm" nfO{ hf8fn] ] ;tfPsf]

;a} syf efg]dª' \u|f]nfO{ ;'gfof ] . efgd] 'ª\u|fn] ] klg bof b]vfpbF } 5k] f/fn] fO{ cfÇgf]

3/ nUof] / cfk"m a:g] u/]sf] 7fpF b]vfof] . 3/ eGg' s] lyof] / < 9ª' \ufsf]

;fgf] sfkd'lg efgd] ª' \u|f] 3'l;o| f] . p;n] 5k] f/fnfO{ eGg yfNof], æx]/ ldq, d

ar] }g M czfGt efg]d'ªu\ f| ] M Ps ks| f/sf] hGt'

lkm:6f M Ps hftsf] ;fgf] r/f sfk M kmf6l\ 6Psf] 7fpF, rk]

u'F8 M r/f] a:g] 7fpF

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu b'O{ 101

t o;}u/L a:5' / hf8f] 5N5 ' . d]/f] 3/h:tf] Gofgf] c¿sf] 3/ xf]nf h:tf]
nfUbg}  . To;}n] ltdL kL/ gu/ . a? l566\ } d/] f] h:t} 3/ agfpm / ltdL klg
Gofgf] 7fpdF f a; .Æ

&= efgd] 'ªu\ f| ]sf s'/f ;'g]/ 5k] f/f] hª\luof,] æd ltdL h:tf] nf5L eP/ xft v'6\6f
xFb' fxFb' } 9ª' \ufsf] cf]8f/df uP/ ;'Tg] efg]d'ªu\ f| ] xf]Og . d 5]kf/f]sf] ;Gtfg x,F'
aˆ' of} < d t dflg;sf] 3/ x]g{ lx8F s] f ] . dflg; s;/L Gofgf]df a:bf/x5] g\ d klg
To;/L g} a:5' 5]kf/f] cfÇgf] af6f] nfUof] . hfFbfhfbF f pm dflg;x¿sf] a:tLdf
kU' of] . ufpFsf dflg;n] agfPsf 3/x¿ p;n] aflx/af6} x¥] of] . p;nfO{ dflg;sf]
3/leq k;/] g} x]g{ dg nfUof ] . pm s;n} ] rfn gkfpg] u/L dflg;sf 3/leq k:of] .

*= 3/leqsf dflg;x¿n] cug] fdf cfuf] afln/x]sf
lyP . sfx] L eg] cfuf] tflk;s]/ l;/s cf9] /] ;T' g
nfu]sf lyP . dflg;sf] 3/ / ltgsf] lqmofsnfk
lgofn]/ 5]kf/f] dVv k¥of ] . p;nfO{ lkm:6f /
efg]d'ª\u|f]sf] 3/eGbf dflg;sf] 3/ pQd nfUof ] .
Tof] /ft 5]kf/fn] ] dflg;sf] 3/ x]/]/ g} latfof ] .

(= laxfg pHofnf] eof] . Gofgf] 3fd nfUof ] . 5]kf/f] 3fd tfKg nfUof ] . 3fd
tfKbftfKb} p;n] lbg lats] f] kQ} kfPg . km]l/ /ft k¥of ] . p;nfO{ hf8f] x'g
yfNof ] . hf8f] vKg g;s]/ pm cQflnFb} s/fpg yfNof,] æcf5'5' ¤ cf55' ' ¤¤ slt
hf8f] ePsf], of] /ft klg slt nfdf] < ef]ln laxfg pHofnf] dfq} e'OFdf v;f;] \
g† d 3/ agfpg] vfFaf sf6\g hfG5 ' . hªu\ naf6 cfuf] afNg] bfp/f NofpF5' .
a]n'sf dflg;n] h:t} u/L Gofgfd] f ;'T5 ' .Æ

!)= efl] nkN6 km]l/ pHofnf] eof] . 3fd nfUof ] . 5]kf/fn] ] /ftL cfkm" nfO{ lr;f] l;/6] f]n]
xfg]sf] lal;{of] . p;n] dgdg} ljrf/ u¥of], æcfd c¿h:tf] dv" { xf] / cgfxsdf
3/ agfpg ] . ca hf8f] g} uu} f] lg .Æ o;/L g} 5k] f/f] /ftel/ 3/ agfpg] of]hgf
agfpFYof] / laxfg ePkl5 cfÇgf] of]hgf cfkm}F e'NYof] . jiffj{F} if{ lalt;Sbf
klg 5k] f/f]n] 3/ lgdf0{ f ug{ ;ss] f] 5}g . cfkmn}F ] agfPsf] of]hgf / ljrf/nfO{
nTofpbF } pm lxFl8/x]sf] 5 . p;n] clxn];Dd 3/ agfPsf] 5}g .

