Chharito Nepali class 4 final

&= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

k|b"lift unf] -3f6F L_ h:t} l5gs] f] 7fpF

s¿' k kfgLdf /xg] hLj

cf>o ¿v, af6] cflbnfO{ hgfpg] zAb

hnhGt ' b"lift

jg:klt g/fd|f] cg'xf/sf]

uN5L sg' } JolSt jf j:t'sf] cf8

k7g afw]
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ jfUdtL gbLsf] pTklQ sxfFaf6 ePsf] xf] <
v_ jfUdtLn] sxfF ku' /] lji0f'dtLnfO{ e]6]sf] 5 <
u_ jfUdtL gbLsf] lsgf/df sg' sg' dlGb/ /xs] f 5g\ <
3_ kfgLlagf s'g} klg k|f0fLsf] hLjg ;Dej 5 ls 5}g <
ª_ jfUdtL gbLnfO{ lsg w/] } kL8f xG' 5 <
r_ ko6{ sx¿ lsg crDd dfG5g\ <
5_ gbLnfO{ s;/L aUg dg nfU5 <
h_ gbLnfO{ s:tf s'/fx¿ :jLsf/ 5g} g\ <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5'6o\ fpm M
s_ gbLdf kmfx] f]/ ug{] sfd /fdf| ] xf]  .
v_ afFrG' hn] dfq geO{ d/]kl5 klg gbLsf] dxŒj x'g] u/]sf] 5  .
u_ gbLn] dflg;nfO{ ;w}eF l/ e]befj u/]sf] xG' 5  .
3_ pBfu] x¿af6 lg:s]sf] kmf]xf/] kfgL klg gbLdf ld;fOG5  .
ª_ jfUdtL gbL crn] :jR5 / ;kmf eP/ aUg yfns] f] 5  .

#= kf7sf] kfrF f}F cgR' 5b] k9]/ tn ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ s;n] jfUdtL gbLnfO{ dfof ug{ 5f]8] <
v_ jfUdtL gbL cfh s:tf] 7fpF ags] f] 5 <

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 101

u_ jfUdtL gbLsf] ;/+ If0f lsg ePsf] 5g} <
3_ jfUdtLsf] 5]pdf cfOkU' bf dflg;x¿ s] u5g{ \ <
ª_ jfUdtL gbLsf] 5ftL lsg kf]N5 <

$= 5f]6s/Ldf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ wflds{ ¿kdf jfUdtL gbLsf] s:tf] dxŒj 5 <
v_ jfUdtL gbLn] ss;nfO{ ;+/If0f lbFb} cfPsf] 5 <
u_ jfUdtL gbLsf] xfnsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
3_ jfUdtL gbLsf] cj:yf ;'wfg{ s] ug{k' nf{ <

%= nfdf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ jfUdtL gbLn] dflg;nfO{ s] s;/L ;xofu] u/]sf] 5 <
v_ jfUdtL gbLsf] cfTdsyf k9/] ltdLn] s]s] lzIff kfof} <

l;hg{ f
!= kf7df lbOPsf] jfUdtL gbLsf] cfTdsyfsf] cfwf/df s'g} csf]{ gbLsf] cfTdsyf nv]  .

@= ‘km" n’ zLif{sdf Pp6f cfTdsyf n]v  . cfTdsyf o;/L ;'? u/ M
d k"mn xF'  . d ljleGg /ª / k|sf/sf] x'G5'  . ====

Jofs/0f

!= xf] jf 5 eGg] cyn{ fO{ s/0f elgG5  . s/0fn] ;sf/fTds cy{ lbG5  . 5, xf], 5g\, k95\ ,
uof] cflb zAbn] ;sf/fTds cy{ lbPsf 5g\  . oL s/0f x'g\  . To:t} xf]Og jf 5}g eGg]
cy{nfO{ cs/0f elgG5  . cs/0fn] gsf/fTds cy{ lbG5  . 5g} , xfO] g, k9\bg} , uPg
cflb zAbn] gsf/fTds cy{ lbPsf 5g\, oL cs/0f xg' \  .

s= pbfx/0fcg;' f/ tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jtg{ u/ M

efO ;G' tnf vfG5  . – efO ;G' tnf vfFbg}  .

cfsfz w]/} ldlxgt] u5{  . – cfsfz slQ ldlxg]t ub}{g  .

s_ ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgoldt u[xsfo{ u5g{ \  . ================================================

v_ xfdL g]kfnL l;g]df x]5f}{+  . ================================================

102 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

u_ tF cfk"meGbf 7n" fnfO{ cfb/ u5{;\  . ================================================

3_ u?' n] ;'dgnfO{ lk6g\ 'eof]  . ================================================

ª_ t}Fn] gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf uLt ;'lg;\ < ================================================

v= pbfx/0fcg;' f/ tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jtg{ u/ M

alxgLn] u[xsfo{ ul/g  . – alxgLn] u[xsfo{ u/L  .

pm slxNo} ¹6' f] afN] bg}  . – pm ;wF} ¹6' f] af]N5  .

s_ ltdLn] lstfa NofPgf}  . ================================================

v_ tF efOalxgLnfO{ dfof ubg{} ;\  . ================================================

u_ ;'GtnLn] wd' ;{' n] fO{ e]l6g5]  . ================================================

3_ pxfF slQ l/;fpg'x'Gg  . ================================================

ª_ lalgtfn] ¹fn] f af]ss] L x'g] 5}g  . ================================================

ljzi] f 1fg sx] L afnaf]nLsf zAbx¿ – lx8F fO
– afn] L
dfd – eft tft ] – /fdf| ]
tt] ] – tn] tft] ] – skfn sfg] {'
kfkf – ld7fO { gfDdf ] – bfO
aa' ' – bw" sfOsF f/] L ug {' – alxgL
gfgf – nu' f bfbf – vn] fg} f
gg' ' – ;t' fO ag' ' – kf7f]
lrrL – df; ' rfrf
;/' L – la/fnf ] dg ]

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 103

KFF7 sljtf

dg!^ – ;'/z] ;j' b] L

efOalxgLx¿;Fu – dgdf s:tf s/' fx¿ cfp5F g\ <
– dgdf s:tf] s/' f Nofpgk' 5{ <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M
– ltdf| ] dgdf slxns] fxLF cgf7} f s/' fx¿ cfPsf 5g\ <
– dfG5s] f] dgnfO{ sn] ] /fS] g ;S5 <

;/' z] ;j' b] L 5Gbdf ;G' b/ sljtf nV] g] slj xg' \  . logL uhn nv] gdf klg plQs} ;lqmo 5g\  .
logsf] cge' l" tsf 8fa] x¿ zLifs{ sf] uhn;ªu\ x| tyf uhn sl;/L nV] g] < ks| flzt 5g\  .
cfÇgf sljtfdf ks| l[ tsf] j0fg{ tyf ;dosf] lrq ptfg{ ?rfpg] ;j' b] L ;/n efiffdf uxlsnf
sljtf nV] g] slj xg' \  . ‘dg’ sljtfdf logn] dflg;sf] dgsf] Jofkstfsf] lrq0f u/s] f 5g\  .
dfG5s] f] dgsf] sg' } ;Ldf xbF' g}  . dgnfO{ gfKg, hfV] g tyf aGwgdf /fVg ;lsbF g}  . ;;+ f/df dg
dfq To:tf] lrh 5 hf] xfjfeGbf klg l56f] axG5  . cfsfzdf p8g\ ,] kfgLdf kf8} g] tyf wtLd{ f
bf8} g] s/' fdf dgsf] ;fdgf sx] Ln] klg ug{ ;Sbg}  . dgsf] oxL ljzfntf / cgf7} f] rl/qnfO{
sljtfdf s;/L k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5, aˆ' g tnsf] sljtf Wofg lbP/ k9 M

kf]v/] cf;F ' dgsf] ax kf]lvFb}g
5fk] ]/ ug'{ eg s] < dg 5f]lkbF }g  .
l;l4G5 bx] dg cGTo xFb' x} Fb' }g
/fl] sG5 kfp t/ of] dg /f]lsFb}g  .$.

cfsfz dfly dg p8\5 ljdfg h:tf] ;b}j M ;wF}
cUnG5 of] dg ;b}j lxdfn h:tf]  . ;fu/ M htftt} kfgL ePsf] k[YjLsf] ljzfn
kf8} G5 ;fu/dxfF dg a;] /L of]
bf}8G5 g} kjgsf ;uF ju] n] Tof]  .*. efu
kjg M xfjf
ax M leqL b'Mv, jb] gf, kL8f
bx] M z/L/, lhp
cGTo M ;dflKt, cflv/, k5' f/
ljdfg M xjfOh{ xfh

104 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

km' N5g\ cgs] yl/ km" n aufgleq
b]lvG5 oL gogn] dgdf ;lrq
xf], sfd km' Ng' ltgsf] lbg'k5{ k'mNg
b]v/] km" n dg nfl] eg' r}F xbF' }g  .!@.

kfgLdxfF sdn ¹}F dg k'mNg'k5{
afnL ;/L nxnx} dg ¹'Ng'k5{  .
wtL{ ;/L cd/ e} dg afRF g'k5{
of] bx] hh/{ xb'F f klg xf:F gk' 5{  .!^.

aufg M auF}rf gog M cfvF f
cd/ M slxNo} gdg]{ ;lrq M lrq;lxtsf]
hh/{ M lzlyn, yf]lqPsf,] a9" f]

cEof;

zAb 1fg
!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
ljdfg, wtL{, hh{/, gog, ;lrq

@= jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
oL, dg, k"mn, ¹F,} klg, cf;F ,' le>

#= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
cd/, aufg, ;bj} , kjg, b]x

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 105

$= z'4 kf/L n]v M
lzl4G5, kflg, afln, xLdfn, dfyL

%= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cg'kf| ;o'St -p:t} p:t] ;l' gg_] zAbx¿ vf]h]/ nv] M

^= tnsf zAbsf] ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
cfsfz, cfF;', kfp, dfly, a];/L

&= tnsf zAb / cys{ f aLrdf hf8] f ldnfpm M

hh/{ lrq ePsf]

;fu/ uf]8f

sdn cflv/, k'5f/

;lrq a"9f], kmf6]sf]

cGTo kfgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ePsf] efu

kfp kfgLdf k'mNg] km" n

k7g afw]
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ‘dg’ sljtf s;n] n]vs] f x'g\ <
v_ dgsf] ax cf;F ' kf]v]/ kfl] vG5 <
u_ aufgleq s:tf km" n k'mN5g\ <
3_ dg s;/L km' Ng'k5{ <
ª_ cfsfzdfly dg s] u/L p8\5 <

@= 7Ls a]7Ls 56' \ofpm M
s_ dg sljtfdf sljn] cfÇgf] ufpsF f] aofg u/]sf 5g\  .
v_ kfp /fl] sP klg dg /f]lsFbg}  .
u_ dg sdn ¹F} km' Ngk' 5{  .
3_ aufgdf Psy} /Lsf] k"mn km' N5  .
ª_ dg ljdfg h:t} p8g\ ;Sbg}  .

