Chharito Nepali class 4 final

kTofPgfF}  . km]l/ afn] fPkl5 xfdL 6D] k' r9o\ f}F  . xfdL To;} bª\u k/s] f lyofF}  .
#%= crDd nfUof], k;} f geP/ klg vfg / 6D] k' r9\g kfof}F  . dfUg]x¿nfO{ klg lbg kfof}F  .
3/ ku' k] l5 nfUof], xfdLx¿n] dfUgx] ¿nfO{ k};f glbPsf] eP klg 3/ cfOku' 'Gh]ndf

xfd|f] k};f ;lsg] lyof]  . t/, xfdLn] lbP/ ;SofF}  .
#^= /flt ;t' ]kl5 eg] dnfO{ eujfgn\ fO{ r9fpg] k;} f gePsf]df sg' } bM' v nfug]  . ltg} dfUg]

x¿n] g} xfdLnfO{ k6] el/ lv/ / 3/ cfpg] 6]Dk'ef8f ltl/lbP h:tf] nfUof]  .
#&= olb xfdLn] dfUg]x¿sf] ;§f Tolt k};f eujfg\nfO{ r9fPsf] eP xfdLn] k6] el/ lv/ vfg

/ 3/ cfpg o;/L kfpFYofF} ls kfpFbg} Yof}F xfn] f <

cEof;

zAb 1fg
!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
c;fWo,} dlGb/, kljq, l/Qf, b'O{v'§]

@= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
kfk, t/, ca, cfi] fwL, k/]jf, kf| ª\u0f, bLgxLg, blIf0ff, tDtof/

#= dflysf] syfaf6 rGb|laGb' nfu]sf s'g} kfFr zAb vfh] /] nv]  .

$= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
kljq, ufp,F ljZjf;, udL{, kfk, dL7f,] ;fgf]

%= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
kf| ª\u0f, eSthg, e08f/f, blIf0ff, nft]

^= z'4 kf/L kg' nv]{ g u/ M
ljxfg wlNs;s]sf]n] dGbL/df dfG5]x¿sf] eL8 lyog  . xfdLn] euafgsf] b;g{ u¥ofF}  .

dn} ] dlGb/sf eujfgnfO{ x/] ]  .

&= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfrF kfrF cf6] f zAb vf]h]/ nv]  .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 51

*= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

sf8} L cfkmGtsf] lj5f8] jf zfs] df ul/g] lanf}gf

a]jf:tf vr{ gePsf]

tDtof/ ?lkofF, k;} f

lanfk tTk/

a]vrL { rf;f] jf Wofg glbPsf] cj:yf

vh' /' f l9kL

lji6f bofnfUbf]

lh2L dflg;,kzk' G5L cflbsf] lb;f

bLgxLg rfgr'g, vb' |f

k7g af]w
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ‘eujfg\sf] bzg{ ’ syf s;n] n]vs] f x'g\ <
v_ syfsf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf dgkg]{ kG5Lsf] gfd s] xf] <
u_ syfsf/nfO{ s:tf] dlGb/ hfg dgk5{ <
3_ dlGb/ glhs}sf] k]6Ldf ss] f] le8 lyof] <
ª_ syfsf/ lsg ¹;ªu\ eP <
r_ pgLx¿ lsg 6D] k'kfs{ ku' s] f lyP <
5_ syfsf/nfO{ slta]nf b'Mv nfug] <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g†\ 56' o\ fpm M
s_ nv] sn] dlGb/ hfg cfÇgL cfdf;Fu va' lh2L u/]  .
v_ nv] sn] dlGb/ hfg]an] f cfdfaf6 ;'sfs] f}8L kfPgg\  .
u_ kfs{sf 6D] k'jfnf ;fx|} ;xof]uL lyP  .
3_ efs] fPsf an] f pgLx¿n] lv/ ykLykL vfg kfP  .
ª_ kh' f/Ln] eujfgn\ fO{ bfg u//] hfcf] eg]  .

52 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

#= tnsf egfO ss;sf xg' \, ‘eujfg\sf] bz{g’ syf k9]/ kQf nufpm M
s_ ‘stfaf6 cfsf xf} afa' xf] <’
v_ ‘Psk6s 6D] k'jfnfnfO{ cg'/fw] u/f}F g bfO, xfdL lavrL{ eof}F eg]/  .’
u_ ‘ltdLx¿ efs] fPsf h:tf 5f}  . lxF8, lv/ vfg  . xfdLn] e08f/f nufPsf 5f}F  .’
3_ ‘dlGb/df eujfg\nfO{ k;} f r9fP;\  . k'hf/L;Fu 6Lsf nufP/ blIf0ff klg lbP;\  .’
$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ syfsf/nfO{ k/]jfn] s]s] u/]sf] dg k5{ / ss] ] u/]sf] dg kbg{} <
v_ cfdfn] syfsf/nfO{ ;fyLx¿;Fu lsg hfgx' G' g eGg'ePsf] xf]nf <
u_ syfsf/n] s;/L k};f l;4ofP <
3_ ‘eujfgs\ f] bz{g’ syf k9/] ltdLn] s]s] lzIff kfof} <
%= nfdf] pQ/ b]pm M
‘eujfg\sf] bzg{ ’ syfdf afnaflnsfsf s]s:tf ;d:ofx¿ pNnv] ul/Psf 5g\ < cfÇg}

zAbdf n]v  .

l;h{gf
!= tn lbOPsf s'/fx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 clg Pp6f syf n]v M
– Pp6f ufpdF f sfn' gfd u/]sf s6] f] a:g',
– sfn' ;w}F ¹6' f] afN] g] :jefjsf] xg' ',
– hª\undf e]8fafvf| r/fpg hfFbf ‘af3 cfof,] af3 cfof’] eg/] s/fpg,'
– af3 gcfPklg cfof] eg]/ ufpnF n] fO{ b'Mv lbg',
– Ps lbg ;fFRr} af3 cfP/ e8] fafvf| vfg,'
– sfn' /f]P/ s/fpg' t/ ufpFnn] ] ¹6' f] af]n]sf] xf] eGg] 7fGg,'
– ufpFn]x¿ p;nfO{ ;xofu] ug{ ghfg,'
– ¹'6f] afN] g] afgLsf sf/0f sfn'n] bM' v kfpg'  .

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 53

Jofs/0f

!= b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L zAb tyf jfSox¿nfO{ hf]8\g] cJoonfO{ ;o+ f]hs elgG5  . hf],
h'g, h;n,] ha, h], hxf,“ /, jf, klg, lsgls, lsgeg], To;n} ,] t/, clg, klg, gq, cflb
zAbx¿ ;+ofh] s x'g\  .

tnsf jfSox¿ x/] M

la:tf/L lx“8 gq nl8G5  . d}n] :ofp klg vfP,“ ;'Gtnf klg vfP“  .

hf] cN5L 5 Tof] cgQ' L0f{ xG' 5  . pgL Toxf“ uP / bO' { lbg a;]  .

;'dg h?' Ss p75\ clg k9g\ a:5  . xl/ ldlxgt] L 5 t/ ul/a 5  .

s= tnsf jfSoaf6 ;o+ f]hs zAbx¿ lrg]/ nv]  . ====================
d klxn] xft wG' 5' clg vfhf vfG5'  . ====================
pgLx¿ 3/ uP lsgls pgLx¿sf] 3/df lax] 5  . ====================
bLkf ljBfno cfOg lsgeg] pm la/fdL 5]  . ====================
cfh 3/df bfh,' efph" / cfdf dfq x'g'x'G5  . ====================
pm w]/} ldlxg]tL 5 t/ cln 3dG8L 5  .

v= dflysf] kf7af6 ;+of]hs zAbx¿ lrg]/ nv]  .

ljzi] f 1fg sg' dlxgfdf s'g Ct' k5{g\ <

rq} – jz} fv ˜ j;Gt Ct'
h7]
;fpg – c;f/ ˜ ui[ d Ct'
c;fh]
dª\l;/ – ebf} ˜ jiff{ Ct'
df3
– sflQs ˜ z/b\ Ct'

– ki' f ˜ xd] Gt Ct'

– kmfu'g ˜ lzlz/ Ct'

54 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

KFF7 ofqf ;:+ d/0f
yf/] ª\nf kf;
( – dl0f nfx] gL

efOalxgLx¿;Fu

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– ltdLn] sg' } 7fpsF f] ed| 0f u/s] f 5f} < – ed| 0f ugfn{ ] s] s:tf] kmfObf xG' 5 <

– ltdLnfO{ s;n} ] ofqf u/k] l5 sf] cge' j ;g' fPsf] 5 < – ;:+ d/0f k9g\ fn] s] kmfObf xG' 5 <

ofqfsf] qmddf cfkm" n] u/]sf] cg'ejx¿sf] ;Fufnf] g} ofqf ;:+ d/0f xf]  . ofqf ;:+ d/0fdf
e|d0f ul/Psf] 7fpFsf] af/]df, ToxfFsf dflg;x¿sf] hLjg zn} Lsf] af/d] f tyf ToxfFsf]
gjLgtfsf] af/]df n]lvPsf] x'G5  .

dl0f nf]xgL jtd{ fg k:' tfsf ;lqmo ;|i6f xg' \  . k];fn] kqsf/ nf]xgL sljtf, syf tyf
lgaGw nV] 5g\  . logsf k/f:t k|d] , c;xdltsf kfOnfx¿, dnfdL ;fF¹ / lgj:{ q dg
ks| flzt s[ltx¿ x'g\  . ks| [lt, ;dfh, k|]d h:tf s'/fnfO{ cfÇgf] nv] gsf] ljifo agfpg]
nfx] gL cfk"m afrF ]sf] ;donfO{ cfÇgf /rgfx¿df ;hLj ¿kdf k:| tt' ub5{ g\  . ‘yf/] ª\nf kf;’ logsf] ;+:d/0ffTds
lgaGw xf]  . o;df g]kfnsf] pRr lxdfnL lhNnf dgfªsf] yf]/ª\nf gfsfdf sx] L sljx¿n] u/]sf] sfJofTds
e|d0fnfO{ ljifo agfPsf 5g\  . % xhf/ $ ;o !^ ld6/sf] prfOdf k'u]/ sljtf ;g' fpg] sfo{ u/s] f lgaGwsf/
nf]xgL / pgsf ;fyLx¿sf] cge' j g} of] ;+:d/0fsf] ljifo xf]  . yk s'/f tnsf] ;+:d/0f k9/] a'¹ M

!= cGgk"0f{ km]/f]sf] lzv/ yf/] ªn\ f kf;df l7lx/f] xfjfaLr slj uf]i7L  . Pp6f /dfOnf] /
cb\e't If0f lyof] of]  . kTofpg} klg ufx|f] nfUg]  . % xhf/ $ ;o !^ ld6/sf] prfOdf
xfdLx¿ sljtf kf7 ul//x]sf lyof}– >Lcfd] >i] 7 /fb] g, eLid pk|t] L, /dz] >i] 7, ;fDa
9sfn, 7fs'/ j]Njf;] / d  . olt cUnf] prfOdf slj ufi] 7L ePsf] ;DejtM of] klxnf]
36g\ f xg' k' 5{  . sfg 5f]lkg] afSnf] 6fk] L vf]n]/ d}n] sljtf eGg yfn]kl5 yf]/ªn\ f kf;sf]
:tDe glhs} /xs] f] O6flnog hf]8L d/] f] glhs} cfP/ kmf]6f] lvRg yfn]  . Ps hgf hd{g
a"9f]n] t d/] f] sljtf jfrg ;lsgf;fy dnfO{ RofKk ;dft]/ ;f]lwxfn], ‘s] u/s] f] <
efif0f u/s] f] xf] <’ ‘xfO] g, sljtf egs] f] <’

@= ‘ltdLx¿ slj xf} <’ hd{g a9" f pT;flxt aGof]  .

yf/] ªnf kf; M dgfªsf] yf]/ª\nfaf6 rLgsf] ltAat :tDe M cUnf] vDaf
hfg] gfsf

cbe\ t' If0f M ljlrqsf] jf cgf7} f] ;do

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 55

#= ‘xf,] xfdL sljx¿ xf}F  . of] ofqfel/
xfdLx¿n] 7fp7F fpFdf sljtf nV] b} / eGb}
lx8\of}F  .’ a"9fsf] pT;fxn] dnfO{ klg
/f]dfl~rt agfof]  . To;kl5 pgn] xfdL
;a};Fu kmf]6f] lvr]– sljtf ofqfsf] t'n
g} cfpg] u/L  . a"9f k];fn] /]:6'/]G6
Joj:ffoL /x5] g\  . t/ snfsf/ / slj
egk] l5 x'?Ss} x'G5g\ /]  . hd{g a9" fsf]
>4fn] dnfO{ c¹ /f]dfl~rt agfpF5  . To;f] t oxfF /f]dfl~rt agfpg] s'/f c¿ w]/}
5g\  .

$= lxpsF f] Zj]t ;fd|fHo  . ToxL lxpFdf 6lNsPsf] laxfgL 3fd  . / oxL 3fdnfO{ k5\ofpFb}
bf}l8Psf c;ª\Vo kbofqLx¿  . prfOdf k'Ug'sf] dhf a]Un} x'Fbf]/x]5  . hlt dfly kU' of]
dgdf csf]{ prfOsf] t[i0ff hfUg]  . oxfFaf6 olt /fd|f] b]lvPsf] 5, ToxfFaf6 s:tf]
b]lvPnf < klxn] oxL yf]/ªn\ f kf; r9g\ dxfef/t eO/xs] f] lyof,] clxn] oxfF 6]s]kl5
c¹ dfly plSng] gzf r9s] f] 5  .

%= cfh laxfg ;f9F ] kfFr 306fsf] lx8“ fOkl5 ( ah]/ #) ldg]6df xfdL oxfF cfOku' s] f  .
yf/] ªn\ f kf;df  . bO' { lxdfn yf]/fª lks / ofsfjfsf] aLrdf /xs] f] lxdfnL eGHofª xf]
of]  . kbofqfsf] ;kmntfdf Pscsf{df labfO ;fl6/x]sf ljbz] Lx¿ aLr xfdL klg awfO{
;f6f;f6 u5f+}{  .