nf5L M 8/5?] jf pQd M ;fx}| /fdf| ]
cf8] f/ M kx/fdf Ejfª k/s] f] a:g xg' ] 7fpF Gofgf] M tftf]
a:tL M dfG5] a:g] 6f]n lgdf{0f M agfpg] sfd
cu]gf ] M cfuf] afNg] vfN8f]

102 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' {

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M

xftv6' \6f, TofGb|ftG' bL| , lqmofsnfk, Gofgf], efgd] 'ªu\ f| ]

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

nf5L, cf8] f/, sfk, a:tL, ofd, u'hf/f

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

r/f, laxfg,} ufpF, pQd, lgdf{0f, cfk"m, lg

$= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ nfu]sf kfrF kfFr zAbx¿ vf]h/] n]v .

%= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

kz'kG5L Ps hftsf] ;fgf] r/f]

uF8' a:g] 7fpF

lkm:6f ] hgfj/ / r/f

jf;:yfg r/f] a:g] 7fpF

cug] f ] ;fx}| /fd|f]

pQd cfuf] afNg] vfN8f]

^= dflysf] syfaf6 rGb|laGb' nfu]sf zAbx¿ vfh] clg cfÇgf] sfkLdf To:tf
kfFr zAb n]v .

&= z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ .

p;n] dgdg} larf/ u¥of] cf d c¿ h:tf] dv' { xf] / cgfxsdf 3/ agfpg]
cj hf9f] g} uu} f] gL .

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu bO' { 103

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ 5]kf/f] sxfF s;/L a:Yof] <
v_ 5k] f/f]n] lbgel/ s;/L 3fdsf] Gofgf] lnGYof] <
u_ 5]kf/fn] fO{ s;sf] 3/ pQd nfUof] <
3_ lkm:6fn] s;/L cfÇgf] 3/ agfPsf] lyof] <
ª_ 5k] f/f]n] 3/ agfof] ls agfPg <

@= tnsf egfOx¿ ss;sf xg' †\ kf7sf] cfwf/df nv] M
s_ x/] ldq, d t o;u} /L a:5' / hf8f] 5N5 ' .
v_ ltdLx¿ /ftdf Gofgf] x'g] 3/ s;/L agfpF5f} <
u_ 3/ agfpg hfFu/ kf] rNg'k5{ t .
3_ efl] n laxfg pHofnf] e'OFdf v;f;] \ g, d 3/ agfpg yflnxfN5 ' .
ª_ a? l566\ } d/] f] h:t} 3/ agfpm / ltdL klg Gofgf] 7fpFdf a; .

#= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6o\ fpm M
s_ 5k] f/fs] f] cfÇgf] 3/ lyof] .
v_ 5]kf/f] lbp;F f] 3fd tfk]/ a:Yof] .
u_ 5k] f/f] /ftL l5ds] Lsf] 3/df uP/ ;'TYof ] .
3_ efgd] 'ª\u|fn] ] 5k] f/fn] fO{ 3/ agfpg ;3fof ] .
ª_ 5k] f/f]n] 3/ agfpg] ofh] gf agfof] t/ 3/ agfPg .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ 5]kf/fnfO{ lsg 3/ agfpg dg nfUof] <
v_ lkm:6fn] 5k] f/f]nfO{ s] eg]/ hafkm lbof] <
u_ dflg;x¿sf] a:tL bv] /] 5]kf/f]nfO{ s:tf] nfUof] <
3_ 5]kf/fn] ] lsg slxNo} 3/ agfPg <

%= 5]kf/fsf] 3/ agfpg] of]hgf ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] < sDtLdf bz jfSodf
nv]  .