106 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

#= 56' s] f zAbx¿ sljtfaf6 x]//] tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf n]v M
cfsfz dfly ================ h:tf]
cUnG5 of] dg =============== h:tf]  .
====================== dg a;] /L of]
bf}8G5 g} =============== ju] n] Tof]  .

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ dfG5]sf] dg s:tf] xG' 5 <
v_ dfG5]n] ;a} s'/fnfO{ cfÇgf] cwLgdf /fVg ;S5 t/ dgnfO{ lsg ;Sbg} <
u_ sljtfsf] cfwf/df dgsf] ljzi] ftf nv]  .

%= tnsf x/kmx¿n] s] eGg vf]h]sf xg' ,\ cfk"mn] a'¹]sf] s/' f n]v  .
l;l4G5 bx] dg cGTo xbF' }x'bF }g
/f]lsG5 kfp t/ of] dg /fl] sFbg}  .

^= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M
‘dg’ sljtf k9]/ ltdLn] a¹' s] f s/' fx¿ cfÇg} zAbdf nv]  .

l;h{gf

!= tnsf] sljtf k"/f u/ M

dnfO{ d]/f] ;u/dfyf 5'g dg nfU5
hxfF k'uF" gk] fnL g} xg' dg nfU5  .
g]kfnL x'F gk] fn} 5 d]/f] 5ftLel/
======================================  .
lxdfnsf] sfvdf 5 d]/f] Kof/f] 3/
========================================  .
cfvF fel/ :jb]zsf] lrq afs] L lx8F \5'
==========================================  .
dnfO{ d/] } bz] sf] nflu afRF g dg 5
=================================================  .

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 107

@= ltdLnfO{ dg k/]sf] s'g} ljifodf Pp6f sljtf n]v clg sIffdf ;an} fO{ ;'gfpm  .

Jofs/0f

!= gfd jf ;j{gfdsf k5fl8 hf]l8g cfpg] n,] af6, åf/f, nfO{, nflu, bl] v, sf,] sf, sL, /f],
/f, /L, gf,] gf, gL, df, dfly cflbnfO{ ljelSt elgG5  .

tnsf jfSox¿df cfjZos ljelStx¿sf] k|ofu] u//] sfkLdf ;f/ M

s_ efO vfgf vfof]  . v_ xfdL km]jf tfn 8'ª\uf r9\5f}“  .

u_ pgLx¿ ;x/ cfPsf 5g} g\  . 3_ d l;;fsnd n]V5'  .

ª_ lbbL 8f8' t/sf/L rnfpg'x'G5  .

tnsf ljelStx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
n,] nfO,{ af6, bl] v, df, nflu

ljz]if 1fg – kfu] 6f]
l;ªu\ f] zAb – 3§
– 7s] L
– leq ub' L gk;s] f] wfg – ufj} f
– rfdn, ds} cflb lk:g] kfgLaf6 rNg] 9ª' u\ fsf] ;fwg – xnf]
– bxL hdfpg ko| fu] ul/g] sf7sf] ef8F f ] – dbfgL
– ufO,{ e;F} Lsf] bw" bx' g' ko| fu] ul/g] ef8F f] – lIflth
– vt] af/L hfT] g ko| fu] ul/g] sf7sf] ;fwg – lrtf
– 7s] Lleq /fv/] bxL dYg] ;fwg – bfOhf]
– cfsfz / wtL{ hfl] 8P h:tf] bl] vg] 7fp“ – ndL
– nf; hnfpg tof/ kf/s] f] sf7sf] 6f8“ – la:sg'
– ljjfxdf 5f/] LnfO{ lbOg] wgdfn
– ljjfxsf nflu s/' f ldnfpg] JolSt
– ;s' fpgsf nflu lkmh“ fOPsf] cGg

108 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

KFF7 lgjb] g

!& :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu
lgjb] g

efOalxgLx¿;Fu

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M

– lgjb] g egs] f] s] xf] < – lgjb] g lsg nl] vG5 <

– lgjb] g / lr7Ldf s] leGgtf 5 < – :yfgfGt/0f egs] f] s] xf] <

lgjb] gsf] cy{ cg/' fw] xf]  . sg' } sfofn{ onfO{ sg' } ljifodf cg/' fw] u//] nl] vPsf] lr7L g} lgjb] g xf]  . lgjb] g ljleGg
ljifox¿df n]Vg ;lsG5  . ljBfyLn{ ] ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofksnfO{ labf dfu/] , 5fqjl[ Qsf] nflu cg'/fw] u/]/,
sg' } sfoq{ mddf efu lng] OR5f /fv/] lgjb] g nV] 5g\  . of] kf7df sg' } sf/0fn] kl9/xs] f] ljBfno 5f8] g\ k' g{] cfj:yf
cfPsfn] gofF 7fpdF f ;fx] L sIffdf k9g\ sf nflu :yfgfGt/0f kd| f0fkq kfpmF eg/] Pp6f ljBfyLn{ ] lgj]bg nv] ]sf] 5  .
tnsf] lgjb] g Wofg lbP/ k9 clg lgj]bgsf] :j¿ksf] af/d] f hfgsf/L xfl;n u/ M

!= @)^(÷)^÷)%

@= >Ldfg\ k|wfgfWofks,
l;l4 u0fz] pRr df= lj=,
;f/] v'§,] sf7df8fF}  .

#= ljifo M :yfgfGt/ k|df0fkq kfpmF eGg] af/]  .

$= dxf]bo,

%= dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] ljifosf ;DaGwdf d l;l4 u0fz] pRr df= lj=sf] sIff $ df
k9\g] lgoldt 5fq xF'  . d/] f] ljBfno hLjgsf] k|f/De g} oxL ljBfnoaf6 ePsf] xf]  .
dnfO{ ljBfnok|lt cToGt k|]d 5  . ljBfnon] klg dnfO{ w]/} dfof u/]sf] 5  .
ljBfnodf lzIfslzlIfsfx¿n] klg w/] } dfof u/]/ k9fpg'x'G5  . olt eP/ klg dn} ]

k|wfgfWofks M x8] df:6/, ljBfnosf kd| 'v lzIfs k|f/De M ;'? ePsf]

lgoldt M lgoddf /x]sf]

5fq M ljBfyL{ ;?jf M Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf ;g]{ sfd

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 109

ljBfno 5f8] g\ k' g{] cj:yf cfPsf] 5  . d]/f a'af ;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfd ug'{x'G5  .
pxfFnfO{ ;/sf/n] /fhwfgLaf6 ;?jf u/L k"jL{ g]kfnsf] lj/f6gu/ k7fPsf] 5  .
casf sx] L jif{ aa' f pt} a:g'x'G5  . pxfnF ] cfdf / dnfO{ klg pt} lnP/ hfg] clg dnfO{
ToxLsF f] ljBfnodf egf{ ug{] lg0fo{ uge{' Psf] 5  . zl} Ifs ;qsf] dWodf egf{ lngsf]
nflu ToxfFsf] ljBfnon] d}n] sIff ltgdf lgoldt cWoog ul//x]sf] tyf qd} fl;s
k/LIffx¿df ;xefuL ePsf] kd| f0f :j¿k :yfgfGt/ kd| f0fkq Nofpg" egs] f] 5  . To;n} ]
dnfO{ :yfgfGt/ kd| f0fkq pknAw u/fO{ ;xofu] ul/lbgx' g' cg/' fw] ub5{ '  .

^= cf1fsf/L 5fq

ljlkg 9'ªu\ fgf

z}lIfs ;q M jifd{ f sIff ;'? / cGTo x'g] ;do kd| f0fkq M lzIff jf tflnd lnPsf] xf] eg]/ lbOg]
;xefuL M ufi] 7L, ;ef cflbdf efu lng] JolSt kq
:yfgfGt/ M Ps 7fpaF f6 csf]{ 7fpdF f hfg] sfd

cEof;

zAb 1fg
!= tnsf zAbx¿ z4' ;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
sfofn{ o, ljBfno, /fhwfgL, :yfgfGt/0f, kw| fgfWofks, cGTo

@= z'4 kf/L n]v M
k'aL{, tx] f,F dOn,] ;sf{/, l;l5sf, k/dfgkT/

#= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
cg'/f]w ug,'{ w/] ,} cj:yf, lgoldt, ;?jf

$= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
5fq, kf| /De, ;?jf, lgoldt, kw| fgfWofks, k|df0fkq

%= tnsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
kj" ,{ lgoldt, kf| /De, hLjg, dfof, ;/sf/L

^= dflysf] lgj]bgaf6 ‘P’ / ‘o’ sf] k|of]u ePsf kfFrkfFr zAb vf]h/] nv]  .

