Chharito Nepali class 1

!%= dbg M xfdLn] t slxNo} To;/L
afkm p8]sf] b]vs] f 5}gfF} lg
u'?cfdf .

!^= ;'/Iff M km]l/ cfsfzdf afkm
7fl] Ssgsf] nflu efF8fd] f
ePsf] h:tf] 9sgL jf lasf{]
klg xFb' }g lg, x}g / <

!&= u'?cfdf M xf], 3fd nfus] f] a]nfdf w/] } pHofnf] xG' 5 clg afkm p8]sf]
bl] vbF }g . ;"os{ f] tfkn] gbL, tfn tyf ;d'bd| f /xs] f] kfgL tfT5
clg Tof] afkm ag/] dfly p8\5 . afkm tftf] ePsfn] w]/} xn'sf
x'G5 . Tof] w]/} dfly;Dd p8\g ;S5 . o;/L p8]sf] afkm dfly
cfsfzdf uPkl5 afbn aG5 . afbn hlt dfly eof] Tolt
lr;f] x'G5 . w/] } lr;f] ePkl5 afbn kfgLsf] ¿kdf ¹5{ .

!*= ;'/Iff M P tfts] f] afkm dfly uPkl5 lr;f] eP/ kfgL kg{] /x]5 . d}n]
kfgL s;/L k5{ eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a¹' F] .

!(= dbg M d}n] klg a'¹F] .

@)= u?' cfdf M n ltdLx¿nfO{ lng cfdf klg cfOkU' ge' of] . ca 5ftf cf]9/]
cfdf;uF 3/ hfcf] x} .

@!= ba' } M xj;\ u'?cfdf ¤ -dbg / ;/' Iff b'a} hgf 3/lt/ nfU5g\ ._

tfn M 7"nf] kf]v/L ;d'b| M kfgLsf] 7"nf] efu

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
;/' Iff, ;|ft] , ;DaGw, ;d'b|, 5ftf, ;"o,{ k[YjL

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 51

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M

9sgL, cleefjs, tfn, afkm

#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

cfdf, lr;f,] t, xfjf, aflx/

$= z'4 kf//] ;f/ M

kflg 6f6]kl5 jfkm jG5 .

%= ;xL pQ/df /h] f -µ_ nufpm M

s_ /dfOnfs] f] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb sg' xf] <

c_ 3dfOnf] cf_ g/dfOnf ] O_ g/fdf| ]

v_ ;G' bf a ;'lgg] t/ n]Vbf j nl] vg] zAb s'g xf] <

c_ jg cf_ j6f O_ jhg

u_ rGbl| jGbs' f] ko| fu] sg' zAbdf ePsf] 5 <

c_ l;x+ cf_ sfFjm| f] O_ cDaf

3_ p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ sg' sg' x'g\ < O_ xft– xf6
c_ kfgL – ;fgL cf_ cfdf–dftf

ª_ kfgL tftk] l5 s] ag]/ p8\5 <

c_ cl;gf cf_ kl;gf O_ afkm

^= dflysf] ;+jfbaf6 x|:j Osf/ nfu]sf s'g} kfFr zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ nv] .

k7g afw]

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ 3fd nfu]sf] an] fdf afkm p8s] f] lsg bl] vbF }g <
v_ ;'/Iff / dbgnfO{ lsg g/dfOnf] nfUof] <
u_ ;db' |sf] kfgL s;/L tfT5 <
3_ afkm p8]/ dfly ku' k] l5 s] xG' 5 <
ª_ u'?cfdfn] dbg / ;'/IffnfO{ s] s'/f l;sfpg'eof] <

52 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

@= tnsf egfOx¿ ss;sf x'g\, kf7sf] cfwf/df n]v M
s_ 3/ hfg l9nf xg' ] eof] lg ca .
v_ P tfts] f] afkm dfly uPkl5 lr;f] eP/ kfgL kg]{ /x5] .
u_ afkm tftf] ePsfn] w]/} xns' f x'G5 .
3_ xfdLn] t afkm p8s] f] b]vs] f 5g} f}F lg u?' cfdf .
#= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6o\ fP/ n]v M
s_ ‘kfgL s;/L k5{ <’ ;j+ fbdf cfdf5f/] Lsf lardf s/' fsfgL

ePsf] 5 .
v_ kfgL k/]sf] lbg dbgnfO{ /dfOnf] nfU5 .
u_ k[YjLdf kfgLsf s'g} ;f| ]t 5g} g\ .
3_ w]/} lr;f] ePkl5 afkm afbn aG5 .
$= ldNg] zAb e/]/ vfnL 7fpF k/" f u/ M
s_ kfgL tftf] ePkl5 ============== ag/] p8\5 .
v_ afkm lr;f] ePkl5 ============== aG5 .
u_ =========sf] tfkn] k[YjLdf ePsf] kfgL tfT5 .
3_ afbn w/] } lr;f] ePkl5 ============= ag]/ ¹5{ .
%= kfgL s;/L kg]{ /x5] < kf7sf] cfwf/df kfrF jfSodf nv] .

l;h{gf

!= s'g} ljifodf bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L dflg;x¿n] u/s] f] s'/fsfgLnfO{ ;j+ fb
elgG5 . cfkm" nfO{ dgkg]{ v]nsf] af/d] f /lhof / /tgn] u/]sf] tnsf]
s'/fsfgL k"/f u/ M

/lhof M ltdLnfO{ ;ae} Gbf dg kg]{ v]n s'g xf], /tg <
/tg M =======================================================================
/lhof M dnfO{ t k'm6an dg kb}{g . ljm| s]6 dfq dg k5{ .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 53

/tg M =======================================================================
/lhof M =======================================================================
/tg M =======================================================================
/lhof M =======================================================================
/tg M =======================================================================
/lhof M =======================================================================

Jofs/0f

!= ldNg] zAb /fv]/ tnsf jfSox¿ k"/f u/ M

s_ xfdL jgefh] hfG5f}F . tF jgef]h ============= .
d jgef]h ============= . tkfO{+ jgef]h ============= .
ltdL jgef]h ============= . pgL jgefh] ============= .
pm jgef]h ============= .

v_ dn} ] lrl8ofvfgf b]vF] .
xfdLn] lrl8ofvfgf ============= . tF}n] lrl8ofvfgf ============= .
p;n] lrl8ofvfgf ============= . ltdLn] lrl8ofvfgf ============= .
tkfOn+{ ] lrl8ofvfgf ============= . pgn] lrl8ofvfgf ============= .
pgLx¿n] lrl8ofvfgf ========== . efOn] lrl8ofvfgf ============ .

ljzi] f 1fg

w/] } jf ;d"x a'´fpg] zAbx¿

s/] fsf] – 3/L bfp/fsf] – vlnof]
km" nsf ] – u'R5f kmfx] f]/sf ] – 8ªu\ '/
;fusf] – d'7f] sldnfsf] – tfFtL
dflg;sf] – xn' e8] fsf ] – ayfg
af?nfsf] – ufn] f] l;kfxLsf] – kmf}h

54 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

KFF7 syf

!! ´'6f] af]Nof] ls kfN] of]

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] k|of; u/ M

– ltdLn] ¹6' f] afn] s] f 5f} < – ¹6' f] afN] g] dflg; ltdLnfO{ dg k5{ <
– ¹6' f] afn] ] s] xG' 5 < – xfdLn] lsg ;frF f] afN] gk' 5{ <

¹6' f] afN] g] dflg;nfO{ s;n} ] dgk/fpbF g} g\ . ¹6' f] afN] g] dflg;n] w/] } bM' v kfp5F . dflg;n] ¹6' f] afN] gx' G' g . ;wF} ;frF f]
afN] gk' 5{ . ¹6' f] afN] g] dflg;nfO{ cK7o\ f/f] k/s] f] an] fdf klg s;n} ] kTofpbF g} . kf7df lbOPsf] syfdf ¹6' f] afN] bf
s:tf] bM' v kfOG5 eGg] bv] fOPsf] 5 . of] syf sIffdf ;an} ] cfafh lgsfn/] k9 clg nfnn' ] s:tf] bM' v kfof] aˆ' g]
sfl] ;; u/ M

!= Psfbz] df Pp6f nfn' gfd u/s] f] s]6f] lyof] . p;sf] 3/df p;sf a'af /
pm dfq lyP . nfn'n] 3/sf ;a} sfd ug'k{ Yof]{ .

@= nfn' ldlxg]tL lyof] . /fd/| L sfd uYof]{ t/ p;sf] Pp6f v/fa afgL lyof] .
Tof] s] eg] pm cln ¹6' f] afN] g] :jefjsf] lyof] . ;whF} ;f] nfn' Ps lbg
e]8fafv|f lnP/ hªu\ nlt/ nfUof] . hªu\ ndf e8] fx¿ rg{ yfnk] l5 nfnn' ]
;f]Rof] æcfh oL ufpnF x] ¿nfO{ dv" { agfp5F ' .Æ o:tf] ;f]r]/ pm hf8] tf8] n]
?g yfNof] . s/fpg yfNof] – æux' f/ ¤ ux' f/ ¤¤ af3 cfof†] af3 cfof] .Æ

#= nfn' /f]Psf] tyf s/fPsf] ufpnF x] ¿n] ;'g] . pgLx¿n] ;fRF r} af3 cfP5
eGg] ;f]r] . ufpFn]x¿ nfn' ePsf] 7fpdF f ku' ] . ToxfF af3 lyPg . ;a}
e]8fafv|f rl//x]sf lyP . nfn' eg] ¿vsf] Pp6f xfuF fd] f a;]/ xfFl;/xs] f]
lyof] . ufpFn]x¿nfO{ d"v{ agfpg ;ss] fn] pm ;fx}| v;' L b]lvPsf] lyof] .

$= ;fF¹ nfn' e8] fafvf| lnP/ 3/ kmlso{ f] . cfh pm c¿ lbgsf] eGbf a9L g}

Psfb]z M sg' } Pp6f bz] hf8] tf8] M a]:;/L, an u//]
k/nfs] M dT[ o' ufpnF ] M ufpdF f a:g] dflg;
kwF ]/f ] M kfgL eg]{ 7fpF, wf/f]

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 55

/dfPsf] lyof] . kml] /kml] / klg o;}u/L
ufpnF x] ¿nfO{ d"v{ agfpgk' 5{ eGg]
;fR] b} pm cfÇgf] sfddf nfUof] .

%= bO' { rf/ lbgkl5 nfnn' ] kml] / To;/L
g} ufpFnx] ¿nfO{ ¹S' ofof] . ufpnF ]x¿
kml] / klg ;fFRr} af3 cfPsf] xf] ls
eg]/ xg] { cfP . pgLx¿ To;/L g} lhNn k/]/ uP .

^= nfns' f] ¹6' f] afN] g] afgLn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lbSs agfpg yfNof] . Pslbg nfn'
;whF} :tf] cfÇgf e]8fafvf| r/fpg lgl:sof] . e8] fafvf| rg{ yfnk] l5 pm
¿vdf r9o\ f] clg cfkm}Fn] agfPsf] af;F sf] ;fgf] d/' nL lgsfn]/ ahfpg
yfNof] . p;n] ahfPsf] d/' nLsf] w'g ;'g]/ ToxfF rl//xs] f ufO{j:t'x¿ sfg
7f8f kfb}{ lyP eg] ufpFn]x¿ klg dL7f] w'g ;'g/] n67\ k/]sf lyP .

