Chharito Nepali class 1

5l/tf] g]kfnL

sIff

!

nv] s tyf ;Dkfbs
ke| ftL ls/0f
gf/fo0f lg/f;L

z'ef/De klAns];g kf| = nL=

sf7df8fF}, gk] fn

gfdM =====================================================================
/f]n g=+ ====================================== ;S] ;g= ===========
ljBfnoM =====================================================================================
kmf]g g+= ================================================

k|sfzs

z'ef/De klAns];g k|f= nL=

sf7df8f,F} g]kfn

n]vs

ke| ftL ls/0f

gf/fo0f lg/f;L

klxnf] ;:+ s/0f

@)&) 5l/tf] gk] fnL
kl/dflht{ ;+:s/0f

@)&% sIff
;jfl{ wsf/
nv] s / ks| fzsdf !
u|flkmS;

kmf]s; sDKo6' /

lrq

sfhL /fgf

xfdf| ] egfO

efiff l;sfOsf jm| ddf kf7o\ k':ts dxŒjk0" f{ dfWod xf] . kf7\ojm| dn] lgb]z{ g u/s] f] kf7o\ ;fdu|LnfO{
kf7\ok:' tsn] Jojl:yt u5{ . 5l/tf] g]kfnL z[ªv\ nfnfO{ efiff l;sfOsf ;Lkx¿ ;g' fO, afn] fO tyf
n]vfOnfO{ ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug{ pkofu] L kf7o\ k:' tssf] ¿kdf tof/ kf/]sf 5f}F . efiff l;Sg
/ l;sfpg ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfx¿ pkofu] L dfWod xg' ] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{} o;
z[ªv\ nfdf sljtf, syf, lgaGw, hLjgL, Psfª\sL tyf ¿ks ljwfcGtu{t ;+jfb, jfbljjfb, lr7L
cflbsf] oyfl] rt ko| f]u ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf cl3Nnf] tyf kl5Nnf] k:' tfsf ;|i6fx¿sf /rgf
o;df ;dl] 6Psf 5g\ . oxfF ;d]l6Psf s[ltsf ;|i6fx¿kl| t xfdL cfef/L 5f}F . oxfF h'gh'g kf7df
nv] ssf] gfd lbOPsf 5}gg†\ tL xfdLn] g} tof/ kf/]sf xfF} . ‘5l/tf] gk] fnL’sf] o; z[ª\vnfdf kf7
5gf]6 tyf ltgsf] cEof; ljGof; ubf{ cToGt ;hutf ckgfOPsf] 5 . k|To]s kf7df k"jk{ 7gsf nflu
efOalxgLx¿;Fu eGg] v08 /flvPsf] 5 . of] d"ntM ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] ;Lk tyf bIftf clejl[ 4 tyf kf7k|lt
?lr tfGg] pbb\ ]Zon] /flvPsf] eP klg lzIfs ldqx¿nfO{ ;d]t cWofkgsf j|mddf pTk]|/ssf] ¿kdf
/xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf ljzi] f Wofg lbPsf 5f}F .

d"n kf7sf] k:| tl' tkl5 cEof; ;+of]hg ubf{ zAb1fg, k7gaf]w, l;hg{ f, Jofs/0f / ljzi] f 1fg u/L
kfFr v08df cEof;nfO{ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . zAb1fgcGtu{t ;DalGwt kf7df /xs] f zAbx¿sf]
z'4 pRrf/0f, ltgsf] cy{, jfSodf k|of]u nufotsf cfEofl;s kZ| gx¿ /fv/] ljBfyLs{ f] zAb1fgsf]
clej[l4 ug]{ pb\b]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . k7gaf]wcGtu{t kf7df k9]sf] s'/f ;I" d ¿kdf a¹' ] ga¹' ]sf]
k/LIf0f ug]{ u/L clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/, ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/, JofVof, nfdf] pQ/ cflbsf] cEof;sf nflu
ljBfyL{nfO{ cEo:t agfpg] pb\bZ] o /flvPsf] 5 . o;df ;fdfGoaf6 hl6ntkms{ f] cjwf/0ffsf] cg';/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . l;h{gfcGtut{ ljBfyLs{ f] l;hg{ fTds Ifdtfsf] clej[l4sf nflu sljtf, lgaGw, hLjgL,
syf cflb nv] gsf] kl/ro / cEof; lbP/ To;df ?lrk0" f{ ;xeflutfsf nflu cEof; tof/ kfl/Psf]
5 . of] v08sf] cEof; kl5 ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfnodf x'g] tyf cGo kl| tofl] utfTds lj|mofsnfkdf vn' /]
;xefuL xg' ;Sg] 5g\ . Jofs/0fcGtu{t kf7\j|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/c] g;' f/sf Jofs/0fsf zLif{sx¿nfO{
ko| f]uk/s cEof; u/fpg] pbb\ ]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . Jofs/0fsf] yk cEof;sf nflu xfdLn] g} tof/ kf/]sf]
5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf] cEof; u/fpg ;lsg] 5 . ljz]if 1fgcGtu{t kf7;uF ;DalGwt ljleGg
efu} fl] ns, ;f:+ s[lts, k|fs[lts tyf wfld{s ljifo;uF ;DalGwt 1fgsf s/' fx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

kf7sf] dd{cg;' f/ lrqx¿ lbP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] k|:t't k:' ts efiff lzIf0fsf] nflu pkofu] L ;fdu|Lsf]
¿kdf tof/ kfg]{ xfd|f] ko| f;df lj1 kf7s, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsx¿af6 cfpg] ;'¹fa tyf
;Nnfx xfd|f nflu dfub{ z{s aGg] 5g\ . cfufdL lbgdf k:' tsnfO{ c¹ k|efjsf/L agfpg kl/isf/ /
kl/dfhg{ ub{} hfg] jfrf ub{5f}F .

[email protected]

[email protected]

ljifo ;"rL

kf7 zLif{s ljwf nv] s ki[ 7

!= sldnfsf] tft“ L sljtf dfwj l3ld/ ] 5
@= zlSteGbf h'lSt 7n" f ] syf — 10
#= /fli6«o k"mn nfnLu/' f;“ lgaGw — 16
$= n]vgfy kf8} o\ fn hLjgL — 21
%= gfgL afa ' sljtf If]qkt| fk clwsf/L 27
^= sfsfnfO{ lr7L lr7L — 31
&= ufO { cfTdsyf — 35
*= 9's/' / sldnf ] syf — 40
(= 9f8] la/fnf] sljtf k|ef e§/fO { 45
!)= kfgL s;/L k5{ < ;j+ fb — 49
!!= ¹6' f] afN] of] ls kfN] of ] syf — 55
!@= jgefh] lgaGw — 62
!#= rdrd tf/f sljtf bu' f{nfn >i] 7 68
!$= lahn' L lgaGw — 73
!%= xf]nL lgaGw — 79
!^= gk] fnsf] zfg sljtf ke| ftL ls/0f 84
!&= afa', 5f]/f / uwf syf — 89
!*= cgz' f;gsf] dxŒj lgaGw — 95
!(= Tot} 8'Ng hfp“m sljtf gj/fh l/hfn 101

KFF7 sljtf
sldnfsf] tft“ L
! – dfwj l3ld/]

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M – sldnfx¿ s;/L lx8F 5\ g\ <
– ltdLn] sldnf bv] s] f 5f} < – ldn/] sfd ubf{ s] xG' 5 <
– sldnfsf] tftF L egs] f] s] xf] <

sldnfx¿ tftF L ldnfP/ lx8F 5\ g\ . cfsf/df ;fgf eP klg ltgLx¿ w/] } hgf ldn/] 7n" f7n" f
sfdx¿ ug{ ;S5g\ . cfkm" eGbf 7n" f j:tx' ¿ klg p7fpg ;S5g\ . sldnfsf] tftF Ln]
dflg;nfO{ klg Pscsfd{ f ldn/] sfd ug{ l;sfPsf] xG' 5 . PSn} ug{ g;lsPsf] sfd klg
w/] } hgf ldn/] ubf{ /fd/| L k/" f ug{ ;lsG5 . kf7df lbOPsf] sljtf dfwj l3ld/n] ] nv] s] f xg' \ .
ltdLx¿ ;an} ] no xfn/] sljtf jfrg u/ clg sldnfsf] tftF Ln] ss] ] u/s] f] /x5] a¹' M

x/] x/] ;fyL xf], sldnfsf] tfFtL of]
b'nfaf6 lg:s]/ lx8F \5 w'nfdfly of] .@.

of}6f ;fyL cfP/ lbG5 ss] f] va/
nuftf/ cufl8 a9\5 nfjfn:s/ .$.

cfh hfG5 hGtL of] sg' bz] sg' 3/
sxfF xfl] ng\ b'nxL ;g' s;] |f¹F} ;'Gb/ .^.

xfd|f] km" naf/Ldf ¿vdl' g :ofpsf]
/fvs] f] 5 9fs] fdf ;t] f] 5ftf Rofpsf] .*.

nfjfn:s/ M nfdf] tftF L ;'gs;] |f M ;'gsf] h:t} skfn ePsL† ;g' ¹}F

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 5

kxfl/nf] sfGnfdf ;fg' ;fg' b'nf] 5
aflx/ ToxfF wn' f] 5 leq b/af/ 7"nf] 5 .!).

sldnfsL /fgL To} b/af/df al:5g\ /]

cfsfzsL OGb]|gL wtL{leq kl:5g\ /] .!@.

sldnfsL /fgLsf] cfh lax] x'G5 /] kxfl/nf] M 3fd nfus] f,] 3dfOnf]
3fdkfgL k/s] f] cfh /fdf| ] lbg 5 /] .!$. sfGnf] M v]taf/Lsf] leQf]
b/af/ M /fhf/fgL a:g] 3/
OGb]g| L M 3fdkfgL k/]sf] an] f

cfsfzdf b]lvg] ;ft
/ªsf] w;f]{

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
tfFtL, ;G' b/, Rofp, n:s/, ;g' s];|f
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
kxfl/nf,] nfjfn:s/, OGb]g| L, ;g' s];f| , sfGnf
#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
km" naf/L, /fgL, cfh, 7n" f,] leq
$= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
wtL{, 7n" f,] d'lg, km" n, cufl8
%= dflysf] sljtfdf k|of]u ePsf p:t} ;'lgg] zAbx¿ vf]h/] nv] .
h:t} M bn' f] – 7n" f]
^= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ ;RofP/ n]v M
bjf/{ , 3fdkflg, /fDdf,] ;]6f,] lzofp

6 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ‘sldnfsf] tfFtL’ sljtf s;n] n]v]sf x'g\ <
v_ sldnfsL /fgL sxfF al:5g\ <
u_ kxfl/nf] sfGnfdf s] 5 <
3_ sldnfsf] tftF L sxfFaf6 lg:s]/ lx8F 5\ <
ª_ 9fs] fdf s:tf] 5ftf /flvPsf] 5 <
@= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofpm M
s_ ‘sldnfsf] tftF L’ /fdk|;fb 1jfnLn] n]v]sf xg' \ .
v_ sldnfsf] lax] slxNo} x'Fbg} .
u_ kxfl/nf] sfGnfdf sldnfsf] ufn] f] 5 .
3_ sldnfsf] b/af/ 7"nf] 5 .
ª_ cfsfzsL OGb]g| L wtL{leq kl:5g\ .
#= ldNg] zAb /fv/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
cfh hfG5 hGtL ====================================
================================= ;'gs;] |f¹F} ;G' b/ .
xfdf| ] k"mnaf/Ldf ======================================
================================= ;]tf] 5ftf Rofpsf] .
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ sldnfsf] tftF L s;/L lx8F \5 <
v_ sldnfsL /fgL a:g] b/af/ s:tf] 5 <
u_ sldnfsf] tftF Ln] xfdLnfO{ s] l;sfp5F <

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 7

l;h{gf

!= sldnfx¿ ldn/] a:5g\ . pgLx¿ Pscsf{df ;xofu] lngl] bg] u5{g\ . ldn]/
u/]sf] sfd /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] s/' f dflg;n] klg sldnfaf6 l;Sg ;S5 .
ldn/] sfd ug{] afgL w]/} /fdf| ] afgL xf] . ltdLnfO{ yfxf ePsf o:t} s'g} kfrF
j6f /fdf| afgLx¿ n]v .