110 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

k7g afw]

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ dflysf] lgjb] g s;n] s;nfO{ nv] s] f] xf] <
v_ lgj]bg nV] g] JolSt sxfF slt sIffdf k95\ <
u_ lgj]bg n]Vg] JolStsf a'af sxfF sfd ugx{' G' 5 <
3_ lgj]bssf aa' fnfO{ ;/sf/n] sxfF ;?jf u/s] f] 5 <
ª_ ljBfnodf lzIfslzlIfsfn] s;/L k9fpg'x'G5 <
r_ lgjb] sn] lsg ljBfno 5f8\gk' g{] ePsf] 5 <

@= 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6o\ fP/ nv] M
s_ lgjb] g nV] bf ;'?df cfÇgf] gfd n]Vg'k5{  .
v_ lgjb] s la/fdL ePsfn] ljBfno 5f]8g\ nfus] f] xf]  .
u_ lgjb] g n]lv;s]kl5 lgjb] sn] cfÇgf] gfd nV] gk' 5{  .
3_ lgjb] ssf aa' f lghL sfof{nodf sfd ug{'x'G5  .
ª_ lgj]bsn] ljBfnonfO{ w/] } dfof u/]sf] 5  .

l;hg{ f

!= ltdLnfO{ ufpFdf bfhs' f] lax]df hfgk' bf{ ljBfnodf Ps xKtfsf] labf dfUg'k¥of] eg]
s;/L lgjb] g n]V5f} < n]v]/ b]vfpm  .

@= dflysf] kf7df :yfgfGt/0fsf] nflu nl] vPsf] lgj]bg lbOPsf] 5  . ltdL cfÇgf] ljBfnosf
k|wfgfWofksnfO{ ljBfnpdf egf{ ubf{ el/Psf] kmf/fddf cfÇgf] hGdldlt uNtL ePsfn]
;RofOlbg cg/' fw] u//] lgjb] g n]v  .

Jofs/0f

!= tnsf] tflnsf Wofg lbP/ x]/ M

e"t sfn jtd{ fg sfn eljiot\ sfn
d u[xsfo{ ug{] 5'  .
d}n] ux[ sfo{ u/F]  . d u[xsfo{ u5{'  . ltdL sxfF hfg] 5f}  .
ltdL sxfF uof} < ltdL sxfF hfG5f}  . pm syf ;G' g] 5  .
p;n] syf ;G' of]  . pm syf ;'G5  .
5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 111

c_ pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jtg{ u/ M

aa' fn] ld7fO{ Nofpg'eof]  . – a'af ld7fO{ Nofpg'x'G5  .

s_ Pl/sfn] syf egL  . ======================================================

v_ d kf6g b/af/ 3D' g uPF  . ======================================================

u_ tnF} ] /fd|f] lrq agfO;\  . ======================================================

3_ ltdL w/fg uof}  . ======================================================

ª_ pgLx¿n] esG' 8f] vn] ]  . ======================================================

cf_ pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jtg{ u/ M

pHHjn 8fS6/ aG5  . – pHHjn 8fS6/ aGg] 5  .

s_ dx]z ljBfno hfG5  . ======================================================

v_ ds' 'Gb sljtf n]V5g\  . ======================================================

u_ ;'GtnL w'd{;' ;] u“ 3'Dg hfG5]  . ======================================================

3_ pm laxfg} p7/] dlGb/ hfG5  . ======================================================

ª_ dlgiff rf“8} cfp“5]  . ======================================================

ljz]if 1fg

g]kfndf ljleGg j:t'sf nflu kl| ;4 7fpx“ ¿

jf:tljs gfd pkgfd jf:tljs gfd pkgfd

jf;b' j] nO' 6F n] et" sf] legfh ' /fdZ] j/k;| fb rfln; ] /dz] ljsn

rt] dfgl;x+ e08f/L dg' af| hfsL lji0fs' d' f/L jfOaf kfl/hft

ufl] jGbaxfb/' dNn uf7] fn ] ek" G] bd| fg z/] rg ek" L z/] rg

ltnljqmd gD] jfª j/} fuL sfOnF f sz] j/fh nfld5fg ] sz] j/fh lk8F fnL

/fdZ] j/ /fpt dftb[ f; si[ 0fk;| fb e§/fO { si[ 0f w/faf;L

tf/fgfy zdf { tfgf zdf { kb| Lksd' f/ /fO { Jofsn' dfOnf

112 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

KFF7 syf

!* afafsf] cgx' f/
– :jfut g]kfn

efOalxgLx¿;Fu – cfÇgf cfdfaa' f eGbf c¿sf cfdfaa' f
/fd|f] b]vs] f 5f} <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] k|of; u/ M
– ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf cfdfafas' f] cgx' f/ s:tf] nfU5 < – g/fd|f] cgx' f/ ePsf dflg;nfO{ 30[ ff ug{'x'G5 <

– ltdLn] g/fd|f] cg'xf/ ePsf] dflg; b]v]sf 5f} <

:jfut gk] fn k;] fn] kqsf/ tyf jlsn x'g\  . logn] sljtf, uLt, uhn, syf tyf pkGof;
nv] s] f 5g\  . cfÇgf sl[ tx¿df gjLg ljifosf] vf]hL ug{ ?rfp5F g\  . bz] df /xs] f ljleGg
;d:ofsf] lrq ptf/]/ c;ªu\ ltdfly ;ª\ultsf] vf]hL ug{] gk] fn afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu
klg n]V5g\  . logsf kxf8 xfF:bf klx/f] hfG5 sljtf;ª\u|x tyf wld/fsf] b/af/
uhn;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\  . ‘afafsf] cgx' f/’ syfdf syfsf/n] cfÇgf afac' fdf h:tf
eP klg ;Gtfgsf nflu Kof/f xG' 5g†\ ;Gtfgsf nflu afac' fdf cgx' f/n] xfO] g dfof :gx] sf
sf/0f dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f bv] fpg vfh] s] f 5g\  . cg'xf/ ;w}F ;G' b/ eO/xFb}g† kd]|
jf :gx] eg] ;wF} p:t} /xG5 eGg] b]vfpg' g} of] syfsf] ljzi] ftf xf]  . yk s'/f tnsf] syf k9]/ a¹' M

!= ?lrsf sIff $ df k9l\ 5g\  . pgsf] ljBfno pgsf] 3/af6 lxF8/] hfg] xf] eg] bz
ldg6] nfU5 t/ pgnfO{ afafn] ;w}F cfÇg} uf8Ldf ljBfno nu]/ 5f]l8lbgx' 'G5  . pgsf
;fyLx¿ klg w]/h} ;f] cfÇgf afaf, cfdf jf cª\snsf] df]6/ ;fOsn jf uf8Ld} ljBfno
cfp5F g\  . sx] L ;fyLx¿sf] 3/ ljBfnosf] glhs} 5  . pgLx¿ cfÇgf afafcfdf;Fu}
lx8F /] } cfp5F g\, hfG5g\  . sx] Lsf] 3/ cln 6f9} eP klg lx8F ]/} cfpF5g\  .

@= ?lrsf cfh klg c¿ ;fyLx¿eGbf cln l5§} ljBfno kl' ug\  . pgsf] ;a}eGbf ldNg]
;fyL cgh' f;Fu e]6 eOxfNof]  . k/af6 k1| f, ljwftf / P]Zjo{ klg cfpFb} lyP  . k|1fnfO{
p;sf] afafn] ¹fn] f afl] slbP/ xft ;dfpbF } NofO/xg'ePsf] lyof]  . k|1fsf afafsf]
sk8f dn} f] 5  . uf]8fdf rKkn nufpge' Psf] 5  . b'Anf] kftnf] bl] vgx' 'G5  . ;fob sfd
ubf{ub}{ 5f/] L k1| fnfO{ ljBfno k¥' ofpg lx8F \ge' Psf] xfn] f  . To;n} ] ;6{ kfOG6df ;al} t/
sfnf bfux¿ b]lvG5g\  . pxfsF f] cgx' f/df klg s:tf] g/fdf| ] bl] vg] bfux¿ 5g\  .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 113

#= æl5 M k1| fsf] afaf t s:tf] g/fdf| Æ]
?lrsfn] cg'hfnfO{ elgg\, æd]/f]
afaf t Sof lx/f]h:tf] xfO] l;G5  .Æ

$= cg'hfn] klg ?lrsfsf s/' fdf ;xL
yflkg\  . æxf], ;fFRr} dnfO{ klg
ltdf| ] afaf t cl:t zlgaf/ cfPsf]
lkmNd lyof] lg g]kfn 6l] nlehgdf†
Tof] lkmNdsf] lx/f] h:t} nfU5  .Æ

%= vf;df ?lrsf / cgh' fsf] sfd klg To:t} g} x'GYof]  . ljBfnodf ;a}sf afaf cfdfx¿
s:tfs:tf 5g\† sf]sf] /fd|f 5g\† s;sf afaf cfdf g/fd|f eGg] g} pgLx¿sf]
s'/fsfgLsf] ljifo x'GYof]  .

^= k|1f, ljwftf / P]Zjo{n] ?lrsf / cgh' fsf] s'/f w]/} k6s ;l' g;ss] f lyP  . pgLx¿nfO{
?lrsf / cg'hfsf] Tof] afgL dg kb{g} Yof]  .