104 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' {

l;hg{ f

!= tn lbOPsf] ljifosf] cfwf/df Pp6f syf n]v M
PhlJarau6hopf;f/f9]bFs:Fbf]s6k]ss]s/} /ffnfufff/L]]P]a6]=/Lsjn==Pffs]==6k]n]]s=f=f]L==cf]6==Pd===J=ffs===of=k]k====f==L=m=Pk}Fn===lu=J=gpf]==o/b=Js=6nL=of}{=k=f=fu;f=nkf=f/aah=]/JPf=L/of}n=sªbFÇL=f6n/u\o]=kf=;f]]fnf=]ksF/6=acasLLfn]s}ff6]k6PfFbÇ]]ffLs/fos]] ]ka=safk=fL/LFs]=fr]xm=L6k's=e=]sLd=f==Plf=/ff=n6=u]s==f=]/==kb6k]=f=] =fJ'u=Lf.{=oÇk]==/] =ofLdk=k=falfaaFsf=gu/f=;fFb=s]L]s]sn/s] 6f/]fan] ]]wfff]]]k==Fbh]/===6L/}===ªrf===n]s===\ugf===]l]l/==n=6bd===L=s==Pf6===Gsa=ff5]k]faafa]sy]]sLfffFsbÇbF/]=6f/o/]=ff=nnO]gf¿=sF a=]]S=vd]khks=¹=dlflf=5nggg/=f{\
@= hgfj/sf] af/]df ltdLn] ;'gs] f] s'g} Pp6f syf cfÇgf] sfkLdf nv]  .

Jofs/0f

!= sfn M sfn egs] f] ;do xf ] . sfnn] sfd s'g ;dodf ePsf] xf] eGg] s/' f
a'¹fp“5 . sfn ltg ks| f/sf 5g \ .

s_ jtd{ fg sfn – clxns] f] ;do a'¹fpg] – k9\5',
a:5, x5] f+{}, hfG5g\ cflb .

v_ et" sfn – klxn]sf] ;do a¹' fpg] – uP,F ;G' of,F} nl] v;\, cfof} cflb .

u_ eljiot\ sfn – kl5sf] ;do a¹' fpg] – afN] g] 5, ;T' g] 5,' vfg] 5g,\ bV] g] l5g\
cflb .

@= tnsf jfSox¿ s'g sfnsf x'g\ lrg]/ nv] M

d}n] g]kfnL Jofs/0f k9F] . et" sfn
s_ ;'lgtf ljBfnodf k9fpFl5g\ . ===================================
v_ cfdf dlGb/ hfge' of ] . ===================================
u_ efO la/fnf] bv] ]/ 8/fof] . ===================================

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu bO' { 105

3_ ;'dg ef]ln cfpg] 5 . ===================================
ª_ xfdL lgoldt ljBfno hfG5fF } . ===================================
r_ d gk] fnL uLt ;G' g] 5 ' . ===================================
#= tnsf lqmofx¿ /fv]/ jfSo agfpm M
cfp5F fF,} nV] g] 5, hfG5', k9\of,} ;l' g;,\ a:g] 5g\

ljzi] f 1fg

s] a:g] 7fpnF fO{ s] elgG5 <

df}/L – 3f/ xfQL – xfQL;f/

3f]8f – tjn] f afv|f – vf]/

r/f] – u8F' dfG5 ] – 3/

dfs/' f ] – hfnf ] k/]jf – u~h

ufO{ – uf7] df5f – s'/

tnsf] lrqdf ljleGg kzk' G5Lx¿ b]vfOPsf 5g\ . lrGg] k|of; u/ M

efgd] ª' u\ f| ] 5]kf/f] s5'jf sf]OnL

lkm:6f] nfv] s {] rd/] f]

106 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' {

KFF7 sljtf

nfdv'6\6]!* – rGb|k|;fb Gofk} fg]

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ – nfdv6' 6\ ] sxfF a:5 <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M – nfdv6' 6\ a] f6 aRg s] ugk{' 5{ <
– ltdLn] nfdv6' 6\ ] bv] s] f 5f} <
– nfdv6' 6\ n] ] 6fS] of] eg] s] xG' 5 <

nfdv6' 6\ ] xflgsf/s ls/f xf ] . of] kmfx] f/] df a:5 . dflg;sf] /ut r:' 5 clg Pp6f
dflg;af6 csfd{] f /fu] ;f5 { . nfdv6' 6\ a] f6 aRg ¹n' /fv/] ;T' gk' 5 { . aflx/ xb] f{ z/L/ k/' }
9fSg] nu' f nufpgk' 5 { . nfdv6' 6\ ] kmfx] f/] df a:g] hLj ePsfn] o;af6 aRg 3/sf] j/k/
;kmf ugk{' 5 { . nfdv6' 6\ ] s:tf] xG' 5, sxfF a:5, o;af6 aRg s] ugk{' 5{ eGg] aˆ' g tnsf]
sljtf no xfn/] k9 M

kR' 5/eGbf ;F'9 nfdf] c¹ v'66\ f nfdf]
/ut r:' 5' dflg;sf] d 5' ;fgf];fgf] .
wk' afn] k/ efU5' ¹'n /fv] aflx/
d/] f] gfd s] xf] eg ¤ 6F' 6'F u5'{ w]/ .$.

lxnf] 7fpF ?rfp5F ' ToxLF hGd lnG5'
kfgL hDg] 7fpdF f dfq} k"mn kfg{] u5{' .
dn} ] 6fs] ] Hj/f] cfpF5 x}hf klg ;f5'{
kmfx] f/] eP /fu] ;f5'{ ;kmf eP efU5' .*.