^= o;cl3, laxfg p7b\ f dl' :snn] tLg ahs] f] xg' k' 5{  . $ ah/] $% ldg6] df xfdLn] yf/] ªn\ fsf]
psfnf] ;?' u¥of+}  . $ xhf/ % ;o $) ld6/sf] prfOeGbf dflylt/sf] ofqf  . of] d/] f]
hLjg s} /fd] f~rs ofqf xf]  . of] dflylt/sf] ofqf  . cUnfOlt/sf] ofqf  . To;f] t xfdf| ]
hLjg cfkmdF} f prfOlt/sf] ofqf xf]  . xfdL slxnf] kf] pwF fl] t/ hfg nfl] eG5fF} / < xfdf| ]
;Dk0" f{ ;Lk, al' 4, Ifdtfsf] ko| fu] u/]/ xfdL ;bj} prfOlt/sf] k|of;df g} t 5f} lg  . t/
of] prfO a]Un}  . xfd|f] hLjgsf] zfZjt prfOeGbf leGb}  . of] ef}ufl] ns prfOsf] s/' f

/fd] flr~t M v;' L ePsf] t[i0ff M ltvf,{ Kof;
t'n M cIf/ nl] vPsf] nfdf] sk8f gzf r9\g' M n6\7 xg' '
Joj;foL M Joj;fodf nfus] f] JolSt, Jofkf/L e~Hofª M bO' { kxf8sf] aLrsf] xf]rf] 7fpF
snfsf/ M snfs[lt lgdf0{ f ug]{ JolSt /fd] f~rs M cfZro{ pTkGg ug{]
Zj]t M ;t] f]
;fd|fHo M 7"nf] /fHo pwF f] M tnlt/

zfZjt M ;w}F /lx/xg]

56 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

xf]  . ljZJfel/ g} kbofqfsf nflu sxlnPsf] yf/] ª\nfsf] of] ofqfnfO{ 6]l« sªsf] efiffdf
afNsfg] L 6«]s elgFbf] /x]5  . prfO, ;G' b/tf / s8f kl/>dsf sf/0f o;nfO{ afNsf]gL
6«s] elgPsf] xfn] f eGg] dnfO{ nfUof]  .
&= !! hgfsf] xfdf| ] l6ddf ldl;Psf 5g\, bO' { tLg hgf el/of / s]xL ljbz] L hf]8Lx¿  .
6rs{ f] pHofnfs] f] ;xf/fdf xfdLn] yf/] ªn\ f kf;sf] ofqf to u¥ofF}  . cufl8 5, gfs} 7fl] sg]
psfnf]  . w]/} k/;Dd xfd|f] 6rn{ ] klg EofpFb}g / xg] ]{ ;fx; klg cfpFbg}  . k5fl8
;fyLx¿sf] nfdf] n:s/ / cfsfzdf dl;gf dl;gf tf/fx¿  . x}g, hlt prfOdf
uof] Toflt ;fgf lsg x'G5g\ oL tf/fx¿ < dflg; dflg;sf aLrdf bl] vg] jf cge' j
ul/g] ;DaGwx¿ ¹}F oL tf/fx¿ ;fgf, dl;gf / cfsifs{ nfU5g\ dnfO{  . kY[ jLEfGbf so} fF}
u'gf 7n" f oL tf/fx¿ slt ;fgf bl] vPsf < ljzfn / ulx/f dfofx¿ ;;fgf ;DaGwx¿df
;dl] 6P ¹F}  . oL s;/L cfsfzdf ldn/] a:g ;ss] f xfn] fg\ < ;fr] /] d x}/fg x'G5'  .
*= lxdfn v]Ng] sfv}sfv xfdL lxFl8/x]5f}F  . xfd|f] lxF8fOdf k|z:t ljb]zL kbofqLx¿
e]l6G5g\  . xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ pl5g]/ cufl8 a95\ fF}  . af6fdf e]l6g] c;ª\Vo lxdfnL
vf]Fr / lxdgbLx¿nfO{ pl5g]/ cl3 a9] ¹}F  . k|fsl[ ts ;G' b/tf / ;f}Gbos{ f] la:tf/;uF }
kfOnf rfNg eg] ufxf| ] xg' yfN5  . prfO a9b\ } uPsf] 5 / clS;hg sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5  .
lx8F \g] qmddf kz| :t ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ eg/] an] f a]nfdf ofd ¹:sfO/x]sf klg
5g\  .

slj uf]i7L

kbofqf M lxF8/] ul/g] ofqf c;ªV\ o M k|z:t, cgluGtL
n:s/ M nfdf] tfFtL, nsf{] ofd M ;do, an] f

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 57

(= laxfg * ah] xfdL lxdfnL k7f/df kU' 5fF}  . 3fddf 6lNsPsf] Zjt] lxpxF ¿n] cfvF } vfG5  .
uuN; vf]Ng ;lsFb}g  . 7fs'/ / d lxpFdf rN5f}F  . lhl:sG5f}F  . lxpFdf lrlKnG5f}F  .
bf}l8G5f}F  . xfdL kmf]6fx¿ lvR5f}F  .

!)= yf]/ª\nf kU' g] an] f lx8F \bflx8F b\ } d PSn} k5'{  . lxpFsf] rp/df dl;gf kftnf kfOnfsf
8fa] x¿ k5\ofpbF } lxlF 8/xG5'  . cln dfly km/flsnf] v'nf 7fp“ b]lvof]  . s]xL Wjhf–
ktfsfx¿  . dflg;sf ;fgf] ¹G' 8  . Pp6f ;fgf] 5fkf| h] :tf] 3/ / Pp6f l;uF fl/Psf]
:tDe  . Sofd/fsf] nG] ;n] glhs NofP/ d Tof] bZ[ o / ToxfF b]lvPsf] :tDenfO{ x5] {'  .
:tDedf n]lvPsf] 5 – ‘dgfª ed| 0f uge{' Psfd] f wGojfb  . yf/] ªn\ f kf; %$!^ ld6/  .
;kmntfsf] awfO{ 5  . tkfO{+sf] dgfª kbofqf ;'vb /Åof] eGg] xfdL cfzf u5f}{F  . kml] /
e6] fF}nf  .’

k7f/ M cUnf] kjt{ , lzv/df /xs] f] ;Dd Wjhfktfsf M ljz]if ;dodf 6fFlug] /ª\uLrª\uL
hldg sk8f

¹G' 8 M kz'kG5L jf dflg;sf] ;dx"

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
/f]dfl~rt, 5fkf| ], ;DaGw, uf]i7L, >4f, c;ª\Vo, efif0f, Wjhfktfsf

@= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
k|fs[lts, cbe\ 't If0f, /fdf]l~rt x'g', g,} dfly, ¹'G8

#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
;G' b/, ljzfn, ;b}j, ;"o{, ;do, n:s/, Zj]t

$= dflysf] ;:+ d/0faf6 cfwf cIf/ hf]l8P/ ags] f kfFr cf]6f zAb vfh] ]/ n]v  .

%= z'4 kf/]/ nv] M
Sofd/fsf] n]Gifn] ghLs Nofo/ d Tof] lb|:o / t]xf bl] vPsf] O:tDenfO{ x/] 5\ '  .

58 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

^= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
/fd] fl~rt, ofd, gzf r9\g,' kbofqf, ti[ 0ff, :tDe

&= dflysf] ;:+ d/0fdf ko| f]u ePsf dflg;sf gfdx¿ vfh] ]/ n]v  .

*= zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M ;t] f]
:tDe

cbe\ 't pT;jdf 6fFlug] /ªu\ Lla/ª\uL sk8f

;fd|fHo cUnf] vDaf

Zj]t crDdsf]

Wjhfktfsf dflg; jf kzk' G5Lsf] ;dx"

c;ªV\ o 7n" f] /fHo

¹G' 8 cgluGtL

k7g af]w

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ‘yf/] ª\nf kf;’ ofqf ;+:d/0f s;n] nv] ]sf x'g\ <
v_ slj ufi] 7L sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
u_ ufi] 7Ldf sf]sf] ;xefuL ePsf lyP <
3_ O6flnog hf8] L nv] ssf] glhs} cfP/ s] ug{ yfn] <
ª_ pgLx¿n] slta]nf yf]/ª\nfsf] psfnf] r9g\ ;'? u/] <
r_ pgLx¿n] s:tf] 7fpFdf clS;hg sd ePsf] dx;;' u/] <
5_ yf]/ª\nfsf] ofqfnfO{ 6]«lsªsf] efiffdf s] elgG5 <
h_ yf/] ª\nf kf; slt ld6/sf] prfOdf /x]sf] 5<

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 59

@= dflysf] ;+:d/0fsf] ;ftf}“ cgR' 5]b k9 clg tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ofqfdf sfs] f] 5g\ <
v_ pgLx¿nfO{ s] ug]{ ;fx; xFb' }g <
u_ nv] s lsg x}/fg x'G5g\ <
3_ pgLx¿sf] cufl8 s:tf] psfnf] bl] vG5 <

#= 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ‘yf/] ªn\ f kf;’ ofqf;:+ d/0fdf ofqfsf qmddf nv] sn] ss] :tf ;d:of efU] gk' ¥of] <
v_ yf/] ªn\ f kf;df /x]sf] :tDedf s] n]lvPsf] /x5] <
u_ yf]/ª\nf kf; s:tf] 7fpFdf /xs] f] 5 < kf7sf] cfwf/df rrf{ u/  .

$= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M
dflysf] ;:+ d/0f k9/] ltdLn] cGgk0" f{ Ifq] sf] af/d] f ss] :tf] s/' f yfxf kfof} < aofg u/  .

l;h{gf
!= cfkm" 3'ds] f] s'g} 7fpFsf] ;D¹gf u/]/ nl] vPsf] lgaGwnfO{ ofqf;+:d/0f elgG5  .

e|d0fsf qmddf cfk"mn] b]v]sf] tyf cg'ej u/]sf s/' fx¿ ;d6] ]/ n]lvg] o:tf lgaGwn]
3d' s] f] 7fpsF f] af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5  .
@= cfkm" 3'Dg uPsf] sg' } 7fpFsf] ofqfsf] af/d] f aofg u//] Pp6f ;:+ d/0f nv]  .
#= ltdL sg' } 7fpF 3D' bf w/] } /dfPsf 5f} < 5f} eg] To; 7fpsF f] af/d] f sDtLdf bz jfSo nv]  .

Jofs/0f

!= dfG5]sf] dgdf pTkGg x'g] xif{, v;' L, la:dft, cfZro{, 30[ ff h:tf efj a'¹fpg cfpg]
cJoo zAbnfO{ lj:doflbaf]ws elgG5  . cfDd}, cf]xf], l5, s7,} x/], P]øof, cfTyf, cfR5'
h:tf zAb lj:doflbafw] s x'g\  .

tnsf jfSox¿ x]/ M

wt\ ¤ d}n] t lstfa Nofpg} la;5{] '  . cfR5' ¤ s:tf] lr;f] kfgL ¤

cf]xf] ¤ bz alh;s]5 ca hfcfF}  . x/] lzj ¤ ufp“df af9L k;5]  .

60 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

tnsf lj:doflbaf]ws zAbx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
cfDd} ¤, l5M ¤, s7} ¤, cfxf ¤, wt\ ¤, cfTyf ¤

@= :jtGq ¿kdf cfp“bf cy{ glbg] t/ jfSodf cGo zAbx¿;u“ cfp“bf zAbdf ljzi] f hf]8
lbP/ vf; cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ lgkft elgG5  . nf,} lg, kf,] t, P, v}, cx“, gfO,“ Sof/] cflb
lgkft x'g\  .

tnsf jfSox¿ x]/ M

v,} dn} ] t To;f] eg]sf] lyOg“  . ;l' dtsL cfdf la/fdL x'gx' G' 5 c/]  .

s/] ] ltdLnfO{ lr67\ f k¥of] /]  . ljho rflxF cfpbF g} /,] d rflx“ cfp“5'  .

tnsf lgkftx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

t, lg, nf,} kf], /], ls, v}

dflysf] kf7af6 lgkft k|ofu] ePsf s'g} rf/ jfSo vf]h]/ cfÇgf] sfkLdf nv]  .

ljz]if 1fg

gk] fndf s;n] s] agfP <

s] < s;n] <

gj' fsf6] b/af/, j;Gtk/' b/af/ – kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx

kf6gsf] si[ 0f dlGb/ – l;l4g/l;x+ dNn

eStk/' sf] krkGg ˆofn] b/af/ – ek" ltGb| dNn

/fgLkfv] /L, xgd' fg\ 9fs] f b/af/ – kt| fk dNn

;g' wf/f, w/x/f – eLd;g] yfkf

jL/ c:ktfn – jL/zd;/] h=a=/f=

sf7df8fsF} f] 306f3/ – rGb| zdz/] h=a=/f=

gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ – kY[ jLjL/ljqmd zfx

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 61

KFF7 hLjgL

!) kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{

efOalxgLx¿;Fu – s:tf dflg;x¿sf] hLjgL nl] vG5 <
– ;u/dfyfsf] klxnf] cf/fx] 0f ug{] dflg; sf] xg' \ <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M
– ;;+ f/sf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] lxdfnsf] gfd s] xf] <
– s:tf] sfd ugfn{ ] dflg; cd/ xG' 5 <

;dfh, /fi6« tyf dfgjtfsf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ of]ubfg lbg] dflg;x¿sf] hLjgL n]lvG5  . To:tf dflg;x¿sf]
hLjgLaf6 w/] } s/' f l;Sg ;lsG5  . pgLx¿n] h:t} cfkm" n] klg sx] L dxŒjk0" f{ sfo{ ugk{' 5{ eGg] k/]| 0ff kf| Kt xG' 5  .
o:t} k|]/s JolStTjx¿df kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{sf] gfd cufl8 cfpF5  . pgn] g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] gfdnfO{
;u/dfyfsf] prfOdf k'¥ofpg] sfd ul/g\  . kf;fªsf] hLjgL s:tf] lyof]  . pgn] s] s:tf] ;ª\3if{ ul/g\ clg
cfÇgf] gfd cd/ tN' ofpg ;lsg\ eGg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf] hLjgL Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= jL/–jL/ªu\ gfx¿n] g]kfnL cfdfsf] sfv slxNo} zG" o
ePg  . ltg} dWo] Ps x'g\ kf;fª Nxfd' zk] f{  . pgsf]
hGd ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] rf}F/Lvs{ uf=lj=; cGtu{t
kg]{ ;s' {] eGg] ufpdF f O=;=+ !(^! l8;D] a/ ! tfl/vsf
lbg ePsf] lyof]  . lktf kmj' f{ lstf/ zk] f{ / dftf cfªbfsL
z]kf{sf kfrF ;GtfgdWo] t];|f] ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf hGds] L
kf;fª Nxfds' f] Xbodf ;fg} pd/] bl] v g} kjt{ f/fx] 0ftkm{
uxg cle?lr hfus] f] lyof]  . pgsf lktf kjt{ f/fx] 0f
Joj;fo;Fu ;Da4 lyP  . h;n] ubf{ pgnfO{ yk xf};nf
ldns] f] lyof]  .

@= kf;fª ka| n OR5fzlSt, b9[ c7f6] tyf k0" f{ cfTdljZjf; ePsL gf/L lyOg\  . ;u/dfyfsf]
lz/df kfOnf 6s] /] gk] fnL dlxnfx¿sf] :jfledfgnfO{ c¹ pRr /fVg] ;fr] pgdf afNosfnbl] v
g} cªs\ '/fPsf] lyof]  . k0" f{ lhDdj] f/Lk"js{ pgL cfÇgf] sfod{ f nfus] L lyOg\  . ‘tF cf6F \
d k¥' ofOlbG5’' eGg] egfO pgsf] hLjgdf nfu' x'g k'Uof]  .

jL/ªu\ gf M ;fx;L dlxnf, axfb'/ gf/L kj{tf/f]x0f M kj{t jf lzv/ r9\g] sfd
rf/F} Lvs { M rf/F} L r/fpg] af¹F f] hUuf ;Da4 M hf]l8Psf]

62 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

#= O=;=+ !(&( df kf;fª kjt{ f/f]x0f;uF ;Da4 nfSkf ;f]gfd zk] f;{ Fu jj} flxs ;q" df
afFlwg kl' ug\  . nfSkf klg kjt{ f/fx] 0f Joj;fo;uF ;Da4 lyP  . kmn:j¿k pgsf] ;u/
dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ OR5f ¹g\¹g\ ;an aGb} hfg yfNof]  . pgsf ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf bO' {
5f/] L / Ps 5f/] f hGds] f lyP  . pgL sz' n ul[ x0fL lyOg\  . jfT;NodoL dftfsf ¿kdf
pgn] pNnV] o el" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] L lyOg\  . cToGt ;kmntfkj" s{ pgn] kfl/jfl/s /ynfO{
8f¥] ofPsL lyOg\  .

$= ‘dnfO{ kl/jf/ / Hofgsf] eGbf klg bz] sf] cufw dfof 5, d/] f] Pp6} OR5f 5 gk] fnL
dlxnfx¿sf tkm{af6 gk] fnsf] gfd /fVg’] eGg] kf;fª Nxfd' ;fx;L / axfb'/ gf/L lyOg\  .
xLgtfaf]wn] pgL slxNo} ul| ;t eOgg\  . dlxnfx¿sf] dgf]annfO{ ;u/dfyfeGbf dfly
p7fpg] /x/ pgn] afs] ]sL lyOg\  . gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df gf/L hfltsf] ul/df / kl| ti7fnfO{
;bf–;jb{ f ch/, cd/ kfg{] pgdf 7n" f] wfs] f] lyof]  . lxpsF f] yk' f| df hGd/] lxpFd} lrKn]6L
vN] b} x's{]sL kf;fªleq knfPsf] cbDo ;fx; b9[ ;ª\sNkdf kl/0ft xf]nf eGg] ;fob
s;n} ] ;fr] ]sf klg lyPgg\  .