!= =======================================
@= =======================================
#= =======================================
$= =======================================
%= =======================================

Jofs/0f

!= tnsf] vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M

h:t} M d ljBfyL{ x'F .
s_ xfdL ljBfyL{ =================== .
v_ ltdL ljBfyL{ =================== .
u_ tF ljBfyL{ =================== .
3_ pgLx¿ ljBfyL{ =================== .

@= tnsf] tflnsfaf6 jfSo agfpm M =========================================

d 5 =========================================
5g\ =========================================
tF 5;\ =========================================
5fF} =========================================
xfdL ldlxgt] L 5f} =========================================
pm 5'

sldnfx¿

ltdLx¿

8 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

ljzi] f 1fg

38Ldf slt ah]sf] 5 Wofg lbP/ x]/ M

11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2

93 93 93 93 93

84 84 84 84 84
76 5 76 5 76 5 76 5 76 5

bz ah]sf] ;ft ah]sf] kfFr ah]/ la; ltg aHg bz af/ ah]sf]
ldg]6 uPsf] ldg]6 afFsL

tnsf] lrqdf /ª e/M

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 9

KFF7 syf

@ zlSteGbf h'lSt 7"nf]

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M – zlStn] dfq ;a} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 <
– xfdLnfO{ zlSt lsg rflxG5 < – hl' St / zlStdf sg' 7n" f] xG' 5 <

– hl' St egs] f] s] xf] <

sfd ug{ zlSt rflxG5 . zlSt ePg eg] sfd ug{ ;lsFb}g . slxn]sfxLF zlStn] dfq sfd k"/f ug{ ;lsFbg} .
zlStnfO{ klg h'lStn] k5fl8 kfg{ ;S5 . hl' Sta'l4 nufP/ ul/of] eg] cK7\of/f sfdx¿ klg ;kmn xg' ;S5 .
kf7df lbOPsf] syfdf lrnn] ;a} hgfj/x¿nfO{ bM' v lbPsf] 5 . ;fgf] cfsf/sf] eP/ klg lkm:6fn] ] lrnnfO{
x/fP/ cfk"m r/fx¿sf] /fhf ePsf] 5 . h'lStn] s;/L zlStnfO{ k5fg{ ;Sbf]/x]5 aˆ' g tnsf] syf Wofg lbP/ k9M

!= Pp6f hªu\ ndf w]/} r/fx¿ a:y] . ToxfF sfu, ;f/;, k/j] f, eFu]/f,
;'uf, d'gfn, sfO] nL, wg]z, 9's'/, lkm:6f] h:tf r/fx¿ lyP . pgLx¿
¿v¿v 8n' ]/ cfxf/f vfH] y] . r/fx¿ cfk;df ldn/] a;]sf lyP .

@= To; hªu\ ndf lrn klg lyof] . pm c¿ r/fx¿eGbf w/] } alnof] lyof] .
pm c¿ r/fx¿nfO{ w]/} b'Mv lbGYof] . lbglbg} lrnsf] 8/ kfn]/
afRF gk' /s] fn] r/fx¿ x}/fg ePsf lyP . Ps lbg hªu\ nsf ;a}
r/fx¿ Ps 7fp“df en] f eP .
pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] /fhf 5fGg] /
/fhfn] agfPsf] lgodcg;' f/ rNg]
lg0f{o u/] .

#= lrn rnfv lyof] . p;n] cfÇgf] kfnf]

cfPkl5 afN] of,] æxfdLx¿dWod] f hf]

;ae} Gbf dfly;Dd p8g\ ;S5, p;n} fO{ /fhf agfcf“} .Æ cfkmF} /fhf xg' ]

d'gfn M lxdfndf x'g] r/f] x}/fg M lbSs, lg/fz
wg]z M lz/df 8Nnf] xg' ] r/f] lrn M ;fgf hGt'sf] l;sf/ ug]{ r/f]
cfxf/f M vfg]s'/f 8/ kfNg' M dgdf 8/ /fVg'

10 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

ljrf/n] lrnn] o:tf] s/' f u/s] f] lyof] . lrn
bi' 6 lyof] . c¿ r/fx¿ pm;u“ 8/fpy“ ] .
p;nfO{ /fhf dfGg s;s} f] OR5f ePg .
lrnsf] 8/n] ubf{ ;an} ] p;sf] s/' f :jLsf/
u/] .

$= ælrn g} /fhf xg' ] eOxfNof] . xfdLn] kml] / bM'v kfpg] eofÆ“} Pp6f a9' f] k/j] fn]
lvGg xb“' } eGof] . ækL/ gu/ g d sx] L pkfo lgsfnn“' fÆ Pp6f ;fgf] lkm:6fn] ]
eGof] . lkm:6fs] f] s/' fdf s;n} ] ljZjf; u/g] g\ . æs:tfs:tf sxf“ uP, d;' fsf]
5f/] f b/af/dfÆ eGb} 9s' /' n] lv;L u¥of] . olQsd} f kl| tofl] utfsf] ;do
eof] . ;a} r/fx¿ p8g\ sf nflu
tof/ eP . lkm:6f] eg] s;n} ] yfx}
gkfpg] u/L lrnsf] 9f8df r9o\ f] .
p8b\ } ubf{ lrn ;ae} Gbf dfly kU' of] .

%= bi' 6 lrn g} /fhf xg' ] kSsfkSsL
eof] . ;a} r/fx¿ lg/fz eP . lrnn] sn' b+{ } eGof,] æ n d g} eP“ r/fx¿sf]
/fhf .Æ

^= TolQsd} f lkm:6f] lrnsf] 9f8af6 km' Q ¹¥of] clg eGof] æltdLeGbf dfly
t d kf] ku' “] . ltdL s;/L xG' 5f} / /fhf . ;ae} Gbf dfly kU' gn] ] /fhf xg' ]
lgodcg;' f/ d g} ljhoL ePF .Æ

&= lkm:6fs] f] s/' fnfO{ ;a} r/fx¿n] tfnL ahfP/ ;dy{g u/] . a'l4n]
annfO{ lhTof] . lkm:6f] g} r/fx¿sf] /fhf eof] . b'i6 lrnaf6 dl' St
kfOg] eof] eg/] r/fx¿n] v';L xb“' } lkm:6f]sf] rnfvLsf] k|z+;f u/] .

lv;L ug' { M c¿nfO{ lh:Sofpg' ;dy{g M ;fy lbg] sfd
kl| tof]lutf M xf/lht 5'6\ofpg] vn] rnfvL M af7f] xg' ] sfd
lg/fz xg' ' M kL/ dfGg,' lvGg xg' ' kz| +;f M /fdf| ] sfdsf] aofg ug]{ sfd
b'i6 M c¿nfO{ b'Mv lbg] JolSt ljhoL M lhTg]

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 11

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
kl| tof]lutf, a'l4, lg0fo{ , :jLsf/, kSsfkSsL

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

ljhoL, b'i6, ;dyg{ , x}/fg xg' ', cfxf/f

#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
alnof], ljZjf; ug{', r/f, dfly
$= z4' kf/]/ n]v M

lbglbg} rLnsf] b/ kfn]/ afrF g'k/s] fn] r/fx¿ x}/fg eosf yLP .

%= dflysf] syfaf6 rGbl| jGb' nfus] f kfFr j6f zAbx¿ vf]h/] n]v .

^= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lb]g] zAb nv] M

;d:of, ;fgf], ljZjf;, dfly, /fhf
&= tnsf zAb / cys{ f lardf hf]8f ldnfpm M

kz| ;+ f ug{ ' c¿nfO{ lh:Sofpg'

lv;L ug{' dgdf 8/ /fVg'

lrn pkfo

8/ kfNg' xf/lht 56' \ofpg] vn]
k|ltof]lutf af7f] x'g] sfd

h'lSt ;fgf hGts' f] l;sf/ ug]{ r/f]

rnfvL /fdf| ] sfdsf] aofg ug{'

12 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ r/fx¿nfO{ s;n] b'Mv lbGYof] <
v_ r/fx¿n] sg' ljifodf 5nkmn u/] <
u_ /fhf x'g s] ug{'kg]{ eof] <
3_ lkm:6f] sxfF uP/ a:of] <
ª_ lrn lsg /fhf x'g kfPg <
@= tnsf] egfO ss;sf xg' \ < dflysf] syf k9]/ kQf nufpm M
s_ xfdLx¿dWo] hf] ;ae} Gbf dfly;Dd p8\g ;S5 p;}nfO{ /fhf agfcf}F .
v_ ca lrn g} /fhf x'g] eOxfNof] . xfdLn] kml/ b'Mv kfpg] eof}F .
u_ s:tfs:tf sxfF uP d';fsf] 5f/] f b/af/df .
3_ kL/ gu/ g d sx] L pkfo lgsfn'nF f .
ª_ n d g} ePF r/fx¿sf] /fhf .

#= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' \ofP/ nv] M
s_ lrn r/fx¿sf] c;n ;fyL lyof] .
v_ lrn bi' 6 lyof] .
u_ ;a} r/fx¿n] v';L x'bF } lkm:6f]sf] rnfvLsf] k|z;+ f u/] .
3_ /fhf 5fGg] tl/sf s] xg' ] eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn eof] .
ª_ lrn r/fx¿sf] /fhf eof] .

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 13

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ r/fx¿ lsg lrn;uF 8/fpFy] <
v_ r/fx¿n] s:tf] 5nkmn u/] <
u_ lkm:6f] s;/L /fhf eof] <
%= dflysf] syf k9/] ltdLn] hfg]sf s'/fx¿ kfFr jfSodf nv] .

l;h{gf

!= ltdLn] v/fof] / s5'jfsf] syf ;'g]sf 5f} < of] syfdf s5j' fn] v/fofn] fO{
bf}8df x/fPsf] 5 . ltdLn] g;g' ]sf eP klg cleefjs tyf lzIfsaf6 of]
syf ;'g clg cfÇgf] sIffdf ;an} fO{ ;g' fpm .