;F9' M dv' sf] rR' rf] xh} f M kftnf] lb;f cfpg] /fu]
k'mn M cG8f
5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' { 107

6F' 6F' 6F' 6'F s/fP/ ;T' g klg lbGgF
;feF mkv w/] } cfp5F ' 8/ dnfO{ x'Gg F .
Psfx] f]/f] ;';]n]/ emsf{] dfq} nfpF5'
d]/f] gfd s] xf] eg < 3/3/} wfpF5 ' .!@.

3/ jl/kl/ ;wF} ;kmf ug]{ u/]
/fu] af6 aRg cfkmF} cfuF g ;kmf kf/] .
k/k/ efuL hfG5' ;kmf;U' 3/ eP
nfdv'6\6] d]/f] gfd aR5f} lhTg ;s ] .!^.

;';n] ]/ M ;O' ;O' u//] ¹sf ]{ M dg gkg{] sfdn] xg' ] lbSs

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
kR' 5/, nfdv6' 6\ ], ;U' 3/, hGd, Hj/f]
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
¹sf,{] ;';]n/] , x}hf, k"mn, ;'F8
#= dflysf] sljtfaf6 rGbl| aGb' k|ofu] ePsf s'g} kfrF zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ nv]  .
$= z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ M
v'6f, t]xf, zf¹F , jfxL/, al/k/L
%= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
d, ;fgf], 8/, dflg;, w/] ,} k/k/

108 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu b'O{

^= dflysf] sljtf k9/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
dn} ] ================== cfpF5 ================= ;f5'{
==================/fu] ;f5{' ;kmf eP ================ .

&= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -√_ nufpm M

s_ tnsf dWo] z4' ¿k sg' xf] <

c_ UofgL cf_ UofFgL O_ 1fgL
v_ ====================== p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb xg'  \ .

c_ cfsfz–kftfn cf_ cfsfz–uug O_ cfsfz–wtL{

u_ ‘/fu] L’ sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb s'g xf] <

c_ lg/fu] L cf_ ef]uL O_ c:j:y

3_ ‘nfp5F –' wfpF5’' s:tf zAb x'g\ <

c_ km/skm/s ;'lgg] cf_ p:t}p:t} ;'lgg] O_ pN6f] cy{ lbg]

ª_ ‘e'tS' s’ s:tf] zAb xf] <

c_ gfd cf_ cgs' /0ffTds O_ lqmofkb

k7g afw]

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ‘nfdv'66\ ’] sljtf s;n] n]v]sf x'g\ <
v_ nfdv'66\ ]n] s:tf] 7fpdF f km" n kfg{] u5{ <
u_ s] u/] nfdv'6\6] k/k/ efU5 <
3_ nfdv6' 6\ ]n] s;sf] /ut r:' 5 <
ª_ nfdv6' \6n] ] 6f]Sof] eg] s] x'G5 <
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ nfdv'6\6]n] s;/L /f]u ;f5{ <

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' { 109

v_ nfdv'66\ n] ] dflg;nfO{ s;/L bM' v lbG5 <
u_ nfdv6' 6\ a] f6 aRg ss] ] ug{k' 5{ <
#= tnsf x/kmx¿n] s] eGg vf]hs] f x'g,\ aˆ' g] k|of; u/ clg cfkm" n] a'¹]sf] s/' f

sfkLdf nv] M
k/k/ efuL hfG5' ;kmf;U' 3/ eP
nfdv6' \6] d]/f] gfd aR5f} lhTg ;s] .
$= ‘nfdv6' \6]’ sljtf k9k] l5 cfkm" n] a¹' ]sf s'/fx¿ sDtLdf bz jfSodf nv]  .

l;hg{ f
!= tnsf] lrq x/] clg To;sf] af/d] f Pp6f sljtf n]v .

@= sg' } 7fpFsf] aofg ub{} Pp6f sljtf n]v .

Jofs/0f

zAbe08f/

!= kof{ojfrL zAb M p:t} p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ kof{ojfrL zAb elgG5 .

