Dyanamic Grammar-2 (2077)- press

DYNAMIC

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&

COMPOSITION

2

Author
Krishna Prasad Regmi

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal

Published by:

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com
E-mail: [email protected]

www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-2

Author: Krishna Prasad Regmi
Layout Design: Ram Malakar
Copyright ©: Publisher
New Edition: 2076
Revised Edition: 2077

© : Publisher

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.

Printed in Nepal

Preface

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to
the new English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development
Centre. The series comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten.
The present book is an amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and
forms presented in lucid modern English and illustrated with numerous
examples.
The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning
English grammar and composition-a change that will enable the learners to
use grammar in context using both inductive and deductive approaches
aiming to develop four language skills immensely. Practice in composition
tasks will help to develop the learner’s writing skills. It will encourage to writing
their own thoughts, ideas and feelings.
This new edition contains huge examples and their application to
communicative approach that will increase the quality learning of English
grammar. It is thought that this change will improve the standard and
acceptability of the book and I will consider the attempts fruitful if the students
find the book fruitful.
I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject
matter to make it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical
structures and adequate exercises on them, plenty of guided and free writing
composition with enough practice questions, an adequate amount of vocabulary
related sections and as much as necessary self study materials have been
presented in the following chapters.
I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement,
co-operation and help in preparing this book.
At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and
readers that constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously
appreciated and incorporated in the upcoming edition.

The Author

Table of Contents

1. Alphabets.................................................................................6-15
2. Persons, Places, Animals and Things......................16-26
3. Common and PROPER Nouns...........................................27-34
4. Singular and Plural Nouns.........................................35-43
5. Countable and Uncountable Nouns.......................44-49
6. Gender Nouns.......................................................................50-53
7. Articles...................................................................................54-59
8. Pronouns................................................................................60-70
9. This, That, These, Those....................................................71-75
10. Apostrophe...........................................................................76-81
11. Be verbs.................................................................................82-87
12. Have verbs............................................................................88-93
13. Adjectives..........................................................................94-101
14. Comparison......................................................................102-108
15. Adverbs..............................................................................109-112
16. Past, Present and Future...........................................113-119
17. Yes/No Question.............................................................120-126
18. WH-Question.....................................................................127-131
19. Prepositions.....................................................................132-137
20. Conjunctions...................................................................138-142
21. Story Writing.................................................................143-144
22. Letter Writing...............................................................145-147
23. Picture Description....................................................148-149
24. Paragraph Writing .....................................................150-151
25. Reading CoMprehension...........................................152-157
26. Vocabulary.....................................................................158-160

Consonant Sounds Phonetic Symbols

Symbols Words Vowel Sounds Spelling
ee, ea, ie,
/k/ s king, pick, cat Symbols Initial Medial Final eo, e, ei
i, u, o, e, y, a
/i: / O{ eat meat see e, ie, ea, ue
a
/g/ u gate, ghost /I/ O it sit city a, ear, ar
/ŋ/ ª sing, sink /e/ P egg pen - a
/tƒ/ r chair, match /æ/ of act man - o, u, ou, u, oe
/dʒ/ h jug, judge /a: / cf arm large car
/z/ h is, zoo, balls /ə/ c ago perfect the ir, ur, er, ear
/ʒ/ h genre, pleasure, /ʌ/ c up but - o, a, ow
a, aw, au
/t/ 6 garage /ʒ: / cM earth bird sir u, ou, o, oo
/d/ 8 tree, mat - o, oo, wo, ue,
/ø/ y do, middle /ɒ/ cf] on hot saw ou
/ð/ b thank, with -
/n/ g those, breathe /ɔ: / cfM] all ball two Spelling
nose, man a, ay
/ʊ / p - book
uy, igh, ie, y,
/u: / pm ooze move eye
oy, oi
/p/ k pot, map Diphthongs
ear, eer, ere
Symbols Initial Medial Final our, ocr, ure
air, ear, ere,
/f/ km fan, potato, laugh /eI/ PO eight same say
eir,
/b/ a bag, bulb /aI / cfO{ ice might sky are
o, ow, ew
/v/ e van, save / ɔI/ cf]O{ oil voice boy ou, ow
/m/ d man, same / Iə/ Oc ear real here
/j/ o /ʊə/ pc - influence poor
/r/ / yak /eə/ Pc area chair rare
red, carry

/l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp out loud cow
old home go
/w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp

/ʃ/ z shoes, sugar, wish,

chef

/s/ ; sun, miss

/h/ x house, yahoo

GET ALPHABETS 1Chapter
STARTED

Look and read.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee
Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj
Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo
Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt
Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
Zz

CAPITAL/UPPER CASE LETTERS

A B CDE F GH I J K LM
NO P QR S T U VWX Y Z

SMALL/LOWER CASE LETTERS

abcdef gh i j klm
nopqr s tu vwx y z

6 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Do You Know?
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. There are 5 vowels: A, E, I,
O and U. The rest of the letters are consonants.