&= cfh km]l/ ljBfno cfOkU' gl] alQs} ?lrsfn] elgxflng\ k1| fnfO,{ æk|1f, ltd|f] afafsf]
cgx' f/df s] ePsf] To:tf] < 5\ofs]5\ofs] eP/ bfub} fu < l5 M s:tf] g/fd|f]  .Æ

*= k|1fnfO{ ;fRF r} g/dfOnf] nfUof]  . pgnfO{ Ps dg t ?lrsfsf] ufnfdf ˆofDd yKk8n]
xflglbpmF ls h:tf] klg nfUof]  . kml] / pgL ?lrsfn] pxfnF fO{ g/fdf| ] eg]sf] afafn] ;G' g'eof]
ls eGg] nfu/] k5fl8 kms]/{ x]l/g\  . pgsf] dg t bv' s] f] lyof] g}  . Tof]eGbf klg a9L
afafsf] lrQ b'Vnf ls eg]/ lrGtf nfUof]  . k|1fn] sfnf] cg'xf/ nufOg\  . s]xL klg
af]lngg\  . csf]l{ t/ kmlsg{ vfl] hg\  .

(= km]l/ pgs} cufl8lt/ cfP/ cgh' fn] ylkg\, æa'l¹;\ , d/] f] afaf t of] :s'ndf ;as} f]
afafeGbf /fd|f]  .Æ

!)= ?lrsfn] kml] / elgg\, æclg dDdL r}“ d/] f] x,} ;aeGbf /fdL|  .Æ

!!= k1| fnfO{ l/; p7o\ f]  . pgn] elgg,\ æxf;] \ g t, dnfOr{ lxF lsg ;g' fPsL lg <Æ

!@= ?lrsfn] elgg\, æ;fFRr} dnfO{ s:tf] 8/nfU5 ltd|f] afafsf] cgx' f/ b]vk] l5  .Æ

!#= æltdL ltdf| ] dDdL;uF :sn' cfpg] u/ g x}  . x'g t dDdL klg ltdf| ] p:t} x'g'xG' 5  .Æ

5\ofs5] o\ fs ] M cg'xf/df bfu} bfu ePsf] ˆofDd M RofKk ;dfTbfsf] lsl;d
lrQ M dg, Xbo

114 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

cgh' fn] ?lrsfnfO{ ;3fP h:t} u/L
k1| fnfO{ ;Nnfx lbP h:t} ul/g\  . t/,
k1| fn] sx] L klg afl] ngg\  . pgsf
cfFvfel/ cfF;' el/of]  . Tolt s'/f
ubf{ ub{} ;ah} gf sIffleq l5l/;ss] f
lyP  .

!$= k|1fsf cfvF f cfF;'n] 6Dd el/Psf
lyP  . pgL sIff sf7] fdf kj| z] ul/g\  . ;a} a;]  . k1| f eg] cfÇgf] ¹fn] f aG] rdf /flvg\ clg
aflx/ lgl:sg\  . zf}rfnoleq l5l/g\  . 9fs] f aGb ul/g\  . cfFvf lrDn/] cfÇgf] afafsf]
cgx' f/ ;lD¹g\  . cg'xf/df vt 5g\  . sfnf] cg'xf/ 5  . clncln bfx|L klg cfPsf] 5  .
cfdfnfO{ klg ;lD¹g\  . cfdfsf] klg sfnf] d}nf] sk8f ;wF}  . hlta]nf klg kmlgr{ /
k;ndf sfd ul//x]sf]  . cgx' f/ klg ;a}lt/ vl' DrPsf]  . t/, cfÇgf afaf cfdfsf]
cg'xf/ ;D¹g] lalQSs} clt v;' L nfUof] k1| fnfO{  . pgn] ;lD¹g\ – aa' fn] cfkm"nfO{ w/] }
dfof u/]sf]† cfÇgf] ufnfdf DjfOF vfPsf]† cfkm"n] klg afafcfdfnfO{ kfn}kfnf] r'Kkf
u/]sf] .

!%= k|1fnfO{ cfh;Dd s'g}a]nf klg afafcfdfsf] cg'xf/ ?lrsf / cg'hfn] eg] h:tf]
g/fd|f] nfu]sf] 5}g  . æcfxf ¤ d;Fu xf:F bf slt /fd|f] b]lvg'xG' 5 d]/f afafcfdfÆ k|1fn]
;D¹bF f;D¹bF } dgdf cfPsf] s'/f t d'vaf6} lgl:sP5  . k|1f cfkmF} 5Ss kl/g\  . pgn]
yfxf gkfO{ pgsf] cfvF faf6 cf;F ' klg ¹l/;ss] f /x]5g\  . pgL xtf/xtf/ d'v wg' ]
Aofl;glt/ nlDsg\  . cfvF fsf] cfF;' k5' ]/ dv' wf]Og\ clg aflx/ cfOg\  . km]l/ sIffsf7] fsf]
cfÇg} 7fpFdf uP/ al;g\  .

!^= :s'nsf] ;do ;lsof]  . 306L nfUof]  . ;a} aflx/ cfP  . ?lrsfnfO{ lng cfh p;sf]
afaf cfpge' Psf] /x]g5  . pgsf] 3/df sfd ;3fpg] Pshgf cª\sn cfpg'ePsf]
/x]5  . pgL;Fu df6] /;fOsndf a;]/ ?lrsf uOg\  . hfg] an] fdf pgn] k|1fnfO{ lng
cfPsf pgsf afafsf] cgx' f/ o;f] x]//] kml] / l5Ml5M eg] h:t} u//] d'v vD' RofOg\  .
k|1fnfO{ kml] / Psk6s dgdf lr;f] k:of]  . pgn] afafsf] cgx' f/ o;f] xl] /g\  . /,
afafnfO{ af]nfOg\  .

!&= æafafÆ

6Dd M sg' } j:t' el/Fbfsf] cj:yf zf}rfno M rkL{
Aofl;g M xftd'v wg' ] ef8F f] lr;f] k:g ' M zªs\ f nfUg'

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 115

!*= ælsg 5f]/L, s] eof] <Æ
!(= cgx' f/ dfq xl] /g\ k1| fn]  . sx] L afl] ngg\  .
@)= km]l/ elgg\ æafafÆ
@!= æxg} s] eof] <Æ
@@= ævf]O,{ xh/' sf] 6fpsf] ===Æ pgn] afafsf] 6fpsf] tn ug{ ;ª\s]t ul/g\  .
@#= æs] eof] <Æ eGb} pgsf] afafn] 6fpsf] tn NofP  . clg k1| fn] sx] L gaf]nL afafsf]

ufnfdf dfof ul/g\ / elgg\ , æeof]  .Æ
@$= æxg} s] eof] cfh d]/L 5f/] LnfO{ <Æ afafn] 5Ss kb{} eGge' of]  .
@%= pgLx¿ klg 3/ k'u]  .
@^= ptf ?lrsf 3/ k'Ubf afaf t sfd ljzi] fn] ljb]z uO;Sge' Psf] /x5]  . cfh, efl] n, kl;{

ub}{ lgs} lbg eof] pxfF kmsg{ e' Pg  . lgs} lbg lalt;s] t/ klg afaf cfpge' Psf] 5g}  .
@&= cfh rflxF ?lrsfnfO{ w/] } g/fdf| ] nflu/xs] f] 5  . afafn] ;w}F t kmfg] ugx{' G' Yof]  . c¿ an] f

t afaf 3/ 5f8] /] aflx/ hfbF f lgs} lbg gcfP klg pgL s'/f ug{ eg] kfplF yg\  . afaf
hlt;s' } 6f9f eP klg ;uF } a;/] afn] h] :tf] xG' Yof]  . cyft{ \ pgL Nofk6kdf, sDKo6' /df cfÇgL
cfdf;uF } a;/] afaf;uF l6ledf h:t} ja] Sofddf s/' f ulyg{ \  . lxhf] cfh t afafsf] kmfg]
klg cfPsf] 5}g  . j]jSofddf klg s'/f ug{ ;d]t kfPsf] 5}g  . :s'ndf lng klg
;w}F cª\sn dfq cfpg'xG' 5  . t/, k|1fsf] slxn] afaf t slxnf] cfdf cfpg'xG' 5  .
?lrsfnfO{ Psbd} g/fd|f] nfU5  . pgL x/s] lbg 3/ hfFbf afaf cfpg'ePsf] xf]nf eGg]
;f]Rb} hflG5g\  . t/ afaf cfpg'ePs} xG' g  .
@*= Ps lbg pgL 3/ ku' k] l5 PSsfl; afaf cfPsf] yfxf kfOg\  . afaf;Fu s/' f ug{ ldNb}g†
afaf ;l' t/xg'ePsf] 5 eGg] s/' f klg cfdfaf6} yfxf kfOg\  . afaf ;'lt/xge' Psf] 5  .
cg'xf/ 9fss] f] sk8f klg tTsfn} vfN] g ldNb}g /]  . pgL 5Ss kl/g\  . pgnfO{ afafsf]
cg'xf/ slt w]/} xg] { dg nfu]sf] 5 t/ cfdfn] egs] f] xg] { ldNbg} /]  .
@(= ælsg gldNg] cfdf < d x5] {' s,] x5] Æ'{ ?lrsfsf] lh2L cfdfn] vKg g;s/] elgg\, ‘nf,}
x/] la:tf/} x}  .’
#)= cfdfn] ?lrsfnfO{ afafsf] cgx' f/ bv] fOlbg] lalQSs} ?lrsf lrRofOg,\ ægfO=F ==  . of]
sf] xf] cfdf < pxfF xfdf| ] afaf xfO] g  .Æ

ja] Sofd M OG6/g]6af6 kmf]6f,] lel8of] xg] { /
lvRg ldNg] Sofd/f

116 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

#!= ?lrsfsL cfdfn] klg cfFvfel/ cfF;' kfb}{ elgg,\ æ5f/] L ca ltd|f] afafsf] cgx' f/ ;wF}
o:t} xfÆ]

#@= cfdf;Fu nkSs} 6fFl;P/ ?Fb} elgg\ ?lrsfn] æt/ cfdf, pxfF t xfdf| ] afaf g} xf]Og  .
xfd|f] afafsf] cg'xf/;uF clnslt klg ldNb}g  . sf] dfG5]nfO{ oxfF ;'tfP/ xh'/n] afaf
eGg nufpge' Psf] <Æ

##= ?lrsfnfO{ cfdfn] ;D¹fpbF } elgg\  . æ5f/] L ltdLnfO{ afafn] cl:tbl] v g} kmfg] gu/s] f],
j]jSofddf s'/f gu/]sf] sf/0f oxL g} xf]  . pxfF ljb]z uPkl5 Pp6f Uof; RofDa/sf]
b3' {6gfdf kg'{eP5 clg cgx' f/sf] 5fnf hDd} 89]5  . To;}n] pxfFsf] lt3f| lt/sf] df;'
sf6]/ ufnfdf nufP/ olQsf] agfPsf] xf] 8fS6/n]  .Æ

#$= æcfdf pxfF t afaf xf] h:t} nfUbg}  . xfd|f] afafsf] cgx' f/ o:tf] g} lyPg  .Æ ?lrsfn]
kml] / ?bF } elgg\  .