;o" { – 3fd, /lj, efg ' 3/ – u[x, lgjf;, cfno cf“vf – gog, g]q, nfr] g

afns – lzz', aRrf] dfG5] – dfgj, dflg; km" n– ki' k, s;' 'd

@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb M pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ ljk/Ltfys{ zAb elgG5 .

tn – dfly lbg – /ft

;f“¹ – laxfg cufl8 – k5fl8

7n" f ] – ;fgf] nfdf ] – 5f]6f]

#= cg's/0ffTds zAb M sg' } s'/fnfO{ bv] ]/ To;sf] gSsn u/]/ agfOPsf] zAb tyf
sg' } s/' fsf] cfafh ;g' /] To;af6 agfOPsf] zAb cg's/0ffTds zAb x'g \ .

cfafh ;g' /] ags] f M l6lggL, 6\ofSs, 3/Ss, lkl6Ss, 8\ofªª\

bZ[ o x/] ]/ ags] f M ¹ndNn, 9sdSs, RofKk, 6s' 6' s' '

110 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu b'O{

s_ tnsf zAbx¿sf] kofo{ jfrL zAb n]v M

xft, lstfa, rGb|, lktf, gog, kfv] /L

v_ tnsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nv] M

cl3, leq, j/, nfdf], df6] f], dL7f], glhs

u_ hf]8f ldnfpm M kmls{g'
e';S' s

ykSs p8g\ '

km/Ss k};f uGg'
e/' { s:g'
snsn /fVg'

/gSs aUg'
6gSs lal;{g'
vgvgL tfTg'

ljzi] f 1fg

tnsf] lrqdf ljleGg ls/fx¿ b]vfOPsf] 5 lrGg] k|of; u/ M

nfdv6' 6\ ] dfs/' f] ;fª\nf l¹Fuf

df}/L k'tnL sldnf]

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu bO' { 111

KFF7 syf

!( Psfut| f

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M – Psfu| xg' ' egs] f] s] xf] <
– dflg;n] sfd ubf{ Wofg lbPg eg] s] xG' 5 <

– ltdLn] slxNo} vfn] f t/s] f 5f} < – ltdL slxNo} hªu\ nsf] af6f] lx8F s] f 5f} <

xfdLn] sg' } klg sfd ubf{ cToGt rgfvf] eP/ Wofgkj" s{ ugk{' 5 { . dg nufP/ jf PslrQ eP/ ul/Psf] sfd dfq
;kmn xG' 5 . kf7df lbOPsf] syfdf x6' /' n] ] PslrQ eP/ elSt u/s] f] 5g}  . p;n] cfkm" ;ªs\ 6df k/s] f] jn] fdf Pp6}
eujfgd\ f cf:yf g/fv/] slxn] Pp6f, slxn] csf{] eujfgn\ fO{ ;D¹s] f] 5 . o:tfd] f eujfgx\ ¿ klg cndNn k/s] f
5g,\ s;nfO{ afn] fPsf] xf] eg/]  . sg' } s/' fdf PslrQ eP/ sfd gubf{ s] xg' ] /x5] aˆ' g tnsf] syf Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= w/] } klxn]sf] s/' f xf ] . nfdf] ;do;Dd kfgL gk/s] f sf/0f vt] L ls;fgL u/]/
afFRg] klZrd g]kfnsf] hghLjg cToGt sl7g xg' kU' of ] . kfgL gk/]sf sf/0f
vt] LkftL ePg . ufpFdf clgsfn nfUof] . w/] } afns tyf j4[ x¿ csfnd} dg{
yfn ] . vfgfsf] cefjdf dflg;x¿sf] Hofg hfg yfNof ] . /f]usf] dxfdf/Ln]
ufpFnfO{ ;fx|} ;tfof ] . ufpsF f oj' fx¿ ufpF 5f8]/ cGt hfg yfn] . ;x/ k;]/
b'O{ k};f sdfpg ;lsGYof] ls eg]/ ufpF 5f8\g]x¿sf] ;ªV\ of a9\b} uof ] .
To;} ufpFsf] Pp6f kl/jf/df x'6/' ] gfpsF f] Pp6f s6] f] a:Yof ] . p;n] klg ;x/
uP/ sx] L k};f sdfpg] clg kmls{g] ljrf/ u¥of] .