Circle the words that start with vowel letters.

all bat car doll ear foot god
hat ice jar kit log mat nib
owl pet queen ram seat toy uncle
vase wasp x-mas yolk zip
face gun
Circle the words that start with consonant letters. man nit
tin up
acer boy camp doggie eagle
hair inn jam keg lion
oat pit quail rod salt
vet wet xenon yacht zap

Speaking
Practice

Say whether the words related to the pictures start with vowel or
consonant letters.

grass fountain seeds

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......
ant urn inn

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 7

kite soap inkpot

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

Listening

Practice

Repeat these small letters after your teacher.

Giraffe Letters bdf fhklt
Monkey Letters g jpqy
Tortoise letters a c e l mnors u v w x z

Instant Practice

Name the following pictures that start with vowel letters.

eagle ant ear eraser arrow elephant
axe umpire actor inkpot eggplant orange

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......
8 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

Instant Practice

Name the following pictures that start with consonant letters.
jug cat dog fan gun hut
bat kite lamp nose pen rat

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 9

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

…………………...... …………………...... …………………......

Instant Practice

Write which letter comes before the following letters.

b …….. v …….. l …….. u ……..
p …….. k …….. q …….. w ……..
y …….. f …….. r …….. v ……..
g …….. t …….. s …….. y ……..
w …….. d …….. p …….. a ……..
i …….. c …….. n …….. d ……..
d …….. h …….. o …….. h ……..
e …….. j …….. m …….. l ……..

Instant Practice

Write which letter comes after the following letters.

a …….. d …….. m …….. c ……..
c …….. g …….. s …….. n ……..

10 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

b …….. i …….. v …….. s ……..
n …….. h …….. u …….. p ……..
o …….. l …….. t …….. m ……..
p …….. k …….. w …….. q ……..
e …….. j …….. r …….. r ……..
q …….. f …….. n …….. t ……..

Alphabetical Order

coin
computer

copy
chick
clock

a. Write down the first letter of each of the above words.
……. ……. ……. ……. …….
b. Are the letters in ABC order?
c. Now write the letters in correct order.
……. ……. ……. ……. …….

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 11

Do You Know?
The words in dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order. The words
chick, clock, coin, computer and copy are in alphabetical order.

Instant Practice

Put the letters in alphabetical order.
1. k a l m r s t
2. b u r s t I a
3. m d h e f n o
4. h a m I o u c
5. c t y k a g e
6. n e m o I w z
7. h I l d e h n
8. n h I d f g k
9. k r a m e n t
10. b i n o d c k
11. l u b f g y h
12. i n k p o t s

12 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Instant Practice

Tick the group of words that are in alphabetical order.

cat can ant ban
bat cat bat can
mat dog copy fan
rat fog dig sun

egg foe bay sat
mug doe may mat
toy ray day hat
ant are hay fat

Instant Practice

Put the group of words in alphabetical order.

my in for with
by on with next
on at from from
at to off nose

arrow ball comb hot
arm burn tomb pot
art blank nook but
apple bust took not

doll east king lamp
ball best ring camp
call rest sing tank
fall nest ting mump

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 13

Instant Practice

Write words starting with the following letters and put them in
alphabetical order.

s t hm

br ac

nuod

t ui j

mv s g

Instant Practice

Name the following pictures and put them in alphabetical order.

elephant flag giraffe house mouse

alligator badminton television watch apple

14 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

playground carrot parrot donkey baseball

Vocabulary in Use
Supply the correct rhyming word.

hat bat
pen hen
bin pin
ball wall
gate plate
dear near
bank tank
fan ran
bad sad
bun sun

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 15

GET PERSONS, PLACES, 2Chapter
STARTED ANIMALS AND THINGS

Look and read.

I am a student. This is a hospital.

This is a dog. This is an iron.

Do You Know?
The coloured words are nouns. They are naming words. They are words
denoting a person, place, animal or thing.