%= ;u/dfyfsf] lz/df gk] fnL gf/Lx¿sf tkma{ f6 ;jk{ y| d kfOnf 6]Sg' ;fdfGo s/' f
lyPg  . ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ qmddf pgn] k6sk6s ljljw r'gf}tLx¿;uF hW' g'k/s] f]
lyof]  . ;u/dfyfsf] klxnf] lzlj/;Dd k6sk6s ku' ]sL kf;fªn] ;jk{ y| d O=;=+ !(*&
df dgfªsf] lk;fª lxdfn / nfª6fªsf] oflNks lxdfnsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f ;DkGg ul/;s]
sL lyOg\  . O=;+= !(() df km| fG;n] L kjt{ f/fx] 0f bnsf] g]tT[ jdf pgn] ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0f
ug{] ky| d ko| Tg ul/g\  . pltan] f g} pgn] ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/df kfOtfnf 6S] g] cfsfªI\ ff
/fvs] L lyOg\  . pgsf] bnsL km| fG;n] L dlxnf la/fdL k/s] fn] *)))-cf7 xhf/_ ld6/sf]
prfOeGbf dfly hfg pgnfO{ cg'dlt lbOPg  . ;g\ !((! df ‘;fg ldun] ’ / ‘Pe/:] 6
a'c/L’ af6 vr{ h6' fP/ pgL bf];|f] k6s ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/ :kz{ ug]{ w'gdf h'l6g\  .
be' fU{ ojz *&%) -cf7 xhf/ ;ft ;o krf;_ ld6/sf] prfOdf k'Ugf;fy lxdkft x'g
yfNof]  . cfFwL al;{g yfNof]  . df;} dn] ;fy lbPg  . h;n] ubf{ pgsf] 6f]nL ;u/dfyfsf]
lz/ r'Dg] cfsfªI\ ffnfO{ yftL /fVg ljjz aGof]  . bO' b{ O' { k6ssf] pgsf] ko| Tg lakmn

;an M alnof,] zlStzfnL lxdkft M lxpsF f] jiff{ xg' ] sfd
jfT;NodoL M ;GtfgnfO{ c;fWo} dfof ug{] cbDo ;fx; M cToGt s8f ;fx;, bafpg g;lsg]
cufw M Hofb} ulx/f]
xLgtfaf]w M cfk"mnfO{ sdhf/] 7fGg] efjgf ;fx;
ch/ M slxNo} a9" f] gxg' ] cfsfª\Iff M OR5f, rfxgf
yftL /fVg ' M afsF L /fVg'

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 63

xb'F f klg pgn] eg] lxDdt xfl/gg\  . pgL ¹g\ ;fx;L / cfTdljZjf;L aGb} uOg\  . kg' M
t;] |f] k6s pgL km| fG;n] L kjt{ f/fx] 0f bnsf] g]tT[ jdf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ sfo{df
;n+ Ug eOg\  . lzv/sf] glhs kU' bf kml] / klg pgnfO{ df;} dn] ;fy lbPg  . kl| ts"n
df};dsf sf/0f ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug{] pgsf] t;] |f] k|of; klg w"ldn aGg kU' of]  .

^= dflg; c;kmntfaf6 cflQgx' 'Gg eGg] s/' f a'¹s] L kf;fª ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0f ug{] kl| qmof
abNg rfxlGyg\  . rfy} f] k6s eg] pgn] cfÇg} g]t[Tjdf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug{] ljrf/
ul/g\  . ‘k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f bn’ gfds cf/f]x0f bnsf gfddf
pgn] cfj]bg btf{ ul/g\  . csf{sf] el/of ag]/ ;u/dfyf k'Ug'eGbf cfÇg} g]t[Tjdf
cf/f]x0f ug]{ pgn] dgf]sfª\Iff /flvg\  . csf{sf] gt] T[ jdf cf/f]x0f ubf{ s]–s:tf
ltSttfx¿ ax] fg] '{kb5{ eGg] cge' j pgn] klxn] g} a6l' n;s]sL lyOg\  .

&= rfy} f] k6s cfÇg} g]tT[ jdf ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0f ug{ lx8F s] L kf;fªsf] 6f]nL lj=;=+ @)%)
j}zfv * ut] cf7 xhf/ ld6/sf] rfy} f] lzlj/;Dd lgafw{ ¿kdf k'Ug ;kmn eof]  .
ToxfF k'Ugf;fy k'gM df};d k|lts"n b]lvg yfNof]  . h;n] ubf{ pgn] cfÇgf] 6f]nL;Fu
;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0f ug{ ;fd]n ePsf cfÇgf klt nfSkf ;f]gfd z]kf{nfO{ tLg cf]6f
lrlrnf ;Gtfgsf] eljiosf] af/d] f ;fR] gk' g{] s/' f cfNF} ofpbF } lkmtf{ xg' cfux| ul/g\  .
cfÇgL kTgLsf] s/' f l:jsfb{} nfSkf ;fg] fd rf}yf] lzlj/af6 kmls{P t/ pgL eg]
kmls{gg\ ¹g\ cfsfl;Og\  . @)%) ;fn jz} fv !) ut] gk] fnL ;docg;' f/ @M!% ah] pgn]
;u/dfyfsf] rr' /' fd] f kfOnf /fVg ;kmn eOg\  . g]kfnL gf/Lx¿sf] uf/} jnfO{ pgn]
prfOdf k¥' ofP/ 5fl] 8g\  . lzv/ rd' ]/ kmlsg{ ] qmddf k|s[ltn] pgLdfly cGofo u¥of]  .

wl" dn M wldnf] lgafw{ M sg' } afwf gePsf]
ltSttf M c;Gtl' i6 lzlj/ M c:yfoL a;f]jf;

64 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

clj/n cfwF L rln/x\of]  . lxdkft / jiff{ eO/x\of]  . lxdfnsL ;k' q' L lxdfnd} cnk
eOg\  . !( lbg;Dd pgL ;u/dfyfsf] l;/sleq u'6d'l6/lxg\  . !( lbgkl5 dfq pgsf]
z/L/ k|fKt eof]  .

*= lxpFdf hlGdP/ lxpdF } lrKn6] L v]Nb} xs' ]s{ L kf;fª Nxfdn' ] lxpsF } l;/s cf]9]/ kf| 0f pT;u{
ul/g\  . pgsf] ;fx;L sbdsf] k|z+;f ub}{ pgnfO{ ;/sf/n] /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]if0ff u/s] f]
5  . n'lDagLsf] df6f] sf]6\ofpFbf a4' , hgsk/' sf] df6f] sf6] \ofpbF f ;Ltf, sf7df8fFs} f]
df6f] sf6] o\ fpbF f es[ 6' L e]l6P ¹}F ;u/dfyfsf] lxpF vf;] b|F f kf;fª e]l6lG5g†\ e]l6O/xg]
l5g\  . pgsf] sLlt–{ ufyf lxpF ¹}F :jR5 / z'e agL g]kfnL wtLd{ f rlDs/xg] 5  . cfwf
cfsfz 9fSg] g]kfnL gf/Lx¿sf] Xbodf dfq geO{ ;a};a} g]kfnL dgd'6x' ¿df k'ik ag/]
l:gUw ;'jf; 5b{} pgL xfFl;/xg] l5g† aflF r/xg] l5g\  .

/fli6o« lje"lt M /fi6«sf uxgf pT;u{ M alnbfg, Hofg lbg] sfd

sLlt{ M k|l;l4, nf]slk|otf

ufyf M uLltsyf† uLtsf] efsfdf elgg] syf

l:gUw M ;kmf, lrNnf], ;s' fd] n

cEof;

zAb 1fg
!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
;j{ky| d, pNnV] o, JofVof, zG" o, ;ªs\ ng

@= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
kjt{ f/fx] 0f, cGofo, eljio, ;fx;, g]tT[ j, ;ªs\ Nk, ;kmntfk"js{

#= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
cbDo, lxdkft, l:gUw, ltSttf, wl" dn

$= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
cGofo, ljZjf;, dfly, ufp,F ;'kq' L, lakmn

%= z4' kf/]/ n]v M
zu/df7fsf] l;/df gk] fln gfl/x¿sf tkma{ f6 ;jk{ y| d kfOnf 6S] g' ;fdfGP s/' f lyog  .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 65

^= hf]8f ldnfpm M ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] ky| d k|of;
!(^! l8;]Da/ ! bf;] f| ] k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] k|of;
;g\ !(&( ;u/dfyfsf] rfy} f] lzlj/ ku' ]sf] lbg
;g\ !(*& kf;fªsf] hGd ldlt
lj=;+= @)%) j}zfv !) kf;fªsf] ljjfx ePsf] ;fn
;g\ !(() oflNks / lk;fª lxdfn cf/fx] 0f
;g\ !((! ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f
lj=;+= @)%) jz} fv *


k7g afw]

!= tnsf tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ kf;fª Nxfd' zk] fs{ f] hGd slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
v_ kf;fªdf afNosfnbl] v g} s:tf] ;f]r knfPsf] lyof] <
u_ kf;fªsf] ljjfx sf;] Fu eof] <
3_ kf;fª s:tL gf/L lyOg\ <
ª_ kf;fªn] klxnf] rfl] 6 s;sf] g]tT[ jdf ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0f ug{] ko| f; ul/g\ <
r_ kf;fªsf slt hgf 5f/] f5f]/L lyP <
5_ kf;fªn] klxnfr] fl] 6 cf/f]x0f u/]sf] lxdfn s'g xf] <
h_ kf;fªn] btf{ u/]sf] cf/f]x0f bnsf] gfd s] lyof] <
¹_ kf;fª slxn] ;u/dfyfsf] cf/fx] 0f ug{ ;kmn eOg\ <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 56' \ofpm M
s_ kf;fª Nxfd' sf7df8fF}df hlGdPsL lyOg\  .
v_ pgsf >Ldfg\ ;fg] fd klg kj{tf/fx] 0fdf nfu]sf lyP  .
u_ kf;fª Nxfd'eGbf klxnf klg g]kfnL dlxnfn] ;u/dfyf r9s] f lyP  .
3_ kf;fªn] klxnf] k6sd} ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ul/g\  .
ª_ kf;fª cfk"mnfO{ eGbf a9L bz] nfO{ dfof uly{g\  .

66 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ kf;fª Nxfdn' fO{ lsg ;fx;L dlxnf elgPsf] xf] <
v_ kf;fªsf] ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0f k6sk6s c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ s]s] lyP <
u_ kf;fª s;/L ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/df kfOnf 6]Sg ;kmn eOg\ <
3_ kf;fª Nxfds' f] hLjgL k9/] ltdLn] s:tf] lzIff kfof} <
%= nfdf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{n] gk] fnL gf/Lx¿sf] gfd s;/L pRr /flvg\ <

l;h{gf
!= kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{ h:t} bz] sf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ sfd ug{] g]kfnL dlxnfsf] af/d] f

cleefjs, lzIfs tyf k':tsx¿af6 1fg xfl;n u/ clg cfk"mn] a¹' ]sf] cfwf/df 5f]6f]
hLjgL tof/ kf/  .
@= tnsf JolStx¿sf] af/]df ltdLn] ;g' ]sf] a'¹]sf] cfwf/df sDtLdf bzbz jfSo n]v M
s_ ;Ltf v_ e[s6' L

Jofs/0f

g]kfnL j0f{ljGof;
efn] gfd jf k'lnª\u a¹' fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] Osf/ tyf psf/ x:| j nl] vG5  .
bfO, efO, klt, HjfO,“ legfh,' bfh'
gk+';s lnªu\ -Hofg gePsf j:t_' a¹' fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] psf/ x|:j n]lvG5  .
df;', cf“;', l3p, 8f8,' t/fh,' cfn'
cJoo a'¹fpg] -cGTodf c/L÷/L cfpg] afx]s_ zAb cGTodf x|:j n]lvG5  .
d'lg, dfly, cufl8, k5fl8, cl3, k6l\ 6, bl] v
;jg{ fdaf6 ag]sf zAbsf] cGTosf] lt x|:j nl] vG5  .
slt, olt, plt, hlt

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 67

kfy] L gfd jf :qLlnª\u a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] Os{ f/ tyf pmsf/ bL3{ n]lvG5  .
lbbL, alxgL, kfy] L, sfsL, 5f/] L, ufO{, e;}“ L, efph", dfOh" cflb
gk;'+ s lnÍ -Hofg gePsf j:t'_ a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] O{sf/ bL3{ nl] vG5  .
8fnL, yfnL, ef/L, s;' L,{ km;L,{ sf;} L, 6f]kL, d;L cflb
ljz]if0f zAbsf] cGTosf] Os{ f/ bL3{ nl] vG5  .
cN5L, /fd|L, sfnL, af7L, xf]rL, kftnL cflb
k];f a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] O{sf/ bL3{ nl] vG5  .
l;kfxL, 8sdL,{ xnL, k'hf/L, gfs] /L, Jofkf/L, vt] L
hft jf y/ a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] O{sf/ bL3{ nl] vG5  .
sfdL, IfqL, k/fh'nL, sfsL{, ;j' ]bL

!= tnsf jfSox¿df /x]sf] cz'l4 x6fP/ z4' agfpm M
s_ g]kflnx¿ w/] } ldlxg]lt xG' 5g\  . plgx¿ cfÇgf] sfd cfkmF} u5g{ \  .
v_ alxlg, lblb / sfls kft l6Kg uPsf 5g\  . 5fl] /, efph' / dfOh' ufO r/fpg

uPsf 5g\  .
u_ sf}l;df kml;{sf] nx/f 5  . ltld sl' ;d{ f r9]/ grnfp x}, 5f]l/  .

@= cGTodf x:| j Osf/ x'g] bz cf]6f zAbx¿ n]v  .

#= cGTodf bL3{ O{sf/ xg' ] bz cf6] f zAbx¿ n]v  .

ljzi] f 1fg

g]kfnsf * xhf/ ld6/eGbf cUnf lxdfnx¿

;u/dfyf – *,*$* ld6/ s~rghª3\ f – *,%^* ld6/
NxfT] ;] – *,%!^ ld6/ dsfn' – *$^# ld6/
rf]o' – *,@)! ld6/ wjnflul/ – *,!^& ld6/
dgf;n' – *,!^# ld6/ cGgk0" f{ – *,)(! ld6/

68 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

KFF7 ;+jfb

!! jghªu\ nsf] dxŒj

efOalxgLx¿;Fu – jghªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0f lsg ugk{' 5{ <
– dflg;sf nflu ¿vla?jfsf] s:tf] dxŒj /xs] f] xG' 5 <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M
– jghªu\ n egs] f] s] xf] <
– jg ljgfz egs] f] s] xf] <

kY[ jL k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] ;f¹f jf;:yfg xf]  . oxfF ljleGg hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltx¿ Pscsf{df cfl>t eP/
/x]sf xG' 5g\  . dflg; nufotsf ljleGg hLjhGt'x¿n] jg:kltaf6 cfÇgf] cfxf/f kfPsf xG' 5g\  . sltko
hgfj/x¿n] jghª\unnfO{ g} cfÇgf] jf;:yfg agfPsf xG' 5g\  . af]6la?jfx¿n] jftfj/0f :jR5 kfgd{ f
;3fPsf xG' 5g\  . To;}n] jghª\unsf] ;+/If0f ugk{' 5{  . jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ePg eg] kY[ jL kf| 0fL dfqsf nflu
cgk' oS' t aGg ;S5  . of] kf7df b'O{ ;fyLx¿n] jghªu\ nsf] dxŒjsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/]sf 5g\  . ltdL klg
tnsf] s/' fsfgL Wofg lbP/ k9 clg jghª\unsf] cfjZostfsf af/d] f 1fg ;uF fn  .

!= -;l' dqf / ljlgtf ljBfno hfbF } 5g\  . pgLx¿ af6fd] f s/' fsfgL ub}{ 5g\  . ljlgtf
lxhf] ljBfno cfPsL lyOg  . To;n} ] pm ;'ldqf;Fu sIffdf lxhf] k9]sf kf7sf] af/]df
hfgsf/L lnFb} 5]  ._

@= ljlgtf M ;fFRrL ;l' dqf, lxhf] ;fdflhs lzIffdf u?' cfdfn] s] k9fpg'eof] <
#= ;'ldqf M P, lxhf] xfdLn] jghª\usf] dxŒjsf af/d] f k9o\ f}F  .
$= ljlgtf M x}g jghª\usf] klg dxŒj x'G5 / eGof <
%= ;l' dqf M n, s] eG5] of] ¤ dflg;sf] hLjgdf jghªu\ sf] cToGt 7"nf] e"ldsf /x5]  .

dfG5]nfO{ dfq xf]Og kY[ jLnfO{ hLjgsf] nflu of]Uo agfpg klg jgsf] cfjZos
kg{] /x]5  . of] t hLjg kf] /x5] t  .
^= ljlgtf M -crDd dfGb_} s;/L lg <
&= ;'ldqf M xf] ljlgtf, jg t hLjg g} /x5]  . jgdf k|z:t hLjg cfl>t xF'bf/x]5g\  .
dflg;nfO{ klg jg geOgxg' ] /x]5  .
*= ljlgtf M jgdf cfl>t xg' ] hLjg eg]/ ltdLn] hªu\ L hgfj/x¿sf] s'/f u/]sL < dnfO{

cfl>t M e/f];fdf /xs] f]

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 69

t To:tf] nfUbg}  . lsg
rflxof] / To:tf lx+;s|
hgfj/x¿ < To:tf 8/
nfUbf hgfj/x¿ a:g] jg
klg rflxbF g}  . ltdLnfO{
yfxf 5† dnfO{ t jg
egk] l5 To:t} hgfj/sf]
;D¹gf xG' 5  . gfd ;'Gb}
8/ nfUg] af3, efn,' lrt'jf cfx] f] ¤ To:tf hgfj/ t ePsf] eGbf gePs}
hftL  .