@= Ps lbg laxfg ;a]/} p7]/
x'6/' ] ;x/lt/ nfUof] . ufpFd}
hGd]xs' s{] f] x6' /' ] PSsfl; ufpF
5f]8]/ hfg'kbf{ s]xL pbf; ePsf]
lyof] . p;nfO{ ;x/ s:tf] 5 eGg]
yfxf lyPg . ;x/ hfFbf s'g af6f]
hfgk' 5{ eGg] klg yfxf lyPg . p;n]

hghLjg M hgtfsf] /xg;xg csfn M ;do gcfOsg
clgsfn M cGgsf] cefjn] xg' ] xfxfsf/ dxfdf/L M w/] s} f] ljgfz ug{] /f]u
j[4 M w]/} pd/] lat]sf,] a9" f]

112 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu b'O{

ufpdF f efs] } dge{' Gbf ;x/ klg bl] vg]
clg afFRg klg kfOg] ljrf/n] g} ufpF
5f]8s] f] lyof] . ofqfsf qmddf pm dgdg}
;fR] b} lyof] ;x/ s:tf] xfn] f < ToxfF
s:tf dfG5] xfn] fg\ < cfk"mn] lrgs] f
dflg;x¿ klg e]l6Pnfg\ ls < sx] L
sfd kfP t /fd|f] eof], gkfP s] ug{]
xf]nf < dgdf cg]s ts{gf ub}{ pm cl3 al9/x]sf] lyof] .

#= pm 3gf hª\undf k:of] . hª\undf cUnf ¿vx¿ lyP . dL7f kmnx¿ klg
lyP . r/fsf] dL7f] :j/ klg ;l' gGYof] . æhªu\ ndf t af3, efn' h:tf lx+;s|
hgfj/x¿ klg x'G5g\, cln xf;] u/]/ lxF8];\ x} .Æ p;n] cfpg] jn] fdf cfdfn]
eg]sf] s'/f ;Dˆof ] . p;n] cln xtf/xtf/ 8]u rfNof] . hª\un sfl6;sk] l5
pm Pp6f gbLsf] 5]pdf k'Uof] . gbL tg{] s'g} pkfo bv] g]  . gbLsf] lsgf/lsgf/}
lx8F \g yfNof ] .

$= w]/} a]/ lsgf/df lxF8k] l5 cln k/ p;n] Pp6f dflg; gbL tb{} u/]sf] bV] of] .
p;nfO{ nfUof], æToxfaF f6 tg{ ;lhnf] /x]5 . d klg ToxLF k'u/] dfq t5{' .Æ
p;n] ¹f]nfaf6 clnslt ds} l¹Sof ] . 9'ª\ufdf a;]/ s'?ds?' d rkfof] .
lsgf/af6 cFh'nLdf lnP/ yf/] } kfgL lkof ] . æca eg] kfl/ tg{k' 5{ .Æ slxNo}
gt/s] f] vf]nf] w]/} ulx/f] kf] 5 ls eGg] 8/n] pm xQkQ vfn] fdf hfg ;sg]  .
p;n] hQ' f kms' fNof], ;?' jfn dfly ;f¥of] la:tf/} kfgLdf 6S] of ] .

%= æcK7/] f] k/s] f] jn] fdf eujfg\ ;lD¹gk' 5 { .Æ crfgs p;n] xh/' cfdfn] egs] f] s/' f
;Dˆof ] . æ/fd ¤ /fd ¤¤ /fd ¤¤¤Æ eGb} pm cl3 a9\of] . gbL ulx/f] /x]5 .
3F'8feGbf dfly kfgL cfPkl5 p;n] xh'/cfdfsf] s/' f kml] / ;Dˆof] . æs[i0f ¤
s[i0f ¤¤ si[ 0f ¤¤¤Æ eGb} cl3 a9\g vf]Hof] . gbLdf kfgL 36s] f] klg lyPg . p;n]
;lhnf;] uF gbL tg{ klg ;ss] f] lyPg . lg/Gt/ ko| f; eg] pm ub{} lyof ] . pm cufl8
a9fF} ls ga9f}F eg/] ;fR] g yfNof] . ToxfaF f6 kms{g ;Sg] ;fdYo{ klg p;df
/xg]  . pm cl3 a9\b} uof] .