Speaking
Practice

Ask and identify the noun words.
a. He is a photographer.
b. The boy is coming.

16 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

c. She is my aunt.
d. A washerman is washing clothes.
e. Where is the child?
f. They are barbers.
g. We have no workers.
h. You sing a song.
i. I drive a car.

Listening

Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

Persons: Ramesh, Deepak, Karma, Kamala, Rita, father, mother, doctor,
teacher, child

Places: Dharan, Dhankuta, Dhading, Pokhara, Rautahat, Siraha,
Bhaktapur, city, village

Things: book, copy, pen, pencil, eraser, laptop, cap, charger, wire, table, pot,
box, van

Animals: cow, buffalo, elephant, monkey, mouse, bull, hare, lion, tortoise,
cat, kangaroo

Instant Practice

Write any five nouns in each column.

Animals
People
Places
Things

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 17

Grammar Focus: Persons

Doctor Nurse Pilot

Policeman Minister Child

Kismat Prakriti Anustha

Instant Practice

Write who the following people are.

1. I am your father’s brother. _____________________________
2. I am your uncle’s son. _____________________________

18 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

3. I am your mother’s brother. _____________________________
4. I am your father’s father. _____________________________
5. I am your father’s mother. _____________________________
6. I am your father’s daughter. _____________________________
7. I am your mother’s son. _____________________________
8. I am your cousin’s father. _____________________________
9. I am your brother’s son. _____________________________
10. I am your mother’s sister. _____________________________

Grammar Focus: Places

House Grocery Super market

Playground Village City

Park Temple Hotel

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 19

Palace Health Post Post Office

Instant Practice

Write what the following places are.
1. It has old, historical things. _____________________________
2. We play football in it. _____________________________
3. We get grass and wood from this. _____________________________
4. People go for their treatment here. _____________________________
5. People go to worship here. _____________________________
6. People buy things here. _____________________________
7. Students go to get education. _____________________________
8. It is a small source of water. _____________________________
9. This room is used for sleeping. ___________________________
10. We plant different flowers here. ___________________________

Grammar Focus: Animals

Oxen Goat Sheep

20 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Tiger Lion Jackal

Elephant Tortoise Horse

Bear Cat Snail

Instant Practice __________________
__________________
Write what the following animals are. __________________
1. It is used for ploughing the field. __________________
2. It carries us to different places. __________________
3. It is a very obedient caretaker pet. __________________
4. This pet loves fish and milk. __________________
5. It is the ship of desert.
6. It gives us milk and dung. 21
7. It is the largest living animal on earth.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2

8. It gives us wool and meat. __________________
9. It has a long snout. __________________
10. It destroys crops. __________________

Grammar Focus: Things

Table Gun Stick
Kite
Punching Machine Glass Coat

Torch Shoes

Doll Brush Bicycle

22 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Instant Practice

Write what the following things are. __________________
1. It is used when you are taking bath. __________________
2. It is used to draw pictures in lower grades. __________________
3. Small babies are fond of playing it. __________________
4. They are worn on our feet. __________________
5. It is used for brushing teeth. __________________
6. It tells you the time. __________________
7. It is used when you are worshipping. __________________
8. Every student has it. __________________
9. It is a piece of glass. __________________
10. It is used to hit a nail.

Instant Practice

Pick out nouns and write them in the given spaces.
1. He is a painter. _______________________
2. The driver is driving. _______________________
3. One girl is dancing. _______________________
4. My sister is sleeping. _______________________
5. I met a nurse yesterday. _______________________
6. I have seen an ant. _______________________
7. Peacock is very beautiful. _______________________
8. I like butterflies. _______________________

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 23

9. We have an angry bull. _______________________
10. Snakes are poisonous. _______________________
11. I visited the zoo yesterday. _______________________
12. They are playing in the park. _______________________
13. My school is near. _______________________
14. A new bridge is there now. _______________________
15. This shop opens early. _______________________
16. I need an umbrella. _______________________
17. Mother is ringing a bell. _______________________
18. My watch is lost. _______________________
19. His ball is burst today. _______________________
20. Is this your pen? _______________________
Now put the underlined nouns in either of the columns.
People
Places
Things
Animals

Instant Practice

Pick out nouns and write them in the given spaces.
1. She is an architect. ___________________________
2. He is a pilot. ___________________________
3. They are players. ___________________________
4. Kamal is a shop keeper. ___________________________