&= nfns' f e]8fafvf|
rl//x]sf lyP . PSsfl;
ltgLx¿ bfl} 8g yfn] .
8/fP/ efu]sf h;/L
ltgLx¿ sb' s] f] b]v]/
nfn'n] s] eP5 eg]/
otfplt x¥] of] . p;n]
k/af6 Pp6f af3
cfO/x]sf] b]Vof] . af3
cfPsf] bv] /] nfn' klxnf h;/L g} s/fof] – æu'xf/ ¤ ux' f/ ¤¤ af3 cfof]†
af3 cfof] .Æ

lhNn M crDd k/s] f,] 5Ss bfDnf ] M kz' afFWg] 8f]/L
km6fxf M ¹'6f] af]Ng] dflg; y'G;] M ;fdfg /fv]/ afS] g] afF;sf] ef8F f]
gfDnf] M ef/L afS] g] ;fwg, 8f]/L

56 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

*= cfh eg] ufpnF x] ¿ sf]xL cfPgg\ . ænfn' ;w}F ¹6' f] afN] 5† cfh klg To;n]
xfdLnfO{ ¹'Sofpg vf]hs] f] xf] . ef] xfdL sfx] L klg ghfcf}FÆ eg/] ufpnF x] ¿
cfÇg} sfddf nflu/x] . otf af3n] nfns' f] Pp6f afvf| nfO{ df¥of] . nfn'
?g s/fpg yfNof] . p;nfO{ ;xofu] ug{ sf]xL cfPg .

(= ;fF¹ ?Fb} 3/df ku' ]sf] nfnn' fO{ a'afn] s] ef] eg/] ;f]w] . p;n] af3 cfP/
afvf| vfPsf] ;a} s'/f ;'gfof] . cfkm" n] ¹'6f] afn] /] b'Mv lbPsfn] ;fFRr} af3
cfpbF f ufpFn]x¿ ;3fpg gcfPsf] s/' f a'¹/] nfnn' ] eGof] – æaa' f ¤ d ca
slxNo} ¹'6f] af]lNbgF . ¹6' f] afN] of] eg] kfN] 5 eGg] dn} ] /fd|/L a¹' F] .Æ

d'/nL M afF;af6 aGg] Ps ks| f/sf] afhf u'xf/ M cfkt\ kbf{ dbt dfUg] sfd
n67\ M dVv k/s] f] cj:yf

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
slxNo,} ¹'Sofpg, ;xof]u, ptfplt, lg0f{o
@= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
af3, xfdL, /fd|/L, ¹6' f,] cfh
#= cy{ n]v M
lhNn, yG' ;,] k/nf]s, ufpnF ,] n67\
$= dflysf] syfaf6 bL3{ O{sf/ nfu]sf s'g} kfFr zAbx¿ vf]h/] n]v .

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 57

%= tnsf zAb / cy{nfO{ hf]8f ldnfpm M

Psfbz] a:] ;/L

kwF ]/f] cfkt\ kbf{ dbt dfUg] sfd

hf8] tf8] sg' } Pp6f b]z

u'xf/ ¹6' f] afN] g] dflg;

km6fxf kfgLsf] wf/f]

k7g af]w

!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ nfn'n] lsg k9\g kfPg <
v_ ufpFnx] ¿ vt] df s] ul//xs] f lyP <
u_ nfn' lsg ;fx|} v';L b]lvPsf] lyof] <
3_ ufpnF x] ¿nfO{ nfn'sf] s:tf] afgLn] lbSs agfof] <
ª_ af3 cfPsf] an] f ufpnF x] ¿ lsg uPgg\ <
r_ nfn'n] lsg bM' v kfof] <

@= tnsf egfO ss;sf x'g\ < kf7sf] cfwf/df n]v .
s_ cfh oL ufpFn]x¿nfO{ dv" { agfpF5' .
v_ af3 cfpFb} u/s] f] b]v]kl5 ufpFnx] ¿nfO{ afn] fOg;\ t <
u_ cfh klg To;n] xfdLnfO{ ¹'Sofpg vf]h]sf] xf] .
3_ u'xf/ ¤ u'xf/ ¤ af3 cfof] .
ª_ s] ug]{ p;sf] ¹6' f] af]Ng] afgLn] p;}nfO{ 3f6f eof] .

58 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

#= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofpm M
s_ nfn' ;wF} ljBfno hfGYof] .
v_ nfn' ;wF} ¹'6f] afn] ]/ c¿nfO{ bM' v lbGYof] .
u_ ¹6' f] afN] bf nfn'nfO{ w/] } kmfObf eof] .
3_ Ps lbg af3n] nfn'sf] afv|f vfof] .
ª_ nfnn' ] ¹'6f] af]Ng'xbF' }g eGg] s'/f l;Sof] .

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ nfns' f] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
v_ nfnn' ] ufpnF ]nfO{ s;/L b'Mv lbof] <
u_ ¹6' f] afN] bf nfnn' ] s:tf] bM' v kfof] <

%= ¹6' f] afN] g] afgLn] s] s:tf] c;/ u5{ < kfrF jfSodf n]v .

l;hg{ f

!= lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f syf nv] M
Pp6f Çofp/f] auFr} fdf cª\u/' vfg uof],
cªu\ '/ dfly ePsfn] pm To;nfO{ e6] g\ plk|mof,]
w]/r} fl] 6 plkm| Fbf klg cªu\ '/ e]6g] ,
cªu\ '/ ge6] ]kl5 pm cª\u'/ cldnf] 5, d vfGgF eg]/ lx8F \of] .

@= ltdLn] slxNo} ¹6' f] af]ns] f 5f} < 5f} eg] ¹'6f] afN] bf ltdLnfO{ s:tf] cge' j
ePsf] 5 < bz jfSodf n]v .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 59

Jofs/0f

!= efn] jf kfy] L a'¹fpg k|ofu] ul/g] ;ª\s]tnfO{ lnªu\ elgG5 . kl' nªu\ /
:qLlnª\u u/L lnª\u b'O{ k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ . h:t} M

k'lnª\u :qLlnªu\

aa' f cfdf

bfh' efph"

dfdf dfOh"

legfh' lbbL

@= tnsf kl' nª\u a'¹fpg] zAbx¿sf] :qLlnªu\ a'¹fpg] zAb nv] M
sfsf, dfdf, s]6f,] a]xn' f], xh/' af

#= tnsf jfSox¿ sg' lnªu\ sf x'g†\ lrg/] n]v . kl' nªu\
/fd ldlxg]t u//] k95\ . =====================
s_ alxgL ljBfno uO{ . =====================
v_ 5f/] f] lxhf] ;x/ uof] . =====================
u_ dfdfn] dnfO{ ld7fO{ lbge' of] . ======================
3_ tF sxfF hfG5;] \ < ======================
ª_ uf]?n] v]t hf]T5 .

60 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

ljzi] f 1fg

;fgf gfgLx¿ s]nfO{ s] eG5g\ <

n'uf – gfgf b"w – aa' '
eft – dfd afvf| sf] kf7f ] – dg]
st' L – ss' /' ;/' L – la/fnf]
vfg ' – xfDd ug{' lk6\g ' – kfO ug'{
;'Tg ' – g'g' ug {' n8g\ ' – e'Dd x'g'
pleg ' – ly/L ug{' /fdf| ] – gfDdf]

tnsf] lrqdf /ª e/ M

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 61

KFF7 lgaGw

!@ jgefh]

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– jgefh] egs] f] s] xf] < – ltdL jgefh] uPsf 5f} <
– ltdLnfO{ 3D' g dg nfU5 < – 3D' g hfbF f s] s:tf] kmfObf xG' 5<

;wF} Ps} 7fpdF f al;/xge' Gbf km;' b{ sf] ;dodf sg' } gofF 7fpF 3D' g hfg' w/] } /fdf| ] xG' 5 . o;/L 3D' g hfbF f 7fpF t
bl] vG5 g} ;fydf gofF s/' f klg l;lsG5 . o;sf nflu jgefh] hfg' w/] } /fdf| ] xG' 5 . jgefh] egs] f] 3/af6 k/ sg' }
vn' f 7fpdF f dflg;x¿ hDdf eP/ ul/g] efh] xf] . kf7df uf/} L / uf/} jsf] jgefh] sf] aofg 5 . ltdLx¿ Wofg lbP/
k9 clg pgLx¿sf] jgefh] s:tf] eP5 aˆ' g] ko| f; u/ M

!= ljBfnodf b;}F / ltxf/sf] lardf labf lbOPsf] lyof] . aa' fnfO{ klg km;' b{
lyof] . a'afn] uf/} L / uf}/jnfO{ æzlgaf/ xfdL / sfsfsf] kl/jf/ jgef]h
hfg]Æ eGge' of] . pgLx¿ ;fx|} v;' L eP . jgefh] hfg kfOg] ePsfn]
pgLx¿ ;fx|} /dfP .

#= uf/} Ln] uf}/j;uF æbfO xfdL jgef]hdf s]s] ug{] <Æ eg]/ ;fw] L . uf/} jn]
vN] gsf nflu ;fdfgx¿ nfg†] dfbn klg nfg] clg /dfOnf] ug]{ s'/f ;g' fof] .
zlgaf/sf] lbg pgLx¿ laxfg ;a/] } uf8L r9]/ blIf0fsfnL uP . uf/} Ln]
blIf0fsfnL hfbF f af6f]df b]lvPsf ljleGg 7fpxF ¿sf] gfd ;f]wL . aa' fn] of]
7fpFsf] gfd aNv' xf] . of] sLlt{k'/ xf] . p=Tof] lqej' g ljZjljBfno hfg]
u6] xf] eGb} b]vfpbF } hfge' of] . uf8L ul' 8/x]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿ rf]ef/df
k'u] . ToxfF Pp6f 7"nf] pBf]u b]vk] l5 uf/} jn] æof] s] xf] <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wof] .
a'afn] ‘Tof] l;dG] 6 sf/vfgf xf’] eg]/ lrgfpg'eof] .

$= uf8L 7fpF7fpdF f /f]lsbF } u'l8/xs] f] lyof] . uf}/L / uf}/j w]/} /dfO/xs] f
lyP . uf8L kmlkª{ df ku' k] l5 n6/Dd gf:kftL kmn]sf] bv] fpbF } aa' fn]

jgefh] M jgdf ul/g] efh]

62 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

æTof] gf:kftLsf] af6] xf] . ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 < gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf w]/}
gf:kftL kmNg] 7fpF oxL xf] .Æ eg/] ;D¹fpg'eof] .