Jofs/0f

!= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] :j/j0f{ e//] zAb agfpm M
========== df ==========Zj/ =======dnf
===========n' ==========vn ======= gf/
========= iflw ==========gf ========v/

@= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh:t} dfqf 56' o\ fpm M

h:t} M ls;fg – s ± l ±; ± f ± g
s_ gk] fn – M ========================================
v_ sf};L – M ========================================
u_ k/]jf – M ========================================
3_ la;f}gL – M ========================================
ª_ s]/f – M ========================================

14 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

ljzi] f 1fg

gk] fnL u0fgf

! – Ps @ – b'O{ # – tLg $ – rf/
* – cf7
% – kfFr ^ – 5 & – ;ft !@ – afx|
!^ – ;f]x|
( – gf } !) – bz !! – P3f/ @) – aL;
@$ – rf}aL;
!# – tx] | !$ – rf}w !% – kGw| @* – c6\7fO;

!& – ;q !* – c7f/ !( – pGgfO;

@! – PSsfO; @@ – afO; @# – tO] ;

@% – kRrL; @^ – 5AaL; @& – ;QfO;

@( – pgfGtL; #) – tL;

tnsf] lrqdf /ª e/ M

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 15

KFF7 lgaGw

# /fli6«o k"mn nfnLu'/f“;

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ – ltdLnfO{ km" n dg k5{ <
– gk] fnsf] /fli6o« km" n s] xf] <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M
– ltdLn] sg' sg' km" n bv] s] f 5f} <
– nfnLu/' f;F sf] km" n bv] s] f 5f} <

gk] fndf w]/} k"mnx¿ k'mN5g\ . tL km" nx¿dWo] sg' } ;a} 7fpdF f km' N5g\† sg' } eg] vf;vf; 7fpFdf dfq k'mN5g\ .
To:t} vf; 7fpFdf, vf; ;dodf k'mNg] k"mn xf] nfnLu/' fF; . nfnLu'/fF;sf] af/]df tnsf] kf7df w/] } s/' fx¿
elgPsf] 5 . sIffdf ;fyLx¿ ldn/] kfn}kfnf] kf7 k9 clg nfnLu/' f;F sf] af/]df elgPsf s/' fx¿ a'¹ M

!= efO alxgLx¿ xf] ¤ ;Fus} f] lrq x]/ t . of] s'g km" n
xf]† lrg]sf 5f} < of] k"mnsf] gfd nfnLu/' fF; xf] . of]
/ftf] /ªsf] 5 . /ftf] /ªnfO{ nfn /ª klg
elgG5 . /ftf] ePsfn] g} o;sf] gfd nfnLu/' f;F
ePsf] xf] . u/' f;F x¿ ljleGg /ªsf x'G5g\ .
oLdWo] nfnLu'/f;F g]kfnsf] /fli6o« k"mn xf] .

@= ‘nfnLu/' f;F ’ g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] k"mn xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ gk] fnsf]
/fli6o« km" n elgPsf] xf] . nfnLu'/f;F kxf8df km' Ng] km" n xf] . of] cln
cUnf] kxf8sf] jgsf ¿vx¿df km' N5 . nfnLu/' f;F jife{ l/ k'mNg] k"mn
xf]Og . of] k"mn k'mNg] vf; ;do x'G5 . nfnLu'/fF; rt} jz} fvdf km' N5 .
nfnLu/' f;F k'mn]sf] a]nfdf xl/of] jg g} /ftf] b]lvG5 .

#= nfnLu/' f;F km' Ng] ;dodf dflg;x¿ jghªu\ nlt/ 3D' g hfG5g\ .
gk] fnleqsf dfq xfO] gg\, ljb]zaf6 klg dflg;x¿ nfnLu'/fF; k'mNg]

nfnLu'/f;F M kxf8df km' Ng] /ftf] /ªsf] km" n tl:a/ M lrq
nfn M /ftf]

16 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

kxf8lt/ hfg /dfp5F g\ . kxf8nfO{ g} /ªu\ Lrª\uL agfpg] nfnLu/' fF;sf]
tl:a/ lvRg, km" n l6Kg tyf cfÇgf] ysfO d6] ]/ cfgGb lng dflg;x¿
u/' f;F km' Ng] ;dodf kxf8lt/ kbofqfdf hfg] u5{g\ .

$= nfnLu'/fF;sf] km" nleq u'lnof] /; x'G5 . of] /; dL7f] t xG' 5
g} kfl] ;nf] klg x'G5 . dflg;x¿ nfnLu/' fF;sf] /; dL7f]
dfg]/ r:' 5g\ . jge} l/ u'/fF;sf k"mnx¿df df}/L cfP/ a;]sf
x'G5g\ . df}/Ln] k"mnsf] /; r;' /] dx agfpF5 . dflg;x¿ nfnLu/' f;F sf]
k"mn klg vfG5g\ . o;sf] k"mn cln 6/f]{ :jfbsf] x'G5 . nfnLu/' f;F sf]
km" naf6 ljleGg ks| f/sf cf}iflwx¿ agfOG5g\ .

%= nfnLu'/fF; k'mNg] ;dodf af6f] lxF8\g] a6j' f, ufOj{ :t' x]g{] uf7] fnf,
3f;F bfp/f ug{] dflg; ;as} f] dg km' ?ªª\ x'G5 . dflg;x¿ nfnLu'/fF;sf]
k"mn cfÇgf] sfg tyf skfndf l;pl/G5g\ . nfnLu/' f;F ;'sfP/ wn' f]
agfO{ df;' tyf t/sf/Lx¿df d;nfsf] ¿kdf ko| f]u ul/G5 .

^= nfnLu/' fF;n] gk] fnsf kxf8x¿nfO{ l¹lnldnL agfPsf] 5 . of]
g]kfnLx¿sf] ;ae} Gbf Kof/f]
k"mn xf] . nfnLu'/fF; hª\undf
x'g] k"mn ePsfn] o;sf]
;/+ If0fsf nflu jgsf] ;/+ If0f
ug{' ugk'{ 5{ .

kbofqf M lx8F /] ul/g] ofqf k'm?ª\ª M k'm?Ss, v;' L xb'F fsf] lsl;d
kfl] ;nf ] M tfut lbg] vfnsf] l¹lnldnL M aQL, ks| fz cflbsf] pHofnf]
6/f] { M tLtf], gdL7f] :jfbsf] ;/+ If0f M ;/' Iff, /Iff
a6'jf M af6f]df lxF8g\ ] dflg;
5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 17

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/
cfjZos, Kof/f], /ªu\ Lrªu\ L, /fli6«o, ;G' b/
@= jfSodf k|of]u u/

nfnLu'/f;“ , ul' nof,] ysfO, df/} L, dL7f], lemlnldnL
#= cy{ n]v
;/+ If0f, tl:a/, kbofqf , a6j' f, km'?ªª\
$= dflysf] lgaGwaf6 a / j k|ufu] ePsf kfr“ kfr“ j6f zAb l6k .
%= z'4 kf//] nv]

nflnu'/f; j;{e/L km' Ng] k"mn xf]Og .
^= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v
dL7f,] leq, ;/' Iff, /fdf| ], dfof
&= tnsf zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M

l¹lnldnL /ftf]

6/f{ ] aQL, k|sfz, cflbsf] pHofnf]

nfn tfut jf an lbg] vfnsf]

kfl] ;nf] k'mNbf /ftf] x'g] Ps k|sf/sf] kxf8L km" n

nfnLu/' f;“ tLtf]

18 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

k7g afw]

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ nfnLu/' f;F s:tf] /ªsf] x'G5 <
v_ df/} Ln] s;/L dx agfp5F <
u_ u'/f;F k'mNg] ;dodf dflg;x¿ lsg kxf8lt/ 3D' g hfG5g\ <
3_ df/} Ln] s;/L dx agfpF5 <
ª_ g]kfnLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf Kof/f] k"mn s'g xf] <
@= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' \ofpm M
s_ nfnLu/' f;F t/fO{sf jgdf kfOG5 .
v_ dflg;x¿ nfnLu/' fF;sf] /; dL7f] dfg]/ r:' 5g\ .
u_ nfnLu'/f;F km' ns] f] an] fdf xl/of] jg g} /ftf] bl] vG5 .
3_ nfnLu'/fF;nfO{ s;}n] dg k/fpbF }gg\ .
ª_ nfnLu'/fF; ;wF}el/ k'mln/xG5 .
#= kf7sf] cfwf/df tnsf] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ u/' fF;x¿ ljleGg ================ xG' 5g\ .
v_ vf;u/L nfnLu'/f;F =============== k'mN5 .
u_ nfnLu/' f;F sf] km" naf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf =============== agfOG5g\ .
3_ of] /; dL7f] t x'G5 g} ;fydf ================= klg xG' 5 .
$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ nfnLu/' f;F s:tf] km" n xf] <
v_ nfnLu'/f;F k'mNg] ;dodf jftfj/0f s:tf] xG' 5 <
u_ nfnLu/' fF; lsg xfdL ;a}sf] Kof/f] ePsf] xf] <

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 19

l;hg{ f

!= ltdLn] hfg]sf sg' } bz j6f k"mnx¿sf] gfd nv] M
======================== ======================== ========================
======================== ======================== ========================
======================== ======================== ========================
========================
@= ltdLnfO{ dgkg{] s'g} Pp6f k"mnsf] af/d] f sDtLdf kfFr jfSo n]v .

ljz]if 1fg gk] fnL u0fgf

#! – PstL; #@ – aQL; ## – t]QL; #$ – rftF} L;
#% – kFt} L; #* – c8t\ L;
#( – pgfGrfnL; #^ – 5QL; #& – ;}tF L; $@ – aofnL;
$# – lqrfnL; $^ – 5ofnL;
$& – ;TrfnL; $) – rfnL; $! – PsrfnL; %) – krf;
%! – PsfpGg %$ – rfj} Gg
%% – krkGg $$ – rfj} fnL; $% – ktF} fnL; %* – cG7fpGg
%( – pgfG;f7L
$* – c8r\ fnL; $( – pgGrf;

%@ – afpGg %# – lqkGg

%^ – 5kGg %& – ;GtfpGg

^) – ;f7L

tnsf] lrqdf /ª e/ M

20 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

KFF7 hLjgL

$ n]vgfy kf8} \ofn

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ – ltdLn] sg' sg' sljsf] gfd ;g' s] f 5f} <
– nv] gfy kf8} o\ fn sf] xg' \ <
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] k|of; u/ M

– sljtf nV] g] dflg;nfO{ s] elgG5 <
– ltdLn] sg' } sljtf k9s] f 5f} <

sljtf n]Vg] dflg;nfO{ slj elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffdf sljtf n]Vg] w]/} sljx¿ 5g\ . sljx¿ cfÇgf] sljtfdf
dflg;nfO{ pkof]uL dxŒjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ n]V5g\ . sljx¿ b]zsf uxgf x'g\ . o:t} uxgfx¿dWo] sljlz/f]dl0f
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn klg Ps x'g\ . kf7df n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] 5f]6f] hLjgL lbOPsf] 5 . n]vgfy kf}8\ofn s;/L
slj ag] eGg] s'/f a'ˆg tnsf] hLjgL Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= gfgL xf] ¤ 5p] df /x]sf] tl:a/ s;sf] xf†] lrgs] f 5f} <
of] tl:a/ xfd|f sljlz/fd] l0f nv] gfy kf8} o\ fnsf]
xf] . pgsf] hGd lj=;+ !($! df sf:sL lhNnfsf]
c3fc}{+ r{n] eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] lyof] .