#%= æ5f]/L o:tf] pkrf/nfO{ Knfl:6s ;h{/L eG5g\  . wGo ¤ olQsf] xg' 'eof] ltd|f] afaf  .
8fS6/nfO{ wGojfb egÆ cfdfn] km]l/ ;D¹fOg\ ,æltdf| ] afafsf] bfofF xftsf] a9" L cfF}nfdf
7n" f] sf]7L lyof] lg x]/ t gkTofP  .Æ

#^= pgn] xl] /g\  . xf] /x5]  .

#&= afafnfO{ rnfpg ldNg] cj:yf lyPg  . pxfFnfO{ lgsf] ePkl5 dfq} rnfpg' eg/]
8fS6/n] egs] f] /x]5  . To;}n] ?lrsf ?Fb?} bF } cln k/ a;]/ afafsf] cg'xf/ x]l//xs] L
lyOg\  .

#*= olQs}df ptfaf6 sx] L dfG5]x¿
?lrsfsf] afafnfO{ la/fdL xg' 'eof]
/] eg/] xg] s{ f nflu cfP  . tLdWo]
k|1f / pgsf afaf cfdf klg
5g\  . k1| fn] afaf cfdfaf6 ;a}
s'/f yfxf kfO;ss] L lyOg\ xfdL
?lrsfsf] afafnfO{ xg] { hfg] xf]
eg/]  . ?lrsfsf] dfdf;Fu k1| fsf
afafcfdf s'/f ug{ yfn]  .

Knfl:6s ;h/{ L M laluP| sf] cªu\ zNolqmofåf/f sf]7L M lhpdf bl] vg] sfnf] jf /ftf] dl;gf]
ldnfpg] sfd l6sf]

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 117

#(= k|1f eg] klt{/ afafsf] cg'xf/lt/ kms]{/ cfF;' ¹fl//x]sL ?lrsfsf] glhs p;sf]
s]z d;' fb}{ eGg yflng\ æg/f]pm ?lrsf, ltdf| ] afafnfO{ 7Ls eOxfN5 lg  . d}n] d/] f]
afafcfdfn] s'/f u/]sf] ;'g]sL ltd|f afaf wGo afFRge' Psf] /]  . of] t efUo xf] ls ltd|f
afaf ltdL;Fu} xg' 'xG' 5  . ltdLnfO{ kml] / dfof ug{ ;Sg'xG' 5  .Æ

$)= ?lrsfn] k1| fnfO{ ˆofDd} cFufnf] xflng\ / elgg,\ æk1| f dnfO{ afafsf] ufnfdf s:tf]
r'Ddf ug{ dg nfu]sf] 5  . dfof ug{ dg nfu]sf] 5  . dnfO{ klg pxfFn] ug'{xf];\ eGg]
nfu]sf] 5  . t/ x]/ g pxfsF f] ufnfdf s:tf] vfN6f,] 6f6k] f6] ePsf] / lgsf] gePsf
3fpx¿ 5g\  . slxn] lgsf] xG' 5 xf]nf x} <Æ

$!= k|1fn] 8/fpFb8} /fpFb} elgg\ æt/ oL 6f6fx¿ t ca hlt lgsf] eP klg x/fpbF }gg\ /] lg,
clncln 3fp ePsf] eP 7Ls x'g;SYof] /]  . t/ cg'xf/el/sf] ;a} 5fnf 89]sf] / sx] L
¹/s] f]n] pxfFsf] t klxnfsf] h:t} xg' ;} St}g /] dn} ] ;'gs] L  .Æ

$@= ?lrsfn] elgg\,æk1| f cgx' f/ h:tf] xf;] \ g d]/f] afaf t xf] lg  . dnfO{ hGd lbg,] dnfO{
dfof ug{], d]/f afaf  .Æ===

$#= kml] / Psl5g\ /f]lsP/ ?lrsfn] g} elgg\,‘;/L k1| f dnfO{ dfkm ul/bp] m, dn} ] klxnf ltdf|
afafnfO{ ss] ] eg]sf] lyPF  .

$$= æs] s'/f u/]sL ?lrsf < d}n] ltdLnfO{ sx] L eg]sL lyPF / ¤ ltdLn] d/] f afafcfdfnfO{
o;f] eGof} eg]/ <Æ k|1fn] ?lrsfsf] xft ;dfOg\ / elgg\ æcgx' f/, ¿k/ª h]h:tf] eP
klg cfdfafaf egs] f cfdfafaf g} xg' \ lg  . ltdL g8/fpm ;a 7Ls x'G5  .Æ

$%= ?lrsf / k1| f b'j} cFufnf] df//] ?g yfn] === ¤

wGo M kz| ;+ f ug{ of]Uo 6f6k] f6 ] M /ª\uLla/ªu\ L† 6f66} f6f ePsf]
s]z M skfn

cEof;

zAb 1fg
!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
ljBfno, PZ] jo{, ljz]if, wGojfb, bfx|L
@= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
l5Ml5M, dv' vD' Rofpg', cuF fnf] dfg'{, ¿k/ª, 6f6k] f6], gfOF

118 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ n]v M
Knfl:6s ;h{/L, zf}rfno, wGo, 6f6]kf6], 6Dd

$= z4' kf//] nv] M
s] s/' f u/l] s ?rLsf < dOn] ltldnfO s]lx eg]sf] lyoF / ¤ ltldn] d]/f jfjf cfdfnfO{

P;f] eGof} eg/] <

%= dflysf] syfaf6 dflg;sf] gfdnfO{ a¹' fpg] zAbx¿ vfh] /] n]v  .

^= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ vf]h]/ n]v M
6f9f, /dfOnf], cufl8, g/fdf| ,] clnslt

k7g afw]
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ ‘afafsf] cgx' f/’ syf s;n] nv] s] f xg' \ <
v_ ?lrsf slt sIffdf k9l\ 5g\ <
u_ ljBfnodf pgLx¿sf] s'/fsf] ljifo ss] ] x'GYof] <
3_ k1| fnfO{ lsg g/dfOnf] nfUof] <
ª_ s;sf] cgx' f/ b]vk] l5 ?lrsfnfO{ 8/ nfU5 <
r_ zfr} fnoleq l5/k] l5 k1| fn] s;nfO{ ;lD¹g\ <
5_ ?lrsfn] lsg d'v vD' RofOg\ <
h_ ?lrsfsf afafn] kmfg] gug{'sf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
¹_ ?lrsfn] lsg k1| f;uF dfkmL dflug\ <
`_ ?lrsf / k|1f lsg ?g yfn] <

@= dflysf] syf /fd/| L k9 clg tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] xg' †\ 56' o\ fP/ n]v M
s_ 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ cfÇgf cfdfafas' f] cgx' f/ h:tf] eP klg ;fx|} /fd|f] nfU5  .
v_ cgx' f/ /fdf| gx'g] afcfdfsf 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ ;a}n] xK] g'k5{  .
u_ cfÇgf] afafsf] cgx' f/ g/fd|f] eGbf k|1fnfO{ ;fx}| b'Mv nfUof]  .
3_ ?lrsfsf] afafsf] cg'xf/ b3' {6gfdf k/]/ 89s] f] lyof]  .
ª_ ?lrsfsf] afafsf] cj:yf bv] /] k|1f ;fx|} v;' L eOg\  .

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 119

#= tnsf egfO ss;sf xg' ,\ dflysf] syf k9]/ kQf nufpm M
s_ ‘d/] f] afaf t Sof lx/f] xf]Ol;G5  .’
v_ ‘xf];\ g t, dnfO{ rflxF lsg ;'gfPsL lg <’
u_ ‘lsg 5f]/L, s] eof] <’
3_ ‘5f]/L, ca ltd|f] afafsf] cgx' f/ ;w}F o:t} xf]  .’
ª_ ‘cg'xf/, ¿k/ªu\ hh] :tf] eP klg cfdfafaf egs] f cfdfafaf g} xg' \  .’
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ k|1fsf afaf s:tf] bl] vgx' G' 5 <
v_ k|1fsf] cfFvfel/ lsg cfF;' el/GYof] <
u_ ?lrsfnfO{ k|1fn] s]s] eg/] ;D¹fOg\ <
3_ ?lrsfsf] afafsf] cgx' f/sf] 5fnf lsg klxnfsf] h:tf] xg' ;s]g <
ª_ ?lrsfn] lsg k1| f;uF dfkmL dflug\ <
%= ‘afafsf] cgx' f/’ syfn] lbg vf]h]sf] lzIff s] xf] < cfÇg} zAbdf aofg u/  .

l;h{gf
!= tnsf] hfgsf/L k9 clg Pp6f syf nv] M
3gf hª\undf rf/ hgf ;fyLx¿ ======= 3D' g' ===== tLg hgf w/] } k9s] f ====== Pp6f cgk9

====== k9s] f ;fyLx¿n] cgk9n] sx] L hfGbg} eGg] ;fR] g' ======= af6fd] f sx] L x88\ L kmn] f
kfg{' ========== To;nfO{ hf8] /] af3 agfpg' ============ To;df kf| 0f eg{] s/' f Pp6fn] atfpg'
=========== cgk9 s6] fn] gdfGg' =====;fyLx¿n] p;nfO{ dv" n{ fO{ sx] L yfxf gxg' ] atfpg'
============ p;n] To;f] eP d ¿vdf r95\ ' clg dfq af3df kf| 0f eg{' eGg' / ¿v r9g\ '
========== ¿v r9]kl5 ljåfg\ ;fyLx¿n] af3nfO{ hLjg lbg' ========== af3n] tLg} hgf
ljåfgx\ ¿nfO{ vfg' ========== ¿vdf r9s] f] cgk9 s6] f afR“ g'  .