24 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

5. A milkman sells milk. ___________________________
6. It that a frog? ___________________________
7. A snake crawls. ___________________________
8. There is a pig. ___________________________
9. Look at these ducks. ___________________________
10. These pigeons are white. ___________________________
11. I visited the museum yesterday. ___________________________
12. They are playing in the ground. ___________________________
13. This church is sacred. ___________________________
14. Kathmandu is a big city. ___________________________
15. This is my bedroom. ___________________________
16. I need a beautiful bat. ___________________________
17. Mother has lost the key. ___________________________
18. She has bought a belt. ___________________________
19. Do you have a gun? __________________________
20. I am sitting on a chair? ___________________________

Now put the underlined nouns in either of the columns.
People
Places
Things
Animals

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 25

Instant Practice knife
cheetah
Fill in the blanks choosing one of the nouns given below.
barber beggar postman Kathmandu
kitchen field mobile fish

1. A ……….delivers letters.
2. A ………. asks for alms.
3. A ………. trims hair.
4. The capital of Nepal is……….
5. We cut vegetables with a ……….
6. Mother is cooking food in the ……….
7. The farmer is planting crops in the ……….
8. I sent message to my brother with the help of……….
9. All……….live in water.

10. A ……….runs fast.

Vocabulary in Use

Supply the correct opposite word.

brother
dry
high
spring
strong
tall
tidy
uncle
wide
wise

26 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

GET COMMON AND PROPER 3Chapter
STARTED NOUNS

Look and read.

Karan is a boy. Karina is a girl. Hem is a man. Hema is a woman.

Kathmandu is Pintu is a dog. Cobra is a Shine is a bike.
a city. snake.

Do You Know?
The coloured words are nouns. They name person, place, animal or things.
Nouns can be common and proper. The word boy, girl, man, woman, city,
dog, snake and bike are common nouns. Karan, Karina, Hem, Hema,
Kathmandu, Pintu, Cobra and Shine are proper nouns.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 27

Speaking
Practice

Ask and answer.
a. What is your name?
……………………………………………………..
b. Where do you live in?
……………………………………………………..
c. Where do you play?
……………………………………………………..
d. How do you write with?
……………………………………………………..
e. Which is your best pet?
……………………………………………………..
f. Who is your class teacher?
……………………………………………………..
g. Who is your best friend?
……………………………………………………..
h. What is your favourite colour?
……………………………………………………..

28 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Listening

Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

Persons Common Nouns Proper Nouns
boy Hari, Ram, Shyam, Roman, Dawa, Roshan,
Places Krishal, Krishna
Things girl Menuka, Nemika, Bishnu, Kamana, Jenisha,
Animals Asmita, Ansu
teacher Mohan, Mina, Muskan, Nawa Raj, Basu,
Padam, Pabitra
doctor Govinda K.C. Nima Ojha, Ramhari Regmi,
Govinda Regmi
town Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Dharan,
Bhaktapur
village Budhathum, Baseri, Mulpani, Phulkharka,
Sertung, Salyan
country Nepal, India, Pakistan, China, Britain,
Bhutan, Japan
sea Atlantic, Arctic, Red, Mediterrian
buildings Singh Durbar, Taj Mahal, City Centre,
Gorkha Durbar
bike Honda, Shine, Pulsar, Apache
toothpaste Pespodent, Colgate, Dabur Red
laptop Lenovo, Dell, Apple, Acer, HP
dog George, Pintu, Binto, Brave, Mintu, Pyaku
cat Kitty, Pretty, Lucky, Mithu , Lauki
elephant Balwan, Bhola, Dhurbe, Sathi

Quick Tip

Common nouns are capitalized only if they are used as the subject
of a sentence but proper nouns are always written in capital
letters.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 29

Grammar Focus: Common or Proper Nouns?

Look and read.

Rose is a flower. Binod is a boy. Naina is a girl. Dip is a merchant.

Bimal is a Rajesh is an Motiram is a Parijat is a

player. actor. poet. poetess.

Apple is a fruit. Rani is a cow. Dettol is a soap. Bagmati is a river.

Rara is a lake. Fanta is a Steel is a metal. Crow is a bird.
drink.

30 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Now put the coloured nouns in the right column.

Common Proper Common Proper

Instant Practice

Write any two proper nouns for the following common nouns.

Common Noun Proper Noun Common Noun Proper Noun

school bird

doctor village

farmer city

student river

cow leader

pilot hotel

fruit artist

vegetable writer

singer month

player day

movies newspaper

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 31

Instant Practice

Write common nouns for the following proper nouns.