3gf hªu\ n M w]/} afSnf] hª\un tsg{ f M dgdf v]Ng] ljrf/
lx;+ s| M c¿nfO{ dfg,]{ lx+;f ug]{ ;fdYo{ M zlSt, tfut
8u] M kfOnf

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' { 113

^= kfgL c¹} dfly cfof]  . sDd/;Dd
8a' ]kl5 p;n] kml] / ælzj ¤ lzj ¤¤
lzj ¤¤¤Æ eGb} s?0f ks' f/ u¥of] . kfgL
c¹ dfly rl9;s]sf] lyof] . kfgL
k]6af6 5ftLsf] efu;Dd kU' of] .
Psl} 5g p;n] ;fR] of,] æcfkt\ljktd\ f OZ{ j/ g} ;xfos x'G5g\ eGy ] . dnfO{ klg
;xofu] unf{g\ lg t . s] u¿F kms]{/ hfpmF ls cufl8 a9fF} < x] eujfg\ ¤ kms{]/
hfFbf klg Hofg aRbg}  . hª\unsf hgfj/x¿sf] cfxf/f x'gk' 5 { . a? lxDdt
gxf/L cufl8 g} a9\gk' 5{ d}n] . h;/L eP klg kfl/ tg{ kfP t s]xL pkfo
cjZo lg:sGYof] xf]nf .Æ pm cufl8 al9/Åof ] . la:tf/} kfgLdf kfOnf rfNb}
cufl8 a9b\ } hfbF f hlt cl3 uof] p;n] gbL Tolt ulx/f] 5 eGg] yfxf kfof] .

&= kfgLn] 5ftL;Dd 8'a]kl5 pm ælji0f' ¤ lji0f' ¤¤ lji0f' ¤¤¤Æ eGb} cl3 a9\of ] . ca
eg] kfgL p;sf] 3f6F L;Dd k'Uof] . ptf of] ;Dk"0f{ 36gf x]l//x]sf bj] tfx¿
Pscfk;df dv' fd'v ug{ yfn ] . /fdnfO{ s[i0f hfnfg\ / x'6/' n] fO{ arfpnfg\
eGg] nfUof ] . si[ 0fn] ;f]r], æx'6/' n] ] /fdnfO{ klg af]nfPsf] 5 . pgL hfnfg\ /
arfpnfgÆ\  . lzjn] lji0f' hfnfg\ clg x6' '/n] fO{ gbL kf/ u/fpnfg\ eGg] ;fr] ]5g \ .
t/ lji0f'n] eg] x6' '/s] f] ;xfotfsf nflu c¿ bj] tfx¿ g} hfnfg\ eGg] 7fg ] .

*= otf kfgL s]6f]sf] lrpF8fa] f6 dflylt/ rl9;s]sf] lyof ] . cfk;df sf] hfg] eGg]
lgZro u//] bj] tfx¿ ;xof]usf nflu hfg gkfpbF } x'6'/s] f] cfafh aGb eof ] .
pm stf x/fof,] stf lanfof,] kQf] ePg . otf bj] tfx¿n] gdL7f] bM' v dfg] .
æs6] f]n] Psfu| elSt u/s] f] eP Ps hgfnfO{ g} af]nfpFYof] . Pp6fdf ljZjf;
geP/ w/] }nfO{ ux' f¥of] . h;n] ubf{ p;n] k'sf/] klg xfdL cfk"mnfO{ af]nfPsf]
xf] jf xfO] gsf] l:yltdf k¥of F} . s'g} klg sfddf PslrQ eP/ nfu] dfq sfd
;kmn x'G5 . w/] }lt/ dg 8'nfP/ ul/Psf] sfd
slxNo} ;kmn x'bF g}  . x6' '/n] ] klg cfÇgf] elStdf
Psfut| f b]vfPg . Psfut| f gePs} sf/0f p;n]
Hofg ud' fof ] .Æ b]jtfx¿n] ug' ug' u/] .

s?0f M bofn] el/Psf] PslrQ M dg Ps} 7fpFdf nufpg] sfd
b]jtf M eujfg,\ O{Zj/ u'gu'g M ga'l¹g] cfjfhdf ul/g] s'/fsfgL
Psfut| f M Pp6} s'/fdf Wofg lbPsf] cj:yf

114 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu bO' {

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
o'jf, cefj, hªu\ n, cFhn' L, 9ª' u\ f, slxNo}
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
dxfdf/L, 8u] , j4[ , clgsfn, b]jtf, ;fdYo{
#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
;x/, xQkQ, cufl8, OZ{ j/, Hofg, ug' u'gfpg'
$= z4' kf//] n]v M
t]xf, pmkfP, dfyL, cfk'm, op6f, xG' b}g
^= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

s?0f ga'l¹g] cfafhdf ul/g] s'/fsfgL

PslrQ afSnf]

csfn hgtfsf] bl} gs ultljlw

hghLjg bofn] el/Psf]

ug' ug' dgnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf nufpg]

