Revised Subharmbha social 6 2077 for sir ctp

Lesson Nepalese Character:
Unity In Diversity
3

Nepal is a small country which has extreme physical and cultural diversity. It
has unique landforms ranging from extreme hot Terai in the south to freezing
Mountain in the north. It supports varied flora and fauna. The landform
ranges from 59m from sea level to the world's highest mountain Mt. Everest
(8,848m). There are more than 6000 rivers among which many of them are
snow fed and perennial. This geographical diversity has led to ethnic and
cultural diversity in Nepal. There are more than 125 nationalities and 123
dialects. Different nationalities reside in different parts of the country. They
follow their own customs, cultures and traditions making Nepal very rich in
cultures and traditions.
From the southern plain of Terai to the world’s highest peaks in the north,
Nepal is the home of all Nepalese. Nepal is a beautiful garden of all the
ethnic groups and nationalities residing here.
The ethnic groups of Limbus, Rais, Sunuwar, Jirel etc live in the eastern
hill region. Sherpas, who are influenced by the Tibetan culture, inhabit in
the Himalayan region. Newars constitute the important ethnic group in
the Kathmandu Valley. The ethnic groups of Tharu, Yadav, Satar, Danuwar,
Meche, Koche, Rajbansi, Santhals, etc live in the Terai region. Magars,
Gurungs, Thakali, Bhotes, Matwali, Chhetris live in Western , Mid-western
and Far-Western hill and mountain regions. Bahun and Chettri are generally
spread all over Nepal.
Although different ethnic groups and nationalities speak their own languages,
Nepali is the national offical language of Nepal. It is spoken and understood by
majority of the people. We all feel proud to be called Nepalese.
There are different religious communities in Nepal like Hindus, Buddhists,
Islams, Kirats, Christians, Sikhs, Jains etc. They have their own religious
festivals, rites and rituals. In spite of all these diversities, there is religious
tolerance in Nepal. Religious tolerance means respecting each other’s
religions, rituals and festivals. Since historical time, people have been
participating in each other’s festivals and ceremonies. There are no records
of any religious conflicts or arguments in Nepali society. People of different

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 51

religious faiths have been living in peace and harmony throughout the
history. There is unity in religious diversity.
These cultural, religious, lingual, geographical and biological diversities are
in fact our national identity and pride. We may be different in culture, religion,
language and live in different parts of the country, but we are one, united
and known as Nepali, and our motherland is Nepal. In spite of all these
diversities, there is unity. There is mutual co-operation and understanding
among different groups and communities. They have respect for each
other’s culture, tradition and religion. This has created cultural and religious
harmony among the Nepalese people. We all are proud of being Nepalese.
We should feel proud that there has been strong bond of unity among us.
It is our utmost duty and responsibility to promote it. The key to ‘Unity in
Diversity’ is co-operation, understanding, tolerance and respect for each
other’s religion, language and culture.

Points to Remember:

F Nepal is a socially, culturally and religiously diverse country.
F Nepal is multi-ethnic, multi- religious, multi-lingual and multi-religious country.
F There are more than 125 ethnic groups, 123 dialects.
F Although these diverse groups of people have their own culture,

religion, language, festival, rites and rituals, there is unity among
them.
F Nepal has no records of religious and tribal fighting.
F It’s every citizen’s utmost duty and responsibility to uphold and
promote unity in diversity.

Key Terms and Words:

• Conflict: long disagreement
• Diversity: to become more varied
• Ethnic: group of people who have common cultural tradition
• Fauna: animal of a particular region
• Flora: plants of a particular area
• Tolerance: understanding, broad-minded

52 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What has led to ethnic and cultural diversity in Nepal?
2. How many ethnic groups are there in Nepal?
3. How many languages or dialects are spoken in Nepal?
4. What is our official language?
5. What do you mean by religious tolerance?

Short answer questions:
1. What do you mean by unity in diversity? Write with examples.
2. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural country. Justify.
3. How can you say that there is cultural diversity in our country?
Answer with examples.
4. Nepal is rich in geographical and biological diversity. Support the
given statement with examples.
5. Is there unity in diversity in Nepal? Write your answer in five sentences.
6. Why is unity in diversity important for a country like Nepal?

Community Based Works:
a. What are the different castes, tribes, languages, festivals found
in your community? In what way there is unity in diversity in your
community? Prepare a report and share in your class.
b. Have you ever attended any festivals, ceremonies, rites and rituals
of your friend or neighbour who follow different religion or belong to
different community than yours? Write your experiences under the
following headings and present in your class.
i. Name of you friend/ neighbour:
ii. His/ her religion or community:
iii. Occasion:
iv: Your experience:
v: Conclusion or your feelings:
c. Make a list of the castes of all friends in your class. Also list the
festivals they celebrate and the language spoken in their families.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 53

Lesson Our Cultural Heritage

4

Introduction: Culture
Culture refers to the way of life of a group of people or society which is
manmade. It includes social customs, tradition, language, costumes,
ornaments, music, folklore, monument, sculpture, painting, coins etc.