%= gf} ahl] t/ pgLx¿ blIf0fsfnLsf] dlGb/df k'u] . ToxfF bzg{ u//] jgefh] sf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] 7fpFlt/ nfu] . lxh} a'af / sfsf uP/ rflxg] ;fdfgx¿ lsg]/
Nofpge' Psf] lyof] . jgef]hsf]
nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 7fpFnfO{
cªu\ ]|hLdf ‘lkslgs :k6’
elgbF f] /x5] . :k6df k'u]kl5
;a} ;fdfgx¿ /fv] . a'af bfp/f
lsGg hfg'eof] . sfsfn] 9'ª\uf
vfh] /] r'nf] agfpg'eof] . cfdf
/ sfsL t/sf/L s]nfpg yfn] . sfsfsL 5f/] L / uf}/j lbbLefO ldn]/
kfp/f]6Ldf hfd bNg yfn] . uf}/L ;fgL ePsLn] p;n] sx] L ug'k{ /g] .
;a} hgf sfd ul//x]sf] b]v/] p;nfO{ klg s]xL ug{ kfP xG' Yof] eGg] nfu]5
Sof/] . p;n], æcfdf d klg sfd u5{' lg eg] kl5 cfdfn] æltdL vfgs] /' f
bv] ]/ ss' /' cfp5F ls x/] Æ eGge' of] .

^= aa' fn] bfp/f lsg]/ NofPkl5 sfsLn] lrof ksfpg'eof] . pgLx¿ ;a}n]
gf:tf vfP . a'af / sfsf lbp;F f]sf] vfhf / ;fF¹sf] vfgf agfpg nfUg'eof] .
cfdf, sfsL, uf}/j, lbbL / uf/} L ;a} ldn]/ pxfxF ¿nfO{ ;3fP . s;}n]
wf/faf6 kfgL NofP . s;n} ] gf:tf vfPsf] ef8F f ;kmf u/] . s;}n] t/sf/L
sn] fP . ;an} ] ldn/] sfd ubf{ uf}/L / uf/} j w]/} v;' L eP .

&= æca Psl} 5g /dfOnf] u/fF} .Æ a'afn] 7n" f] :j/df eGge' of] . ;an} ] sfg
7f8f] kf/]/ ;g' ] . pxfFn] yKg'eof], æca ;an} ] of] a6\6faf6 Pp6f Pp6f

pBf]u M ;fdfg agfpg] sf/vfgf lkslgs :k6 M jgef]h vfg hfg] 7fpF
ljZjljBfno M 7"nf] SofDk; hfd M kmnsf] /; ksfP/ agfPsf]
n6/Dd M af6] }el/ kmn nfUg] lsl;d
bzg{ M b]jLb]jtfnfO{ ul/g] 9fu] vfgs] '/f

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 63

lr67\ f tfgfF} . cfk"mn] yt' ]sf]
lr67\ fdf h] k5{ Tof] ;an} ]
ug{'k5{ .Æ ;a}n] xG' 5 eg]/
6fpsf] xNnfP . cfdfnfO{
gt] fn] h:t} efif0f ug]{ k/]5 eg]
sfsLnfO{ gfRg] . sfsfnfO{
s'g} snfsf/sf] clego
ug]{ k/]5 . To:t} lbbLnfO{ cfk"mn] ug{ ;Sg] /fdf| sfdx¿sf] af/]df eGg]
k/]5 . uf/} jnfO{ sg' } hgfj/sf] cfafh lgsfn/] s/fpg] k/]5 . uf/} LnfO{
lzIfssf] gSsn ug]{ k/5] . aa' fsf] kfnf] cfof] . pxfFnfO{ cfkm" n] u/s] f]
s'g} abdf;Lsf] af/]df eGg] k/]5 . ;a}n] cfk"mnfO{ lr67\ fdf k/c] g;' f/sf]
sfd u/] t/ a'afn] ug{ dfGg'ePg . uf}/jn] ;fx|} lhbb\ L u/k] l5 pxfnF ]
cfkm" n] ;fgf]df k9g\ cN5L nfus] f] a]nfdf k]6 bV' of] eg]/ :sn' guPsf]
s/' f ;g' fpg'eof] . ;a} hgf xf;F ] .

*= a'afn] æltdLx¿ Ps}l5g 3d' /] cfcf] d oxfF s/' /] a:5Æ' eGge' of] . pgLx¿
3D' g uP . s]xLa]/ 3'd]kl5 pgLx¿ km]l/ lkslgs :k6df cfP . sfsfn]
dfbn ahfpg'eof] . uf/} j / uf/} L gfr] . c¿n] tfnL ahfP . jgefh] w/] }
/dfOnf] eO/xs] f] lyof] . a'afn] æca vfgf vfP/ hfg] tof/L ugk'{ 5{ . gq
kml] / /ft k5Æ{ eg]kl5 ;a} hgf vfgf vfglt/ nfu] .

(= æjgefh] w]/} /dfOnf] xF'bf/] x5] , x} bfOÆ uf/} Ln] uf/} jnfO{ ;f]wL . æxf,] dnfO{
klg w]/} /dfOnf] nfUof] . xfdL kml] / csf]{ jif{ klg jgefh] hfg'k5Æ{ uf}/jn]
alxgLsf] v';Ldf ;fy lbof] . vfgf vfO;s]kl5 pgLx¿ uf8L r9/] 3/lt/
nfu] . æjgefh] s:tf] eof] t <Æ aa' fn] af6f]df ;fW] ge' of] . ;a} hgfn] w/] }
/dfOnf] eof] eg/] hafkm lbP .

efif0f M s'g} ljifodf w]/} a]/ afN] g] sfd abdf;L M abdf; ug{] sfd
clego M PSsfl; xg' ] kmfObf
M gSsn ug{] sfd lr6\7f

64 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
efif0f, 9ª' u\ f, blIf0fsfnL, ljZjljBfno, aNv'

@= z'4 kf/]/ nv] M
zan} ] cfkm" nfO{ rL66\ fdf k/s] f] k/] cgz" f/sf] sfd u/] .

#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
jgef]h, bzg{ , efif0f, hfd, abdf;L

$= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
v';L xg' ', /dfOnf,] dfbn, ;fF¹, w]/}

%= sf]i7saf6 lbOPsf zAbx¿af6 7Ls zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ vfhf vfg] ;do ePkl5 ;a} ldn/] ==================== vfP . -e6df;,

vfhf, kfp/f6] L_
v_ sfsfn] 9ª' \uf vf]h/] ====================== agfpge' of] . -rn' f,] vN] g]

7fpF, a:g] 7fpF_
u_ aa' fn] bfp/f lsg]/ NofPkl5 ============== lrof ksfpge' of] .
3_ u-af/}lxLg/Ln],ulfb}/bjLn],ws]/}fs==L=n==]_=========== lyP . -v]ln/xs] f, xfFl;/x]sf,

/dfO/x]sf_
ª_ ljBfnodf b;F} / ltxf/sf] lardf ==================== lyof] . -v]ns'b,

labf, hfrF _

k7g afw]

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ jgefh] egs] f] s] xf] <
v_ uf}/L / uf/} j lsg w/] } v;' L eP <

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 65

u_ gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf a9L gf:kftL kmNg] 7fpF s'g xf] <
3_ ;an} ] sfg 7f8f] kf//] s;sf] s'/f ;g' ] <
ª_ a'afsf] efudf s:tf] lr67\ f k/5] <
r_ uf}/L / uf/} jnfO{ jgef]h s:tf] nfUof] <
@= tnsf egfOx¿ ss;sf x'g\, kf7sf] cfwf/df n]v M
s_ jgefh] w/] } /dfOnf] xbF' f]/x5] x} bfO .
v_ ca Ps}l5g /dfOnf] u/fF} .
u_ xfdL klg jgef]h hfcf}F g .
3_ ca vfgf vfP/ hfg] tof/L ug'{k5{ .
ª_ ltdL vfgs] /' f b]v]/ s's'/ cfp5F ls x]/ x} .
#= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6o\ fP/ nv] .
s_ uf}/L / uf}/j ;fyLx¿;uF jgef]h uP .
v_ gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf a9L gf:kftL kmNg] 7fpF sLlt{k/' xf] .
u_ jgefh] df sfsfn] dfbn ahfpge' of] .
3_ a'afn] lqej' g ljZjljBfnosf] u]6 b]vfpg'eof] .
ª_ jgef]hdf /fd|/L vfg gkfP/ ;a} bM' vL eP .
$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ uf/} L / uf/} jn] jgefh] df s]s] u/] <
v_ uf/} L / uf}/jnfO{ jgefh] lsg /dfOnf] nfUof] <
u_ jgefh] hfFbf s] s:tf] kmfObf x'G5 <

l;h{gf

!= ltdL jgef]h uPsf 5f} < uPsf 5f} eg] cfÇgf] jgefh] sf] aofg u//] bz
jfSo nv] .

@= cfkm" 3'ds] f] sg' } 7fpFsf] af/]df kfrF jfSo nv] .

66 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

Jofs/0f

!= pbfx/0fsf] cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ k/" f u/ M
xfdL dg' fdbg =============== .
s_ d d'gfdbg k9\b} 5' .
pm dg' fdbg =============== . ltdL dg' fdbg =============== .
pgL dg' fdbg =============== . tF d'gfdbg =============== .
aa' f d'gfdbg =============== . efO d'gfdbg =============== .
pxf;dnLn] l] vlv//=============================.= .
v_ d}n] lv/ =v==f=P=s===f=] =ly==P==F =.
tn}F ] lv/
pgLx¿n] lv/ =============== cfdfn] lv/ =======================.
alxgLn] lv/ =============== ltdLn] lv/ ===============.

@= tnsf ljm| of /fv]/ dfly sdf lbOPsf h:t} jfSox¿ agfpm M

vfbF } 5', a:b} 5g\, xb] }{ 5, ;'Gb} 5fF}

hfFb} 5, vN] b} 5g\, xfF:b} 5,'

ljzi] f 1fg

g]kfnsf rfw} c~rnsf gfdx¿

dxfsfnL ;t] L s0ff{nL
wjnflul/
hgs 'k/e]/Lu08sL
;u/dfyf/fKtL
jfUdtL

nl' DagL gf/fo0fL d]rL
sf];L

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 67

KFF7 uLt
rdrd tf/f
!# – bu' fn{ fn >i] 7

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– ltdLn] tf/f rDss] f] bv] s] f 5f} < – tf/fx¿ sxfF rDsG5g\ <
– tf/f s;/L rDsG5 < – ltdLn] tf/f;uF s/' f u/s] f 5f} <

tf/fx¿ xfdLeGbf w/] } 6f9f ePsfn] ;fgf bl] vG5g\ . ;fgf bl] vg] tf/fx¿ cfsfzdf
rdrd u5g{ \ . kf7df /flvPsf] rdrd tf/f sljtf bu' fn{ fn >i] 7n] nv] s] f xg' \ .
tf/fx¿ rdrd u/s] f] bv] /] sljn] ltgLx¿;uF s/' f u/s] f 5g\ . tf/fx¿nfO{ pgn]
ljleGg s/' f ;fw] s] f 5g\ . sljn] tf/f;uF u/s] f] s/' fsfgL tnsf] sljtf k9/] a¹' M

dflydfly c¹dfly /ld/dL M /dfO/dfO{
w]/} dfly a;]/
s] eG5f} P tf/fx¿ ¤
rdrd u//] .$.

ufpmufpm egs] f] ls
gfrgfr egs] f] <
ls of] hg' L /ld/dL
afrF eg]sf] < .*.

rdrd M hg' tf/f rDsbF fsf] lsl;d
hg' L M lhGbuL

68 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

s] eg]sf] eg cfvF f
l¹dl¹d u//] <
s] eG5f} P tf/fx¿ ¤
rdrd u//] .!@.

anan eg]sf] ls l¹dl¹d M cfFvf
afn] af]n eg]sf] < l¹DsfpFbfsf]
Hof]lt cfkmlF} eq x'G5 lsl;d
vfn] eg]sf] < .!^.
Hof]lt M k|sfz, pHofnf]
s] egs] f] eg kfp kfp M uf8] f, v'6\6f
5d5d u//] < 5d5d M gfRbfsf] lsl;d
s] eG5f} P tf/fx¿ ¤
rdrd u/]/ .@). cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
cfvF f, leq, dflydfly, Hofl] t, tf/f
@= cy{ n]v M
Hofl] t, 5d5d, kfp, h'gL, /ld/dL

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 69

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

rdrd ug,'{ cfFvf, w/] }, leq, Hof]lt

$= dflysf] sljtfaf6 p:t}p:t} ;l' gg] zAbx¿ vf]h/] nv] M

h:t} M 5d5d – rdrd

%= z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ M

dnfO 5l/6f] gk] fln dg k/5 .

^= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

s_ tnsf dWo] z4' zAb sg' xf] <

c_ hfl] t cf_ Hof]tL O_ Hofl] t

v_ ‘rdrd’sf] cy{ s] xf] <

c_ h'gtf/f rDss] f] cj:yf cf_ cUnf ] O_ rsrs]

u_ tnsf dWo] s'g zAbn] ‘cfvF f’ eGg] cy{ lbG5 <

c_ la/fnf ] cf_ gog O_ cf;F '
3_ ‘w/] }’sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb ======================xf] .

c_ ;wF} cf_ yf]/} O_ Hofb}

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ rdrd tf/f uLt s;n] n]vs] f xg' \ <
v_ tf/fx¿ sxfF a;]sf 5g\ <
u_ cfvF fx¿ s] u5{g\ <
3_ tf/fx¿ s] u5{g\ <
ª_ kfpx¿ s] u5g{ \ <

70 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' \ofP/ n]v M
s_ ‘rdrd tf/f’ uLt gf/fo0f lg/f;Ln] nv] ]sf xg' \ .
v_ tf/fx¿ cfsfzdf pbfp5F g\ .
u_ dflysf] uLtdf h'gsf] aofg ul/Psf] 5 .
3_ xfdL 5d5d gfR5fF} .
ª_ tf/f rdrd u/]sf] an] fdf /dfOnf] xG' 5 .
#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ tf/fn] Hofl] t sxfF x'G5 egs] f] 5 <
v_ tf/fn] of] hg' L s;/L afFr eg]sf] 5 <
$= tf/fx¿n] s] s] egs] f 5g\ < cfÇg} zAbdf nv] .

l;h{gf

!= km" nsf] cfvF fdf k"mn} ;;+ f/
sf8F fsf] cfFvfdf sf8F } ;+;f/
¹l' NsG5 x} 5fof j:t' cG;f/
sfF8fsf] cfFvfdf sfF8} ;+;f/ .
ltdLn] dflysf] uLt ;g' s] f 5f} < of] uLt b'ufn{ fn >i] 7n] n]vs] f x'g\ . of]

uLt ;'g]sf 5g} f} eg] Psk6s ;'g clg dfly lbOPh:t} u/L cfÇgf] sfkLdf
nv] .
@= ltdLn] cfsfzdf tf/fx¿ rdrd u/]sf] bv] s] f 5f} < cfsfzdf rdrd
u/s] f tf/fx¿ b]v]kl5 dgdf nfus] f s'/fx¿ n]v .
#= tnsf dWo] s'g} Ps ljifodf sljtf nv] M
s_ k"mnaf/L v_ ljBfno

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 71

Jofs/0f

!= sfd sg' ;dodf ePsf] xf] eGg] a'¹fpg] ljm| ofsf] cj:yfnfO{ sfn elgG5 .
sfn ltg k|sf/sf 5g\ . clxns] f] ;do a'¹fpg]nfO{ jt{dfg sfn elgG5 .
klxns] f] ;do a¹' fpg]nfO{ e"t sfn elgG5 . kl5sf] ;do a¹' fpg]nfO{
eljiot\ sfn elgG5 .

tnsf jfSox¿ sg' sfnsf x'g\< lrGg] k|of; u/ M
s_ d ljBfno hfG5' . =========================
v_ ltdL dfdf3/ uof} . ==========================
u_ xfdL lj|ms6] vN] g] 5f}F . ==========================
3_ ltdL k|yd eof} . ==========================
ª_ tkfO{+ dlGb/ hfg'xg' ]5 . ==========================
r_ a'af sfofn{ oaf6 cfpg'eof] . ==========================

@= tnsf] tflnsfdf ltgltg j6f jfSo nv] M

jt{dfg sfn e"t sfn eljiot\ sfn

ljz]if 1fg

ufp3“ /df xg' ] ;fdfgx¿

cf]bfg, s'8F ,] uf}jf, ˆofuF f, xf8F L, tfO,{ tfKs,] l;nf}6f,] 6'sL, 7]sL, xk{,] rn' ];L, ufu|L, s;f}F8L, lksf{, lrD6f,
9'ªu\ f| ], kmnr}F f, ufuL| , ¹f]n'ª\uf], s6' f], sf]bfnf], xnf,] hj' f, xlF ;of, 8f]sf], 8fnf], gfDnf], gfªn\ f], hf]tf/f], hftF f]

72 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

KFF7 lgaGw

!$ lah'nL

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M – j1} flgs egs] f] s] xf] <

– gofF s/' f agfpg] dflg;nfO{ s] elgG5 < – sg' } ;fdfg bv] k] l5 of] s;n] agfPsf] xfn] f eGg]
– ltdLnfO{ sg' } j1} flgssf] gfd yfxf 5 < ;fr] s] f 5f<}

kf7df lah'nLsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lah'nL s] xf] < xfdLnfO{ o;sf] cfjZostf lsg k5{ < eGg] s'/
fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . cfhsf] ou' df lahn' Lsf] dxŒj w]/} 5 . xfdLn] 3/df, sfof{nodf, pBfu] x¿df
lahn' Lsf] ko| f]u u5f{+} . lahn' Lsf] af/]df yk s'/f kf7df k9/] a¹' M

!= s'g} klg sfd ug{ zlSt rflxG5 . xfdLn] vfgf vfgk' 5{ . vfgfaf6 zlSt
lg:sG5 / xfdL sfd ug{ ;S5fF} . ljleGg k|sf/sf d]l;gx¿ rnfpg klg
zlSt rflxG5 . j}1flgs tl/sfaf6 agfOPsf] zlStnfO{ lah'nL elgG5 .
lahn' LnfO{ ljBt' \ klg elgG5 .

@ cfh xfdLnfO{ lahn' L w]/} sfdsf nflu rflxG5 . xfdL 3/df lahn' L aQL
afN5f}F . /l] 8of] ahfpF5f}F . kª\vf, l6eL, sDKo6' / rnfp5F fF} . dfa] fOn rfh{
u5f}+{ . oL ;a} sfdsf nflu lah'nL rflxG5 . nu' fdf O:qL nufpg, Ogf/ jf
6o\ fª\sLsf] kfgL tfGg] dl] ;g rnfpg lahn' L rflxG5 . lahn' L ePg eg]
xfd|f w]/} sfdx¿ /fl] sG5g\ .

#= lahn' L ljleGg tl/sfaf6 lgsflnG5 . kfgLaf6 lgsflng] lah'nL ;a}
eGbf /fdf| ] dflgG5 . cUnf] kxf8af6 aus] f] kfgLaf6 lah'nL lgsfNg
;lsG5 . g]kfnsf vf]nfgfnfx¿af6 w]/} lah'nL lgsfNg ;lsG5 . kfgLaf6
lgsflnPsf] lah'nLnfO{ hnljB't\ elgG5 .

j1} flgs M lj1fg;DaGwL vfh] ug{] ljleGg M y/Ly/L
dfG5] hnljB't \ M kfgLaf6 lgsflnPsf] ljBt' \

O:qL M sk8fdf nufpg] cfO/g 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 73

kª\vf sDKo6' / lx6/

/l] 8of] l6eL df]afOn

$= lah'nL cfhsf] dflg;sf] Kof/f] ;fyL xf] . 3/, ljBfno, snh] , sfof{no,
pBf]u, sf/vfgf, c:ktfn h:tf x/]s 7fpdF f lahn' L rflxG5 . cr]n uf8L
rnfpg, /n] u8' fpg tyf sa] 'nsf/ rnfpg klg lahn' Lsf] ko| f]u xG' 5 .

%= 3/sf ;fgf;fgf sfdbl] v 7"nf7"nf snsf/vfgfx¿ rnfpg lah'nL w]/}
cfjZos 5 . lahn' Lljgfsf] hLjg sNkgf klg ug{ ufx|f] 5 . lah'nLn]
dflg;sf] hLjg ;/n agfPsf] 5 . o;n] ;+;f/nfO{ ¹ndNn kf/]sf] 5 .

^= lahn' LnfO{ /fd/| L ko| f]u u/] of] ;fyL xG' 5 gq o;n] ljgfz klg u5{ .
lah'nL;uF vN] g' x'Gg . lah'nLsf ;fdfgx¿ rnfpbF f xf;] k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
lahn' L;Fu v]Nbf b3' 6{ gf xG' 5 . ;fgf s6] fs6] Lx¿n] t lahn' Lsf ;fdfgx¿
rnfpg' klg xG' g . lahn' L;Fu rn]df s/G] 6 nfU5, cfunfuL xg' ;S5 .
To;n} ] lah'nL;uF rNgx' G' g .

pBfu] M w/] } y/Lsf ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{] 7fpF ljgfz M gfz
s]a'nsf/ M tf/df ¹l' G8P/ rNg] uf8L b3' 6{ gf M PSsfl; xg' ] 36gf
emndNn kfg{' M pHofnf] kfg{'

74 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ clg ltgltg k6s nv] M

ljB't,\ zlSt, sfofn{ o, ljgfz, b'36{ gf

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M

sa] 'nsf/, j}1flgs, hnljBt' \, ljgfz, b'3{6gf

#= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

kfgL, lahn' L, Kof/f], s6] fs]6L, xfdL

$= gldNg] zAbdf uf]nf] 3/] f nufpm M

Ogf/ sj' f kf]v/L kª\vf

a; ljBfno 6s« /n]

O:qL l6eL sDKo'6/ OG6/g]6

%= tnsf dWo] z4' zAb lrg/] n]v M

lhag lhjg hLjg

cfunflu cfunfuL cfUnfuL

t];}n ] Toz}n] To;n} ]

xfdf| ] xfD/f] xfDdf]

;fl7 ;fyL ;fly

^= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M

w/] ,} cUnf,] 7"nf7n" f, xf;] , /fd|/L

&= dflysf] kf7af6 rGbl| jGb'sf] ko| fu] ePsf s'g} kfrF j6f zAb vf]h/] nv] .