(= ;'ldqf M xg} , x}g ljlgtf s/' f] To;f] xfO] g/x5]  . vf;df tL hgfj/x¿ bV] bf 8/
nfUbf eP klg jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu geOgxg' ] /x5] g\  . ltgLx¿n] t
jftfj/0fsf] ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg 7n" f] el" dsf v]n]sf x'G5g\  . u?' n] oxL t
k9fpge' Psf] xf] lg lxhfs] f] sIffdf  . k|s[ltsf] ;G' b/tf hfu] fpg klg To:tf
hgfj/sf] ;/+ If0f x'g' h?/L /x5]  . jghª\u o:tf hgfj/sf] 3/ ePsfn] klg
To;sf] ;/+ If0f x'g' h?/L /x5]  .

!)= ljlgtf M Tof] t d s] hfgF'  . d]/f] ljrf/df t cfh dfG5s] f] ;ªV\ of a9]sf] 5  . vt] L
ug{] hldg a9s] f] 5g}  . tL hªu\ nx¿nfO{ ljgfz u//] vt] agfpg] xf] eg] dfG5n] ]
;lhn} vfgs] /' f kfpF5  . hª\u ePsf] 7fpFdf ;x/ a;fof] eg] dfG5]n] a:g]
7fpF kfpF5  . clg hª\un ePsf] eGbf gePs} /fdf| ] lg xf]Og / <

!!= ;l' dqf M ljlgtf, ltdf| ] s/' f klg Ps lx;fan] 7Ls xfn] f t/ kY[ jL dfG5s] f] dfq xfO] g  . of]
t dfG5] nufot cGo hLjhGtx' ¿sf] klg ;f¹f af;:yfg xf] . oxfF dflg;nfO{
dfq ;lhnf] eP/ xb'F g}  . jftfj/0fLo ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg cGo hLjhGts' f]
cl:tTj sfod /fVg' h?/L 5  . o;sf nflu jghªu\ hfu] fpgk' 5{  .

!@= ljlgtf M ltdLn] t s:tf] crDdsf] s/' f u¥of} ;l' dqf, cfk"m cefjdf /x]/ klg s;n} ]
hgfj/sf] af/]df ;f]R5  . dfG5]nfO{ klxnf cfÇgf] cfjZostf k/" f xg' 'k5{  .
To;kl5 dfq c¿ hLjhGt'sf] af/]df ;f]Rg'k5{  . dfG5]n] cfÇgf] af;:yfgsf]

lx+;s| M df/sf6 ug{]† lx+;f ug{] af;:yfg M a:g] 7fpF
;Gtn' g M gldNg] rLhnfO{ ldnfpg] sfd cl:tTj M sg' } j:t', JolSt /xFbfsf] cj:yf
jftfj/0fLo M jftfj/0f;DaGwL

70 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

nflu 7fpF kfPsf] 5g}  . snsf/vfgf a:tLeGbf 6f9f /fVg klg hª\u kmf8F \g'
cfjZos 5  . hª\u ePsf] 7fpdF f pBfu] vf]Ng] xf] eg] t dflg;sf] a:tLnfO{
c;/ ub{g} lg  . xfO] g / ¤ o:tf] s/' fdf kf] Wofg hfgk' g{] t dfG5s] f,] lsg jg
;/+ If0f ug{] s/' f u/s] f xfn] fg\ < dnfO{ t crDd kf] nfUof]  .
!#= ;l' dqf M xf,] snsf/vfgf tyf pBfu] x¿ dfgj a:tLeGbf 6f9f /fVgk' 5{  . Tof] lsg eg]
To:tf pBf]ux¿n] ljleGg xflgsf/s tŒjx¿ lgsfN5g\ h;n] jftfj/0fdf
c;/ kf5{  . dfgj :jf:YonfO{ xflg k'¥ofp5F  . To;}n] g} jg rflxPsf] xf]  .
jgn] pBf]uaf6 xg' ] kb| i" f0faf6 klg dflg;nfO{ gfS] ;fgL xg' af6 hfu] fp5F  .
dfG5]sf] :jf:Yodf c;/ kfg]{ To:tf tŒjx¿ jgn] cfkm}F ;f;] /] lnG5  . To;f]
x'bF f jftfj/0f :jR5 x'G5  . jftfj/0fsf] Pp6f cleGg cªu\ sf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
jg dfG5s] f] ;fyL xf]  . eGg] s/' f dfG5]n] la;{/] jg ljgfz u/]s} sf/0f cfh
w/] } ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg ePsf xg' \  . u?' cfdfn] t To;} eGg'ePsf] lyof]  . dnfO{
klg ;fx}| lrQ a'ˆof]  .
!$= ljlgtf M cfx] f] ¤ ltdLn] t w]/} s/' f l;ls5f}  . c¿ s] s] l;Sof} t jghª\usf] af/]df <
!%= ;'ldqf M jghªu\ df ljleGg r/fr?' ªu\ L tyf hLj hGtx' ¿ /x]sf xG' 5g\  . ltgn]
jftfj/0fsf] ;'Gb/tf hfu] fPsf xG' 5g\  . jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Gtn' gdf /fv]sf
xG' 5g\  . h;/L xfdLnfO{ cfÇgf] Hofgsf] dfof nfU5, To;/L g} pgLx¿nfO{ klg
cfÇgf] Hofgsf] dfof nfU5  . xfdLn] h:t} pgLx¿n] klg afRF g kfpgk' 5{  . xfdL
t cfÇgf] ;/' Iff cfkmF} ug{ ;S5fF} t/ hgfj/x¿n] t ;Sbg} g\  . dflg; ;ae} Gbf
a9L a'l4dfg\ ePsfn]
p;n] g} To:tf hLjhGt'
tyf r/fx¿sf] ;/' Iff
ug{k' 5{  . To;sf nflu
pgLx¿sf] 3/sf] ;+/If0f
ugk'{ 5{ eGg] s'/f l;sF]
lg  .
!^= ljlgtf M cfDd} ltdLn] t w]/} s'/f

xflgsf/s M xflg k¥' ofpg†] gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] cNkj[li6 M yf]/} kfgL kg{] sfd
cltj[li6 M cToGt 7n" f] dfqfdf kfgL kg{] sfd cgfj[li6 M jiff{ gePsf] l:ylt† v8/] L

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 71

l;ls5f}, ;'ldqf  . ca eg] d klg jghª\usf] af/d] f s]xL aˆ' b} 5'  . c¿ klg
;'gfpm t ltdLn] hfgs] f s'/fx¿  .

!&= ;'ldqf M jghªu\ nn] cltjl[ i6, cNkj[li6, cgfjl[ i6 h:tf jftfj/0fLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
u5{  . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ h:Tff] cfhsf] hNbfa] Nbf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0fsf] ¿kdf
jgljgfz klg k5{  . af3, efn', uF}8f h:tf hgfj/x¿ jgljgfz ePs} sf/0f
nf]k xg' yfn]sf x'g\  . To;}n] jghª\u ;/+ If0f ugf{n] o:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
xg' ] 5  .

!*= ljlgtf M To;f] eP jg xfd|f] nflu cfjZos /x5] , x}g t <

!(= ;l' dqf M xf] t, jghªu\ af6 xfdLn] k|ToIf ¿kdf 3fF;, bfp/f, sf7 pkefu] u/s] f xG' 5f}F
eg] sltko h8La'6Lx¿ jghªu\ d} kfOG5g\  . jgn] af9L, klx/f,] eI" fo h:tf
;d:of lg/fs/0f u5{  . jghª\u ko{6g pBf]usf] klg cfwf/ xf]  . ko{6sx¿
jghª\usf] ed| 0f ug{ ?rfp5F g\  . bz] sf] cfly{s ljsf;df klg jghªu\ sf]
dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf xG' 5  .

@)= ljlgtf M ltdLn] dnfO{ w/] } l;sfof}  . wGojfb, ;l' dqf  .

@!= ;l' dqf M s] eG5] of] s]6L, ;fyL ePkl5 cfk"mn] l;ss] f] s'/f ;fyLnfO{ atfpbF f s] sf]
wGojfb  . ltdLn] hfgs] f] s'/f dnfO{ elGbgf} / <

@@= ljlgtf M lsg geGg' lg  . n, :s'n klg cfOk'Uof]  .

-bj' } sIff sf]7fleq kj| z] u5{g\  ._

nfk] x'g' M x/fpg,' lanfpg' lg/fs/0f M ;d:of jf ;ª\s6 ;dfwfg ug{]
e"Ifo M af9L, klx/f] cflbsf sf/0f sfd

hldgsf] df6f] aUg] sfd

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
pBfu] , dxŒj, k|b"if0f, kY[ jL, ks| [lt, r/fr'?ªu\ L

72 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

@= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
;+/If0f, cfl>t, ;'Gb/tf, a:tL, wGojfb, kT| oIf, sltko

#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
cfl>t, cltj[li6, nfk] x'g', xflgsf/s, lx+;s| , kf,] ;fx,|} vt] L

$= dflysf] ;+jfbaf6 rGb|laGb' nfus] f sg' } kfrF zAbx¿ l6k]/ nv]  .

%= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
;/+ If0f, hftL, hLjg, /fd|f], ofU] o, k|ToIf

^= z4' kf//] nv] M
s] eG5] of] s]tL, zfyL ePk5L cfkm" n] l;s]sf] s/' f zfyLnfO{ atfpbf s] sf] 9Gojfb  .

&= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

;Gt'ng jiff{ gePsf] l:ylt

jftfj/0fLo s'g} j:t,' JolSt /xFbfsf] l:ylt

cl:tTj ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ sfd

cgfj[li6 hldgsf] df6f] aUg] sfd

eI" fo a:g] 7fpF

lg/fs/0f jftfj/0f;DaGwL

af;:yfg gldNg] lrhnfO{ ldnfpg] sfd

k7g afw]

!= tnsf tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ dflysf] ;j+ fbdf ss;n] s/' f u/]sf 5g\ <
v_ gfd ;G' b} 8/ nfUg] hgfj/x¿ s'gsg' x'g\ <
u_ hgfj/x¿sf] ;+/If0f xg' lsg h?/L 5 <
3_ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg s] ug'{ cfjZos 5 <
ª_ snsf/vfgf tyf pBfu] x¿ s:tf 7fpdF f /fVgk' 5{ <

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 73

r_ s] sf/0f cfh w/] } ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg ePsf 5g\ <
5_ s;n] jftfj/0fsf] ;'Gb/tf hfu] fPsf x'G5g\ <
h_ hgfj/x¿ s;/L nfk] xg' yfns] f 5g\ <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] x'g,\ 56' \ofP/ n]v M
s_ jghªu\ n df:ofF} eg] xfdLnfO{ w/] } kmfObf x'G5  .
v_ af3, efn,' u}8F f h:tf hgfj/nfO{ hfu] fpgx' bF' }g  .
u_ dflg;x¿sf] a:tL ePsf] 7fpFdf snsf/vfgf lgdf0{ f ug'{ /fdf| ] xf]Og  .
3_ hLjhGtx' ¿nfO{ klg cfÇgf] Hofgsf] dfof nfU5  .
ª_ jghªu\ ndf w]/} h8La'6Lx¿ klg kfOG5g\  .

#= tnsf egfOx¿ ss;sf xg' \ <
s_ dflg;nfO{ klg jg geO{ gxg' ] /x5]  .
v_ tL hªu\ nx¿nfO{ ljgfz u//] vt] agfpg] xf] eg] dfG5n] ] ;lhn} vfgs] /' f kfp5F  .
u_ jgn] pBfu] af6 xg' ] kb| i" f0faf6 klg dflg;nfO{ gf]S;fgL xg' af6 hf]ufpF5  .
3_ cfkm" cefjdf /x/] klg s;n} ] hgfj/sf] af/d] f ;fR] 5  .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ dflg;nfO{ jghª\un lsg cfjZos 5 <
v_ hªu\ nL hgfj/sf] ;+/If0f ug{'kgfs{ f sf/0fx¿ n]v  .
u_ jg ljgfz x'bF f ss] :tf ;d:ofx¿ cfOk5{g\ <
3_ ‘jghªu\ nsf] dxŒj’ zLif{ssf] ;j+ fb k9/] s:tf] lzIff kfOG5 <

%= nfdf] pQ/ b]pm M
jghªu\ n / jftfj/0fsf] s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 < kf7sf] cfwf/df :ki6 kf/  .

l;h{gf
!= sg' } vf; ljifosf] af/d] f b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dflg;x¿sf aLrdf xg' ] s'/fsfgLnfO{

;j+ fb elgG5  . xfdL sg' } vf; ljifodf dfq sl] Gb|t eP/ s'/f ul//xs] f xG' 5f}F  . ltdLx¿
klg cfÇgf ;fyLx¿;uF o;/L s/' f ul//x]sf x'G5f}  . To:tf] s/' fsfgL g} ;j+ fb xf]  .