@= n]vgfy kf8} o\ fn ;fg}bl] v 3/sf] sfd uy{] . pgL
ufpsF } xl/of] rf}/df cfÇgf ufOj{ :t' r/fpg hfGy] .
pgL ;fg} ePsfn] sfsf kg{] Ps hgf 7n" f dflg;;Fu
pgL uf7] fnf] hfGy] . uf]7fnf] uPsf] 7fpFdf ufO{j:t' t
dhfn] ry]{ t/ sfsf eg] pgnfO{ æP k'mRr] ¤ ufOx{ ¿ st} hfnfg\ /fd|/L x/] \
x} .Æ eGy] clg cfk"m rft} f/fd] f uP/ a:y] .

#= rft} f/fd] f uPkl5 sfsf cfkm" n] nufPsf] ef6] f]sf] uf]hLaf6 sfkL / snd
lgsfNy] clg sx] L n]Vg yfNy] . oltv/] nv] gfyn] klg 3/df s]xL n]vk9
ug{ hflg;s]sf lyP . pgL ;f¹F laxfg 3/df afaa' fh;] Fu l;s]/ ;:+ st[

uf]7fnf] M ufOj{ :t' r/fpg] dflg; ef]6f ] M tg' f afwF ]/ nufOg] rfn] f] h:tf] n'uf
km' Rr] M ;fgf] afns
rft} f/f ] M j/kLknsf] ¿v /fk] /] af6f] lxF8\g]

dflg; a:g agfOPsf] 7fpF

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 21

efiff k9y\ ] . Ps lbg sfsfn] s] n]v]sf xf]nfg\ eGg] s'/f hfGg] OR5f nfu/]
pgL sfsfsf] k5fl8 uP clg sx] L gafn] L pleO/x] . sfsfn] n]v]sf] s'/f
dgdg} k9]/ s07 ePkl5 pgn]
To;nfO{ no xfn/] ufP .

$= cfkm" n] n]v]sf] s/' f ;fgf]
elthfn] ] k9]5 eGg] yfxf kfPkl5
sfsfn] pgnfO{ ufnL u/] . pgn]
n]vgfynfO{ ætF ;fgf] k'mRr]n] d}n]
egs] f] g6]/]sf] . tFnfO{ dn} ] ufO{j:t' /fd|/L x/] \ eg]sf] xfO] g . hf, d sljtf
nl] v/x]sf] 5' . tF ufOj{ :t' x/] \Æ eg/] ufnL u/] . sfsfn] ufnL u/k] l5
n]vgfyn] æsljtf eg]sf] s] xf] sfsfÆ eg]/ ;f]w] . ;fgf] dfG5n] ] o:tf s/' f
a'ˆb}g eg/] sfsfn] pN6f] xKsfP . To;kl5 pgL cln 8/fP .

%= nv] gfy kf}8\ofnnfO{ sfsfn] ;fgf] eg]/ x]nf u/]sf] s/' fn] w/] } c;/ kf¥of] .
pgn] cfk"m klg 7n" f] ePkl5 sljtf nV] g] ljrf/ u/] . pgn] w]/} /fd|f sljtfx¿
klg n]v] . /fdf| sljtf nv] s] } sf/0f
pgL g]kfnL ;flxTodf cd/ eP .
pgsf sljtfx¿ lstfadf 5flkPsf
5g\ . logn] ;lhnf] efiffdf ;an} ]
aˆ' g] u/L sljtf n]v]sf 5g\ . lognfO{
gk] fnL ;flxTodf sljlz/f]dl0fsf]
¿kdf lrlgG5 . logL klxnfk] 6s
;/sf/sf] tkma{ f6 ;Ddfg kfpg] slj
xg' \ . lognfO{ /ydf /fv/] ;x/ 3d' fOPsf] lyof] .

&= Pp6f ;fwf/0f uf7] fnf] s6] f] cfÇgf] ldlxgt] / k9fOk|ltsf] ?lrsf sf/0f
bz] s} 7n" f] slj ag] . lj=;=+ @)@@ ;fndf logsf] lgwg eof] . logL d/]/
uP klg logsf sljtfx¿ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] 7"nf] ;DklQ ag]sf 5g\ .

c;/ kfg {' M /fdf| ] jf g/fd|f] 5fk kg{' ;Ddfg M cfb/
cd/ M slxNo} gdg]{ lgwg M dT[ o'
sljlz/f]dl0f M lz/sf] dl0f -uxgf_ h:t} slj
/y M 3f]8fn] tfGg] rf/ kfª\u|] uf8f

22 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
;+:st[ , sf7df8f,F} ;flxTo, :ki6, Ct'ljrf/

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
km'Rr], uf]7fnf,] rft} f/f,] cd/, /y

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
/fd/| L, uf7] fnf,] ufnL ug',{ cfk"m, slj

$= dflysf] hLjgLaf6 rGb|ljGb' nfus] f kfFr j6f zAbx¿ nv] .

%= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
ufpF, ;fgf], ;f¹F , /fd|/L, xn] f

^= z'4 kf//] n]v M
plg ;f¹ ljxfg 3/df jfj' afh] ;Fu l;s/] z+:s[t efiff k9y\ ] .

&= tnsf zAb / cys{ f lardf hf8] f ldnfpm M

uf7] fnf ] ;fgf] afns

km'Rr ] t'gf afwF ]/ nufOg] n'uf

sljlz/fd] l0f ufOj{ :t' r/fpg] dflg;

c;/ kfg'{ lz/sf] dl0f h:t} slj

ef6] f ] /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] 5fk kg'{

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 23

k7g af]w

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M

s_ n]vgfy kf8} o\ fnsf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] <

v_ nv] gfy sf;] uF uf7] fnf] hfGy] <
u_ sfsfn] pgnfO{ lsg ufnL u/] <

3_ nv] gfynfO{ s;sf] s'/fn] c;/ u¥of] <

ª_ nv] gfysf k|d'v lstfax¿ s'gs'g xg' \ <

r_ n]vgfy kf8} \ofnsf] lgwg slxn] eof] <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' o\ fP/ nv] M
s_ nv] gfy kf}8\ofn sf7df8fFd} f hGds] f lyP .
v_ n]vgfysf sfsf sljtf n]Vy] .
u_ sfsfn] n]vgfynfO{ sljtf nV] g ;xof]u u/] .
3_ n]vgfyn] y'k}| sljtfx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ .
ª_ n]vgfynfO{ /ydf /fv/] ;x/ 3'dfOPsf] lyof] .

#= ;xL pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M
s_ n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] hGd ================ lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] .

c_ sf:sL cf_ kfNkf O_ uf/] vf

v_ n]vgfy kf}8o\ fnn] 3/df =============== efiff k9s] f lyP .

c_ g]kfnL cf_ ;:+ s[t O_ cªu\ |]hL

24 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

u_ ;fgfd] f nv] gfy sfsf kg]{ dflg;;uF s] uy{] <
c_ ¹u8f uy{] cf_ sljtf n]Vg l;Sy ] O_ uf7] fnf] hfGy]

3_ nv] gfy kf}8o\ fnnfO{ s] elgG5 < O_ cflbslj
c_ dxfslj cf_ sljlz/f]dl0f

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

s_ nv] gfy kf8} \ofn ;fgfd] f s] uy{] <

v_ nv] gfy kf}8\ofnnfO{ lsg sljtf n]Vg dg nfUof] <

u_ n]vgfy kf8} o\ fnnfO{ s:tf] ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] <

l;h{gf

!= ltdLn] s'g} 7n" f dflg;sf] af/d] f s]xL ;g' s] f jf k9s] f 5f} < 5g} f} eg]
cleefjs tyf lzIfsnfO{ ;fw] clg cfkm" n] hfg]sf] cfwf/df bz jfSo n]v .

Jofs/0f

!= gfd a'¹fpg] zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M

ljBfno hfG5 sfnf ] ltdL

k95\ f } ltdLx¿ sljtf /fd|/L

c;n dL7f ] :ofp s;/L

;g' /] kmnk"mn cfp5F pm

dflg; eG5g\ vfFb } pgLx¿
@= gfd a¹' fpg] s'g} bz j6f zAbx¿ nv] .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 25

ljz]if 1fg g]kfnL u0fgf

^! – Ps;67\ L ^@ – a};67\ L ^# – lq;67\ L ^$ – rf;} 67\ L
^% – k;F} 6\7L ^* – cf8;\ 6\7L
^( – pgfG;Tt/L ^^ – 5};6\7L ^& – ;T;6\7L &@ – axTt/
&# – lqxTt/ &^ – 5oxTt/
&& – ;txTt/ &) – ;Tt/L &! – PsxTt/ *) – c;L
*! – Psf;L *$ – rf/} f;L
*% – krf;L &$ – rfx} Tt/ &% – krxTt/ ** – c7f;L
*( – pgfgAa] (@ – aofgAa]
(# – lqofgAa ] &* – c7xTt/ &( – pgf;L (^ – 5ofgAa]
(& – ;GtfgAa ] !)) – ;o
*@ – aof;L *# – lqof;L

*^ – 5of;L *& – ;tf;L

() – gAa] (! – PsfgAa]

($ – rf/} fgAa ] (% – kGrfgAa]

(* – cG7fgAa ] (( – pgfG;o

tnsf] lrqdf /ª e/ M

26 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

KFF7 sljtf

gfgLafa'% – Ifq] kt| fk clwsf/L

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ – 3fd / hg' s:tf xG' 5g\ <
– dfte[ l" d xfdLnfO{ lsg Kof/f] xG' 5 <
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– kwF /] L egs] f] s] xf] <
– dfte[ l" d egs] f] s] xf] <

xfdLnfO{ 3fdn] tftf] lbG5 eg] hg' n] zLtntf lbG5 . aQLn] cWF of/f] x6fp5F . ;fgf;fgf
gfgLafax' ¿ klg 3fdhg' h:tf xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿n] w/] } k9/] , 1fgL ag/] aQL h:t} xg' k' 5{ /
cWF of/f] x6fpg ;Sgk' 5{ . gfgLafax' ¿n] cfh w/] } /fd/| L k9g\ k' 5{ clg efl] n c;n dflg;
aGgk' 5{ eGg] s/' f JoSt ul/Psf] gfgLafa' sljtf Ifq] kt| fk clwsf/Ln] nv] s] f xg' \ . tnsf]
sljtf sIffdf ;a} hgfn] no xfn/] jfrg u/ M

3fd h:tf afa'x¿ kFw]/L M kfgLsf] wf/f]
hg' h:tf gfgL
cwF /] Ldf aQL ag 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 27
kwF ]/Ldf kfgL .$.

cfh /fdf| ] k9 afaf
ef]ln /fdf| ] xG' 5
ltdL /fd|f] eof} eg]
b]z /fdf| ] x'G5 .*.

cwF /] L M cFWof/f]

gk] fn c¹} 7n" f] xG' 5 dft[el" d M hlGdPsf] 7fpF
ltdL a9]kl5 :ju{ M ;'v;'ljwf ePsf] 7fpF
lxdfn c¹} cUnf] xG' 5 a'4 M eujfg\ a4'
ltdL r9k] l5 .!@. o'4 M n8fOF

:ju{eGbf 7"nf] xG' 5
cfÇgf] dfte[ "ld
al' ¹/fv ;lD¹/fv
cfh}b]lv ltdL .!^.

a4' h:t} z'4 ltdL
o4' gug[{" x} ¤
t/ bz] sf] /Iff ug{
kl5 gkg"{ x} .@).