120 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

Jofs/0f

!= tnsf] tflnsf Wofg lbP/ x/] M

sfnsf kIfx¿

sfn ;fdfGo ck0" f{ k"0f{

jtd{ fg sfn ltdL vfgf vfG5f}  . ltdL vfgf vfFb} 5f}  . ltdLn] vfgf vfPsf 5f}  .

et" sfn dn} ] uLt ufPF  . d uLt ufpbF } lyPF  . dn} ] uLt ufPsf] lyPF  .

eljiot\ sfn xfdL kfv] /f hfg] 5fF}  . xfdL kfv] /f hfbF } xg' ] 5fF}  . xfdL kfv] /f uPsf xg' ] 5fF}  .

s_ pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} tnsf jfSox¿ kl/jtg{ u/ M
zª\s/ es'G8f] v]N5  . -ck0" f{ jt{dfg_ – zª\s/ esG' 8f] v]Nb} 5  .
c_ d}n] lr7L n]vF]  . -;fdfGo eljiot_\ ===================================================
cf_ cfdfn] vfgf ksfpg'ePsf] 5  .-;fdfGo et" _ =======================================
O_ xfdL jgef]h hfG5f}F  . -k"0f{ et" _ ======================================================
O_{ ltdL Jofs/0f k9\g] 5f}  . -ck0" f{ eljiot\_ ============================================
p_ efO sljtf nV] 5  . -k0" f{ jt{dfg_ =====================================================

v_ k0" f{ jt{dfg sfnsf kfrF jfSodf cfÇgL cfdfsf] af/]df n]v  .
u_ eljiot\ sfnsf lqmofx¿sf] ko| f]u u//] cfÇgf] kl5sf] of]hgfsf] af/]df aofg u/  .

ljzi] f 1fg

g]kfndf dgfOg] kd| v' rf8kjx{ ¿

b;,F} ltxf/, DxMkh" f, hgk} l" 0fd{ f, ufOh{ fqf, OGbh| fqf, la:s6] hfqf, sz' c] f;F} L, gfuk~rdL,
Ob, Ånf;] f/, a4' hoGtL, lqm;d;, u7d] ªu\ n, tLh, si[ 0ffi6dL, pwF fn} L–peF fn} L,

u¿' kl" 0fd{ f, dftftLy{ cf;F} L, /ftf] dR5LGbg| fysf] ofqf, u9LdfO{ dn] f, ofd] xL| kl" 0fd{ f,
uf/} f kj,{ 57 kj,{ df3] ;ªq\ mflGt, kmfuk' l" 0fd{ f, rt} ] b;“}

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 121

KFF7 sljtf

d]/f] 3/!( – /d]z lIflth

efOalxgLx¿;Fu – ltdL| cfdfn] ltdLnfO{ s;/L dfof ugx{' G' 5 <
– bz] elSt egs] f] s] xf] <
tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] ko| f; u/ M
– ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf] 3/sf] dfof slQsf] nfU5 <
– ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf] bz] sf] dfof nfU5 <

/d]z lIflth slj tyf uLtsf/ x'g\  . logsf csf]{ ;fF¹ kv/{] ;fF¹df, 3/ kmls{/x]sf]
dflg; -sljtf;ªu\ |x_ cfkm}F cfÇgf] ;fyL ePF -uLt;ªu\ |x, lIflth -uLlt PNad_ k|sflzt
5g\  . logL syf klg n]V5g\  . logsf syfx¿ ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df ks| fzg ePsf
5g\  . ;/n efiffdf rf]l6nf] sljtf n]Vg] lIflth cfÇgf] ;dosf rlr{t slj x'g\  . logsf
uLtx¿ w]/} nf]slk|o /x]sf 5g\  . ‘d]/f] 3/’ sljtfdf sljn] gk] fnnfO{ cfÇgf] 3/sf]
¿kdf lrgfPsf 5g\  . b]z eGg' g} 3/ xf]  . h;/L xfdL b]zsf] dfof u5f}{+ To;/L g}
b]znfO{ klg dfof ug{k' 5{ eGg] s/' f of] sljtfdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5  . cfÇgL cfdf / bz] p:t} ePsf] / bz] nfO{
cfdfnfO{ h:t} cfb/ ugk{' g{] s'/f sljtfdf pNnv] ePsf] 5  . yk s/' f sljtf k9/] a'¹ M

;fgf] xfn] f d/] f] 3/
d/] f nflu ;+;f/ xf]  .
hxfF hGd,]F x's],+{ v]nF]
ToxL df6f] cfwf/ xf]  .$.

sg' } 7"nf] bzg{ sf]
lstfa d/] L cfdf  .
cfkm" ?ˆb} n'sfplF 5g\
;Gtfg vfl] snfdf  .*.

bzg{ M hLjg hutn\ fO{ ulxl/P/ x]g{] zf:q vf]lsnf M sfvLd'lgsf] efu

122 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

elG5g\ gfpF sdfpg" /] pmhf{ M an, zlSt, tfut
5ftL rf8} f agfpg" /]  . bz] elSt M bz] nfO{ ul/g] k|]d
xhf/ tf/fx¿aLr
h'g eO{ pbfpg" /]  .!@.

ljwftf d cfkmF} cfÇgf]
kl;gfn] efUo n]V5'  .
8f]a aG5 l;hg{ fsf]
hxfF dn} ] kfOnf 6S] 5'  .!^.

cfkm}lF eq ;Dk"0f{ d
xftuf8] f 5 ;DklQ  .
cflzif\ lbg] d/] L cfdf
pmhf{ lbg] bz] elSt  .@).

ljwftf M efUo lgdf{0f ug]{ bj] tf
8fa] M bfu, lrgf], 8fd

cEof;

zAb 1fg
!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;uF pRrf/0f u/ M
;+;f/, efUo, l;hg{ f, ;Dk"0f,{ cflzif\
@= dflysf] sljtf k9/] rGbl| aGb' nfus] f sg' } kfrF zAb vfh] /] n]v M
#= jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
7n" f], kfOnf, cfdf, ;+;f/, rf8} f, pmhf{

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 123

$= tnsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ nv] M
8fa] , ljwftf, vf]lsnf, bz{g, pmhf{

%= dflysf] sljtfaf6 cg'kf| ;o'St zAbx¿ vf]h/] n]v  .

k7g af]w
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ‘d/] f] 3/’ sljtf s;n] n]vs] f x'g\ <
v_ sljnfO{ cfÇgf] ;fgf] 3/ klg s:tf] nfu]sf] 5 <
u_ cfdf sljnfO{ s;/L ns' fplF 5g\ <
3_ slj s]n] cfÇgf] efUo n]Vg rfxG5g\ <
ª_ sljnfO{ s;n] cflzif\ / pmhf{ lbPsf 5g\ <
r_ sljsf ;DklQsf gfpdF f s]s] 5g\ <

@= sljtfsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] xg' †\ 56' o\ fP/ n]v M
s_ slj cfkm" hGd]/ xs' ]s{ f] 7fpnF fO{ dfof u5{g\  .
v_ sljnfO{ cfÇgL cfdfn] wg sdfpg' eg]sL l5g\  .
u_ slj cfÇgf] efUosf] ljwftf c¿nfO{ g} agfpg rfxG5g\  .
3_ cfdf / b]zn] ;wF} pmhf{ lbG5g\  .
ª_ slj cfkm" n] kfOnf 6]s]sf] 7fpFdf l;h{gfsf] 8fa] ags] f] b]vs] f 5g\  .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ sljn] cfkm" hGds] f] 7fpFnfO{ s;/L ;lD¹Psf 5g\ <
v_ sljn] cfdfsf] rrf{ s;/L u/]sf 5g\ <
u_ sljsf] 3/ s:tf] 5 <

$= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M
‘d/] f] 3/’ sljtfdf sljn] cfk"m hGds] f] 7fpF / b]zsf] aofg s;/L u/]sf 5g\ < cfÇg}

zAbdf nv]  .

124 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

l;h{gf
!= tnsf dWo] sg' } Ps ljifodf sljtf n]v clg sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm  .
s_ d/] f] ljBfno
v_ d]/L cfdf

@= ltdLnfO{ ;ae} Gbf /fdf| ] nfu]sf] sg' } Pp6f sljtf n]v clg sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;g' fpm  .