74 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

@= tnsf ljifodf ;j+ fb tof/ kf/ M
s_ dgkg]{ v]n v_ ;dfrf/kq\

Jofs/0f
lrÅg kl/ro
k|Zg lrÅg -<_ – s'g} s'/fsf] lh1f;f /fv]sf] a'¹fpg lbOg] lrÅg
k"0f{ lj/fd -._ – jfSo k"/f ePsf] a¹' fpg ko| f]u ul/g] lrÅg
cNk lj/fd -,_ – b'O{ jf ;fe] Gbf a9L zAb tyf zAb ;d"xdf ko| f]u ul/g] lrÅg
pbu\ f/ lrÅg -¤_ – xif{, cfZro{, b'Mv cflb a'¹fpg lbOg] lrÅg
p4/0f lrÅg -æ Æ_ – s;s} f] egfOnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} k:| t't ug{ lbOg] lrÅg

!= cfjZostfcg';f/sf lrÅgx¿ ko| fu] u/ M

s_ ltdL sxfF uP/ cfof} a'afn] efOnfO{ ;fW] ge' of] efOn] s]xL pQ/ lbPg aa' fnfO{ l/; p7]5
Sof/] pxfFn] efOnfO{ wt\ ;f]w]sf] s/' f geGg] o:tf] dfG5n] ] klg sx] L u/]/ vfG5 eGge' of]
a'afsf] l/; bv] /] dnfO{ klg 8/ nfUof]

v_ tnsf jfSox¿df cfjZostfcg;' f/sf lrÅgx¿ k|of]u u/ M

ltdL slt ah] p75\ f} pgn] eg] d efl] n cfp5“ '

P /fd ptf ghfpm ;G' tnL rdn] L / jfUdtL gfR5g\

xfdL u[xsfo{ u5f{F}

ljz]if 1fg

gk] fndf kfOg] k|d'v hª\unL hgfj/x¿

uF}8f, xfQL, Wjf;F ] lrt'jf, d[u, v/fof,] h/fof], xfa|], /ftf] kf08f, af3,
efn', s:t/" L, rf}F/L, 3f]/n, lrQn, afbF /, 9]8', lgnufO,{ Ajf;F f], abF ]n,
afxl| ;uF ], cgf{

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 75

KFF7 sljtf

d/] f] ;kgf!@ – gf/fo0f lg/f;L

efOalxgLx¿;Fu – ;kgf b]Vg' eGgfn] s]s] a'l¹G5 <
– s] ;a} ;kgfx¿ ;fsf/ xG' 5g\ <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M
– ltdLn] slxNo} ;kgf bv] s] f 5f} <
– xfdLn] s:tf] ;kgf b]Vgk' 5{ <

;kgf bV] gs' f] cy{ sg' } s/' fsf] sNkgf ug{' eGg] xG' 5  . sx] L u5,{' sx] L aG5' eg/] ;fl] rPsf]
;f]rfOnfO{ klg ;kgf bv] s] f] elgG5  . lgbfPsf] a]nfdf cfpg] ljleGg b[Zox¿ dfq ;kgf
xfO] gg\  . hfu} a;/] klg s'g} ofh] gf agfOG5 jf sNkgf ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ klg ;kgf
bV] g' g} elgG5  .

gf/fo0f lg/f;L 5Gbdf ;G' b/ sljtf nV] 5g\  . logsf] ‘t;' f/fd] f km' ns] f km" nx¿’ uhn;ªu\ x| tyf
cfvF fel/ t;' f/f] v08sfJo ks| flzt 5g\  . 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f tyf 5l/tf] gk] fnLsf nv] s
lg/f;Lsf lgaGw / /rgflzNk, ;fwf/0f gk] fnL nufotsf kf7o\ k:' tsx¿ ks| flzt 5g\  . cfÇgf sljtfx¿df
dfgjLo hLjgsf ljljw kf6fx¿sf] lrq0f ug{] lg/f;L bz] k]d| L 5g\  . ‘d]/f] ;kgf’ sljtfdf c;n ljrf/x¿af6
kl|] /t ;kgf ;uF fns] f slj ;d' fud{ f nfu/] 1fg cfhg{ ug{ rfxG5g\  . pRr nIo lnP/ bz] sf] ;j] f ug{] sfod{ f
;dlkt{ xg' ] efj ;dl] 6Psf] of] sljtf pkhflt 5Gbdf nl] vPsf] 5  . tnsf] sljtf no xfn/] jfrg u/ clg sljn]
s] eGg vfh] s] f xg' ,\ aˆ' g] ko| f; u/ M

cfdf / wtL{ d ;dfg 7fG5'
ljBf lbg] oL u?' >i] 7 dfG5'  .
xf,] 1fgsf] dlGb/ kf7zfnf
c1fgtfsf] d t kmf5] {' tfnf  .$.

knfknfdf tkdf d a:5' tk M Wofg, tk:of, hk
kN6fpFb} k':tsleq k:5'  . /lj M 3fd, ;o" {
l6k/] oL cIf/sf d kft
5b{} 5' cfkmF} /lj ¹F} k|sfz  .*.

>]i7 M ;ae} Gbf pQd
c1fgtf M 1fg gePsf] cj:yf
knfknf M knkn, If0fIf0f

76 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

vfP/ d]jf 3/cfFugLsf] s0fw{ f/ M 8'ªu\ f rnfpg] JolSt, df¹L
laTb} 5 afnfkg lhGbuLsf]  . 5]saf/ M 5S] g] jf afg{] sfd
afd] ;/s] f] lko| nfU5 df6f] dfnL M au}Frf, 3/ cflbsf] ;'/Iff ug{] JolSt
vfg] 5' cfÇg} >dn] d cfF6f]  .!@. nIo M p2]Zo, kl5 uP/ o:tf] eGg] OR5f

5g\ k"mn nfvfF} t/ xf/ of}6}
dfG5] ;a} g} d t b]V5' p:t}
x'F bz] sf] efl] n d s0f{wf/
a9\g] 5' tf]8/] d 5s] af/  .!^.

l6k]/ tf/f d t nIo e]6\5'
:jbz] sf] ;'Gb/ uLt n]V5'  .
ag]/ cfÇg} 3/sf] d dfnL
afRF g] 5' nfvfF} ;kgf ;uF fnL  .@).

afnfkg M s]6fs]6Lkg, afNofj:yf
afd] ;g '{ M afnsn] xftkfp 6]s]/ lx8F g\ '
>d M ldlxg]t
cfF6f] M ds}sf] kL7f] jf To;sf] l98F f]
xf/ M dfnf, nx/

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
nIo, >]i7, lhGbuL, cIf/, ;G' b/, k|sfz
@= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
u'?, ;kgf, afd] ;g'{, 5]saf/, >d

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 77

#= z4' kf/]/ nv] M
cf6f], cfulg, efn] L, Uofg

$= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
/lj, afnfkg, kf7zfnf, xf/, s0fw{ f/

%= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cg'kf| ;o'St -p:t} ;l' gg]_ zAb vfh] ]/ nv]  .

^= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
dfgj, ;dfg, 1fg, hLjg, :jb]z, ;kgf

&= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

dfnL afnsn] xftkfp 6]s]/ lxF8\g'

5]saf/ If0fIf0f

cfF6f] tk:of

knfknf ds}sf] kL7f] jf To;sf] l98F f]

tk 5]Sg] jf afg]{ sfd

afd] ;g {' aur}F f jf 3/sf] ;'/Iff ug{] JolSt

k7g afw]
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ‘d]/f] ;kgf’ sljtf s;n] n]vs] f x'g\ <
v_ sljn] ss;nfO{ ;dfg 7fgs] f 5g\ <
u_ kf7zfnf ss] f] dlGb/ xf] <
3_ sljn] s;/L k|sfz 5g{ rfx]sf 5g\ <
ª_ sljsf] afnfkg s;/L laTb} 5 <
r_ slj sxfFsf] dfnL aGg rfxG5g\ <
5_ sljn] s;/L afRF g] s'/f u/s] f 5g\ <

78 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

@= 7Ls a7] Ls n]v M
s_ ‘d]/f] ;kgf’ sljtfdf sljn] afnaflnsfnfO{ efl] nsf] s0fw{ f/ dfg]sf 5g\  .
v_ sljn] dfG5]dfG5s] f aLrdf e]befj xg' k' 5{ egs] f 5g\  .
u_ sljnfO{ cfkm" n] afd] ;/s] f] df6f] lk|o nfus] f] 5  .
3_ slj x/s] kn tkdf a:g rfxG5g\  .
ª_ sljtfdf sljn] b]znfO{ 3[0ff u/s] f 5g\  .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ d]/f] ;kgf sljtfdf sljn] 1fgsf] dxŒjnfO{ s;/L pNnv] u/]sf 5g\ <
v_ sljtfdf s:tf] 3/sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 < pNnv] u/  .
u_ sljn] afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] ;Gb]z lbPsf 5g\ <

$= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M
‘d/] f] ;kgf’ sljtfdf sljn] eGg vfh] s] f dV' odV' o s/' fx¿ cfÇg} zAbdf aofg u/  .

l;h{gf
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ cfpg] u/L Pp6f sljtf nv] M
– ltdLnfO{ s] /fdf| ] nfU5 / s] g/fd|f] nfU5 <
– ltdLnfO{ s:tf] sfd ug{ dg nfU5 <
– ltdLnfO{ s] ug'{ g/fdf| ] xf] eGg] nfU5 <
– dflg;n] s] ug'{x'G5 / s] ug'{xG' g <
– ltdLnfO{ 7n" f] ePkl5 s] ug{ dg nfus] f] 5 <

Jofs/0f
!= efn] gfd jf k?' if hfltnfO{ a'¹fpg] zAbnfO{ k'lnª\u elgG5  . bfO, efO, aa' f, sfsf,

dfdf, 5f/] f], uf?] , /fu“ f,] s]6f] cflb zAb kl' nª\u xg' \  .
kf]yL gfd jf :qL hfltnfO{ a¹' fpg] zAbnfO{ :qLlnªu\ elgG5  . 5f/] L, s]6L, lbbL, alxgL,

sfsL, dfOh," ufO{, e}“;L cflb zAb :qLlnªu\ xg' \  .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 79

@= tnsf jfSonfO{ kl' nª\udf kl/jtg{ u/ M
s_ cfdf laxfg} hfge' of]  . ===========================================================
v_ lbbLn] lr7L k7fpge' of]  . ===========================================================
u_ dfOh" syf ;'gfpg'x'G5  . ===========================================================
3_ ylkgLn] yfkfnfO{ afn] fO{  . ===========================================================
ª_ dlxnfn] t/sf/L lsgL  . ===========================================================

#= tnsf jfSonfO{ :qLlnª\udf kl/jt{g u/ M

s_ /fhfn] ds' '6 nufP  . =====================================================

v_ efn] xf“; kf]v/Ldf kfl] 8G5  . =====================================================

u_ sfnf] s]6f] ot} cfpb“ } 5  . =====================================================

3_ ufosn] uLt ufPsf] 5  . =====================================================

ª_ 3tL{ / sfsL{ ;fyL xg' \  . =====================================================

ljzi] f 1fg

gk] fnsf kd| 'v ljdfg:ynx¿

ljdfg:ynsf] gfd sxfF < ljdfg:ynsf] gfd sxfF <
!= lqej' g ljdfg:yn – sf7df8f}F @= tfKn]h'ª ljdfg:yn – tfKnh] 'ª
#= rGb|u9L ljdfg:yn – ¹fkf $= ef]hk'/ ljdfg:yn – ef]hk'/
%= tl' Dnª6f/ ljdfg:yn – ;ª\v'jf;ef ^= nfdL8f8F f ljdfg:yn – vf6] fª
&= :ofªaf]r] ljdfg:yn – ;fn] v' D' a ' *= kmfKn' ljdfg:yn – ;fn] v'Da'
(= nS' nf ljdfg:yn – ;fn] v' D' a ' !)= ?Dhf6f/ ljdfg:yn – cfv] n9ª' u\ f
!!= kf]v/f ljdfg:yn – sf:sL !@= lj/f6gu/ ljdfg:yn – df]/ª
!#= e/tk/' ljdfg:yn – lrtjg !$=/fhlj/fh ljdfg:yn – ;Kt/L

80 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

KFF7 syf

af6'nL!# – ljho/fh cfrfo{

efOalxgLx¿;Fu – 5f/] f / 5f/] Ldf eb] efj ug{' ;xL xf] <
– 5f/] f / 5f/] Ldf s:tf] Jojxf/ ugk{' 5{ <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M
– ltdLn] 5f/] LnfO{ :sn' gk7fPsf] bv] s] f 5f} <
– 5f/] Lx¿n] 5f/] fn] h:t} sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ <

ljho/fh cfrfo{ g]kfnL afn;flxTosf ljlzi6 k|ltef x'g\  . logn] afn;flxTosf]
ljsf;sf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ sfox{ ¿ u/s] f 5g\  . logn] cfkm" :jod\ nV] g] dfq geP/ ljbz] sf
ljleGg efiffx¿df k|sfzg ePsf pTs[i6 s[ltx¿nfO{ gk] fnLdf cg'jfb u//] gk] fnL
afnaflnsfsf nflu ljbz] sf sl[ tx¿ k9g\ ] ;lhnf] jftfj/0f klg tof/ kf/s] f 5g\  . ;/n
efiffdf /fr] s syfx¿ n]Vg] cfrfo{sf af6n' L -syf;ªu\ |x_, cf–cfÇgf] ;/' , sf“8] bD' ;L,
lrt'jf;“u hDsfe]6 -lrq syf_, kl/jtg{ , gof“ a:tL -pkGof;_ h:tf sl[ tx¿ ks| flzt
5g\  . ‘af6'nL’ gf/L lzIffsf] dxŒjnfO{ k|sfzdf Nofpg] p2]Zon] nl] vPsf] ;'Gb/ syf
xf]  . of] syfdf syfsf/n] 5f]/LnfO{ gk9fpg] 5f]/fnfO{ dfq k9fpg] ;:+ sf/sf] lj/fw] u/s] f 5g\  . 5f/] Lx¿n] k9/]
w/] } 7n" f7"nf sfo{x¿ ug{ ;S5g\  . To;}n] 5f]/f / 5f/] Ldf eb] efj ug{] xfO] g† logLx¿nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ lbgk' 5{
eGg] s/' f of] syfn] atfpg vfh] ]sf] 5  . yk s/' f syf k9/] a'¹ M

!= æP af6n' L ¤ t“ ;fxs' L 5f/] L eP/ klg lsg :sn' guP/ ufOj{ :t' r/fpg hªu\ n cfPsL <Æ
lr;fk] fgLsf] hªu\ ndf af6n' Lsf] 6fpsfd] f hd' f| vfH] b} rd' Ln] egL  . æx/] rd' L ¤ 5f/] Lx¿n]
t k9g\ } xb“' g} /]  . olb 5f/] Lx¿n] k9] eg] t w/] } czfe] gLo xG' 5 /]  .Æ

@= æs;n] egs] f] <Æ
#= æsfn] af]6] kl08t afn]  .Æ
$= ælsg /}5 lg <Æ
%= æv} s'lGg ¤Æ
^= tL afx'gafh] t slt 5'Rrf xlu ;ft efO 5f]/f ;a}nfO{ :s'ndf k9\g k7fp“5g\  .

Pp6L 5f]/LnfO{ rflx“ ?jfpb“ } 3fF;bfp/f a6'Ng hª\undf k7fp5“ g\  .
&= ‘;fRF rL af6'nL lsg To;f] u/]sf xf]nfg\ x} tL sf]naf6] ] afhn] ] 5f/] LnfO{ t k9\g k7fpg'x'Gg

/] Sof  . 5f/] LnfO{ t hlt;Sbf] w/] } sfd u/fpgk' 5{ /]  . 7"nf ePkl5 csfs{ f] 3/df
hfG5g\’ sf]naf]6] afn] xfd|f af;“u ToxL eGg'xG' Yof]  .

czfe] gLo M g;x' fpbF f], zf]ef glbg]

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 81

*= ‘tL sf]naf6] ] af t s:tf abdf; x} Ps} sfv] af6 hGd]sf ;GtfgnfO{ klg s;n} fO+{ sfvf
/ s;}nfO{ kfvf ug{] x}g af6'nL t/] f af klg s:tf t  . ;ft–;ft hgf 5f]/fnfO :sn'
k7fpg], t“nfO{ rflx“ /ftlbg 3f“ ;bfp/f ug{ nufpg]  . of] t crDd ePg  .’

(= ‘crDd} t eof] lg  . cl:t t xfdf| afn] dnfO{ klg :s'n k7fpg] s/' f uge'{ Psf] lyof]  .
ToxL an] fdf kl08t afh] >f4 ug{ xfdf| ] 3/df cfOkU' ge' of]  . xfdf| afn] ‘d/] L 5f/] LnfO{ klg
:sn' k7fpg] ljrf/ u/“’] eGg s] Eofpge' Psf] lyof,] afxg' af t s8l\ sg yfNg'ef]–s:tf]
s'/f u5f{} sfG5f ltdL ¤ ToxL klg cfh >f4sf] lbgdf ¤ bp] tf, lktn[ ] s] eGnfg\ <
lxGbw" dd{ f t gf/Lx¿nfO{ r'nfrf}sfeGbf aflx/ k7fpg} xG' g  . d;u“ t elgxfNof} t/
c¿;u“ rflxF geg x} afa,} laTof;} knf{  .’

!)= olta]/;Dd zfGt;u“ af6'nLsf s'/f ;'lg/xs] L r'dLn] /f]lSsF b} ;f]wL, æTolQs}df ltd|f]
a'afn] :sn' k9\g k7fpg'ePg <Æ

!!= cf“ vfdf c“f;' 6nknfpb“ } af6n' Ln] egL, æxf] To;kl5 nfdf] ;f; kmb] }{ dnfO{ sfvdf /fv]/
d]/f] skfn ;'d;'Dofpb“ } afn] æ5f]/L ;dfhdf c¿ s;}n] gu/s] f] sfd d PSnn} ] s;/L
ug{ ;S5' < / x]/f}“ t]/f] sd{df n]v]sf] /}’5 eg] /fd|f] 7fpdF f 3/hd ul/lbp“nf gq o:t}
/’} 5 5f]/Lsf]Æ eGge' of]  .