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
/Iff, /fdf| ,] aQL, cUnf,] z4'
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
o'4, a4' , dft[e"ld, cwF ]/L, kFw/] L
#= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
bz] , 7n" f,] ef]ln, /Iff ug{', lxdfn
$= dflysf] sljtfdf k|ofu] ePsf p:t} ;l' gg] zAbx¿ n]v M
h:t} M kfgL – gfgL
%= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cfwf cIf/ hfl] 8Psf kfFr j6f zAbx¿ nv] .

28 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ‘gfgLafa’' sljtf s;n] n]vs] f xg' \ <
v_ sljn] cFw]/Ldf s] ag eg]sf 5g\ <
u_ cfÇgf] dft[e"ld s:tf] xG' 5 <
3_ ltdL /fd|f] eof} eg] b]z s:tf] x'G5 <
ª_ sljn] s;sf] /Iff ug{ kl5 gkg"{ eg]sf 5g\ <
@= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' o\ fP/ n]v M
s_ ‘gfgLafa'’ sljtf dfwj l3ld/]n] n]vs] f xg' \ .
v_ sljn] b]znfO{ dfof ug'x{ G' g eg]sf 5g\ .
u_ xfdLn] ;wF} o4' ug'{k5{ .
3_ cfh /fdf| ] k9\g ;s] ef]ln /fd|f] x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ .
ª_ afax' ¿ 3fd / gfgLx¿ hg' h:tf 5g\ eg/] sljn]

egs] f 5g\ .
#= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb e//] sljtf k/" f u/ M
cfh /fd|f] ==================
====================== xG' 5
ltdL /fdf| ] =================
===================== xG' 5 .
$= ‘gfgL afa’' sljtf sljn] ;fgf gfgLx¿nfO{ ss] ] ugk{' 5{ egs] f 5g\ < kfrF

jfSodf nv] .

l;h{gf

!= ltdLnfO{ dg k/s] f] sg' } ljifodf Pp6f sljtf nv] clg sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{
;g' fpm .

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 29

@= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ tnsf] sljtf k/" f u/ M
;;b7ld]Vn"fflgg5xf]ffgg;;d,\t] fffggGh5;auffff5g]kooca]sm{'LLffG;;dxcfg]w'Uffe5ft3Fv}F /Gk,'n/fb'Unnu]fg/aV]]?' cf;:5ndwg;agff|/] Ony};\,}s{=fddw=as]/'=fn}}F=fGgd=g]===s]==n}==" =====f=]====]======5============,'============d===========f====.l====y==========,=======h======.=f=l==t===.==

Jofs/0f

!= gfdsf] ;6\6fdf k|of]u x'g] zAbnfO{ ;jg{ fd elgG5 .
tnsf jfSox¿df cfjZos ;jg{ fd zAbx¿ e/ M
s_ ================= dfdf3/ hfG5' . -d, pm_
v_ ================ sljtf n]V5;\ . -tkfO+{, t_“
u_ ================ ljBfno hfG5f“} . -ltdL, xfdL_
3_ ================ sfd ug{'xG' 5 . -ltdL], tkfO+{_
ª_ ltdf| ] 3/df ============== cfPsf] 5 < -s], sf]_
@= tnsf ;jg{ fd zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
ltdL, xfdL, pgL, tkfO+,{ tF

ljzi] f 1fg

sljtf n]Vg] dflg;nfO{ s;nfO{ s] elgG5 < – lzIfs
– rfns
– slj ljBfnodf k9fpg] dflg;nfO{ – vn] f8L
– Jofkf/L
ef/L afS] g] dflg;nfO{ – el/of uf8L rnfpg] dflg;nfO{

v]tLkftLsf] sfd ug{] dflg;nfO{ – ls;fg v]n v]Ng] dflg;nfO{

;dfrf/ n]Vg] dflg;nfO{ – kqsf/ Jofkf/ ug{] dflg;nfO{

30 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

KFF7 lr7L

^ sfsfnfO{ lr7L

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] k|of; u/ M

– lr7L egs] f] s] xf] < – lr7L lsg nl] vG5 <
– ltdLn] slxNo} lr7L nv] s] f 5f} < – ltdLn] s;n} ] nv] s] f] lr7L k9s] f 5f} <

cfkm" eGbf 6f9f ePsf dflg;nfO{ cfkm" nfO{ dgdf nfus] f] s/' f nv] /] k7fOG5 eg] To;nfO{ lr7L elgG5 . lr7Ldf
;ae} Gbf dfly lr7L nv] s] f] 7fpsF f] 7u] fgf nl] vG5 . To;sf] dl' g lr7L nl] vPsf] lbgsf] ldlt nl] vG5 . csf{]
x/kmsf] ;?' af6 h;nfO{ lr7L nV] g] xf] p;nfO{ ;Dafw] g ul/G5 . lr7Ldf cfÇgf] ;Grf] la;Grf] nl] vG5 clg cfkm" n]
eGg rfxs] f] s/' f nv] /] lr7L nv] s] f] sfuhnfO{ Pp6f vfddf xflnG5 clg k7fpg] / kfpgs] f] gfd nv] /] k7fOG5 .
kf7df lbOPsf] lr7L Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= bfªl;ª–^, gj' fsf6]

@= ldlt M @)&!÷!)÷)%

#= cfb/0fLo sfsf,

$= ;fb/ k0| ffd .

%= oxf“ xfdL ;a}nfO{ ;Gr} 5 .
Toxf“ klg tkfO+n{ fO{ ;Gr}
xf]nf eGg] cfzf /fvs] L
5' . sfsfn] k7fpge' Psf]
kq lxhf] dfq xft k¥of] . kq
kfpgf;fy sfsfnfO{ hafkm
n]Vg dg nfUof] To;n} ] kq
sf]l/xfn]F .

^= oxf“ d]/f] k9fO /fd|f];“u rln/xs] f] 5 . d/] f] bf;] |f] q}dfl;s k/LIff klg ;lsof] .
d ky| d eP“ . d]/f] k9fO /fdf| ] 5 eg/] ljBfnodf ;a} hgf lzIfs lzlIfsfn]

cfb/0fLo M cfb/ ug{ nfos k|0ffd M 9f]u, cfb/, gd:sf/
qd} fl;s M ltgltg dlxgfdf x'g]

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 31

cfdfnfO{ klg eGg'ePsf] /x5] . d c¹ dg nufP/ k9b\ } 5' . d 3/df klg dg
nufP/ k95\ ' . sfsf;“u e]6 gePsf] klg w/] } eof] . b;}“df klg ;“u} a;]/ slt
s'/f ug]{ dg lyof] t/ sfsf Jo:t xg' e' Psfn] EofOPg . ltxf/df sfsf 3/}
cfpge' Pg . ca t Gof;f| ] klg nflu;Sof] . sfsf o;f] labf ldnfP/ PskN6
3/ cfpg'xf]nf . xh'/cfdf klg kL/ ub{} x'g'xG' 5 . otf hf8f] klg a9\b} 5 .
kml] / hf8fd] f nufpg] d/] f ;a} afSnf nu' f ;fgf eP/ nufpg} gldNg] ePsf
5g\ . sfsf 3/ cfp“bf dnfO{ Ps hf]/ nu' f klg NofOlbgx' fn] f .

&= xj;\ t sfsf, w]/} s] nv] "“ . ca nV] gk' g]{ s'/f klg vf;} sx] L 5g} . To;f] t
sfsf;Fu ge]6]sf] w]/} ePsfn] e]6]/ w]/} s/' f ug{ dg 5 . To;}n] afFsL s/' f
e]6d} u/fn}F f . cfhnfO{ eg] snd aGb u5{' .

*= pxL tkfO+s{ L Kof/L elthL

cfo'iff clwsf/L

(= vfdsf] gdg' f

k7fpg] kfpg]
cfo'iff clwsf/L lgsz] clwsf/L
bfªl;ª ^, gj' fsf]6
gofa“ hf/, sf7df8f}“

kq M lr7L Gof;|f] M s;n} fO{ ;D¹/] nfUg] lrGtf
Jo:t x'g' M sfddf nfuL kg'{

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
PskN6, ky| d, lzIfslzlIfsf, b;},F aGb

32 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

@= cy{ n]v M
cfb/0fLo, kq, k|0ffd, q}dfl;s
#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
nu' f, 3/, dg, d/] f], km]l/
$= dflysf] lr7Laf6 rGbl| jGb' nfu]sf sg' } kfrF j6f zAbx¿ l6k]/ nv] .
%= z4' kf/]/ ;f/ M
sfsf 3/ cfp8f dnfO os hf/] nu" f kgL NofOlbg" xf]nf .

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ dflysf] lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ nv] ]sf] xf] <
v_ dflysf] lr7L slxn] nl] vPsf] xf] <
u_ lr7Lsf] cGTodf s;sf] gfd nl] vPsf] 5 <
3_ cfoi' ffn] sfsfnfO{ s] NofOlbg cg'/f]w u/]sL 5] <
@= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' o\ fP/ nv] M
s_ lr7L n]Vbf n]v]sf] lbgsf] ldlt nV] gk' 5{ .
v_ lr7Lsf] cGTodf h;nfO{ n]v]sf] xf] p;sf] gfd n]Vgk' 5{ .


u_ dflysf] lr7L efOn] bfOnfO{ n]vs] f] xf] .
3_ lr7L nl] v;s]kl5 vfdsf] gd'gf agfpg'k5{ .
#= dflysf] lr7L km]l/ Psk6s k9 clg tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ kf7sf] lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ nv] ]sf] xf] <
v_ lr7L nV] g] dfG5] sg' 7fpFdf 5 <
u_ of] lr7L slxn] nl] vPsf] xf] <
3_ elthLn] sfsfnfO{ 3/ kmls{b+ f s] NofOlbg' egs] L 5] <

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 33

l;hg{ f

!= cfÇgf] ljBfnosf] aofg u//] dfdfnfO{ Pp6f lr7L n]v .
@= ltdL b;}F s;/L dgfp5F f} < cfÇgf] ;fyLnfO{ lr7Ldf n]v .

Jofs/0f

!= gfdsf] ljzi] ftf a'¹fpg] zAbnfO{ ljzi] f0f elgG5 .

tnsf gfd / ljz]if0fsf lardf hf8] f ldnfpm M

gLnf] la/fnf]

cUnf ] ld7fO{

sfnf] cfsfz

ul' nof] ¿v

cldnf] efO

;fgf] crf/

@= =/===ª====n====f==O=={==a===='¹====f==p====g====] ==z====A==b====x ¿ l==j====z====i]==f==0==f====x====g' ====\ .====l==t====d==L==n====]==h fg]s======f==/====ª====x==¿======s====f==] ==g====fd======n====]v== .