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 75

k7g af]w

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ nv] M

s_ sfd ug{ s] rflxG5 <

v_ lah'nL egs] f] s] xf] <

u_ sxfaF f6 w]/} lahn' L lgsfNg ;lsG5 <

3_ lahn' L cfhsf] dflg;sf] s:tf] ;fyL xf] <

ª_ lah'nLsf ;fdfgx¿ s;/L rnfpg'k5{ <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6o\ fP/ n]v M

s_ lahn' L;Fu rn]df w/] } kmfObf x'G5 .

v_ 3/, ljBfno, pBfu] cflb 7fpFdf lahn' L rflxG5 .

u_ kfgLaf6 lgsflng] lahn' LnfO{ ;ae} Gbf g/fdf| ] dflgG5 .

3_ lah'nL aQL yf]d; cNaf Pl8;gn] agfP .

ª_ l6eL, sDKo6' / rnfpg lahn' L rflxbF }g .

#= Ps zAbdf pQ/ b]pm M

h:t} M ljleGg k|sf/sf d]l;g rnfpg s] rflxG5< zlQm

s_ lah'nL;uF vN] bf s] x'G5 <

v_ dfa] fOn rnfpg lahn' L rflxG5 ls rflxFb}g <

u_ lahn' Ln] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ s:tf] agfPsf] 5 <

3_ kfgLaf6 lgsflng] ljB't\nfO{ s] elgG5 <

ª_ lahn\' Ln] ;;+ f/nfO{ s:tf] kf/s] f] 5 <

$= 5f6] s/Ldf pQ/ n]v M

s_ lah'nL s;/L lgsflnG5 <

v_ lah'nL rnfpFbf s'gsg' s'/fdf xf]; k¥' ofpg'k5{ <

76 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

u_ sg' sg' sfd ug{ lah'nL rflxG5 <

l;hg{ f

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ cfpg] u/L /]l8ofs] f] aofg u/ .
– /l] 8of] sxfF xG' 5 < – of] s:tf] xG' 5 <
– /]l8of]df s]s] aH5 < – /l] 8of] ahfpg s] rflxG5 <
– ltdLn] /l] 8of] ;'Gg] u/s] f 5f} < – /]l8of] lsg ;l' gG5 <
– /]l8of] ;G' gfn] s] kmfObf x'G5 <
@= dflg; s]s:tf sfd ugf{n] ;an} ] lrGg] aGg ;S5 < bz jfSodf n]v .

Jofs/0f

!= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh:t} u/L Pp6} jfSo agfpm M
pbfx/0f M cgk' df aQL lgefp5F ] . cg'kdf ;T' 5] .
→ cgk' df aQL lgefP/ ;T' 5] .
s_ cfsl[ t 3/ hfG5] . cfs[lt xft w'G5] .
v_ l;4fy{ vfhf vfG5 . l;4fy{ k9\g a:5 .
u_ hLjgn] ;f“rf] vf]Hof] . hLjgn] tfNrf vfN] of] .
3_ dfOh"n] km" n l6Kge' of] . dfOh"n] k"mn rN' 7f]df nfpge' of] .
ª_ ck{0f w/] } vfG5 . ck0{ f df6] fPsf] 5 .
@= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
a;/] , ;g' /] , x]/]/, bv] /] , vfP/

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 77

ljz]if 1fg

s;n] s] agfP <

s] < s;n] < s] < s;n] <

/l] 8of ] – dfsfg{] L 6l] nlehg – hfg] nfu] L ao] 8{
sDKo6' / – rfN;{ Aofah] b/' lag – Uoflnlnof]

snd – jf6/Dofg ;fOsn – Dofsldng

Sofnsn' 6] / – kf:sn :6fe] – aG] hfldg km| ª] s\ lng

/l] 8od – Dof8d So/' L 38L – Uoflnlnof]

78 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

KFF7 lgaGw

!% xfn] L

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– ltdL sg' sg' rf8kjx{ ¿ dgfp5F f} < – xfdL rf8kj{ lsg dgfp5F fF} <
– ltdLnfO{ xfn] L s:tf] nfU5< – ltdLnfO{ ;ae} Gbf w/] } sg' kj{ dg k5{ <

xfdL ljleGg rf8kjx{ ¿ dgfp5F fF} . xfdL bM' v la;g{ tyf /dfOnf] ug{ rf8kj{ dgfp5F fF} . rf8kj{ kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿;uF e6] xG' 5 . cfkmGt tyf ;fyLefOx¿;uF e6] /] xfdLnfO{ cfgGb nfU5 . xfdLn] jife{ l/ dgfpg] ljleGg
rf8kjx{ ¿dWo] xfn] L klg kd| v' kj{ xf] . xfn] Lsf] af/d] f w/] } s/' fx¿ aˆ' g tnsf] lgaGw Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= xfdL w]/} ks| f/sf rf8kjx{ ¿ dgfpF5f}F . xfdLn] dgfpg] ljleGg
rf8kjx{ ¿dWo] xfn] L klg Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ kj{ xf] . of] kj{ kmfu'g
kl" 0fd{ fsf] lbg k5{ . To;n} ] o;nfO{ kmfu'k"l0fd{ f klg elgG5 . of] /ªsf]
kj{ xf] . o; kjd{ f Pscsf{df ljleGg yl/sf /ªx¿ bn/] /dfOnf]
ul/G5 .

kj { M rf8 kl" 0f{df M cfsfzdf hg" k/" } bl] vg] lbg

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 79

@= xfn] L ljz]if u/]/ lxGb'x¿sf] kj{ xf] . crn] o;nfO{ c¿ wd{ dfGg]
dflg;x¿n] klg dgfpg yfns] f 5g\ . jif{el/sf] ysfO tyf cfk;sf]
u'gf;f] tyf l/; lal;{P/ Pscsf{df v'l;ofnL ;f6f;f6 ug]{ kj{sf] ¿kdf
xfn] L dgfOG5 . /ª ld;fPsf] kfgL 5\ofk/] tyf /ª nufP/ dgfOg] of]
kj{n] dflg;sf] hLjg ljleGg k|sf/sf /ª h:t} /ªu\ Lg 5 eGg] ;Gbz]
lbG5 . dfG5]sf] hLjgdf slxn] xf;F f] t slxn] cf;F ' x'G5 . h;/L /ªx¿
km/skm/s x'G5g\ To;}u/L dfG5s] f] hLjgdf klg slxn] bM' v x'G5 eg]
slxn] ;'v . hLjgsf] oxL km/skg a¹' fpg] xf]nL ljz]if dxŒjsf] xG' 5 .

#= xfn] L g]kfnLx¿sf] ljz]if kj{ xf] . o;nfO{ gk] fnLx¿ w]/} /dfOnf];uF dgfpg]
u5{g\ . xf]nLsf] lbgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ld7fO{x¿ vfg] ul/G5 . kl/jf/
tyf ;fyLefOx¿;uF /ª vN] g] ul/G5 .

$= gk] fndf xf]nL b'O{ lbg dgfOG5 . lxdfnL tyf kxf8L

ug' f;f] M cfÇgf] dfG5;] Fu elgg] kL/ jf /ªu\ Lg M /ª/} ª ePsf,] /ª nfu]sf]
v'l;ofnL bM' vsf s/' f ;f6f;f6 M ;f6\g] sfd
M v';L x'gfsf] efj ;Gb]z M va/, pkbz]

80 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

Ifq] df kmfug' k"l0f{dfsf] lbg xf]nL dgfOG5 eg] t/fOd{ f To;sf]
efl] nkN6 dgfOG5 . xfn] L dgfpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] labf klg lbg] u/]sf]
5 . kxf8df xf]nLnfO{ kmfu' elgG5 . xf]nL v]Ngn' fO{ kmfu' vN] g' elgG5 .

%= ;x/ahf/df af6f]df lxF8\g] dflg;x¿nfO{ hyfefaL kfgL 5o\ fKg] klg
ul/G5 . of] /fd|f] afgL xfO] g . csf{sf] OR5fljgf kfgL tyf /ª xfGg' eg]sf]
g/fd|f] afgL xf] . kmf]xf/] kfgL tyf :jf:YonfO{ c;/ ug]{ /ª vN] g'x'Gg .
xf]nLnfO{ ;a}sf] Kof/f] agfpg csfs{ f] OR5fsf] klg ;Ddfg ug{k' 5{ . af6fd] f
lxF8g\ ] a6'jf tyf v]Ng dg gx'g]x¿nfO{ hyfefaL /ª bNgx' 'Gg .

;Ddfg M cfb/ hyfefaL M grflxbF f] kf/fn]

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M

dxŒjk0" f{, kmfu'kl" 0f{df, lal;P{ /, /ª\uLg, hyfefjL

@= dflysf] lgaGwaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] ko| fu] ePsf zAbx¿ vfh] /] tflnsfdf
pNnv] u/ M

‘a’ k|ofu] ePsf zAbx¿ ‘j’ ko| fu] ePsf zAbx¿
========================================= ====================================

========================================= ====================================

========================================= ====================================

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 81

#= cy{ n]v M
/ªu\ Lg, ;f6f;f6, kj{, ;Ddfg
$= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
xf]nL, ld7fO,{ /ª, wd,{ kj{
%= dflysf] kf7df ko| fu] ePsf s'g} kfFr j6f gfd zAbx¿ vf]h]/ nv] .

k7g afw]

!= tnsf jfSox¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M

s_ xfn] L kj{ slxn] dgfOG5 <
v_ xfn] L s;sf] kj{ xf] <
u_ xf]nLnfO{ s] klg elgG5 <
3_ t/fOd{ f xf]nL slxn] dgfOG5 <
@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6\ofpm M
s_ xf]nL b;F} / ltxf/sf] lardf k5{ .
v_ xfn] L /ªx¿sf] kj{ xf] .
u_ g]kfndf xfn] L d;' ndfgx¿n] dgfp5F g\ .
3_ xf]nLdf h;nfO{ kfof] To;nfO{ /ª bNg'k5{ .
ª_ a6'jfnfO{ hyfefjL kfgL / /ª 5\ofKg' x'G5 .
#= vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ xf]nLnfO{ ======================== klg elgG5 .

v_ crn] xfn] L ===================== wd{ dfGg] dflg;n] klg dgfp5F g\ .

u_ xf]nL ================================== ;f6f;f6 ug]{ kj{ xf] .

3_ t/fOd{ f xfn] L kmfuk' "l0f{dfsf] ================================= dgfOG5 .

82 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ xf]nL lsg dgfOG5 <
v_ xfn] L s;/L dgfOG5 <
u_ xfn] Ln] s:tf] ;Gb]z lbG5 <

l;h{gf

!= ltdL sg' sg' rf8kj{x¿ dgfpF5f} < cfkm" n] dgfpg] dV' o kjx{ ¿sf] gfd n]v .

@ ltdLnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L dgkg]{ kjs{ f] af/d] f bz jfSodf aofg u/ .

Jofs/0f

!= pbfx/0fdf lbOPh:t} u/L tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kl/jt{g u//] nv] M

pbfx/0f M /d]z u[xsfo{ u5{ .