!@= rd' Ln] /Gylg“b} egL , æ5o\ f ¤ oL afx'gx¿ slt ;fgf lrQ ePsf  . xfdL kf] blntsf
;Gtfg, sd{} xf/]sf]  . lbgel/ csf{sf] dn] fdf sfd u//] klg k]6el/ vfg / cfª 9fSg]

sfvf / kfvf M s;}nfO{ glhs / s;}nfO{ 6f9f pgLx¿nfO{ ;D¹/] ul/g] sfd
/fVg] sfd blnt M csfs{ f] lyrfl] drfd] f k/s] f]
3/hd M 3/sf] plrt Joj:yf
lkt[ M d/s] f k'vf{, lktfk'vf{
>f4 M cfÇgf kv' fx{ ¿ d/s] f] ltlydf

82 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

u/L nufpg;Dd wf}wf} 5  . s] ug]{ cfÇgf t efOx¿n] klg k9g\ –n]Vg kfPsf 5g} g\  .
t/ ofr] flx“ kSs} xf] olb xfd|f afcfd;u“ ;Dklt ePsf] eP 5f/] f5f]/L b'a}nfO{ :s'nrflx“
k7fpgx' G' Yof]  .
!#= æxg} P af6n' L ¤ t/] f bfh'efOx¿ klg sDtL :jfyL{ t ¤ cfkm" x¿ :sn' hfbf“ alxgLx¿ klg
:s'n k7fpgk' 5{ eGb}gg\ <Æ
!$= c“Wof/f] dv' kf//] af6n' Ln] eg,] æsxfs“ f] eGg', d}n] 3/df gf]sgLn{ ] h:t} sfd u/]sL 5'
/ t pgLx¿n] d:tL ug{ kfPsf 5g\  . olb d klg k9\g hfg yfn]“ eg] t pgLx¿n] klg
3/sf] sfddf ;3fpgk' 5{ lg ¤Æ
!%= æwQl] / ¤ dfG5]sf] hlt w/] } ;Dklt eof] Tolt ;fgf] lrQ xG' 5 egs] f] ;“fRr} /’} 5  . x}g
ltgLx¿sf] al' 4 klg s:tf] < TolQsf w/] } 5f/] fnfO{ :sn' k7fpg] clg Pp6L 5f]/LnfO{
rflx“ ?jfpb} 3f;F sf6g\ k7fpg]Æ rd' L o:t} gfgfy/L s'/f u/]/ kmtkmtfO/xL  .
!^= af6n' Ln] lg/fz x'“b} egL, æv} oL ;a} s'/f t kl08t afnfO{ g} ;fW] gk' 5{  .Æ
!&= olQs}df :s'naf6 3/ kms{ge' Psf kbdf ;/ 6K' nS' s pgLx¿glhs} cfOkUg'eof]  .
px“fn] 7n" f] :j/df eGg'eof], æx}g, cfh t crDd} b]v] lg ¤ ltdLx¿ b'j} Ps} 7fp“df
n6' kl' 6P/ a;]sf 5f}  . o:tf] s'/f yfxf kfP eg] t af6n' LnfO{ 3/af6} lgsflnbn] fg\ lg ¤Æ
!*= ælsg / ;/ ¤ xfdL Ps–csfd{ f 5f]OP/ a:g xb'“ g}  . < xfdf| ] z/L/ p:t}, skfn p:t}, /ut
p:t,} ;f/f z/L/sf] agfj6 p:t}  . clg lsg xfdL 5fO] g gx'g] < ;“fRr} ;/ ¤ s] xfdLn]
Ps–csfn{ fO{ 5'g x'Gg t <Æ bj' }n] Ps} :j/df lh1f;f /fv]  .
!(= æd]n} t sx“f 5g' xG' g eg]sf] 5 / ¤ ufps“ f 7"nfa8f x'“ eGgx] ¿n] b]v] eg] laTof; knf{
kf] eg]sf] t  .Æ kbd ;/n] ;ts{ x“b' } eGge' of]  .
@)= ban} ] Ps} :j/df eg], æ;“fRr} ;/ ¤ lsg o;/L dfG5–] dfG5s] f aLrdf o:tf] eb] efj eof]
xfn] f < of] t crDd eof] lg x}g <Æ
@!= æx/] gfgL xf] ¤ of] ;d:of ltdL–xfdLsf] dfq x}g  . ha;Dd ;dfhdf tF ;fgf] hft, d
7n" f] hft eGg] eb] efj /lx/xG5  . ta;Dd o:tf ;d:ofx¿ kl//xG5g\  .Æ
@@= kbd ;/sf] s/' f ;'g]kl5 clg pHofnf] dv' kf/]/ af6'nLn] egL, æoL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 t ;/ <Æ
@#= æoL ;a} eb] efj x6fpg t ;dfhsf ;a} g/gf/L lzlIft aGg}k5{  .Æ
@$= æx,F ;/n] s] eGg'ePsf] ¤ 5f]/Lx¿n] k9Øf] eg] t ;dfhdf clgi6 x'G5 /] t <Æ r'dLn]

wf}wf} M dl' :sn, sl7gfO laTof; M sg' } sfd aafb{ ePsf] l:ylt

wQl] / M sg' } sfddf k5'tf] dfGbf jf s;}nfO{ g/gf/L M dlxnf / k?' if

xsfbf{ elgg] zAb clgi6 M g/fd|f]sf] ;ª\st]

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 83

pT;'s x'“b} egL  .
@%= æs;n] eGof] ltdLx¿nfO{ o:tf]

s'/f <Æ ;/n] ;f]Wg'eof]  .
@^= æsf]naf]6] kl08t afhn] ]  .

Æaf6n' Ln] ;xh pQ/ lbO{  .
@&= æxf], ;dfh oxL eP/ lalu|Psf]  .

aNntNn ;+:s[tsf b'O{–rf/cf]6f
Znf]s eGg hfg]sf e/df pgLx¿
;dfhsf ;a}eGbf 6f7faf7f sxlnPsf 5g\  . ;dfhsf c¿ w/] } dfG5x] ¿ lzlIft eP
eg] t pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs va' L ;a}nfO{ yfxf xG' 5  . clg t hhdfgL u//] 7uL vfg]
af6} aGb xG' 5 lg ¤ ltdLx¿nfO{ yfx} 5g} , oL afhx] ¿ bO' –{ rf/cf6] f Znfs] 3fs] s] f e/df
dfq 6f7faf7f sxlnPsf x'g\ t  .Æ
@*= æxf] / ;/ <Æ r'dLn] crDd dfGb} ;fw] L  .
@(= æToxL eP/ t logLx¿ ;dfhsf c¿ s;n} ] gk9g" \ egL nfluk/s] f 5g\  . x/] gfgL xf] ¤
ltdLx¿n] klg k9g\ k' 5{ / ufp“sf c¿ gfgLx¿nfO{ klg k9g\ :s'n k7fpg ;xofu]
ug'{k5{  .Æ
#)= æxfd|f] t pd]/ 3ls{;Sof], ca s;/L k9g\ ' lg <Æ bj' n} ] Ps} :j/df eg]  .
#!= æk9g\ sf nflu pd/] n] sx] L 5s] af/ nfpb“ g} gfgL, km/s olt dfq xf], ;fgf;fgf gfgLx¿
:s'ndf uP/ k95\ g\  . 7"nf pd/] k'us] fn] k|f}9 lzIff / v'nf ljBfnosf sIffdf uP/
k9g\ 'k5{  . olb ltdLx¿ k9\5f} eg] d cfh ;f“¹bl] v g} kf| }9lzIffsf] sIff ;~rfng u5{'  .
s] eG5f} ltdLx¿ <Æ
#@= æx'G5 ;/ xG' 5, xfdLx¿ cfhb} ]lv k9\g cfp5“ f}  . k9Lu'gL w]/} 1fg k|fKt u//] ;dfhdf
lzIffsf] Hofl] t 5g{]5fÆ}
##= eGb} b'j} hgf cfcfÇgf ufOj{ :t' lnP/ 3/lt/ nfu]  . kbd ;/ klg a]n'sf kf| 9} sIffdf
e6] g\ ] jfrf ub{} labf x'ge' of]  .

pT;s' M sg' } sfd k|lt rf;f] jf ?lr bv] fpg] kf| }9 lzIff M k9g\ ] ;dodf k9g\ gkfPsfnfO{ lbOg]
hhdfgL M dflg;sf] 3/df uP/ k"hfcfhf ug]{ lzIff

sfd jfrf M s;d, k|lt1f

84 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

cEof;

zAb 1fg
!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
;ts{, al' 4, >f4, wQ/] L, ;:+ st[ , kl08t, Znf]s

@= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
e]befj, s;}nfO{ sfvf s;n} fO{ kfvf ug{,' t, 6'Kn'Ss, pT;'s

#= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
laTof;, hhdfgL, 3/hd, lh1f;f, lkt[

$= dflysf] syfdf ko| f]u ePsf dflg;sf gfdx¿ vf]h]/ nv]  .

%= z'4 kf//] ;f/ M
c:6L t xfdf| jfn] enfO kgL O:sn' k7fpg] s"/f u/g" eosf] lyof]  .

^= ‘af6n' L’ syfaf6 ‘a’ / ‘j’sf] k|ofu] ePsf kfFrkfrF zAbx¿ vfh] /] n]v  .

&= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

lzlIft s'g} sfdk|lt rf;f] jf ?lr b]vfpg]

pT;'s a"9fkfsfnfO{ lbOg] lzIff

clgi6 d/s] f lktfk'vf{

lkt [ sg' } sfd aaf{b ePsf] cj:yf

kf| 9} lzIff cz'esf] nIf0f

laTof; lzIff k|fKt u/]sf]

k7g af]w

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ‘af6n' L’ syf s;n] nv] s] f x'g\ <

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 85

v_ sf]naf]6] kl08t s:tf dflg; lyP <
u_ rd' Lsf efOx¿n] k9g\ nV] g kfPsf 5g\ ls 5g} g\ <
3_ af6n' Ln] 3/df s;/L sfd u/s] L 5] <
ª_ r'dL / af6'nL s'/f ul//x]sf an] f sf] 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'Uge' of] <
r_ ;dfhdf e]befj /x];Dd s] x'G5 <
5_ rd' L / af6'nLnfO{ s;n] ubf{ k9\g] OR5f hfUof] <

@= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] xg' ,\ 56' o\ fP/ nv] M
s_ sf]naf6] ] kl08t ;fx}| c;n dflg; lyP  .
v_ dfG5d] fG5]sf aLrdf ;dfgtf x'gk' 5{  .
u_ 5f/] f / 5f]/Ldf e]befj ug'{x'Gg  .
3_ 5f/] LnfO{ k9\g gk7fP/ 3/wGbfdf nufpgk' 5{  .
ª_ 5f]/f;/x 5f/] Ln] k9] eg] w/] } ;d:of cfOk5{  .
r_ af6n' LnfO{ k9\g gkfPsf]df lrGtf nfus] f] 5  .

#= tnsf egfOx¿ s;sf x'g\, n]v  .
s_ v}, oL ;a} s'/f t kl08t afnfO{ g} ;fW] g'k5{  .
v_ olb 5f/] Lx¿n] k9] eg] czfe] gLo xG' 5 /]  .
u_ ufpsF f 7"nfa8f x'F eGg]x¿n] b]v] eg] laTof; knf{ kf] eg]sf] t  .
3_ ;dfhdf c¿ s;n} ] gu/]sf] sfd d PSn}n] s;/L ug{ ;S5' <
ª_ xfdf| ] t pd]/ 3ls{;Sof], ca s;/L k9\g' lg  .
r_ k9g\ sf nflu pd/] n] s]xL 5s] af/ nfpbF g}  .

$= 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ af6'nLsf af;uF kl08t afn] s] eg] <
v_ rd' Ln] /GylgFb} af6n' L;uF eg]sf s/' fx¿ ss] ] lyP <
u_ ‘af6n' L’ syf k9/] ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} <

%= ltdLn] 5f]/f / 5f/] Ldf km/s Jojxf/ ePsf] bv] s] f 5f} < 5f} eg] To:tf] e]befj x6fpg
s] ug'k{ 5,{ n]v  .

86 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

^= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M
‘af6'nL’ syfdf 5f]/f / 5f/] Lsf] aLrdf xg' ] c;dfg Jojxf/nfO{ s;/L b]vfOPsf] 5 <

cfÇg} zAbdf n]v  .

l;hg{ f
!= tnsf] hfgsf/L k9 clg Pp6f syf n]v M
– /lj / ;'GtnL lbbL efO xg' ,'
– /lj ljBfno hfg' t/ ;'GtnL 3/d} a:g',
– /ljnfO{ /fdf| /fd|f vn] f}gfx¿ NofOlbg,'
– /ljn] lbbLnfO{ v]nfg} f glbg,'
– /ljn] ;'GtnLnfO{ l/; ug{' cfdf a'afn] klg p;n} fO{ dfof ug{',
– efOsf] uNtL x'Fbf klg ;'GtnLnfO{ g} ufnL ug'{
– ;'GtnLnfO{ g/dfOnf] nfUg',
– ;G' tnLnfO{ klg k9\g dg nfUg' t/ k9\g gkfpg,'
– ;G' tnLn] efOsf] lstfa x]//] tyf efOn] k9]sf] bv] /] g} w]/} s/' f l;Sg,'
– :sn' uPsf] efOeGbf ;G' tnL w]/} rnfv x'g',
– w]/} dfof kfPsf] /lj eg] v/fa af6fd] f nfUg'  .

Jofs/0f
!= JolSt jf j:ts' f] Pp6f dfq ;ªV\ ofnfO{ Psjrg elgG5  . s6] f,] snd, d, t“, ufO,{

lstfa, r/f], 5fgf,] 3/, sf7] f, ¿v h:tf zAbn] Pp6f eGg] a¹' fp5“ g\  . To;}n] oL
Psjrgsf zAb xg' \  . JolSt jf j:ts' f] PseGbf a9L ;ªV\ ofnfO{ axj' rg elgG5  .
s6] fx¿, sndx¿, xfdL, ltdLx¿, ufO{x¿, lstfax¿, r/fx¿, 5fgfx¿, sf]7fx¿,
¿vx¿ h:tf zAbn] PseGbf a9L eGg] a¹' fPsf 5g\  . To;n} ] oL ax'jrgsf zAb
xg' \  .

@= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ Psjrgdf kl/jt{g u/ M
s_ s]6fx¿ w]/} c;n 5g\  . ====================================================

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 87

v_ alxgLx¿ ahf/ uPsf 5g\  . ====================================================
u_ vn] f8Lx¿n] /fd|/L vn] ]  . ====================================================
3_ ljBfyLx{ ¿ /fd|/L n]Vb} 5g\  . ====================================================
ª_ ltd|f ;fyLx¿ stf 5g\ < ====================================================

#= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ ax'jrg agfpm M

s_ ;fgL s6] L /fd|/L ufp5“ ]  . ====================================================

v_ xf]rf] s]6f] s';Ld{ f a:of]  . ====================================================

u_ of] dflg; xfd|} ufp“af6 cfPsf] xf]  . =================================================

3_ Tof] 3/ s;sf] xf] < ====================================================

ª_ pgL o;kfln cfp5“ g\ /]  . ====================================================

ljzi] f 1fg

g]kfnsf] s'g 7fpnF fO{ s] elgG5 <

lxdfnkfl/sf] lhNnf – dgfª / d:' tfª
¹fn] ª' \u] kn' sf] lhNnf – afUnª'
dlGb/d} lGb/sf] ;x/ – sf7df8fF}
;u/dfyfsf] åf/ – gfDr] ahf/
afpGg kfv] /L lqkGg tfnsf] lhNnf – ?sd'
kfFr r'nLx¿sf] lxdfn – s~rghª3\ f
/fhf hgsn] /fHo u/]sf] 7fpF – hgsk/'

88 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

KFF7 hLjgL

!$ dxfTdf ufGwL

efOalxgLx¿;Fu

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– ltdLn] sg' } dxfg\ JolStsf] hLjgL k9s] f 5f} < – hLjgL k9/] s] s:tf] 1fg kfOG5 <

– ef/tsf /fi6l« ktf sf] xg' ,\ yfxf 5 < – s:tf JolStnfO{ /fi6l« ktf elgG5 <

;;+ f/df cgs] dflg;x¿ hGds] f x'G5g\ t/ ;a} dxfg\ aGg ;Sb}gg\  . h;n] cfÇgf] sfoå{ f/f ;dfh, /fi6« tyf
dfgj hfltsf] lxt u5{ To:tf] JolSt dfq dxfg\ aGg ;S5g\  . pgLx¿sf] sfo{nfO{ g} cfbz{ dfg]/ pgLx¿eGbf
kl5sf dflg;x¿n] sfo{ ug{] u/s] f xG' 5g\  . dxfTdf ufGwL JolStut :jfy{ Tofu/] dfgj sNof0f tyf /fi6;« j] fdf ;dlkt{
ljZjs} dxfg\ gt] f xg' \  . pgn] dflg; dflg;sf aLrdf /xs] f] c;dfgtf x6fpg tyf /fi6d« f /xs] f] cGofosf] cGTo
ug{df g} cfÇgf] hLjg ;dk{0f u/]  . lsg dxfTdf ufGwLnfO{ dxfg\ dflgPsf] /x5] eGg] a'ˆg tnsf] hLjgL Wofg
lbP/ k9 M

!= ;;+ f/df an] fan] fdf dxfg\ JolStx¿n] hGd lng] u5g{ \  .
;Tsds{ f] dfWodaf6 ltgn] cfÇgf] gfd cd/ tN' ofPsf
xG' 5g\  . o:tf dxfg\ JolStx¿dWo] Ps xg' \ dxfTdf ufGwL  .