#= tnsf ljzi] f0f zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

xl/of], kfs]sf], /l;nf,] dL7f,] v/fa

ljzi] f 1fg

lr7L nV] bf s;nfO{ s] eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug{] <

cfdfaa' f, sfsfsfsL, dfdfdfOh," bfh'efph", lbbLlegfhn' fO{ – cfb/0fLo n]Vg]
clg To;sf] tn ;fb/ k|0ffd, ;fb/ 9f]u, gd:sf/ cflb n]Vg] .
efOalxgL, 5f]/f5f]/L, ;fyLx¿ – Kof/f] nV] g] clg To;sf] tn w/] } ;D¹gf, Gofgf]
dfof cflb n]Vg] . h:t} M
cfb/0fLo a'af Kof/f] ;fyL
;fb/ 9f]u w/] } ;D¹gf

34 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

KFF7 cfTdsyf

& ufO{

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– ltdf| ] 3/df sg' } hgfj/ kflnPsf] 5 < – ltdLnfO{ hgfj/ kfNg dg nfU5 <
– dflg;nfO{ hgfj/x¿af6 ss] ] kmfObf xG' 5 < – dflg;n] hgfj/nfO{ lsg dfof ugk{' 5{ <

cfTdsyf egs] f] cfkmnF} ] egs] f] cfÇgf] syf xf] . cfÇgf] syf cfkmnF} ] eGof] eg] Tof] cfTdsyf xG' 5 . kf7df ufOs{ f]
cfTdsyf /flvPsf] 5 . oxfF ufOn{ ] cfÇgf] s/' f cfkmF} egs] f] 5 . vf;df hgfj/x¿n] dfG5n] ] h:t} afN] g hfgs] f
xbF' g} g\ . ltgLx¿sf] s/' f dflg;n] g} nV] g] t/ ltgLx¿n] g} egs] f] h;/L nl] vof] eg] Tof] hgfj/sf] cfTdsyf aG5 .
ufO{ s:tf] hgfj/ xf,] o;n] dflg;nfO{ s;/L ;xofu] u5,{ o;nfO{ lsg pkofu] L hgfj/ dflgPsf] xf] eGg] aˆ' g tnsf]
kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= gfgLx¿ xf] ¤ ltdLx¿n] ;uF } /x]sf] d/] f] lrq
x¥] of} < d sf] xF' ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 < xf]
ltdLx¿n] dnfO{ lrgs] f /x]5f} . d ufO{
x'F . d rf/v6' \6] 3/kfnj' f hgfj/ x'F . dnfO{
dflg;x¿n] w]/} dfof u5g{ \ / cfk"m;uF } 3/df
kfNg] u5g{ \ .

@= d ;;+ f/sf] ;a} 7fpFdf kfOG5' . xfjfkfgL tyf jftfj/0fcg';f/ d]/f] cfsf/
/ :j¿k km/skm/s x'G5 . d lr;f] tyf tftf] b'a} ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgLdf
kfOG5' . lxdfnlt/ dnfO{ rf}F/L eG5g\ . lxdfnlt/ kfOg] d/] f] hfltsf]
nfdfnfdf /f}F xG' 5g\ . kxf8lt/ eg] d d¹f}nf cfsf/df xG' 5' . d 7"nf]
cfsf/sf] klg xG' 5' . d/] f b'O{ j6f l;ª xG' 5g\† Pp6f k'R5/ x'G5 . d ljleGg
/ªsf] xG' 5' .

#= d hgfj/ xF' . To;n} ] d}n] vfg] vfgf 3fF; k/fn g} xf] . dnfO{ sF'8f] w/] } dg
k5{ . dnfO{ kfgL klg w]/} rflxG5 . crn] dflg;x¿n] dnfO{ w]/} dfof u/]/
ljleGg k|sf/sf kfl] ;nf bfgfx¿ klg vj' fpg] u/s] f 5g\ .

rf/v'6\6 ] M rf/ j6f v'66\ f ePsf] rfF}/L M lxdfndf kfOg] ufO{
3/kfnj' f M 3/df kflng] hgfj/ d¹f}nf M l7Sssf], 7"nf] / ;fgf]sf] larsf]

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 35

$= d dflg;x¿nfO{ bw" lbG5' . dflg;sf nflu d/] f] bw" w]/} kfl] ;nf] xG' 5 . d/] f]
bw" af6 dflg;x¿ bxL agfp5F g\ . bxLnfO{ dy]/ df]xL agfpF5g\ . d]/} bw" af6
pgLx¿ l3p, lrh, a6/, 5k' L{, vj' f h:tf
kl/sf/x¿ agfp5F g\ . dn} ] bw" lbg] eP/
g} dflg;x¿n] dnfO{ dfof u/]sf x'g\ .

%= lxGb'x¿ d/] f] b"wnfO{ clt kljq dfG5g\ .
pgLx¿ d/] f] uxFt' tyf uf]a/nfO{ ;d]t
kljq dfG5g\ . d/] f ux'Ft tyf uf]a/ vt] af/Ldf xfNbf df6f] dlnnf] x'g]
/ w/] } afnLgfnL kmNg] ePsfn] dflg;x¿n] ltgsf] /fdf| ] pkofu] u/s] f
x'G5g\ . d]/f] efn] aRrfnfO{ afR5f] / kf]yL aRrfnfO{ afR5L elgG5 .
afR5f] 7"nf] ePkl5 uf]? aG5 . To;n] dflg;nfO{ v]tLkftLdf xnf] tfGg
;3fp5F . uf8f tfGg dbt u5{ . afR5L 7n" f] ePkl5 d h:t} ufO{ aG5 .

^= d afrF G' hn] dfq xfO] g d/k] l5 klg dflg;sf] sfddf cfp5F ' . d d/k] l5
dflg;x¿n] d/] f] 5fnf ¹f]nf, k6] L, Hofs]6, hQ' f tyf ;hfj6sf ;fdfgx¿
agfpg k|ofu] u5{g\ . d/] f] x8\8Laf6 klg ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdfgx¿
agfp5F g\ . afFr'Gh]n dfq geP/ d/]kl5 klg sfd nfUg] hgfj/ ePsfn]
d ;as} f] Kof/f] ags] f] x'F .

&= dflg;sf nflu clt pkof]uL hgfj/ ePsfn] d]/f] dxŒj w/] } a9s] f] xf] .
lxGb' wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ t dnfO{ kh" f klg u5g{ \ . dftf nIdLsf] :j¿k
dfg/] pgLx¿ dnfO{ x/]s jif{ ltxf/sf] nIdLk"hfsf] lbg kh" f u5{g\† dfnf
nufOlbG5g\ clg dL7fdL7f vfg]s'/fx¿ vfg lbG5g\ . g]kfndf d ;a} 7fpdF f
kfOG5' . g]kfnLnfO{ daf6 w]/} kmfObf kf| Kt ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ gk] fnLx¿n]
cfÇgf] /fli6«o hgfj/sf] ¿kdf ;Ddfg u/s] f 5g\ . dnfO{ dflg;x¿;Fu} a:g
tyf pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u ug{ kfpFbf w]/} v;' L nfU5 .

s8F' f] M 3f;F k/fn ksfP/ agfOPsf] bfgf pkofu] L M sfd nfUg]
lrh M b"waf6 agfOg] vfgs] /' f dftf M cfdf, dd' f
5k' L{ M b"waf6 aGg] cln s8f vfgs] /' f nIdL M wgsL bj] L
v'jf M b"wnfO{ ksfP/ agfOPsf] vfg]s'/f uxFt' M ufOs{ f] lk;fa
kl/sf/ M vfg]s'/fsf k|sf/ a6/ M gfg} L
xnf ] M v]t, af/L hf]Tg] cfh} f/ /fli6o« hgfj/ M /fi6«n] d'Vo dfgs] f] hgfj/

36 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
afR5f], ;hfj6, /fli6o« , nIdL, rf/v6' 6\ ]

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
rf/F} L, d¹fn} f, 3/kfn'jf, pkof]uL, ux'tF

#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
cfkm" , bw" , /fd|f,] 3/kfn'jf, xfjfkfgL

$= z4' kf//] ;f/ M

dnfO gk] flnx¿n] cfkmgf] /fi6L« o hgfa/sf] ¿kdf ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g .

%= vfnL nluu7xffIfGOOpdb{ss{ dFx'Lkff¿f]]h" ebldfw"ufsnNfO=gf] a]=s{l]=bRz=fg=r]=Ab=b=f="wn===5n=f==O=ff=={Og===={==/] =========n=======v]===x======G' =M==5======k=.==h"==-==cf==xleddG' fln5gG5fG,].5g-ku\ .f.l]f-;]?-aksnflRjff,]5],qegL,,l';F}cgkLnzfs8f4'f_]f],],,uaKffoORfs{5/fff_]_]_]
s_
v_
u_
3_
ª_ lxdfnlt/ x'g] ufO{nfO{ ===================elgG5 . -rf/F} L, dfnL, vs{_

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ufO{ sxfF kfOG5 <
v_ ufOn{ ] ss] ] vfG5 <
u_ ufO{ sxfsF xfF kfOG5 <
3_ ufO{sf] bw" af6 s]s] agfOG5 <
ª_ ufOn{ fO{ s;n] kh" f u5g{ \ <

r_ g]kfnsf] /fli6o« hgfj/ sg' xf] <

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 37

@= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' o\ fpm M
s_ ufO{ g]kfndf dfq kfOG5 .
v_ afR5f] 7n" f] ePkl5 uf?] aG5 .
u_ ufOn{ fO{ g]kfnLn] dfq dfof ugk{' 5{ .
3_ xfjfkfgLcg';f/ ufO{sf] cfsf/k|sf/ km/s x'G5 .
ª_ ufO{ ef/tsf] /fli6o« hgfj/ xf] .
#= kf7af6 ldNg] zAb vfh] /] tnsf jfSox¿ k/" f u/ M
s_ ufOs{ f ================ j6f v'66\ f x'G5g\ .
v_ ufO{nfO{ ================df kh" f ul/G5 .
u_ ufOs{ f] ============== kfl] ;nf] xG' 5 .
3_ ufO{sf] ================= / ================== klg kljq dflgG5 .
ª_ ufO{ gk] fnsf] ====================== hgfj/ xf] .
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ufO{ s:tf] hgfj/ xf] <
v_ ufOs{ f] b"waf6 s]s] aG5 <
u_ ufO{nfO{ lsg dfof ug{k' 5{ <
%= ufO{af6 dflg;nfO{ s]s] kmfObf xG' 5 < sDtLdf kfFr jfSodf nv] .

l;h{gf

!= ltdLn] hfgs] f bz j6f hgfj/x¿sf] gfd n]v .
========================== ========================== ==========================
========================== ========================== ==========================
========================== ========================== ==========================
==========================

38 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

@= ltdLn] dfly gfd n]v]sf hgfj/x¿dWo] sg' } Pp6fsf] af/d] f sDtLdf bz
jfSo n]v .