/dz] u[xsfo{ ubg{} .

s_ ltdLn] lrl8ofvfgf bv] s] f 5f} . v_ ;'dg ahf/lt/ uof] .

u_ pm ldlxgt] u/]/ k9\5 . 3_ cfdf ahf/ hfg'eof] .

ª_ alatf alxgL;Fu 3'Dg uO{ .

@= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fdf bv] fOP h:t} u/L kl/jt{g u/ M

v;aahff'G:]N]N]Ngt555e'} 'M; o v\ f ]f–––G–5===='====–============v========f====G====g========F ================================================ x/] ] – =======================
cfp5F f}F – =======================
k95\ ] – =======================
hfG5f} – =======================


ljzi] f 1fg

g]kfndf dgfOg] k|d'v rf8kjx{ ¿

b;,F} ltxf/, DxMkh" f,, Nxf;] f/, hgk} l" 0fd{ f, ufOh{ fqf, OGbh| fqf, la:s6] hfqf, sz' c] f;F} L,
gfuk~rdL, Ob, a4' hoGtL, ljm| ;d;, u7d] ªu\ n, lth, si[ 0ffi6dL, pwF fn} L–peF fn} L,

u?' kl" 0fd{ f, dftftLy{ cf;F} L, uf/} f kj,{ 57 kj,{ df3] ;ªj\ m| flGt, kmfuk' l" 0fd{ f, rt} ] b;F}

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 83

KFF7 sljtf
gk] fnsf] zfg
!^ – ke| ftL ls/0f

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M – ltdLnfO{ gk] fn s:tf] nfU5 <
– ltdLn] lxdfn bv] s] f 5f} < – gk] fnnfO{ c¹ /fdf| ] kfg{ ltdLn] s] ugk{' 5{ <
– gk] fnsf ss] ] s/' fx¿ /fdf| 5g<\

gk] fndf w/] } lxdfnx¿ 5g\ . o;nfO{ lxdfnL bz] dlgG5 . lxdfnL bz] df hGds] fn] xfdL klg
lxdfnsf ;Gtfg xfF} . xfdf| ] bz] egs] f] xfdf| ] 3/ xf] . xfdLn] g} xfdf| ] bz] nfO{ /fdf| ] agfpgk' 5{ .
Pscsfn{ fO{ dfof ugk{' 5{ . w/] } k9/] 1fg xfl;n u/L bz] sf] ;j] f ugk{' 5{ / gk] fnsf] ;fg
aGgk' 5{ eGg] s/' f nl] vPsf] of] sljtf ke| ftL ls/0fn] nv] s] f xg' \ . sIffdf ;a} hgf ldn/]
no xfn/] tnsf] sljtf jfrg u/ clg eGg vfl] hPsf] s/' f a¹' M

lxdfnsf ;Gtlt xf}F g]kfnsf] ;fg
xfdLn] g} a9fpg' 5 of] bz] sf] dfg .@.

;j] f wd{ k/f]ksf/ nIo lngk' 5{
a9\gk' 5{ b]zsf nflu >d ug'k{ 5{ .$.

/f]u, efs] , clzIffn] b]z b'v]sf] 5
xfdL leq} l;hg{ fsf] d"n n's]sf] 5 .^.

;Gtlt M ;Gtfg nIo M pb\b]Zo, kU' g'kg]{ 7fpF
k/fk] sf/ M c¿sf] enfO x'g] sfd l;hg{ f M gofF s'/f agfpg] sfd
clzIff M lzIff gePsf] cj:yf

84 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

xfdL cfkmF} p7\g'k5{ b]z agfpg
h'6g\ k' 5{ xfdL cfkmF} b]z ;hfpg .*.

k9Lnv] L 1fgL eO{ ;Lk l;S5fF} xfdL
agfpF5f}F bz] nfO{ cfÇg} 3/ 7fgL .!).

xfdL;uF } kSs} ef]ln bz] xfF:g yfN5
xfd|f] kf}/v km' nk] l5 b]z gfRg yfN5 .!@.

xfdL cfh w/] } ;fgf ;fgf sfl] knf
of] bz] sf] zfg aG5f}F xfdL efl] nsf .!$.

kf/} v M ldlxg]t zfg M OHht, km'tL{

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
nIo, b]z, kSs}, 1fgL, cfkmGt, >d
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
clzIff, ;Gtlt, k/f]ksf/, kf/} v
#= z'4 kf/]/ ;f/ M
xfld, /Lz/fu, zLk, la/, ;Lh{gf
$= dflysf] sljtfaf6 p:t} ;'lgg] zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ n]v M
h:t} M zfg – dfg

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 85

%= 7Ls pQ/df /h] f -√_ nufpm M

s_ ‘lz/’sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb sg' xf] <

c_ 6fpsf] cf_ 3f6F L O_ kfp
O_ xfDdf]
v_ tnsf dWo] s'g rflxF zAb z'4 5 < O_ l/;
O_ k/fO{sf] ;j] f
c_ xfdf| ] cf_ xfdf] { O_ lifhg{ f
u_ zfgsf] cy{ ======= xf] <

c_ uf/} j cf_ dfof

3_ k/f]ksf/n] s'g cy{ lbFbg} <

c_ c¿nfO{ 30[ ff cf_ c¿sf] enfO

ª_ tnsf dWo] s'g rflxF zAb z4' 5 <

c_ lzh{gf cf_ l;h{gf

k7g afw]

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ g]kfnsf] zfg sljtf s;n] n]vs] f xg' \ <
v_ of] bz] sf] dfg s;n] a9fpg'k5{ <
u_ bz] s;/L b'v]sf] 5 <
3_ xfdL s;/L ;Lk l;S5fF} <
ª_ xfdLn] s;sf nflu >d ug{'k5{ <
@= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' \ofpm M
s_ ‘g]kfnsf] zfg’ sljtfdf hgfj/x¿sf] aofg ul/Psf] 5 .
v_ cfÇg} 3/ 7fg/] xfdLn] b]zsf] nflu sfd ug'k{ 5{ .
u_ xfdL Pscfk;df ldNg'xG' g .
3_ xfdL xf:F of}F eg] bz] klg xf:F 5 .
ª_ xfdL lxdfnsf ;Gtfg xf}F .

86 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

#= tnsf] vfnL 7fpF k"/f u/ M
xfdL;Fu} kSs} ============================ yfN5
xfd|f] kf}/v ====================== gfRg yfN5 .
xfdL cfh w/] } ;fgf ===========================
=========================== aG5fF} xfdL efl] nsf .
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ xfdLn] s:tf] nIo lngk' 5{ <
v_ s:tf] dflg; jL/ xbF' g} <
u_ sltv]/ b]z xfF:g / gfRg yfN5 <
%= tnsf x/kmx¿n] s] eGg vf]h]sf x'g,\ lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] kfrF jfSodf

nv] .
xfdL;uF } kSs} ef]ln b]z xfF:g yfN5
xfd|f] kf/} v km' n]kl5 b]z gfRg yfN5 .

l;h{gf

!= ltdLnfO{ dg nfus] f] s'g} Pp6f ljifodf sljtf n]v clg sIffdf ;an} fO{
;'gfpm .

@= tnsf] sljtf k/" f u/ M
auFr} fdf yl/yl/ km' ns] f 5g\ ================
ltg} km" ndf a;s] f 5g\ kt' nLsf =============== .
km" nsf ;fgf ================ rF'8\g hflGbgF d
r/LnfO{ ==================== ===== 9'ª\uf xflGbgF d .
k"mn xf;F h] :t} u/L ============k5{ dn} ]
;a};uF ldlnh'nL ============= k5{ dn} ] .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 87

Jofs/0f

!= tnsf gldn]sf jfSox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ nv] M

s_ d/] L cfdf ljBfnodf k9fp5F . v_ ;fgf] efO w/] } ?G5] .

u_ tF stf hfG5f} < 3_ xfdLn] vfgf vfof] .

ª_ alxgL klg cfP5 .

@= tnsf] pbfx/0f x/] zAbx¿nfO{ hf]8]/ gofF zAb agfpm M

pbfx/0f M aa' f / cfdf ˜ afac' fdf
5f/] f / 5f/] L ˜=================== dfdf / dfOh " ˜===================
sfkL / snd ˜=================== bfn / eft ˜===================
bfh' / efO ˜=================== lbbL / alxgL ˜===================
vt] / af/L ˜=================== r/f / r?' ªu\ L ˜===================
kz' / kG5L ˜=================== sfkL / snd ˜===================

ljz]if 1fg

g]kfnsf kd| 'v sljx¿

efge' St cfrfo,{ dft] L/fd e66\ , nv] gfy kf8} o\ fn, nIdLk;| fb bj] sf6] f, afnsi[ 0f ;d, l;l4r/0f >i] 7, dfwj l3ld/]

tnsf] lrqdf /ª e/ M

88 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

KFF7 syf

!& afa,' 5f]/f / uwf

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ – al' 4 gk¥' ofO{ u/s] f] sfd s:tf] xG' 5 <
– dflg;n] ;fdfg afS] g sg' sg' hgfj/ kfN5g\ <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– c¿n] egs] f] s/' f ;G' gk' 5{ ls kbg{} <
– ltdLn] hgfj/n] ef/L afs] s] f] bv] s] f 5f} <

xfdLnfO{ w/] } dflg;n] w/] } s/' f ;g' fp5F g\ . ;g' s] f ;a} s/' f ;xL xG' 5g\ eGg] 5g} . csfn{ ] ;g' fPsf] s/' fdf dfq e/ kg{]
clg cfÇgf] al' 4 gnufpg] dflg;n] bM' v kfp5F . kf7df lbOPsf] syfdf klg afa' / 5f/] fn] csfs{ f] s/' f ;g' s] } e/df
bM' v kfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] s:tf] dv" t{ f bv] fP / s;/L bM' v kfP eGg] aˆ' g tnsf] syf Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= w/] } jif{ klxn] Pp6f ufpdF f
afa' / 5f/] f a:y] . pgLx¿n]
Pp6f uwfnfO{ a8f]
:ofxf/ u/]/ kfn]sf
lyP . Ps lbg sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf afa' / 5f/] f
cfÇgf] uwfnfO{ 8f]¥ofpbF }
ahf/lt/ hfFb} lyP . hfbF fhfbF } af6fdf ltgn] Ps hgf a6j' fnfO{ e]6] . uwfnfO{
l/Q} lx8F fPsf] b]v]/ Tof] a6j' fn] 3fr] ]/ eGof,] æuwfdfly r9\g] kf] xf] . l/Q}
lxF8fpg] xf] / < s:tf dv" { /x]5g\ oL dfG5] ¤Æ Tof] a6'jfsf] s/' f ;'Ggl] alQs}
afan' ] 5f]/fnfO{ uwfdfly r9fof] / p;n] uwfnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg yfNof] .