@= dxfTdf ufGwLsf] hGd ;g\ !*^( df ef/tsf]
uh' /ftcGtut{ kg{] kf/] aGb/ eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] lyof]  .
afns sfndf pgnfO{ dfx] gbf; s/drGb ufGwL eg/]
;Dafw] g ul/GYof]  . kl5 pgL dxfTdf ufGwLsf gfdn]
ljZjljVoft aGg ku' ]  . ef/tLo hgtf pgLkl| t cToGt
>4fn] ¹S' 5g\  . clwsf+zn] ef/tdf pgnfO{ ‘afk'’
eg/] ;lD¹G5g\  . To;f] t pgnfO{ ef/tsf /fi6«lktf
klg eGg] ul/G5  . dxfTdf ufGwL hGdg'eGbf klxn]b]lv g} ef/tLo hgtf cª\u|]hx¿sf]
q"m/ zf;g ;xg ljjz lyP  . ToxfFsf hgtfn] cª\u|]hx¿nfO{ ef/taf6 a]nfot
wkfpg pgn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u/s] f lyP  .

;Tsd { M c;n sfd, wd{sd{ /fi6l« ktf M /fi6n« ] lktf dfgs] f] JolSt
ljZjljljVoft M ;+;f/e/ k|Voft q"m/ zf;g M hgtfnfO{ cTofrf/ ug]{ zf;g

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 89

#= ufGwLsf lktf ef/tsf] /fhsf6] eGg] :yfgdf gfs] /L uy]{  . pgn] cfÇgf] 5f]/fnfO{
ToxLFsf] ljBfnodf nu]/ egf{ ul/lbP  . cfÇgf lktfsf] nfngkfngdf /x]/ pgn] k|f/
lDes lzIff xfl;n u/]  . pgL ;fgb} l] v Odfgbf/ / ldhfl;nf] :jefjsf JolSt lyP  .
dfx] gbf; s/drGb ufGwL ;fgb} l] v ljBfnosf k/LIffx¿Df csfs{ f] gSsn ug{ hfGbg} y]  .
cfkm" nfO{ cfpg] kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nV] y]  . gcfpg] kZ| gx¿ 5fl8lbGy]  . cfkm" n] nv] s] f pQ/x¿
sf/0fjz uNtL ePsf] yfxf kfOxfn] klg c¿af6 pgL ;Rofpg rfxbF g} y]  . o;df pgnfO{
sg' } k5t' f] nfUbg} Yof]  . pgsL cfdf ;wF} rfg] ,{' 9f6F g\ ' / 7Ugx' bF' g} eg/] ctL{ lblGyg\  . pgL
slxNo} klg cfÇgL cfdfsf] ctL{ pkbz] pNnª3\ g ubg{} y]  . pgL cfÇgL cfdfnfO{ cfw} L
dfof uy{]  .

$= klxnk] lxn] ef/tdf s6] fs]6L 5Fb} ljjfx x'g] uYof{]  . ;g\ !**@ df tx] | jifs{ f] slnnf]
pd/] df logsf] ljjfx eof]  . ;g\ !**& df pgn] Dofl6s« k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]  . ToxLsF f]
Pp6f sn]hdf egf{ ePsf eP klg pgsf Ps cfkmGtn] pgnfO{ an] fot uP/ k9g\ ]
;Nnfx lbP  . pgn] bfh' / cfdf;Fu k9\gsf nflu a]nfot hfg] k:| tfj /fv]  . lxGb' wd{
dfGg], df5fdf;' gvfg] kl/jf/sf dfx] gbf;nfO{ an] fot hfbF f cfÇgf] hftwdd{ fly ;ª\s6
cfpg] xf] ls eg/] cfdfn] ghfg ;D¹fOg\  . t/ pgn] cfk"m df5fdf;' gvfg], dfbskbfy{
;]jg gug]{ tyf hftwdd{ f c;/ kg{] sg' } sfd gug]{ kl| t1f u/]  . To;kl5 cdf / bfh'sf]
cg'dlt kfPkl5 pgL k9g\ sf nflu an] fot uP  . ;g\ !*(! df sfg'gsf] k9fO ;s/]
pgL ef/t kmlsP{  . s]xL ;do pgn] dD' aO{df jlsn eP/ sfd u/]  . s]xL ;dokl5
pgL cfk"mn] k|f/lDes lzIff lnPsf] 7fpF /fhsf6] uP  . ToxfaF f6 klg jsfnts} qmddf
pgL blIf0f clk|msf k'u]  . ToxfF uf]/f hfltsf dflg;x¿n] sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿nfO{
c;fWo} x]Ky]  . h;n] ubf{ pgn] cGofodf k/]sf sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] kIfdf
jsfnt ug{ yfn]  . ;g\ !()! df pgL km]l/ cfÇgf] hGde"ld ef/t kmls{P  . To;kl5
klg pgL k'gM blIf0f clkm| sfd} uP  . ;g\ !(!$ df pgL kml] / a]nfot uP  . ToxfF k'Ubf
pgnfO{ ef/taf6 cª\u|]hx¿nfO{ s;/L v]b\g] eGg] lrGtf a9\of]  . To;kl5 pgn]
cfÇg} b]zdf a;]/ cª\u|]hx¿sf lj?4 ljleGg clx;+ fTds cfGbfn] gx¿ rsf{P  .

%= rfx] uf/] f hfltn] sfnf hfltdfly xf;] \, rfx] cª\u|]hx¿n] ef/tLo hgtfnfO{ xf];\ h;nfO{
eP klg Pp6f dflg;n] csf{] dflg;nfO{ x]ks] f] ufGwLnfO{ dgkb{g} Yof]  . cª\uh|] x¿n]

ldhfl;nf] M af]nLrfnL /fdf| ] ePsf], lzi6 dfbskbfy{ M dft nfUg] gzfn' j:t'
cf}wL M Hofb}, lgs} kg' M M km]l/

90 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

ef/tLo hgtfdfly u/s] f] lyrfl] drf] / cTofrf/n] pgsf] Xbo l5ofl5of ag]sf] lyof]  .
k6sk6s u/s] f] cGofo, cTofrf/sf sf/0f pgn] cªu\ h]| nfO{ ef/taf6 vb] /] } 5f8g\ ] b9[
;ªs\ Nk u/s] f lyP  .

^= ufGwL clx;+ fjfbL gt] f lyP  . pgL sf6df/ dg k/fpbF g} y]  . cªu\ h]| x¿sf lj?4df pgn]
clx;+ fTds cfGbfn] g rsfP{  . sltko ef/tLox¿n] cªu\ |h] x¿sf lj?4 c:qz:q;lxt
n8\g'k5{ eg]sf eP klg pgL ljgf xftxltof/ zq';Fu ljrf/sf] n8fOF n8\g'k5{
eGy]  . df/sf6n] zqs' f] dg lhTg ;lsFbg}  . zq'sf] dg lhTg t :jR5 ljrf/ rflxG5
eGg] pgsf] dfGotf lyof]  . clx+;fsf] cufl8 h:tf];'s} zq' klg ¹'S5 eGg] ljrf/
/fv]/ pgn] l;ª\uf] b]zel/ cªu\ h]| lj/f]wL clx+;fTds cfGbfn] g dRrfpg hgtfnfO{
;lqmo agfP  . cªu\ h|] x¿sf] lj?4df xftxltof/ grnfpg pgn] lgbz]{ g lbPsf lyP  .
o;sf/0f cªu\ h|] x¿sf] ufn] L vfP/ klg ef/tLo hgtfn] xftxltof/ p7fPgg\  .

&= ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf qmddf ufGwLn] k6sk6s h]n;dt] hfg'k/s] f] lyof]  .
pgsf] clx+;fTds cfGbf]ngn] k"/} b]zJofkL ¿k wf/0f u¥of]  . b]zsf] rf/}lt/af6
cfGbf]ng rSof{]  . zflGtk0" f{ ¿kdf hgtfn] u/]sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ bafpg cª\uh|] n] w]/}
7"nf] k|oTg u/] klg ;s]gg\  . cflv/df ;g\ !($& df cª\u|]hn] ef/t 5f]8\g s/
nfUof]  . ef/t :jtGq eof]  .

*= ufGwL ljZjs} clx;+ fjfbL gt] fsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf 5g\  . pgL dxfg\ /fi6«jfbL g]tf lyP  .
cªu\ h] x¿n] bz] df u/]sf] cGofosf] af/d] f a¹' b] l] v g} pgn] an] fotL ;fdfgsf] ko| f]u ug{
5f8]sf lyP  . pgL cfkmnF} ] rvf{ rnfP/ skf;af6 wfuf] sfTy]  . cfÇg} cf>ddf pgL
nu' f aG' g nufpyF ]  . pgsf] of] sfos{ f]
c;/ ;al} t/ k¥of]  . ufpnF ]x¿n] 3/n] '
n'ufsf] ko| f]u ;a}lt/ a9\b} uof]  . pgL
ljb]zLsf] ;fdfg k|ofu] ubf{ cfkm" klg
ljbz] Ls} e/df kgk{' g{] s/' f atfP/ ;as} f]
Wofg 3/n] ' sk8fsf] ko| fu] df tfGy]  .

(= ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/sf wgL dxfTdf

clx;+ fTds M sf6df/ gePsf] ;ª\u|fd M 7"nf] eL8Gt, n8fOF
b[9;ª\sNk M alnof] jfrf, c7f]6 rvf { M wfuf] sfTg] sf7sf] ;fwg
c:qz:q M xftxltof/ cf>d M cfwf/, cf8, e/f;] f

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 91

ufGwL ;a}nfO{ ;xof]u uy]{  . pgL s;}sf] b'Mv b]Vg g;Sg] :jefjsf lyP  . pgn]
clkm| sfdf /xbF f klg bM' v kfPsfx¿sf] ;xofu] df ljzi] f Wofg lbg] ufGwL ef/t kmsk{] l5 t
¹g\ bM' vL ul/ax¿sf] ;fyL g} eP  . pgn] lgM:jfy{ efjn] u/s] f] ;j] f tyf /fi6s« f] nflu u/]
sf] ;dk0{ fn] ubf{ pgnfO{ dxfTdf ufGwL eGg yflnof]  .

!)= cfÇgf c;n sfox{ ¿åf/f ;a}sf] dg cfk"mlt/ tfGg ;kmn dxfTdf ufGwLk|lt ljZjsf
w]/} dflg;x¿ >4fn] ¹'S5g\  . ;as} f] enfO rfxg] o:tf JolStn] klg sfnultn] dg{
kfPgg\  . #) hgj/L !($* df gfy/' fd uf]8\;]
gfds xTof/fn] pgnfO{ uf]nL xfGof]  . cfh
dxfTdf ufGwL ;+;f/df geP klg pgL c;ª\
Vo dflg;sf cfbz{ ag]sf 5g\  . pgL ;;+ f/s}
nflu k]|/0ff ag]sf 5g\  .

lgM:jfy{ M :jfy{ gePsf] sfnult M ;dosf] ult
;dk0{ f M ;D' kg] sfd

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
clx;+ fjfbL, ljZjljVoft, k|of]u, dxfTdf, k|f/lDes, lj?4, cªu\ ]|hL

@= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
c;n, zq,' k|lt1f ug,'{ bM' v kfpg,' :jtGq, sfnult, /fi6«lktf, dfbskbfy{

#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
;ª\uf| d, c:qz:q, ldhfl;nf], ;Tsd,{ ;dk{0f, cf}wL, rvf{

$= z4' kf/]/ n]v M
>wf, ;fe] fj, lab;] L, ;sl/o, ;fGtL, t];k5L

92 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

%= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ nv] M
sk8f, xltof/, j}/L, ;ªu\ f| d, Xbo, lgs}

^= dflysf] hLjgLaf6 7fpsF f] gfd a'¹fpg] zAbx¿ vf]h/] nv]  .

&= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

clx;+ fjfbL /fi6s« f dxfg\ JolSt
rvf { km]l/
cf>d c;fWo}
kg' M sf6df/ u/]sf] dg gk/fpg]
cf}wL wfuf] sfTg] sf7sf] ;fwg
/fi6l« ktf cf]t nfUg] 7fpF

k7g afw]
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ dxfTdf ufGwLsf] afnssfnsf] gfd s] lyof] <
v_ pgsf] hGd slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
u_ ufGwLsf lktf sg' 7fpdF f gfs] /L uy]{ <
3_ ;fg}bl] v ufGwLsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
ª_ ufGwLsL cfdf pgnfO{ s;/L ctL{ lblGyg\ <
r_ ufGwLsf] kl/jf/ sg' wd{ dfGy] <
5_ clkm| sfdf sfnf hfltsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
h_ ufGwLn] cªu\ ]|hnfO{ lsg nv]6g\ ] ;ªs\ Nk u/] <
¹_ ef/t slxn] :jtGq eof] <
`_ ufGwLsf] xTof s;n] u¥of] <

@= dflysf] hLjgL k9/] tnsf] vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s_ ==================== df t]x| jifs{ f] pd]/df logsf] ljjfx eof]  .
v_ ==================== df sfgg' sf] k9fO ;s]/ pgL ef/t kmlsP{  .
u_ ==================== df pgL km]l/ a]nfot uP  .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 93

3_ =================== df cª\u|]hn] ef/t 5f]8\g s/ nfUof]  .
ª_ ================== df pgsf] xTof eof]  .

#= tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls eP 7Ls / a]7Ls eP a7] Ls nv] M
s_ ufGwL lx;+ fjfbL g]tf lyP  .
v_ ufGwL ljb]zL ;fdfgsf] ko| f]u ug{ ?rfpFy]  .
u_ dxfTdf ufGwL ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/sf wgL lyP  .
3_ ufGwLsf lktf u'h/ftdf gf]s/L uy]{  .
ª_ ufGwLnfO{ ef/tsf /fi6«lktf elgG5  .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ufGwLnfO{ s:tf] sfd ubf{ k5'tf] nfUbg} Yof] <
v_ ufGwLsf cfdf / bfhn' ] lsg pgnfO{ an] fot k9\g hfg glbg] ljrf/ u/] <
u_ ufGwLnfO{ s:tf s/' fx¿ dg kb{g} y] <
3_ cªu\ ]|hsf lj?4 ufGwLn] ef/tdf s:tf] cfGbf]ng u/] <
ª_ dxfTdf ufGwLsf] hLjgL k9]/ ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} <

%= nfdf] pQ/ b]pm M
ef/tnfO{ cªu\ h]| sf] xftaf6 56' fpg dxfTdf ufGwLn] s] s:tf] el" dsf vn] ] < aofg u/  .

l;hg{ f
! tnsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df Pp6f hLjgL nv] M
gfd M kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx
hGd M lj=;=+ !&&( k'; @&
lktf ÷dftf M g/e"kfn zfx, sf}zNofjtL
/fHf/fx] 0f M lj= ;=+ !&((
ofu] bfg M – gj' fsf6] sf] ;fttn] b/af/ / j;Gtk'/sf] gf}tn] b/af/sf lgdf{tf,
– b"/bzL{ / s'6gLlts JolStTj ePsf /fi6j« fbL gt] f,
– gk] fnsf] /fli6«o PsLs/0f cleofgsf cu'jf,

94 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

– gk] fnnfO{ rf/ j0f{ 5QL; hftsf] ;femf km" naf/L dfGg] Pstfsf kd]| L /fhf
– hftLo ;dl[ 4sf nflu ;bf lrGtgzLn /xg] Gofok|]dL /fhf,
– g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts uLtf dflgPsf] ‘lbJof]kb]z’sf ;|i6f,
– sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ /fhwfgLsf ¿kdf sfod ug]{ Ps dxfg\

/fli6«o lje"lt,
dT[ o' M lj=;+= !*#! df3 ! ut]  .