Introduction: Heritage
Heritage means valued objects, expressions, creations, arts, architectures
etc that have been passed down from generation to generation.

Therefore, cultural heritage is the valued property of a group or society that
is handed down from generation to generation, maintained in the present
and left for the benefit of the future generation. Cultural heritage is formed
by the creativity of the people. They have historical, artistic and scientific
value. Nepal is rich in culture and cultural heritage. Some of the cultural
heritages of Nepal are listed below:

Traditional Costumes: Bhoto, Daura-Suruwal, Topi, Dhaka Topi
Kachhad, Dhoti, Kamij, Gamchha, Pagari, Pangden, Anggi,
Bakkhu, Gado, Ghalek, Tikiya, Bona, Petani, Makhali,
Hakupatassi, Gaman, Klatoli, Gangar, Lehenga, etc.

Sirbandi Traditional Ornaments: Dhungri, Bulaki, Fuli, Kalli,
Tilahari, Naugedi, Sirbandi, Kampani-Mala, Chandra-
Har, Aunti (Ring), Nathuni, Bicchiya, Mugamala, Hasuli,
Cheptesun etc.

Traditional Song/Dances : Deuda, Lakhe nach
Balan, Sangini, Maruni, Kaura, Ghatu,
Selo, Sakelasili, Syabru, Jhijhiya,
Samachakewa, Dhan-Nach, Dhangdhane
Nach, Lakhe Nach, Jhangad Nach, Satar
Nach, Chyabrung, Bhairab Nach, Sawai,

54 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Sakhiya, Sorathi, Cha Chari, Hungkeli etc.

Folk Musical Instruments: Panchai-Baja (Sahanai, Tyamko, Damaha,
Nagara, Jhyali), Sarangi, Binayo,
Murchunga, Tungna, Dhol, Jhyamta,
Yalambar, Damphu, Mridang,
Dhime, Ektare, Majire, Bansuri,

Murchunga Damaru, Madal, Murali, etc

Bastukala (Architecture): Pagoda style Krishna Mandir
(Temple of Pashupatinath, Changu Narayan,
Nyatapole te) , Stupa style (Maya Devi Temple,
Swayambhunath, Boudhanath), Chaitya,
Shikhara style (Krishna Mandir ), Gumbhaj,
Mugal (Janaki Mandir ) etc.

Murtikala(Sculpture): They include Metal, Stone and Wooden Sculpture.
Birupakchya at Pashupati, Budanilkantha, Idols of Lord Buddha and various
Gods and Goddesses, carved idols of Gods and Goddesses in the temples
and palaces etc.

Wooden Sculpture

Traditional Utensils: Karuwa, Amkhora, Khadkula, Anti,
Surahi, Gagri, Kanch-Ko-Thal, Kachaura, Tapke etc.

Karuwa

Traditional Products: Khukuri, Nepali Kagaj, Radi, Pakhi, Khukuri
Gundri, Nanglo, Dalo, Sukul, Khadiko Kapada, Dhaka
Topi, Dhaka Kapada, Dhaka Khasto etc. 55

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Traditional Rituals: Chhaiti Nawaran, Pasni, Chhewar, Pasni
Bratabandha, Bibaha, Ihi, Bhim, Janku, Ratharohan,
Ghewa, Mundan, Nwangi, Mangenna, Garva Puja,
Shuddhain, Hakika, Khatana, Janaja etc
Our country is rich in cultural heritages. The above
mentioned are only some examples. It is our duty to
find, protect, preserve and promote them.

Points to Remember:

F Culture which includes social customs, tradition, language, costumes,
ornaments, music, folklore, monument, sculpture, painting, coins etc,
refers to the way of life of a group of people or society.

F Heritage means valued objects, expressions, creations, arts etc that
have been passed down from generation to generation.

F Cultural heritages, in which Nepal is rich, have historical, artistic and
scientific value.

F Traditional ornaments, dresses, musical instruments, sculptures,
architectures, productions, traditional rituals etc are our cultural
heritages.

F It is our duty to find, protect, preserve and promote our cultural
heritages.

Key Terms and Words:

• Architecture: the design and construction of buildings
• Costume: traditional dress
• Custom: doing something that is specific to a society, place
• Folklore: the traditional belief, stories of a community passed on by

word of mouth
• Monument: a statue or structure built to commemorate a person or

event.
• Sculpture: the art of carving figures and shapes out of stone, wood or

metal
• Tradition: belief from generation to generation

56 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. Which community of people wear Bhoto -Kachhad?
2. Which two ornaments go with Dhungri and Bulaki?
3. In which place is Deuda dance performed?
4. Name the musical instruments of Panchai Baja.
5. Which materials are used in our traditional sculpture?
6. Name the four important Bastukalas of Nepal.
7. Name the traditional products made from bamboo.
8. To which religion is the ritual ‘Mangenna’ related?