Jofs/0f

zAb e08f/
!= p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ kof{ojfrL zAb elgG5  . tnsf] pbfx/0f x/] M
rGb| – ;fd] , zzL, h'g, rGbd| f
/ft – /flq, lgzf, /hgL, ofldgL
ljzfn – 7"nf], :y"n, a8]dfgsf]
xfjf – jfo,' ;dL/, kjg, atf;
;"o{ – /lj, efg', lbjfs/
cfdf – dftf, hggL, dd' f
kY[ jL – wtL{, w/0fL, w/f

@= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb elgG5  . tnsf] pbfx/0f x/] M

dfof – 30[ ff xf]rf] – cUnf ] j/ – k/

sfnf ] – uf]/f ] w]/} – yf/] } ;ªn\ f] – wldnf]

;kmf – kmf]xf]/ ;fgf] – 7n" f ] afSnf] – kftnf]

s_ tnsf zAbx¿sf] kofo{ jfrL zAb nv] M
xft, cfsfz, cfv“ f, rGb|, gf/L, /ft, pGglt, ljBfno, kfv] /L, lstfa, af6f]

v_ tnsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nv] M
;kmf, dL7f,] pHofnf], gof,“ rf/] , u'g, cflb, cdt[ , OHht

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 125

ljz]if 1fg sx] L kf/} fl0fs kfqsf cfdfx¿

s;sf] < sf] < s;sf] < sf] <
eLid uªu\ f /fd sfz} Nof
si[ 0f bj] sL xgd' fg \ c~hgf
ol' wi7/, eLd, chg{' sG' tL /fj0f ss} zL
gsn' , ;xbj] dfbL| kÅ| nfb sofb'
cledGo ' ;e' bf| k/z/' fd /0] fs' f
bo' fw{] g ufGwf/L e/t ss} o] L

126 5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/

KFF7 kf}/fl0fs syf

@) l;l;km;sf] lgolt

efOalxgLx¿;Fu

– ltdLn] sg' } s/' f ug{] lgZro u/s] f 5f} < – sg' } sfd ;kmn ePg eg] s] u5f{} <

– dfG5] eP/ hlGdg kfPsfd] f ltdL v;' L 5f} < – s;n} } cGofo u/s] f] bV] of} eg] ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfU5 <

dflg;n] slxNo} s'g} s'/fdf klg k|of; ug{ 5f8] g\ ' xG' g  . sfd ubf{ slxn]sfxLF c;kmn klg x'g ;lsG5 t/ x/;]
vfP/ efUg] dflg; slxNo} ;kmn xg' ;Sb}g  . cufl8 cfOk/s] f ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ lg/Gt/sf] ko| f;
cfjZos k5{  . l;l;km; lu;| bz] sf k/' fgf syfx¿df jl0ft{ kfq xg' \  . pgL ;G' b/ ;;+ f/ 5f8] /] hfg rfxbF g} y]  .
pgn] o;sf nflu w]/} s8f kl/>d ug'{k¥of]  . lg/Gt/sf] k|of; kl5 klg ;kmntf xft k/]g t/ klg pgL k|of;
ug{ eg] kl5 k/g] g\  . l;l;km;sf] syf Wofg lbP/ k9 clg pgsf] hLjgdf ss] :tf ;d:ofx¿ cfOk/s] f lyP a¹' M

!= gfgL xf] ¤ s'/f] w]/} cufl8sf] xf]† Toltv]/ lu|; b]zdf ;;fgf /fHox¿ lyP  . ltg}
/fHox¿dWo] Pp6fdf P;f]k; gfd u/]sf /fhf lyP  . pltan] f /fhfx¿ w]/} zlStzfnL
x'Gy] cfÇgf] zlStsf] kb| z{g ug{ pgLx¿ cGo /fHodf cfqmd0f uy{,] c¿nfO{ b'Mv
lbGy]  . c¿nfO{ lhtk] l5 cfkm" zlStzfnL ePsf] dfGy]  .

@= To;a]nf :ju{sf /fhf h'lk6/ lyP  . pgL k[YjLdf x'g] x/]s ultljlwx¿ Wofg lbP/
x]y]{  . pgnfO{ klg cfÇgf] zlSt k|bz{g ug]{ OR5f eof]  . pgn] P;fk] ;sL 5f]/L Plhgfsf]
ckx/0f u/] / :ju{ nu]  .

#= 5f/] Lsf] ckx/0f ePkl5 /fhf P;f]
k; lrGtfsf] ;fu/df 8a' ]  . 5f/] LnfO{
hl' k6/sf] sAhfaf6 s;/L 56' fpg
;lsG5 eGg] s/' fsf] lrGtfn] u:| t
ePsf P;f]k;n] ;Dk"0f{ j[QfGt
l5d]sL l;l;km;nfO{ ;g' fP  .
l;l;km; sfl] /Gysf afl;Gbf

ckx/0f M s;}nfO{ hah{:tL lnP/ hfg] sfd jQ[ fGt M j0fg{ , an] Llj:tf/

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 127

lyP  . P;fk] ;n] l;l;km;nfO{ cfÇgL 5f]/LnfO{ h'lk6/af6 5'6fP/ NofOlbP sf]l/Gysf
afl;Gbfsf] nflu kfgLsf] gx/ agfOlbg] kl| t1f u/]  .

$= l;l;km; klg w]/} k/fqmdL lyP  . pgsf] ;fx;sf] rrf{ rf/l} t/ km}lnPsf] lyof]  . pgn]
PlhgfnfO{ hl' k6/sf] sAhfaf6 h;/L eP klg 56' fP/ Nofpg] jrg P;fk] ;nfO{ lbP  .
geGb} l;l;km; :ju{ ku' ]  . /fhf h'lk6/;uF eLif0f o'4 u/] clg pgnfO{ x/fP/ PlhgfnfO{
lkmtf{ NofP/ P;f]k;nfO{ a'¹fP  .

l;l;km;sf] ;fx; bv] ]/ P;f]k; t
v';L eP t/ b]jtfx¿ eg] w/] } l/;fP  .
l;l;km;sf] ;fx; cfÇgf] nflu xflgsf]
ljifo aGg ;S5 eGg] 8/n] b]jtfx¿ 7"nf]
kmfh} sf ;fy k[YjLdf cfP  . pgLx¿n]
5n, anåf/f l;l;km;nfO{ aGbL agfP  .
l;l;km; ;fx;L t lyP t/ h'lk6/sf]
ljzfn ;]gfsf] cufl8 pgL PSn} s] g}
ug{ ;Sy] / < aGbL agfOPsf] l;l;km;nfO{ kftfndf nluof] / ToxLF sb} ul/of]  . pgsf]
cj:yf lbg kl| tlbg gfhs' aGb} uof]  . Ps lbg pgn] kftfnsf /fhfnfO{ cGwsf/ sf/
fuf/df aGbL agfPOsf sf/0f cfkm" dg}{ nfu]sf] va/ k7fP  . dg{} nfu]sf] x'bF f cfk"m Ps
lbgsf nflu kY[ jLdf uP/ cfÇgL kTgLnfO{ e6] \g] OR5f clGtd OR5fsf] ¿kdf /xs] f] x'Fbf
Tof] k/" f ug{ cg/' fw] u/]  .

%= dflg;sf] clGtd OR5f k"/f ug'k{ 5{ eGg] ;f]r/] kftfnsf /fhfn] pgnfO{ Ps lbg kY[ jL
hfg] cg'dlt lbP  . pgL kftfnsf] cWF of/f] sb} vfgfdf nfdf] ;do a;s] f lyP  . pgnfO{
k[YjLsf] pHofnf], xl/ofnL tyf ;f}Gbo{ ljlrqsf] nfUof]  . k[YjLsf] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf
b]v]/ pgL dGqd'Uw eP  . Ps lbgsf] nflu kY[ jLdf a:g] cg'dlt kfPsf l;l;km; k/' }
lbg kY[ jLsf] ;f}Gbo{ x]//] n67\ k/]  . cfglGbt eP/ kd|] df dUg xbF' fxF'b} lgb|fn] 5fk] s] f] klg
pgnfO{ kQ} ePg  .

sAhf M cfÇgf] lgoGq0fdf lng] sfd gx/ M v]taf/Ldf kfgL nufpg agfOPsf]
k/fqmdL M axfb/' , jL/, kf/} vL, kl/>dL 7"nf] sn' f]
eLif0f o4' M 8/nfUbf] n8fOF
sf/fuf/ M ˆofnvfgf, h]n sb} vfgf M h]n, ˆofnvfgf
aGbL M yg' j' f, hn] df k/]sf] dGqd'Uw M n6\7 k/s] f,] df]lxt

128 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

^= ef]lnkN6 Ao¹F' bF f aflx/ ¹ndNn 3fd nfu]sf] lyof]  . l;l;km;sf] ;fydf p;sL dfofn'
kTgL klg lyOg\  . pgL v';L lyP  . cfglGbt lyP  . olQsd} f kftfnsf /fhfn] Ps lbgsf]
nflu k[YjLdf a:g cg'dlt lbPsf] s/' f ;D¹]  . pgL cToGt bM' vL eP  . l;l;km;nfO{
;'Gb/ kY[ jL / Kof/L kTgL 5f]8/] hfg] dg ePg  . pgn] kftfn kmlsg{ l9nf u/]  .

&= ædfG5]nfO{ ljZjf; ug{ gx'g] /x5] , ul/of] 7"nf] en' eof]  . hfcf] kY[ jLdf uP/
l;l;km;nfO{ Nofcf]  .Æ kftfnsf /fhfn] cfÇgf ;g] fx¿nfO{ cfb]z lbP  . /d0fLo /
pHofnf] wtL{df cfÇgL hLjg;lF ugL;Fu /dfO/xs] f l;l;km;nfO{ cFWof/f] kftfndf n}hfg
;g] fx¿ cfOk'u]  . l;l;km;nfO{
kftfndf hfg / dg{ dg nfug]  .
pgnfO{ wtL{df g} a:g] OR5f
eof]  . pgn] ;g] fx¿nfO{ eg,] æd
k[YjL 5f]8]/ st} hfGgF  . ltdLx¿
kms]/{ hfcf]  .Æ /fhfsf] cf1f
kfng ug{ cfPsf l;kfxLx¿n]
pgnfO{ kmsfp{ g w]/} k|oTg u/]
t/ ;sg] g\  . w/] } ko| f; ubf{ klg
l;l;km;nfO{ kftfn kmsfp{ g g;s]kl5 pgLx¿ cfkm}F kmlsP{  .