Jofs/0f

!= k'?if jf :qL b'jn} fO{ a¹' fpg] ;jg{ fdnfO{ k?' if elgG5  . gk] fnL efiffdf ;jg{ fd / lqmofn]
k?' ifsf] eb] hgfp5“ g\  . k?' if tLg ks| f/sf 5g\ M

ky| d k?' if – d, xfdL
låtLo k?' if – t,F ltdL, ltdLx¿, tkfO{+
t[tLo k?' if – pm, pgL, pgLx¿, pxfF

@= pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} u/L tnsf jfSox¿ k/" f u/ M

d alxgLnfO{ lr7L nV] 5'  . xfdL alxgLnfO{ lr7L ====================  .

tF alxgLnfO{ lr7L ========================  . ltdL alxgLnfO{ lr7L ====================  .

tkfO+{ alxgLnfO{ lr7L ========================  . pm alxgLnfO{ lr7L =======================  .

pgL alxgLnfO{ lr7L ========================  . pgLx¿ alxgLnfO{ lr7L =================  .

#= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ k?' if kl/jtg{ u//] nv] M

s_ pm w]/} ldlxg]tL 5  . -ky| d k?' if_ ========================================

v_ ltdL u[xsfo{ ub}{ 5f}  . -tt[ Lo k'?if_ ========================================

u_ pgLx¿ gk] fnL af]N5g\  . -k|yd k'?if_ ========================================

3_ xfdL cfÇgf] sfd cfkm}F u5f}F{  . -låtLo k?' if_ ========================================

ª_ pm w]/} cN5L 5]  . -låtLo k'?if_ ========================================

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 95

ljzi] f 1fg – s8' s\ f ] ;fgf] a´' fpg] zAbx¿ – ¹N' sf]
– l9sf ] – sf;] f]
;k' f/Lsf ] – lkTsf ] 3fdsf ] – rfO] 6f]
gg' sf ] – l;tf ] s/] fsf ] – ts' f{]
crf/sf ] – l;sf {] bfp/fsf ] – kf6] L
eftsf ] – u8] f ] bw" sf ] – l¹Nsf]
af/Lsf ] – TofGbf| ] n;g' sf ] – s8F} f]
rfdnsf ] cfufs] f ]
k/fnsf ] km;Ls{ f ]

96 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

KFF7 cfTdsyf

!% jfUdtL gbL

efOalxgLx¿;Fu

– gk] fnnfO{ lsg hn;f| t] sf] wgL dflgPsf] xf] < – gbLsf] ;/+ If0f ug{' egs] f] s] xf] <
– dflg;nfO{ gbLgfnfx¿sf] cfjZostf lsg k5{ < – ltdLn] gk] fnsf kd| v' gbLx¿sf] gfd hfgs] f 5f} <

gk] fndf kz| :t gbLgfnfx¿ 5g\  . oxfF afx}| dlxgf Psg} f;n] aUg,] jiffo{ fddf w/] } 7n" f] xg' ] / ;V' vf ofddf sx] L ;fgf]
x'g] tyf jiff{df 7"nf] x'g] / lxpFbdf ;'Sg] gbLx¿ u//] tLg k|sf/sf gbLx¿ /x]sf 5g\  . gk] fnsf] pQ/L ;Ldfdf
/xs] f lxdfnsf lxpF kUn/] aUg] gbLx¿ klg k|z:t 5g\  . gbL hLjg xf]  . gbLdf dfgj nufotsf ljleGg
hLjhGt'x¿ cfl>t xG' 5g\  . o:tf] dxŒj /x]sf] gbL cfh dflg;x¿sf] nfkaf{xLsf sf/0f ;ª\s6df k/s] f 5g\  .
o:t} ;ª\s6df /xs] f] Pp6f gbLsf] cfTdsyf of] kf7df ;dl] 6Psf] 5  . s] sf/0fn] jfUdtL gbL ;ªs\ 6df 5 eGg]
a'ˆg tnsf] cfTdsyf Wofg lbP/ k9 M

!= d jfUdtL x'F  . dnfO{ dflg;x¿ gbL eG5g\  . g]kfndf d h:tf w/] } gbLx¿ 5g\  . d/] f]
pTklt sf7df8fsF} f] lzjk'/L 8f8F fsf] afuåf/af6 ePsf] ePsf] xf]  . h;/L hGdFbf
afns ;fgf] xG' 5 To;/L g} d klg hGdFbf ;fgf] g} lyPF  . lzjk/' Lsf] 8f8F fdf /dfpbF },
otfptlt ub}{, hª\usf zLtn 5xf/Ldf /dfpbF } ;fgf;fgf vf]N;fvfN] ;Lx¿nfO{ cfkm" df
ldnfpFb} d x's]{sf] 5'  . ;G' b/Lhn, ufs] 0f,{ kzk' lt xF'b} cl3 a9b\ f dn} ] 6s] d' f ku' ]kl5
lji0fd' tLnfO{ e6] s] f] 5'  . xfdL bj' } Ps eP klg d jfUdtLs} gfdn] lg/Gt/ cl3 al9/xs] f]
5'  . rf]ef/sf] uN5L l5rfn] /] cl3 a9b\ } d t/fO{;Dd ku' s] f] 5'  . xfdL h:tf gbLx¿
lxdfn tyf cUnf kxf8x¿af6 hGd]/ ;db' |;Dd k'us] f x'G5f}F  . d klg To;/L g} ;d'b|
e]6\g uPsf] 5'  .

@= d gk] fnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F ;x/df aUg] gbL xF'  . d]/f] lsgf/df ljleGg d7dlGb/x¿
5g\  . ljleGg kzk' lt, uÅ' oZ] j/L, ufs] 0f,{ zªv\ dn" , krnL h:tf dlGb/x¿ d/] } lsgf/df
/xs] f 5g\  . o;/L d/] f] t6df ljleGg dlGb/x¿ /x]sfn] klg dflg;x¿ dnfO{ kljq

afuåf/ M jfUdtL gbL pTklQ ePsf] 7fpF uN5L M unf] -3f6F L_ h:t} l5g]sf] 7fpF
vf]N;fvf]N;L M ;f3F /' f] / ulx/f] sn' f]

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 97

dfG5g\  . d/] f] hn dlGb/df r9fpF5g\  . d]/f] hnn] :gfg u/]kl5 kljq eOG5 eGg]
ljZjf; dflg;x¿df /x]sf] 5  . d/] f] hndf :gfg ug{s} nflu klg dflg;x¿ ljleGg
7fpaF f6 cfpg] u5g{ \  . dflg;df wd{ sdfpg] 7n" f] OR5f xG' 5† To;df dnfO{ klg hf8] s] f]
b]Vbf clt cfgGb nfU5  .

#= d kfgLsf] ;|f]t x'F  . kfgL kY[ jLdf hLjgsf] nflu cfjZos tŒj xf]  . kfgLlagf dflg;
dfq xfO] g† sg' } klg kf| 0fL tyf jg:kltsf] hLjg ;Dej 5g}  . d cfÇgf] lsgf/df /xs] f
v]taf/LnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kfgL lbP/ df6f]nfO{ pj{/ kf5'{  . ls;fgsf] v]tnfO{
dfq xf]Og k|s[ltsf] ;'Gb/ /rgf jghª\unfO{ x/fe/f kfg]{ s'/fdf klg d]/f] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf /xFb} cfPsf] 5  . dflg;x¿ dnfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u
u5g{ \  . ;G' b/Lhnaf6 dnfO{ hDdf kf//] dflg;x¿sf] 3/sf wf/fx¿df k'¥ofOPsf] 5  .

$= d]/f] kfgL dflg;sf cltl/St ljleGg kzk' IfLx¿n] ko| f]u u5{g\  . df5f, xf;F , asN' nf
nufotsf ljleGg hnhGtx' ¿nfO{ d}n] cf>o lbFb} cfPsf] 5' . tL hgfj/ tyf hLjhGtx' ¿
d/] f] lsgf/df cfP/ /dfp5F g\  . d/] f] kfgLdf kf8} L vN] 5g\ . dflg;nfO{ afrF G' hn] dfq xfO] g
d/k] l5 klg d/] f] ;fysf] dxŒj /xg] u/]sf] 5 . d/]kl5 dflg;x¿sf] cGTol] i6 d]/f] lsgf/
df ag]sf 3f6x¿df ul/G5  . cfÇgf lkt[x¿sf] d'lStsf nflu >f4 ug{ d]/f] 3f6nfO{
pkoS' t :yfgsf ¿kdf lnOG5  . ljZjs} lxGbx' ¿sf] cf:yfsf] sG] b| kz'kltgfy d/] }
lsgf/df cjl:yt /x]sfn] klg d olt w]/} dxŒjsf] ags] f] xF'  .

klxn]sf] jfUdtL clxn]sf] jfUdtL

jg:klt M ¿v, af]6la?jf cflbnfO{ hgfpg] hnhGt' M kfgLdf a:g] hLj
zAb cf>o M s'g} j:t' jf JolStsf] cf8, e/f;] f
>f4 M kv' f{x¿ d/s] f] ltlydf pgLx¿nfO{
pj{/ M w]/} pAhgL xg' †] dlnnf]
x/fe/f M htftt} xl/of] ePsf] ;lD¹g] sfd

98 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

%= st} ;fgf] st} dWod / st} ljzfn cfsf/df au] klg d/] f] :j¿k eg] ;al} t/ Psg} f;sf] xg'
;ss] f] 5g}  . st} d lgd{n s~rg au]sf] 5'  . dflg;x¿ dnfO{ cd[t 7fg/] lkpF5g\  .
st} eg] d]/f] :j¿k cToGt b'ul{ Gwt ags] f] 5  . dn} ] d]/f] kf| s[lts :j¿k u'dfPsf] 5'  .
d]/f] cj:yf klxn] bl] v o:tf] ePsf] xf]Og  . d ;?' df ;a}lt/ ;dfg lyPF  . d]/f] :j¿k
plQs} ;kmf / s~rg lyof]  . dnfO{ dflg;x¿ w]/} dfof uy]{  . t/ cfh Tof] dfof
x/fPsf] 5  . dn} ] dflg;nfO{ slxNo} e]befj ul/gF  . ;an} fO{ ;dfg ¿kdf k|]d u/]F  .
d/] f] kfgLdf ;a}sf] ;dfg clwsf/ /xs] } xf]  . t/ klg dflg;n] dnfO{ dfof ug{ 5f8] ]  .
cfh d dflg;x¿sf] kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 7fpF ags] f] 5'  . dflg;x¿ cfÇgf] 3/af6 lg:ss] f]
kmfx] f]/ d/] f] kfgLdf ÇofN5g\  . 9n ld;fpg] ynf]sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsfn] d]/f] kfgL
dflg;sf] af]s/] aUg afWo 5  . cToGt l3gnfUbf] nb] f] afs] ]/ aUgk' bf{ dnfO{ g} w/] } kL8f
xG' 5  . pBfu] x¿af6 lg:s]sf] kmfx] f]/ d]/} kfgLdf ld;fOG5  . c:ktfn, xf]6]n cflbn]
dnfO{ g} kmfx] f/] lj;hg{ sf] :yfg agfPsf 5g\  . /fhwfgLdf aUg] eP/ klg d/] f] ;+/If0f
ePsf] 5}g  . dflg;x¿ klxnf h;/L cfh dnfO{ kljq dfGb}gg\  . d/] f] 5]p5fpdf cfpbF f
gfs y'G5g\  . gk] fnsf] e|d0f ug{ ljleGg dn' s' af6 ko{6sx¿ cfpg] u5g{ \  . ltgLx¿
d]/f] ¿k bv] /] crDd dfG5g\  . d]/f] o:tf] :j¿kn] ltgLx¿nfO{ klg w/] } b'Mv agfPsf]
kfpF5' d  . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] bz] kms]{kl5 g]kfnsf] s:tf] rrf{ unf{g\ eGg] lrGtfn] d/] f]
5ftL kfN] 5  .

^= d]/f lsgf/df /xs] f ¿vla?jfsf] ljgfz u/]/ dfG5]n] dnfO{ s'¿k agfPsf] 5  . d]/f]
au/af6 afnj' f l¹s/] , gi6 ul/Psf] 5  . d]/f lsgf/df ljleGg ejgx¿ agfP/ dnfO{
:jtGq¿kdf cfsf/ lng lbOPsf] 5}g  . dfG5]sf] ;w}F enf] lrtfpg], dfG5]nfO{ dfof
ug]{ dnfO{ dfG5n] ] eg] unt ¿kdf k|of]u ul//Åof]  . dfG5s] f] sf/0f dn} ] cfÇg} :j¿k
lal;{;s]F  . dnfO{ ckdfg ug,{] d]/f] ;'Gb/tfsf] ljgfz ug{] tyf dnfO{ laufg{] dflg;
cToGt :jfyL{ /x5] g\ eGg] yfxf kfP/ dnfO{ w]/} bM' v nfu]sf] 5  . d}n] dflg;sf] s]xL
lauf/]sf] lyOgF  . pgLx¿nfO{ x/]s If]qdf ;xofu] g} u/]sf] lyPF  . t/ dflg;n] dnfO{
dfof ug{ ;s]gg\  .

&= c¹} klg dfG5d] f rt] gf cfpnf ls  . dfG5n] ] d]/f] dxŒj aˆ' nfg\ ls  . dnfO{ ;/+ If0f
ug{ / klxnfs} ¿kdf kmsfp{ g] sfo{ unfg{ \ ls eGg] ;kgf ;wF} bV] g] u/]sf] 5'  . of] d/] f]

cGTol] i6 M sfhlqmof, clGtd ;+:sf/ b'u{lGwt M uGxfpg,] bu' G{ w ePsf]
lgd{n M bfu gePsf] lj;h{g M kmfNg] sfd, Tofu
s~rg M ;kmf, :jR5 s¿' k M g/fd|f] cgx' f/sf]

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 99

dfq xf]Og† dfG5]sf] a;faf; a9L ePsf] ;a} ;x/L Ifq] df aUg] d h:tf w]/] gbLx¿sf]
kL8f xf]  . xfdL ;a}nfO{ ;kmf / :jR5 eP/ aUg dg k5{  . xfdL dflg;sf] ;fyL
aGg rfxG5f}F  . kb| l" ift eP/ dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf c;/ kfg]{ jf dflg;sf] sfn aGg] s'/f
xfdLnfO{ :jLsf/ 5}g  . To;n} ] d}n] t c¹} cf; df/s] f] 5}g  . dnfO{ t dflg;n] c¹ klg
d]/f] af/]df Wofg lbP/ dnfO{ ;kmf / :jR5 agfpg] 5g\ eGg] cfzf nflu/x]sf] 5  .
x]/f}F, dflg;n] dnfO{ dfof u5{g\ ls ub}{gg\ ¤ d]/f] af/]df ;f]R5g\ ls ;f]Rb}gg\ ¤ dnfO{
k'/fg} cj:yfdf kmsfp{ F5g\ ls kmsf{pbF }gg\ ¤

kb| "lift M kmfx] f/] jf v/faL ePsf

cEof;

zAb 1fg
!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
ko6{ s, cj:yf, :yfg, :jLsf/, ljZj, ufs] 0f{
@= jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
;'Gb/, ;x/, dxŒjk"0f{, k|b"lift, cfzf, t/, g}
#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
lj;h{g, x/fe/f, lkt[, pj{/, cGTol] i6
$= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
cfjZos, ;'Gb/, ;Dej, b'MvL, :jLsf/
%= dflysf] cfTdsyfaf6 7fpsF f] gfd a'¹fpg] zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ nv]  .
^= z'4 kf//] nv] M
dnfO cKdfg u/g] d/] f] z'Gb/tfsf] lagf; u/g] tyf dnfO lauf/g] dflgz ctG] t :jfyL{

/x]5g\  .

100 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/