3gf jn] f geOsg

&= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿ vfh] /] n]v .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' { 115

k7g af]w

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ufpdF f lsg clgsfn nfUof] <
v_ x'6'/] lsg pbf; eof] <
u_ hªu\ ndf x6' /' ]n] lsg xtf/xtf/ kfOnf rfNof] <
3_ x6' '/] xQkQ lsg vfn] fdf hfg ;s]g <
ª_ x'6'/n] ] xh'/cfdfn] eg]sf] s'g s'/f ;Dˆof] <
r_ x'6'/n] ] vfn] f tbf{ ss;nfO{ afn] fof] <
5_ x'6/' ]nfO{ lsg eujfgx\ ¿n] arfPgg\ <

@= tnsf egfO ss;sf x'g\ < dflysf] syf k9/] kQf nufpm M
s_ x'6/' n] ] /fdnfO{ klg afn] fPsf] 5† pgL hfnfg\ / arfpnfg\ .
v_ hªu\ ndf t af3efn' h:tf lx+;|s hgfj/ klg x'G5g\† xf;] u/]/ lxF8;] \ x} .
u_ s'g} klg sfddf PslrQ eP/ nfu] dfq sfd ;kmn xG' 5 .
3_ cK7/] f] k/]sf] jn] f eujfg\ ;lD¹g'k5{ .
ª_ cfkt\ljktd\ f O{Zj/ g} ;xfos x'G5g\ eGy ] .

#= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6o\ fpm M
s_ ufpF 5f]8/] hfgk' bf{ x6' /' ] w]/} v';L ePsf] lyof] .
v_ gbLdf kfgL 36s] fn] x6' /' ] ;lhn} kfl/k6l\ 6 k'Uof ] .
u_ w]/l} t/ dg 8'nfP/ ul/Psf] sfd ;kmn xF'bg}  .
3_ hªu\ ndf r/fsf] dL7f] :j/ ;'lgGYof] .
ª_ x'6'/n] ] PslrQ eP/ gbL t/]sfn] b]jtfx¿ k|;Gg eP .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ x'6/' ] lsg ufpF 5f8] ]/ lx8F s] f] lyof] <
v_ x'6'/]n] gbLdf gku' G' h]n;Dd ss] ] u¥of] <
u_ x6' /' ]n] gbL tg{ s:tf] k|of; u¥of] <
3_ x6' /' ] d/k] l5 b]jtfx¿n] s] eg] <

%= ‘Psfu|tf’ syf k9]kl5 ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} <

116 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu b'O{

l;h{gf
!= ltdLn] sg' } syf ;g' ]sf jf k9]sf 5f} < 5f} eg] cfkm" n] hfg]sf] sg' } Pp6f syf

sfkLdf n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .
@= tnsf] lrq x]/ clg To;sf] cfwf/df Pp6f syf nv] M
! @#

$%

Jofs/0f
!= tnsf zAbx¿df rGb|laGb'sf] ko| f]u ePsf] 5 . Wofg lbP/ k9 M
cu“ f/, c“hn' L, cf“k, ufp,“ kfr“ , sf“qmf,] ;“u' '/, ;f“¹, c“Wof/f,] cf“ug, sf“w, vfP“,

cfP“, k95\ f“}, k9f,“} eGb5f“,} u/f,}“ u/fn}“ f, eg"“, arfcf}“, vf“bf, hfb“ f, cfp“bf, Nofp“b},
lkpb“ ,} lbb“ ,} l;p“b}, cfp5“ , cfp“5g\, ufp5“ , ufp5“ ', v'jfp“5;\, ufp“Yof] cflb .
@= dflysf] syfaf6 rGb|laGbs' f] ko| f]u ePsf sg' } bz cf6] f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ nv]  .
#= tnsf jfSodf rGb|laGb' ko| fu] ugk'{ g]{ zAbx¿ 5g\ ls 5g} g\ x]/ . 5g\ eg]

cfjZos 7fpdF f rGbl| aGb'sf] ko| fu] u/ M
s_ ltdL slxn] cfp5f} <
v_ dn} ] tnfO{ lrg]sf] 5g}  .
u_ pxfsf] hu' f w]/} 8/nfUbf] 5 .
3_ ltdLn] cfvfdf ufhn nufO5\of } .
ª_ pm sxf uPsf] 5 <

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' { 117

ljzi] f 1fg

ljleGg wd{sf wflds{ :ynx¿

lxGb' wd{ O:nfd wd{ af}4 wd{

O;fO{ wd { lzv wd{

tnsf] lrqdf /ª e/ M

118 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu bO' {