*= o;/L g} lbgx¿ laTb} uP  . bj] tfx¿n] l;l;km;nfO{ wDSofpbF } kftfn kmlsg{ cfbz] lbO/x]
t/ pgn] 6/] kR' 5/ nfPgg\  . l;l;km;sf] o:tf] lh2L bj] tfx¿nfO{ dg k/g]  . pgLx¿n]
l;l;km;nfO{ s;n} ] sNkgf klg ug{ g;Sg] vfnsf] s7f/] ;hfo lbg] lg0fo{ u/]  . oltv/]
l;l;km;sf] sx] L nfug]  . pgn] bj] tfx¿sf] lg0fo{ nTofpg ;sg] g\  . pgnfO{ ljzfn
kxf8sf] kmb] df nluof]  . ToxfF pgnfO{ Pp6f chªu\ sf] 9ª' u\ f] l3;fb{} 6fs/' fdf kU' g] ;hfo
lbOof]  . pgL Tof] ;hfo efU] g afWo eP  . pgn] prfn/] nus] f] 9ª' u\ f] 6fs/' fdf kU' bfgkU' b}
uN' 6/] kmb] Ldf kU' Yof]  . pgn] kml] / Tof] 9ª' u\ f] 3r6] b\ } dfly k¥' ofpgk' Yof{]  .

(= l;l;km;n] 9ª' \uf]nfO{ lzv/df k'¥ofpg hlt ko| Tg u/] klg pSt 9'ª\uf] tn cfOk'UYof]  .
hlt u/] klg pgL ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\  . pgLk|lt b]jtfx¿sf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ePg  .
b]jtfx¿n] pgsf] lg/Gt/sf] >d tyf sfok{ l| t rf;f] lbPgg\  . h;/L eP klg pgn] Tof] 9'ª\uf]

/d0fLo M dgf/] d, ;G' b/, dg nf]Eofpg] chªu\ M a8d] fsf], Hofb} 7n" f]

6]/kR' 5/ gnufpg' M jf:tf gug,{' eg]sf] gdfGg'

5l/tf] g]kfnL – efu rf/ 129

lzv/df k'¥ofpg} kg{] pgLx¿sf] lg0fo{ klg km]l/Pg  . pgn] ko| f; ug{ klg 5f]8g] g\  .
cgGt sfn;Dd l;l;km; ToxL 9ª' u\ fsf] kl5 nflu/x] t/ of] ;G' b/ kY[ jL 5f8] /] dg{ rfxg] g\  .
olt ;'Gb/ kY[ jLdf Psrf]l6 kfPsf] hGd pgL To;} d/]/ v]/ kmfNg rfxFb}gy]  . To;}n]
pgn] afFRgsf nflu lg/Gt/ ;ª3\ if{ ul//x]  . cfk"mn] hlt k|oTg u/] klg 9'ª\uf] u'N6]/
tn ¹5{ eGg] hfGbfhfGb} pgL Tof] 9ª' \uf]nfO{ wsn] /] dfly nfg] k|of;df lg/Gt/ nfu]  .
of] k|lqmof p;/L g} rln/Åof]  .

cgGt sfn M cToGt nfdf] ;do, g6ª' \lug] ;do

cEof;

zAb 1fg

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M
cfqmd0f, k[YjL, P;fk] ;, 9'ª\uf,] lg0f{o, eLif0f, j[QfGt
@= z'4 kf/L k'gnv]{ g u/ M
cfkm' n] htL kP| Tg u/] klg 9ª' uf] u'N6]/ tn ¹/5\ eGg] hfGbfhfGb} plg Tof] 9'ªuf]nfO{

9sn] ]/ dfly nfg] ko| fzdf lg/Gt/ nfu]  .
#= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ nv] M
/d0fLo, 6]/k'R5/ gnfpg', dGqd'Uw, sAhf, ckx/0f
$= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
bj] tf, kftfn, cFWof/f,] /fhf, ;kmn, tn
%= jfSodf ko| f]u u/ M
lg/Gt/, ¹ndNn, ;hfo lbg,' sf/fuf/, k/fqmdL, kftfn
^= dflysf] syfaf6 ‘;’ / ‘z’ sf] k|of]u ePsf kfFrkfrF zAb vfh] ]/ nv]  .
&= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb nv] M
k|oTg, ;fG} bo,{ kY[ jL, b]z, kTgL, o4' , jL/

130 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

*= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M

s}bvfgf axfb/'

gx/ a]nLlj:tf/

k/fqmdL dg nf]Eofpg]

jQ[ fGt 7"nf] sn' f]

dgf/] d ˆofnvfgf

k7g af]w
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs jfSodf pQ/ bp] m M
s_ plt an] fsf /fhfx¿ s:tf lyP <
v_ P;fk] m;n] l;l;km;;u“ s:tf] kl| t1f u/] <
u_ l;l;km;nfO{ sxf“ nu/] sb} ul/of] <
3_ l;l;km;n] kftfnsf /fhfnfO{ s:tf] va/ k7fP <
ª_ ;g] fx¿ lsg kmls{P <
r_ l;l;km;nfO{ ;hfo lbg sxf“ nluof] <
5_ l;l;km;sf] clGtd OR5f s] lyof] <

@= 7Ls a7] Ls 5§' ofpm M
s_ l;l;km; kftfndf cToGt /dfOnf] u//] a;]sf lyP .
v_ 5f/] Lsf] ckx/0f ePkl5 /fhf P;f]k; lrGtfsf] ;fu/df 8'a] .
u_ cfÇgL kTgL;u“ /dfO/xs] f l;l;km;nfO{ ;g] fx¿n] wGojfb lbP  .
3_ l;l;km;n] ;lhn};“u 9'ª\uf] prfn/] lzv/df k'¥ofOlbP  .
ª_ kftfnaf6 ;g] fx¿ cfPkl5 l;l;km; 8/n] y/y/ sfDg yfn]  .

#= tnsf egfO ss;sf x'g\ < dflysf] syf k9]/ kQf nufpm M
s_ ‘hfcf] k[YjLdf uP/ l;l;km;nfO{ Nofcf]’  .
v_ ‘d k[YjL 5f8/] st} hfGgF  . ltdLx¿ kms{]/ hfcf]’  .
u_ ‘dfG5]nfO{ ljZjf; ug{ gx'g] /x5] ’.

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 131

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M
s_ l;l;km;n] lsg bj] tf;uF o4' u/] <
v_ kftfndf aGbL agfOPsf l;l;km;sf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
u_ l;l;km;nfO{ lsg k[YjL 5f8] ]/ kftfn hfg dg nfu]g <
3_ l;l;km;nfO{ afRF gsf nflu s:tf] ;ª\3if{ ugk{' ¥of] <
%= l;l;km;nfO{ ltdL s:tf] JolStsf] ¿kdf x]5f{} < cfÇgf] ljrf/ nv]  .
^= nfdf] pQ/ b]pm M
l;l;km;n] afFRgsf nflu ug'{k/]sf] ;ª3\ if{ cToGt s7f]/ lyof] eGg] s/' f syfsf] cfwf/

df :ki6 kf/  .

l;h{gf
!= k/' f0f eg]sf] wd{sf s/' fx¿ n]lvPsf k':ts xg' \  . o:tf k'/f0fx¿df w/] } y/L syfx¿

x'G5g\  . ltdLn] klg o:tf syf ;'g]sf x'g'k5{  . 6]lnlehgdf x]/]sf x'g'k5{  . ltdLnfO{
/dfOnf] nfu]sf] sg' } k/' f0fsf] 36gf sDtLdf bz jfSodf n]v  .
@= cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ dxfef/tdf j0f{g ePsf s'g} bz hgfsf] gfd ;f]w clg sfkLdf
n]v  .

Jofs/0f
!= pbfx/0f bv] fOP h:t} jfSox¿ kl/jtg{ u/ M
alxgL ux[ sfo{ u5{]  . – alxgLaf6 u[xsfo{ ul/G5  .
s_ /dz] ldlxgt] u5{  . v_ u'? 5l/tf] gk] fnL k9fpg'xG' 5  .
u_ cfdfn] vfgf ksfpge' of]  . 3_ ki' snn] ;G' tnf vfof]  .
ª_ alxgL dfdf3/ hfg] 5]  . r_ lbbL ¹f]nf af]Sgx' g' ] 5  .
@= tnsf jfSox¿ pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} u/L ldNbf] ;o+ f]hs /fv]/ hf]8 M
d skmL vfG5'  . d lrof vfGgF  . – d skmL vfG5' t/ lrof vfGg“  .

132 5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/

s_ kfgL k5{  . hf8f] x'G5  .
v_ ltdL gfR5f}  . d uLt ufpF5'  .
u_ aa' f cfpgx' g' ] 5  . aa' fn] ld7fO{ Nofpgx' 'g] 5  .
3_ ToxfF sfkmn kfS5  . ToxfF r/L gfR5  .
ª_ ltdL ldlxg]t u//] k9  . ltdL cgQ' L0f{ x'g] 5f}  .

ljz]if 1fg

kf/} fl0fs kfqsf jfxgx¿

dxfbj] sf ] – gGbL u0fz] sf] – d;' f
;/:jtLsf ] – xf;F OGbs| f ] – P/] fjt xfQL
– do/"
lji0fs' f ] – u?8 sd' f/sf ] – nf6fs] f;] /] f]
bu' fs{ f ] – l;x+ nIdLsf ]

5l/tf] gk] fnL – efu rf/ 133