Jofs/0f

!= pbfx/0f x/] ]/ tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ axj' rg agfpm M

r/f] – =r–=–===/=====f===x========¿====================================================================================================== = ==== suekfffn7OOd{f]––––===============================================================================================================================
dflg;
ls;fg
5f/] f] –
lbbL –

@= vfnL 7fpd“ f ldNg] zAb e/ M
vG5 ,k9fp5“ g\ , agfp5“ , hfG5, ufp“l5g\ , l;p“5

s_ ackO;l/l|bbd'dsGLL|bgk/]z/lsf;llzrl;ur"jqIffBLlgfssosfysfxf//Lxff{] g'xxx.xf\ffp'g]]]....m\p.pppvgpmmmt]LgllnjrlLj=u'B=quB=ff=Lnf===ty===o===L====n{ =========f=====O======{=================================================================================================.==================..=.=====..
v_
u_
3_
ª_
r_

ljz]if 1fg

dflg;sf nflu sx] L pkofu] L hgfj/x¿

e;F} L afvf| uf?] uwf 3f8] f e8] f p6F

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 39

KFF7 syf

* 9's'/ / sldnf]

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– ltdLn] s;n} fO{ ;xofu] u/s] f 5f} < – ltdLnfO{ s;n} ] dbt u/s] f] 5 <

– cfkm" nfO{ ;xofu] ug{] dflg;nfO{ s] ugk{' 5{ < – ltdLn] hgfj/n] hgfj/nfO{ dfof u/s] f] bv] s] f 5f} <

dflg;nfO{ dfq xfO] g r/fr?' ªu\ L tyf ls/fx¿nfO{ klg Pscsfs{ f] ;xofu] rflxG5 . cfkm" nfO{ ;xofu] ugn{] fO{
;xofu] ugk{' 5{ eGg] s/' f ltgLx¿n] klg hfgs] f xG' 5g\ . xfdLn] 3/df kfns] f] ss' /' n] xfdLn] egs] f] dfG5 . xfdLnfO{
;3fp5F . kf7sf] syfdf klg 9s' /' / sldnfn] ] Pscsfn{ fO{ ;3fPsf 5g\ . s;/L logLx¿n] Pscsfn{ fO{ dbt u/5] g\
hfGg tnsf] syf Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= w]/} jifc{ l3sf] s'/f xf] . nfdf] ;do;Dd kfgL gk/]sfn] hldg ;'Vvf ePsf]
lyof] . kfgLsf dx' fgx¿ ;'Sg yfns] f lyP . udL{ a9]sfn] r/fr?' ª\uL tyf
hgfj/x¿n] lkpg] kfgL klg glhs} kfpg 5f8] ] . kfgLsf] vf]hLdf hgfj/
tyf r/fx¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpF cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug{ nfu] . lkpg] kfgLsf
nflu pgLx¿n] w/] } ldlxg]t ugk'{ ¥of] .

@= hªu\ nsf] 5]pdf Pp6f vf]nf] lyof] . ;wF} w]/} kfgL aUg] vf]nf] o;kflnsf]
v8]/Ln] ¹G8} ;s' s] f] lyof] . vfn] fdf
;al} t/ afnj' f dfq lyof] . udL{sf sf/0f
;fgf7n" f ;a} hLjx¿nfO{ ;d:of k/]sf]
lyof] . sldnfx¿ tftf]n] /GylgP/
bn' fa] f6 lgl:sGy] . cGo hLjhGts' f]
cj:yf klg To:t} lyof] .

#= vf]nfsf] Ps 5p] df kfgLsf] ;fgf]
8fl] aNsf] lyof] . r/fx¿ ToxfF cfP/ kfgL
lkpFy] . kfgL vfH] b} lxFl8/x]sf] Pp6f 9s' '/ ToxfF cfOk'Uof] . 8fl] aNsf]df kfgL
bv] ]kl5 pm ;fx|} v';L eof] . p;n] k]6el/ kfgL lkof] . clg p8/] hfg vf]hs] f]

;'Vvf M ;'s]sf] hLjhGt ' M kz'kG5L† hgfj/ / r/fx¿
dx' fg M gbL lg:sg] 7fp†F d"n 8f]laNsf ] M kfgL hd]sf] ;fgf] vfN8f]
v8/] L M kfgL gkgf{n] x'g] ;V' vf

40 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

lyofý] p;sf] cfvF f Pp6f sldnfd] fly
k¥of] . vfn] fsf] afn'jfdfly lxlF 8/xs] f]
sldnf] 8f]laNsf]af6 aus] f] kfgLsf]
;fgf] 8f/] f] bv] ]/ cndln/xs] f] lyof] . pm
cufl8 hfg rfxGYof] t/ ;Sb}gYof] . w/] }
k6s sf]l;; ubf{ klg sldnf] cufl8
a9\g ;s]g . 9s' '/n] oL ;a} Wofgkj" {s x¥] of] .

$= sldnf]nfO{ cK7\of/f] k/s] f] s/' f 9s' '/n] yfxf kfof] . p;n] glhs}sf] ¿vaf6
r'Rrfn] ] Pp6f kft l6Kof]ý sldnfsf] cufl8 /flvlbof] . sldnf] Tof] kftdf
r9/] kfl/ t¥of] . 9s' /' p8]/ ¿vdf uof] . 9s' /' ljleGg 7fpFdf 3D' Yof]
clg kfgL lkpg ToxL vf]nfdf hfGYof] . of] jm| d w]/} lbg;Dd rln/Åof] .

%= Ps lbg Pp6f l;sf/L xftdf aGb's
af]s/] l;sf/sf] vfh] Ldf otfplt
lxFl8/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] vf]nfdf kfgL
lkpg cfPsf] 9's/' nfO{ bV] of] . l;sf/
gkfP/ x}/fg ePsf] l;sf/Ln] 9s' '/nfO{
dfg{] ljrf/ u//] aGbs' ;f]ˆofof] . sldnf]
ToxLF lyof] . p;n] 9's/' nfO{ bV] of] .
p;nfO{ dfg{ l;sf/Ln] ;f]ˆofPsf] aGbs'
klg b]Vof] . sldnfn] 9s' '/n] cfk"mnfO{ ;xofu] u/]sf] s/' f ;lD¹of] . 9s' /' sf]
Hofg ;ªs\ 6df k/s] f] bv] k] l5 p;nfO{ b'Mv nfUof] . l;sf/Ln] aGbs' tfs]sf]
9s' '/n] bv] ]sf] lyPg . sldnf]n] p;nfO{ arfpg] ljrf/ u¥of] .

^= l;sf/Ln] 9's/' nfO{ dfg{ aGb's rnfpg nfu]sf] an] fdf sldnfn] p;sf]
v6' \6fdf lsl6Ss 6f]lslbof] . sldnfn] 6fs] k] l5 l;sf/LnfO{ a:] ;/L b'Vof] .
p;sf] xftsf] aGb's k8l\ sof] t/ 9s' '/nfO{ uf]nL nfug] . æP]ofùùÆ eGb}
p;n] xftaf6 aGbs' v;fNof] . aGbs' k8s\ s] f] cfafh ;'g]/ 9's'/ efUof] .
sldnfn] fO{ cfkt\ k/s] f] an] fdf 9's'/n] ;3fPsf] lyof] . To;n} ] sldnfn] ]
klg 9's/' sf] Hofg hf]ufof] .

Wofgkj" {s M Wofg lbP/ ;ªs\ 6 M cK7o\ f/f]

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 41

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ M
aGb's, cK7\of/f], Wofgk"js{ , ldlxg]tL, Hofg
@= z4' kf//] nv] M

zLsf/ gkfo/ xO/fg eosf] zLsf/Ln] 9S' s'/nfO{ df/g] aLrf/ u/P] /
jGbs' zfˆ] ofof] .
#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
Pp6f, 5p] , vf]nf], bM' v nfUg', a]:;/L
$= cy{ n]v M
Wofgkj" {s, 8f]laNsf,] ;V' vf, ;ªs\ 6, hLjhGt'
%= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ ko| f]u ePsf kf“rkfr“ j6f zAb vf]h/] n]v M

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
s_ hldg lsg ;V' vf ePsf] lyof] <
v_ sldnf] lsg cNdln/xs] f] lyof] <
u_ l;sf/Ln] s:tf] ljrf/n] 9's/' nfO{ aGbs' ;f]ˆofPsf] lyof] <
3_ sldnfn] fO{ cK7o\ f/f] k/s] f] s/' f s;n] yfxf kfof] <
ª_ 9's'/ lsg v';L eof] <
r_ r/fx¿ sxf“;Dd ku' ]/ kfgL lkp“y] <
5_ s;n] 9s' /' sf] Hofg arfof] <

42 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

@= 7Ls a]7Ls nv] M
s_ 9s' /' / sldnfn] Pscsfn{ fO{ slxNo} ;xofu] ub}{gy] .
v_ hf8fs] f sf/0f sldnf c¿ /GylgP/ b'nfa] f6 lg:sGy] .
u_ 9s' '/ ljleGg 7fpFdf 3D' Yof] clg kfgL lkpg vfn] fdf

hfGYof] .
3_ hª\unsf] 5]pdf Pp6f Ogf/ lyof] .
ª_ l;sf/Ln] 9s' /' nfO{ aGbs' tfSof] .
#= sfi] 7ssf zAbx¿dWo] 7Ls zAb 5fg/] tnsf vfnL 7fpF k|of]u u/ M
s_ udLs{ f sf/0f ;a} hLjx¿nfO{ =============== k/s] f] lyof] .

-b'Mv, ;d:of, cfgGb _
v_ vfn] fsf] 5]pdf kfgLsf] ;fgf] =============== lyof] .

-s'jf, d'xfg, 8f]laNsf] _
u_ sldnfx¿ ============ /GylgP/ b'nf]af6 lg:sGy] .

-tftf]n,] efs] n,] cfgGbn] _
3_ l;sf/Ln] aGbs' tfss] f] ============== n] bv] s] f] lyPg .

- k/j] f , 9s' /' , lrn _
ª_ sldnfn] fO{ 9's'/n] =============== lyof] .

-b'Mv lbPsf,] x}/fg lbPsf,] ;3fPsf] _
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ hgfj/x¿nfO{ s:tf] ;d:of k/]sf] lyof] <
v_ 9's/' n] s;/L sldnf]nfO{ ;xof]u u¥of] <
u_ sldnf]n] 9s' /' sf] Hofg s;/L arfof] <
%= 9s' /' / sldnfsf] syf k9k] l5 ltdLn] s:tf] lzIff kfof} < cfkm" n] a¹' s] f] s/' f

nv] .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 43

l;h{gf

!= tn lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f syf nv] .

Ps lbg l;x+ n] d;' f] ;dfTg,' d;' f]n] cfk"mnfO{ gvfP l;+xnfO{
;xofu] ug{] s'/f ug{'

l;x+ n] d';f]sf] s/' f gkTofpg,' hª\undf l;sf/Ln] hfn yfKg,'

Ps lbg l;+x hfndf kg,{' d;' f]n] l;x+ hfndf k/s] f] bV] g',

d';f]n] cfÇgf bfFtn] hfnsf] 8f]/L sf6\g' l;x+ hfnaf6 pDsg'

Jofs/0f

!= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ tnsf jfSo k/" f u/ M

lhr;/efl]//xaqLfn' ,]gb=af='n3=f==fl/===]x====/==h===,===f=G=e=p=5==/' =8=,{=====o\=l=a=lf=x]:k=.“8t=:= fo\l=/5=f,}=]g=.l\; v.t fh, cf vlgf,G5l56e;M.dlfaO gb=='n==b==f=f]===O=======================¤=l=g==s=b=a:folt:joffB]] f.b]f'un. G{owhcfGfo5f] .
.