@= pgLx¿ cl3cl3 a9b\ } lyP . Psl5g lxF8]kl5 Ps xn' dflg;x¿;Fu
pgLx¿sf] e6] eof] . pd/] n] kfsf] dfG5] rflxF lx8F /] s]6f] rflxF uwfdfly
r9]sf] b]v/] pgLx¿nfO{ crDd nfUof] . pgLx¿n] uwf r9g\ ] s]6f] /

:ofxf/ M x]/ljrf/, /v] bv] a6j' f M af6f] lx8F g\ ] dflg;

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 89

8f]¥ofpg] dfG5] ba' }sf] cgx' f/
lgofn] . b'a}sf] cgx' f/ sf6Ls6' L
ldNYof] . pgLx¿n] tL bO' { hgf
afa'5f/] f xg' \ eGg] c8s\ n sf6] .
tLdWo] Ps hgfn] dv' kmf]l/xfNof]
æx]/ t s:tf] cN5L s6] f] afa'nfO{
lx8F fP/ cfkm" uwfdfly r9\g] s:tf]
nfh;/d gePsf] s]6f] xf] of] <Æ ltgsf] s/' f ;g' ]kl5 afa5' f/] f lvGg eP .
afa' rflxnF ] xtf/xtf/ cfÇgf] 5f/] fnfO{ uwfaf6 cfl] ng{ nufof] . 5f/] f]
uwfdflyaf6 cf]ln{of] . afa'rflxF uwfdfly r9o\ f] .

#= afa5' f]/fsf] ofqf hf/L lyof] .
pgLx¿ cl3cl3 al9/x] . pgLx¿
w/] } k/ gkU' b} af6fdf b'O{ hgf
dlxnfx¿ el] 6P . afa,' 5f/] f /
uwfnfO{ b]v]kl5 Pp6L dlxnfn]
csL{ dlxnf;uF egL – ælar/f]
;fgf] afnsnfO{ lxF8fP/ cfkm"
uwfdfly r9\g] of] dfG5] s:tf] cN5L / lgbo{ L xf]nf <Æ

$= tL dlxnfsf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 eg] afa' / 5f/] f cndNn k/] . Psl5g ;fr] ljrf/
u/k] l5 pgLx¿ b'a} hgf uwfdfly r9/] ahf/lt/sf] ofqfdf cufl8 al9/x] .

%= ahf/ cfOkU' g c¹} afsF L lyof] . af6f] lx8F g\ ] a6j' fx¿sf] eg] ToxfF 7n" f] le8
bl] vGYof] . uwfdfly bO' { hgf dflg; r9s] f] bv] /] Ps hgf a6j' fn] lh:Sofpg
yfNof] –

^= æPp6} uwfdfly bO' {bO' { hgf dfG5] r9b\ f lar/f uwfnfO{ slt ufxf| ] eof]
xfn] f . s:tf lgi7/' oL dfG5] < ltdLx¿nfO{ clnslt klg bof nfUb}g <Æ

lgofn] M x]/] c8s\ n sf6g\ ' M cg'dfg ug'{
sf6Ls'6L M p:t}p:t}, Ps} lsl;dsf] lgb{oL M bof gePsf]
lvGg x'g ' M bM' vL x'g', lg/fz x'g'
90 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

&= Tof] a6j' fsf] s'/f ;g' ]kl5 afa,' 5f/] f b'a} uwfaf6 cfn] {] . h] ubf{ klg ePg .
pgLx¿ ca s] ug]{ xfn] f eg]/ uDeL/ xF'b} ;f]Rg yfn] . w/] }a]/ udk] l5
pgLx¿ Pp6f lgwfd] f ku' ] .

*= pgLx¿n] af6fs] f] 5]pdf Pp6f
¿v bv] ] . Tof] ¿vsf] ;'l/nf] xfuF f
sf6/] NofP . uwfnfO{ kN6fP/
bO' b{ 'O{ j6f v6' \6f afwF ] . afFw]sf
v'§f dl' Gt/ ¿vsf] xfuF f l5/fP .
To;kl5 afa'5f/] f b'a}n] Tof] uwfnfO{ af]s] . pgLx¿ ahf/lt/ nfu] .

(= afa5' f]/fn] uwfnfO{ af]s]sf] bv] /] af6f] lx8F g\ ] a6j' fx¿ v'a xfF:g yfn] .
olQs}df ahf/ glhs}sf] ;f3F ' cfOk'Uof] . ;f3F 'dfly afa'5f]/f lxlF 8/x]sf
a]nf uwfn] rNdn u¥of] . 5f/] flt/sf] sfFwaf6 ¿vsf] xfuF f] vl' :sof] . lar/f
uwf crfgs ;f3F 'dl' Gt/ vf]nfdf v:of] . 7n" f] cfafh cfof] . rf/ cf6] }
v'66\ f aflF wPsf xb'F f uwf rNg r6k6fpg ;s]g . pm kfgLdf 8A' of] .
Psl5gkl5 uwfn] kf| 0f TofUof] .

!)= afa', 5f/] f / uwfsf] tdf;f x]b}{ kl5kl5 lxlF 8/xs] ]f Ps hgf a'9f] dflg;n]
eGof] –

!!= æ;a} hgfnfO{ v;' L kfg{ vf]Hbf s;n} fO{ klg v';L kfg{ ;lsGg eGg] s/' f
aNn aˆ' of} xf]nf, x}g < a'9f] dflg;sf] s/' fn] r]t vN' of] . pgLx¿ cfÇgf]
uwf d/]sf]df b'MvL xbF' } 3/lt/ kmlsP{ .

lgi7/' M dgdf bof dfof gePsf] dfG5] ;l' /nf] M l;wf, ;f]¹f]
udk] l5 M ;f]rk] l5, ljrf/ u/]kl5 r]t vN' g ' M a'l4 knfpg'
;f3F ' M ;fgf] kn' k|f0f M z/L/, cfTdf
tdf;f M /ldtf, /dfOnf]

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
rNdn, cg'/fw] , a6j' f, cndNn, clnslt, ofqf

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps 91

@= cy{ n]v M
rt] vN' g', ;fF3,' k|f0f, lgb{oL, :ofxf/
#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
af6f,] cN5L, xtf/xtf/, lvGg xg' ,' uwf
$= dflysf] syfaf6 rGbl| jGbs' f] k|ofu] ePsf kfFr j6f zAbx¿ vf]h]/ nv] .
%= z4' kf//] n]v M
Ps5Lg lx8] kl5 Ps xn" dfgL;x¿;uF plgx¿sf] e]t eof] .

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ afa' / 5f]/fn] uwfnfO{ s;/L kfns] f lyP <
v_ afa' / 5f]/fn] ;aeGbf klxnf af6fdf s;nfO{ e]6] <
u_ pgLx¿n] uwfdfly klxnf sf] r9\of] <
3_ lsg b'a} hgf uwfdfly r9] <
ª_ afa' / 5f]/fn] cGTodf uwfnfO{ s] u/] <
@= tnsf egfO ss;sf xg' ,\ kf7sf] cfwf/df n]v M
s_ uwfdfly r9\g] kf] xf] . l/Q} lx8F fpg] xf] / <
v_ x]/ t s:tf] cN5L s]6f] ¤ afan' fO{ lxF8fP/ cfkm" uwfdfly r9g\ ] .
u_ lar/f] ;fgf] afnsnfO{ lxF8fP/ cfkm" uwfdfly r9\g] of] dfG5] s:tf]

cN5L / lgb{oL .
3_ Pp6} uwfdfly bO' {b'O{ hgf r9\bf lar/f uwfnfO{ slt ufx|f] eof]

xfn] f .
#= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6\ofP/ n]v M
s_ afa' / 5f/] fn] xfQL kfns] f lyP .
v_ ba' } hgf afa'5f/] f uwfdfly r9]/ ahf/lt/ hfFb} lyP .

92 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

u_ af6fdf hfFbfhfb} afa' 5f/] fn] Pp6f Jofkf/LnfO{ e6] ] .
3_ uwf vfn] fdf v;] klg d/g] .
ª_ rf/} v'6\6f aflF wP klg uwf lx8F \of] .
$= dflysf] syfsf] cfwf/df tnsf] vfnL 7fpF k/" f u/ M
s_ Tof] a6'jfsf] s'/f ;g' k] l5 ======================= uwfaf6 cf]n{] .
v_ a6'jfsf s/' f ;'Gg]lalQs} afan' ] 5f/] fnfO{ =============== r9fof] .
u_ pgLx¿ w]/} k/ gk'Ub} af6fdf =============== dlxnfx¿ el] 6P .
3_ uwf crfgs ;f3F 'dl' Gt/ =================== v:of] .
ª_ pgLx¿ uwf d/s] fd] f bM' vL x'bF } ============= kmls{P .
%= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ afa' / 5f/] f uwfdf lsg kfnk} fnf] r9s] f xg' \ <
v_ afa' / 5f]/fn] uwfnfO{ lsg v'66\ fdf afwF ] <
u_ afa' / 5f/] fn] lsg bM' v kfP <

l;hg{ f

!= ltdLn] ;g' ]sf] s'g} Pp6f syf cfÇgf] sfkLdf n]v clg sIffdf ;a}
;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm .

@= dflysf] syfdf ePsf] 5f]/fsf] 7fpFdf ltdL ePsf eP ltdL s] uYof{} <
kfrF jfSodf n]v .

Jofs/0f

!= vsuz___Ab x/cs¿dfnspfdgf/] e'jl/tom| ldddf]Ltcnldf]fnd/ufffPVP5ao/fhg}j¹\f/kfSfafn] ov] ff6d/aff.g.< fp ===m======M=====================================================================================================================




5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 93

3_ vtcsfff]s/pGf5]Fbx;]g}¿kfdfd;5fngfgªf\Olsw{bv/]w"g} ]N]5;cgg“ufs\kpefm' 6zgftaLdxn.f¿..n ]===.===================================================================================================================================================================
ª_
r_
5_

@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ¿k kl/jtg{ u/ M

h:t} M

hfG5' ============================================================–==========u==========P=====F===== ================================================== =========–===h==f=g==] =5==' ========
k9\5 ============================
xf:5fF } ============================
a:g'x'G5 ============================
afN] 5f} ============================
nV] 5;\

ljz]if 1fg

s] a:g] 7fpnF vfO{ s] elgG5 <
xfQL a:g] 7fpnF fO{ – xfQL;f/ r/f a:g] 7fpnF fO{ – u8F'

3f8] f a:g] 7fpnF fO{ – tan] f af3 a:g] 7fpnF fO{ – uk' mf

ufOj{ :t' a:g] 7fpnF fO{ – uf7] d;' f] a:g] 7fpnF fO{ – bn' f]

afvf| a:g] 7fpnF fO{ – vf/] df/} L a:g] 7fpnF fO{ – 3f/

tnsf lrqdf /ª e/ M

94 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

KFF7 lgaGw

!* cg'zf;gsf] dxŒj

efOalxgLx¿;FuÛ

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– ltdL cfdfaa' fn] egs] f] dfG5f} < – cfkm" eGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof u5f{} <
– ltdLn] 3/sf] sfddf ;3fpg] u/s] f 5f} < – s:tf] dflg; ;as} f] Kof/f] xG' 5 <

tnsf] kf7df cgz' f;gsf] af/d] f aofg ul/Psf] 5 . cgz' f;g egs] f] cfkm" nfO{ cfkmnF} ] lgoddf /fVg' xf] . c;n /
v/fa 56' o\ fP/ c;n sfd dfq ug,{] cfÇgf] sfd cfkmF} ug,{] cfkm" eGbf 7n" fnfO{ cfb/ ug{] clg cfkm" eGbf ;fgfnfO{
dfof ug{] dflg; cgz' fl;t dflg; xf] . tnsf] lgaGw Wofg lbP/ k9 clg dflg;nfO{ cgz' f;gsf] cfjZostf lsg
kg{] /x5] , aˆ' g] ko| f; u/ M

!= cgz' f;gsf] cy{ cfkm" nfO{ lgoddf
/fv/] cfkmd“} fly zf;g ug{' xf] . cfk"mnfO{
;xL af6f]df lxF8fpg tyf unt xg' af6
hfu] fpg cg'zf;gsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . dflg;sf] hLjg Pp6f ;'Gb/
km" n xf] eg] cg'zf;g To;sf] ;'jf;
xf] . cgz' f;gn] dfG5]nfO{ v/fa xg' af6
hf]ufpF5 . v/fa dflg;nfO{ s;}n] dg
k/fpbF }gg\ . To;n} ] klg dflg;sf] nflu
cgz' f;g w/] } cfjZos 5 .