Proper Noun Common Noun Proper Noun Common Noun
Sony America
Monday Geeta
March English
2018 Pashupatinath
Biratnagar New Road
Lily Nikhil Upreti
LG Kunti Moktan
Tribhuwan Dipak Bista
Mt. Everest Dashain
Budhigandaki Gorkha
Phewa Gopi Krishna

Instant Practice

Find common nouns in the following grid.

DCO L L EGE E U
O T T GWS E A L T
GE E AOR I VER
H AMRMT O Y P O
OC PDAA S S HO
R H L E N D O E AM
S E E NMANKN L
ERCOACHS TK
PARROTB I KE

32 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Instant Practice

Complete the following table.

My Friends My family Players Singers
members

Instant Practice

Complete the following table with common nouns.

Persons Places Things Animals
poet airport toy buffalo

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 33

Vocabulary in Use

Supply the correct similar word.

big
boy
clever
door
house
land
road
tidy
wide
window

Match the following. house
water supply
police station
paper phone
leather bag
head

34 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

GET 4Chapter
STARTED

SINGULAR AND PLURAL
NOUNS

Look and read.

a pen two pens a man two men

a cat three cats a book four books

an egg many eggs a kite many kites

Do You Know?
Nouns can be singular or plural. The noun that means only one thing or
person is a singular noun. The noun that means more than one thing or
person is a plural noun. The words pen, man, cat, book, egg and kite are
singular nouns whereas pens, men, cats, books, eggs and kites are plural
nouns.

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 35

Speaking
Practice

Ask and answer.
A: How many cups are there?

B: …………………………………

A: How many tongs are there?
B: …………………………………

A: How many balls are there?
B: …………………………………

A: How many apples are there?
: …………………………………

A: How many cameras are there?
B: …………………………

Listening

Practice

Singular Noun Plural Noun Singular Noun Plural Noun
ant ants chair chairs
kite kites glass glasses
mobile mobiles cap caps

36 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

man men hand hands
cat cats finger fingers
house houses toy toys
table tables book books
clock clocks cooker cookers
bag bags nail nails
bottle bottles hammer hammers

Look and read.

two spoons
a parrot an aeroplane

several people
three balls many chalks

Quick Tip

We use articles ‘a’ or ‘an’ before singular nouns. We use determiners
like two, three, many, some, several, etc. before plural nouns.

Grammar Focus: Formation of Plural Nouns

Adding -s bags Adding -es uncles
bag cars uncle beaches
car lions beach benches
lion bench

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 37

photo photos box boxes
cliff cliffs buffalo buffaloes
monkey monkeys bus buses
book books bush bushes
day days echo echoes
room rooms fox foxes
chair chairs glass glasses
pot pots hero heroes
chef chefs mango mangoes
roof roofs match matches
donkey donkeys mosquito mosquitoes
studio studios potato potatoes
tiger tigers tax taxes
toy toys tomato tomatoes
week weeks tornado tornadoes
year years watch watches

Instant Practice

Change the following nouns into plural.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
shoe glass
cat box
apple watch
rat coach
bird dress
ant taxi
duck dish
rose eye
eagle ear

38 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

elephant bench
church pencil
key book

Instant Practice

Change the following nouns into singular.

Plural Singular Plural Singular
places lists
insects singers
policemen players
women poets
men farmers
pictures laptops
pages rooms
tigers boxes
fans coats
cycles taxes
wings walls
twigs drivers
plants axes
grapes onions
students fingers

Instant Practice

Fill in the blanks with correct nouns.

1. I have two……. (sister/sisters) and three……. (brother/brothers)

2. She has a………(pen/pens) and eight …….. (book/books)

3. The dog has four…….. (leg/legs), two…… (eye/eyes) and a……. (tail/
tails)

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 39

4. There are seven……… (day/days) in a ……. (week/weeks)
5. There are twelve……… (month/months) in a ……. (year/years)
6. There are four……… (season/seasons) in a year.
7. A book has many…… (page/pages), …….. (picture/pictures) and ……..
(exercise/exercises)
8. Every human has a ………. (nose/noses), two…… (eye/eyes), two…..
(ear/ears), a……..(tongue/tongues) and a ………. (head/heads)
9. I have taken a……. (photo/photos) of my house.
10. Every dog has a…….. (tail/tails)

Instant Practice

Change the following plural nouns into singular.