@= dfly ltdLx¿n] vfnL 7fpFdf e/s] f zAbx¿ cJoo xg' \ . tn lbOPsf
cJoox¿nfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

Hofb,} /fd/| L, v?' v'?, dfly, lsgeg]

ljzi] f 1fg

tn sx] L r/fx¿sf] tl:a/ lbOPsf] 5, lrGg] k|of; u/ M

sv' /' f k/j] f ;u' f dh/' 8fkF m] cl:6r« sfO] nL

44 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

KFF7 sljtf

( 9f8] la/fnf] – ke| f e§/fO{

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] k|of; u/ M – la/fnfn] ] s] vfG5 <
– ltdLnfO{ la/fnf] dg k5{ < – 9f8] egs] f] s] xf] <

– la/fnf] s:tf] s:tf] /ªsf] xG' 5 <

9f8] egs] f] df6] f] Hofg ePsf] xf] . kf7df lbOPsf] sljtfdf 7n" f] / df6] f] la/fnfs] f] aofg ul/Psf]
5 . la/fnf] 3/df c¿n] yfxf gkfpg] u/L n;' S' s leq k:5 clg vfgs] /' f rf/] /] vfG5 . la/fnfs] f]
ljleGg rfn x/] /] To;nfO{ sljtfdf nV] g] slj xg' \ ke| f e§/fO{ . of] sljtfdf la/fnfs] f] :jefjsf]
aofg ul/Psf] 5 . sIffdf ;an} ] no xfn/] kf7sf] sljtf k9 clg la/fnfs] f] s:tf] /x5] a¹' M

sfnf] ;t] f] 6f6k] f6]
s:tf] xf] of] la/fnf]
n';'n;' ' n';'n';'
¹5{ cf/] fnf] .$.

9fs] faf6 efG5flt/
x]5{ kn' S' s
b]vfk5{ bnfgdf
s}n] ¹n' S' s .*.

hf8fd] f of] r'nfl] eq
k5{ uh' N' 6f]
bw" rf]/L vfOlbG5
vfG5 cu'N6f] .!@.

6f6k] f6 ] M z/L/df 6f6f ePsf] bnfg M 3/sf] d"n 9f]sfsf] 5]pdf
n';'n;' ' M s;}n] yfxf gkfO cfpg] hfg] agfOPsf] a:g] 7fpF
sfd u'hN' 6f ] M wfuf,] 8f/] L cflb d'7f]
¹'nS' s M PskN6 b]lvbF fsf] lsl;d cuN' 6f] M cfuf] aNb} u/s] f] bfp/f

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 45

ªo\ f/{–ª'/{ ª\of/–{ ª/' {
d';f n3f5{
s}n] a:5 efs] ef]s}
s}n] 8sf5{ .!^.

Gofp/fGofp/L ªo\ fpF–ªo\ fpF b'gf M kftnfO{ v'DRofP/ agfOPsf]
u5g{ \ s'gfdf ef8F f]
dfof nfU5 b"weft
lbG5' b'gfdf .@).

ª\of/{–ª'/ { M la/fnf l/;fpFbfsf] cfafh
Gofp/fGofp/L M la/fnfsf aRrfaRrL

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
kn' 'Ss, leq, ¹'nS' s, 9f]sf, ªo\ f/,{ efG5f
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
cu'N6f], bnfg, b'gf, ¹n' 'Ss, 6f6k] f6]
#= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
dfof, r'nf], kn' S' s, efs] f,] sfnf]
$= z4' kf//] ;f/ M
rfl] /, 88' eft, n'zn' z" ', aL/fnf,] s:6f]

46 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

%= dflysf] sljtfaf6 p:tp} :t} ;l' gg] zAbx¿ vf]h/] n]v .
h:t} M n5f5{ – 8sf5{

^= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cfwf cIf/sf] ko| fu] ePsf sg' } kfrF zAbx¿ vf]h/]
nv] .

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ‘9f8] la/fnf’] sljtf nV] g] sljsf] gfd s] xf] <
v_ la/fnf] s;/L cf/] fnf] ¹5{ <
u_ sltan] f la/fnfn] ] cuN' 6f] vfG5 <
3_ Gofp/fGofp/L sg' fdf s] u5{g\ <
ª_ hf8f]df la/fnf] s;/L a:5 <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6\ofpm M
s_ ‘9f8] la/fnf]’ sljtf >j0f ds' f?ªn] n]v]sf x'g\ .
v_ la/fnf]n] b"w rf]//] vfG5 .
u_ la/fnfn] ] d;' fnfO{ e6] 6\ fof] eg] s]xL ub{g} .
3_ la/fnf]n] 9f]sfaf6 efG5flt/ k'nS' s x]5{ .
ª_ la/fnfs] f] gªu\ |f xbF' }g .

#= 9f8] la/fnf] s] s] u5{ < sljtfsf] cfwf/df kfrF jfSodf n]v .

l;hg{ f

!= ltdLn] s'g} hgfj/ kfns] f 5f} < 5f} eg] To;sf] af/d] f bz x/kmdf aofg
u/ .

@= tnsf] sljtf k"/f u/ M

;fgf] ;fgf] dg] dnfO{ nfU5 w/] } hflt
plk|mP/ d]/f] 9f8df r95\ =====================

dfp st} uof] eg] DofDF ofF s/fp5F

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 47

AjfF;fn] fO{ bV] of] eg] To;} ====================
efs] nfu] dg]nfO{ a'a' v'jfOlbG5'
===================================================
===================================================
===================================================

Jofs/0f =================================
================================
!= tnsf] tflnsfaf6 jfSo agfpm M =================================
=================================
kj{t kfv] /f n] u[xsfo{ u/fp5“ ' . =================================
d alxgL nfO{ kft ¹¥of] .
¿v af6 cfp“5 .
lbbL snd sf] lrq sf]g{x' G' 5 .
d}n] u?' 3/ b]v]sf] 5' .

@= vsutª3n_____s fa/lc;bljlj'fjbxsfLfnSg;fdo]Lzede===f==ff=O==l]=nln===d===f===N=O=====b={====n=f===]====6l====j===7\===e===L=u=lc=S=tx[==dt==fs=/=n=eff=lxfoj=/=¿l{ B=buM=gf=/n5='xL=ogG'=.5\ l-c.kn-.f6],sp-o\ an5“ff,] ff] 6O.d.{_,--fn_bn]l],fvOn,{_fOn_{ ]_






ljzi] f 1fg

ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf] cfafh

ufO { – afF afF 3f8] f – xLF xLF

uf?] – xf]SsfF d;' f] – rLF rLF

eF;} L – cfOF la/fnf] – DofpFDofpF

afvf| – DofF DofF s's/' – ef} ef}

48 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

KFF7 ;+jfb

!) kfgL s;/L k5{ <

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ – kfgL sxfaF f6 k5{ <
– dflg;nfO{ kfgL lsg rflxG5 <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] k|of; u/ M

– ltdLn] kfgL k/s] f] bv] s] f 5f} <
– kfgL s;/L k5,{ yfxf 5 <

;j+ fb egs] f] s/' fsfgL xf] . kf7df klg kfgL s;/L k5{ < eGg] ljifodf s/' fsfgL ePsf] 5 . dflg;nfO{ lkpg, vfgf
agfpg, nu' f wg' , gx' fpg kfgL rflxG5 . hgfj/ tyf r/fr?' ªu\ LnfO{ klg lkpg kfgL rflxG5 . ¿vla?jfx¿ klg
kfgL geP afRF g ;Sbg} g\ . o:tf] dxŒjk0" f{ kfgLsf] dV' o ;f| t] egs] f] jiff{ xf] . jiffn{ fO{ kfgL kg{' klg elgG5 . kfgL
s;/L k5{ eGg] aˆ' g tnsf] ;j+ fb k9 M

!= ljBfnodf 5'66\ L ePsf] 5 . aflx/
kfgL kb{} 5 . aflx/ kfgL k/]sfn]
u?' cfdf sIffdf s]6fs]6Lx¿;Fu
s/' fsfgL ugx'{ bF' } 5 . dbg / ;/' Iff
cleefjsx¿nfO{ kv]{/ a;s] f
5g\ . pgLx¿ 3/af6 lng cfPkl5
dfq hfG5g\ . kfgL k/s] fn]
xfn] f cfh pgLx¿nfO{ lng cfpg
;w}FeGbf cln l9nf ePsf] 5 .

@= dbg M lsg kfgL k/]sf] xfn] f < 3/ hfg l9nf xg' ] eof] lg ca .

#= ;'/Iff M xf] t, dnfO{ klg s:tf] g/dfOnf] nfUof] . c¿ ;fyLx¿ 3/
kl' u;s] . xfdLnfO{ eg] lng klg cfpge' Pg .

$= dbg M dnfO{ klg kfgL k/s] f] /dfOnf] nfUb}g . -pgLx¿sf] s/' fsfgL
u?' cfdfn] ;'lg/xge' Psf] 5 ._

cleefjs M x]/ljrf/ / ;/+ If0f ug{] JolSt

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 49

%= u?' cfdf M s] eof], ltdLx¿nfO{ < lsg g/dfOnf] dfgs] f < Psl} 5gdf lng
cfOxfNg'x'G5 lg .

^= dbg M kfgL k//] g/dfOnf] eof] egs] f] lg u'?cfdf .

&= ;/' Iff M u?' cfdf ¤ kfgL s;/L k5{ <

*= u'?cfdf M ltdLn] vfgf ksfpbF f jf kfgL ttfpbF f afkm p8]sf] bv] s] f 5f} <

(= dbg M d}n] bv] ]sf] 5,' u?' cfdf .

!)= u?' cfdf M kfgL tft]kl5 afkm aG5 clg Tof] afkmnfO{ kml] / lr;f] kf¥of]
eg] kfgL g} aG5 . ltdLx¿n]
efG5fdf cfdfn] vfgf ksfpFbf
5f]ks] f] efF8f]df kfgLsf yf]kfx¿
bv] s] f 5f} lg, x}g < Tof] afkm lr;f]
ePkl5 ag]sf] kfgL xf] .

!!= ;/' Iff M xf], vfgf ksfpbF f p8s] f] afkmsf]
dfly xft /fVof] eg] xftdf klg kfgL cfp5F .

!@= u?' cfdf M 7Ls eGof} ;'/Iff ltdLn] . lr;f] yfn jf 9sgLdfly k/s] f] afkm
kml] / kfgL aG5 . To:t} xfdLn] afkmsf] dfly xft /fVbf klg
ToxfF kfgL xG' 5 . Tof] lsgeg] xft klg lr;f] xG' 5 clg aflx/sf]
xfjf klg lr;f] ePkl5 tft]/ p8s] f] afkm ;n] fp5F clg Tof]
kfgL aG5 .

!#= dbg M u?' cfdf kfgL kg]{ s/' f;Fu vfgf ksfpFbf afkm p8g\ ] s/' fsf] s]
;DaGw 5 / <

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