@= dfG5]sf] hLjgdf ljleGg cj:yfx¿ cfp“5g\ . Pp6f dfG5] st} ljBfyL{
x'G5 t st} lzIfs . st} Jofkf/L x'G5 t st} hflu/] . v]nf8L, kqsf/,
;l} gs, dhb/' , 8fS6/, xflsd jf gf]s/ h] eP klg dfG5]df c;n :jefj

v]nf8L M v]n vN] g] JolSt dhb/' M sfdbf/, Hofnfdf sfd ug{] JolSt
kqsf/ M ;dfrf/ nV] g] jf eGg] JolSt nufd M 3f]8fsf] d'vdf afFw]sf] nfdf] 8f/] L
;}lgs M l;kfxL lgoGq0f M /fS] g] sfd

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 95

/ ljrf/sf] 5 eg] dfq} pm /fd|f] xG' 5 . h;/L
3f]8fnfO{ nufdn] lgoGq0f u/]sf] x'G5†
ufOj{ :t'nfO{ bfDnf]n] afg]sf] xG' 5 To;u} /L
dfG5]nfO{ klg cg'zf;gn] afwF ]sf] xG' 5 .
cgz' fl;t dflg; ;wF} c;n sfddf nfU5 .
p;n] s] 7Ls xf] / s] a7] Ls xf] eGg] lrgs] f]
xG' 5 .

#= cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug{] dfG5n] ] cfÇgf] st{Jo
slxNo} la;b+{ }g . pm x/]s sfo{ ;lhnf;] uF
;DkGg ug{ ;S5 . p;n] ;dosf] dxŒj klg a'¹]sf] xG' 5 . hg' ;dodf h]
ugk'{ g{] xf] Tof] ;dodf ToxL u5{ . cgfjZos s/' fdf ;do v]/ kmfNb}g .
To;}n] cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug{] dfG5]nfO{ ;a}n] dfof u5{g\ .

$= hf] dflg; cg'zf;gdf a;]sf] 5}g p;n] ;dosf] gfz u/]sf] x'G5 . ;do
t aus] f] vfn] f h:t} xf] . of] slxNo} kms/]{ cfpbF g} . To;n} ] k9g\ ] ;dodf
k9g\ ]† v]Ng] ;dodf v]Ng] tyf hg' ;dodf hg' sfd ug{k' g]{ xf] To;df dg
nufP/ ug]{ dflg; g} 7"nf] dflg; aGg ;S5 . cfkm" eGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/
ug†]{ cfk"meGbf ;fgf tyf /fu] L, a9' fa9' Lx¿nfO{ dfof ug†]{ ¹'6f] gaf]Ng] tyf
cfÇgf] nflu dfq xf]Og ;a}sf nflu ;f]Rg] dflg; g} ;as} f] Kof/f] x'G5 .
o;/L ;as} f] Kof/f] x'g cg'zfl;t x'g'k5{ .

%= dflg;df cgz' f;g ePs} sf/0f dflg; c¿ hgfj/x¿eGbf cnu ePsf]
xf] . c¿ hgfj/x¿eGbf 7n" f] ePsf] xf] . cgz' f;gsf] kfngf gug]{ dflg;
v/fa ;ª\utdf kg{ ;S5 . p;n] cfÇgf] dfq xfO] g kl/jf/s} aO] Hht ug{
;S5 . cg'zf;g gePs} sf/0f sltko dflg;x¿ v/fa af6f]df nfu]sf
5g\ . cfk"mnfO{ /fdf| ] kfg{ /fdf| ] n'uf nufP/, /fd|/L l;uF f/k6f/ u//] dfq
xFb' }g . /fd|f] aGg t cg'zfl;t xg' 'k5{ . To;n} ] cgz' f;gnfO{ dflg;sf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] uxgf klg elgPsf] 5 .

cg'zfl;t M cfkm" nfO{ lgoddf /fvs] f] aO] Hht M ckdfg† OHhtdf g/fv]sf] cj:yf
sfo { M sfd ;'/lIft M /Iff ul/Psf]
cgfjZos M grflxg,] cfjZos gePsf] nufd M 3f8] f afWF g] 8f/] L

96 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps

^= xfd|f] dv' df wfl/nf bft“ x¿ 5g\ . ltgsf] lardf /x]/ klg lhaf| ] ;/' lIft
/xs] f] 5 . lha|f] hyfefaL rNof] eg] bfFtn] 6fl] sg klg ;S5 . Tof] s/' f
lha|fn] ] a'¹s] f] 5 . of] p;n] kfngf u/]sf] cgz' f;g xf] . To;/L g} xfdLn]
klg ;dfhdf a;]/ cfkm" n] ug{k' g{] sfd slxNo} la;{g'x'Gg . cfÇgf] sfd
;dodf g} k/" f ug'{k5{ . cfk"mn] cfb/ ugk'{ g]{ dfG5]nfO{ cfb/ ug{'k5{ clg
dfof ug'{kg]n{ fO{ dfof ug'k{ 5{ . To;f] ePdfq xfdL ;a}sf] Kof/f] aGg ;S5f“} .

&= cgz' f;gsf] kfngf ug{] s'/f 3/, ljBfno xb'“ } ;Dk0" f{ 7fp“df Ps} ¿kdf
x'gk' 5{ . st} cg'zfl;t ag]sf] h:tf] ug]{ clg st} v/fa sfd ug]{ klg
ug'x{ G' g . cgz' f;g t dfG5n] fO{ ;w}F rflxg] s'/f xf] . of] s]xL dflg;x¿sf
nflu dfq xf]Og . o;sf] kfngf t ;a} dflg;n] ug{k' 5{ .

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M

stJ{ o, kqsf/, Kof/f,] ;do, dxŒj

@= cy{ nv] M

nufd, cgfjZos, sfo{, ;/' lIft, cgz' fl;t

#= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

cg'zf;g, /fd|f], vn] f8L, l;Fuf/k6f/, hgfj/

$= z'4 kf/]/ n]v M

;Dk/' 0f, cg';flzt, j9' fj'l9x¿, aL;g{ x" G' g

%= 7Ls pQ/df /]hf -µ_ nufpm M

s_ ‘v/fa’sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb sg' xf] <

c_ c;n cf_ sd;n O_ ldng;f/
O_ a]Oht
v_ tnsf dWo] sg' zAb z4' 5 <

c_ j]OH{ ht cf_ aO] Hht

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 97

u_ ‘ljgfz’sf] cy{ s] xf] <

c_ cljgfz cf_ ;/' Iff O_ gfz
O_ p:t} ;l' gg]
3_ ‘hLjg–d/0f’ s:tf zAb xg' \ <

c_ pN6f] cy{ lbg] cf_ p:t} cy{ lbg]

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ cgz' f;g egs] f] s] xf] <
v_ s:tf] dfG5n] fO{ s;n} ] dg k/fpbF }gg\ <
u_ cg'zf;g ss;nfO{ cfjZos 5 <
3_ s:tf] dflg; ;as} f] Kof/f] xG' 5 <
ª_ dflg; s;/L c¿ hgfj/eGbf cnu ePsf] xf] <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6o\ fpm M
s_ ljBfyLn{ ] cgz' f;gdf a:gk' b{}g .
v_ bfFtx¿sf] lar /x/] klg lhaf| ] ;/' lIft /xs] f] x'G5 .
u_ v/fa ljrf/ ePsf] dfG5] /fdf| ] xG' 5 .
3_ cg'zf;g dflg;sf] ;ae} Gbf 7n" f] uxgf xf] .
ª_ cfkm" eGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug'{kb{g} .

#= ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
cgz' f;g, vfn] f, unt, cfb/, ?rfpbF }g
s_ cfkm" nfO{ ============= x'gaf6 hf]ufpg cgz' f;g rflxG5 .
v_ ljBfyLn{ fO{ dfq xf]Og =============== t ;a}nfO{ cfjZos k5{ .
u_ cgz' f;g gePsf] dflg;nfO{ s;n} ] =============== .
3_ cfk"meGbf 7"nfnfO{ ================== ugk'{ 5{ .
ª_ ;do t aus] f] =============== h:t} xf] .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

98 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu Ps

s_ dflg;nfO{ cg'zf;g lsg cfjZos k5{ <
v_ cgz' fl;t ePg eg] s] xG' 5 <
u_ s:tf] dflg;nfO{ ;an} ] dfof u5g{ \ .

l;hg{ f

!= dflysf] kf7af6 ltdLn] cgz' f;gsf] af/d] f s]s] yfxf kfof} < kfrF jfSodf
nv] .

@= d]/f] ljBfno zLif{sdf bz jfSo nv] .

Jofs/0f

zAbe08f/

!= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ kofo{ jfrL zAb elgG5 . kofo{ jfrL zAb 5fg]/
vfnL 7fpd“ f nv] M

s_ gesf] cy{ ================================= xf] . -cfsfz, gof“_
v_ bx egs] f] ================================== xf] . -vfn] f, tfn_
u_ af6f]nfO{ a'¹fpg] zAb ======================= . -dfu{, v]t_
3_ gof“ eGg] cy{ ====================== zAbn] lbG5 . -gf}nf,] k'/fgf_]
ª_ ufn] f] h:t} cy{ lbg] csf]{ zAb ====================xf] . -nfDrf], af6'nf]_

@= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb;“u hf8] f ldnfpm M

/fd|f] v/fa

7n" f] w]/}

c;n pHofnf]

c“Wof/f ] g/fdf| ]

yf]/ } ;fgf]

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps 99

ljzi] f 1fg

xfdf| ] z/L/sf ljleGg efux¿

6fpsf] skfn
sfg cfvF f
gfs ufnf
d'v bftF
5ftL
xft kfv'/f
cfF}nf k]6

v'66\ f gf8L

lt3f|
38'F f
lk8F n' f

kt} fnf

tnsf] lrqdf /ª e/ M

100 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu Ps