Oregon sppotted frog
(Rana pretiosa)

South American caecilian
(Siphonops annulatus)

Dakota toad large-blotched salamander
(Bufo hemiophyrys) (Ensatina eschschottzii)

Amphibians live on land or in the water. They are vertebrates, or animals
with backbones. They were the first vertebrates to appear on land. The early
amphibians were the ancestors of all reptiles, birds and mammals. Frogs
and toads characterize the first while salamanders and newts represent the
second group of amphibians. Caecilians make the third group.

40 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Some species of amphibians live only on land and some in the water. Most of
them, however, spend at least part of the time on land and part in the water.
They live in the areas between fresh water and dry land or in regions that
have plenty of dew and moisture.

They do not have hair or feathers. The skin absorbs water and oxygen.
The skin of them is moist. In most species, if the skin dries up, the animal
soon dies. The skin’s protective properties include the ability to change
colour. This can help them hide from enemies by appearing to be a part of
its surroundings. At other times, parts of their skin may become brightly
coloured as a warning for enemies to keep away.

They usually have flat, wide skulls. Although they have teeth, the frogs,
toads and salamanders do not chew their food. They use their long, flexible
tongues to capture their prey, which they then swallow whole.

Irregular Plural Nouns

foot feet

mouse mice

man men

child children
tooth teeth

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 41

goose geese
woman women

fish fish
person people
oxen
ox sheep
sheep deer
deer
moose moose
cactus cacti

42 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Vocabulary in Use is cold.
Match the following. is hot.
Tea is watching a movie.
Ice is shining bright.
Boys are playing basketball.
Mother are practicing cricket.
The Sun is very strong.
Teacher has destroyed the crops.
They is very old.
My Grandmother is teaching now.
Boxing Champion
Heavy Rain

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 43

GET COUNTABLE AND 5Chapter
STARTED UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Look and read.

table chair rice

toy car salt

eraser coffee honey

soup sugar sharpener

44 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Do You Know?
Nouns can be countable or uncountable. Objects that we can count are
countable nouns. Objects that we cannot count are uncountable nouns.
Here, table, chair, toy, car, eraser and sharpener are countable nouns
whereas rice, salt, sugar, coffee, honey and soup are uncountable nouns.

Speaking
Practice

Say whether the underlined nouns are countable or uncountable.
a. Water is tasteless.
b. Ice melts when it is heated.
c. Tea is my best drink.
d. This sack contains sand.
e. These are apples.
f. My brother has many toys.
g. Many schools are closed in winter.
h. The book is on the table.

Listening

Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

cap, book, cupboard, players, singers, tea, coffee, milk, soup, hair, salt,

monkeys, kites, roses, elephants, ice, juice curd, water, milk, dust,

bottles, rooms, tree, building, road, powder, snow, pulses, rice, mustard,

branch, twig, reptiles, mammals, sugar, sand, mud, butter, oil, blood,

birds, cats, dog, parrot, ant, boat toothpaste

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 45

Instant Practice

Look at the pictures and name the following uncountable nouns.

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………
water dust powder snow pulses rice blood tea
coffee milk soup hair salt ice juice curd

46 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Instant Practice

Look at the pictures and name the following countable nouns.

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………
………………… ………………… ………………… ………………

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………
………………… ………………… ………………… ………………

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………
diary pencil eraser bottle mango cup eye apple toy cap
cow boy potato box bag ruler watch ear key madal

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2 47

Instant Practice

Find uncountable nouns in the following grid.

HCOKEGRAS S
O U F L O U R J AM
N I BUTTERT S
ECURDB LOOD
YEHBE ER I NK
S OU PW I NE F T
A P A S T EWAV E
N KWA T E R G H E
D U S T P OWD E R

Instant Practice

Find countable nouns in the following grid.

H C B MR B P E P T

OOE OAUARUE

R MN N T T R A P A

S P C K MT R S P C

E UHE AE OE I H

KT BYT RT RE E

I E UACF F HS R

T R N N A L L E MD

E GS T T YYNDR

48 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2

Vocabulary in Use 49
Match the following.
bright ugly
beautiful low
difficult narrow
easy dull
high stupid
honest short
long easy
strong uneasy
wide dishonest
wise weak

Match the following.
hero cockroaches
box churches
dish heroes
buffalo boxes
dress dishes
church radishes
cockroaches buffaloes
radish dresses

Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book- 2

GET GENDER NOUNS 6Chapter
STARTED

Look and read.

husband wife father mother

brother sister son daughter

horse mare bull cow

cock hen sheep ewe

50 Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-2