Short answer questions:

1. Write the names of four communities and their traditional dresses.
2. Write the names of four communities and their traditional ornaments.
3. Make a list of at least three dances and mention the communities

who perform them.
4. Name the local materials that we use for making our traditional

products. Where they are mostly produced?
5. What are the importance of cultural heritage? How can we preserve

it?

Community Based Works:

a. Make a list of cultural heritages available at your home and in your
community.

b. With the help of your guardians, prepare a note on the religious
rituals performed from birth to death in your family. Present it in the
classroom and find the similarity and dissimilarity from others.

c. Which cultural heritages mentioned in the lesson are not familiar to
you? Gather the information about them with the help of your Social
Study teacher, guardian and friends and neighbours.

d. Prepare and sing any one of the folk songs in your class.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 57

Lesson Our Cultural & Religious
Heritage Sites
5

Nepal is a multi-religious, multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country. There
are many cultural and religious heritages and sites in Nepal. Every year
thousands of pilgrims come to visit Nepal. Kirkpatrick, one of the earlier
European historians of Nepal had truly remarked, “There are nearly as many
temples as houses and as many idols as inhabitants”. Some of the cultural
religious heritages are mentioned below.

Cultural Sites:

Bhaktapur Durbar Square: It is in Bhaktapur city about 15 km east of
Kathmandu. It was the palace
of the Malla Kings of Bhaktapur.
It consists of the old palaces
and several temples. They are
the fifty-five windows palace,
the Golden Gate Temple, the
Nyatpol Temple, Dattatraya
Temple, statue of Bhupatindra Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Malla, National Art Gallery, and
several other shrines built in
pagoda and shikhar styles. It is
one of the most visited cultural heritage sites in Nepal. It is enlisted in the
World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 AD.

Bouddhanath Stupa or Mahachaitya: It is in Bouddhanath Stupa
Kathmandu about 7 km East of Ratnapark.
It is the biggest stupa in Nepal. It is believed
to be built in around 5th centuary. There are
more than 45 other Buddhist monasteries
in this area. It is one of the holiest shrines
of the Buddhists. Thousands of pilgrims and
tourists visit this stupa daily. It is enlisted in
the World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979
AD.

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Changunarayan Temple: It is the second
World Heritage Site in Bhaktapur. It is
located on a hilltop, a few km to the north
of Bhaktapur Durbar Square. It is about 22
km to the east of Kathmandu city. It is the
oldest temple in Nepal. It was built during
the reign of the Lichhavi King Mandev in the
4th centuary. It is built in the pagoda style.
There are small shrines around the temple.
The idols and statues of Lord Vishnu with Changunarayan Temple

10 heads and 10 arms, different birds and
animals at the entrance doors of the temple are excellent works of art and
architectures. Inscriptions on stone, wood and metal found there tell the
history of the ancient Nepal. It is enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1979
AD.

Hanumandhoka Durbar Square: It is located at the centre of the national
capital, Kathmandu city. It
used to be the palace of the
Malla Kings and later of the
Great King Prithivinarayan
Shah. There is a statue of
Hanuman in front of this palace,
established by Pratap Malla,
so it is called Hanumandhoka.
Besides the palace, there are
some masterpieces of Nepali Hanumandhoka Durbar Square

art and architecture like the
Basantapur palace, Taleju temple, museum, Kumari house, Kasthmandap,
a large traditional bell, a kettle drum in this area. It is enlisted in the World
Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1972 A.D.

Lumbini: It is in Rupandehi district, Lumbini Lumbini
zone in the Western Development region. It
is the birth place of Lord Buddha. It is the
holiest shrine of the Buddhist pilgrimage
sites. There is the Ashok pillar erected by
Emperor Ashok in 245 BC. Mayadevi temple,

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 59

Puskarini pond, and several splendid stupas, research centre, library and
monasteries are the special features of this place.

China, Myanmar, Japan, Germany, France, Vietnam, South Korea, India, Sri
Lanka, Thailand have constructed monasteries there. It is enlisted in the
World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997 AD.

Pashupatinath Area: It is another World Heritage Site in Kathmandu. It is
situated in the east of Kathmandu on the bank of the River Bagmati. It is the
holiest place of the Hindus. This place includes Deupatan, Jayabageswori,
Gaurighat, Kutumbahal,
Gausala, Pingalasthan and
the area of the Shleshmantak
forest. There are nearly 492
temples, chaityas, sattals etc
mostly built in the pagoda
style. There are one thousand
Shivalingas. Pashupatinath
temple is a two storey pagoda
style temple measuring about
24m in height and built on a
square platform. The two level
roofs are of copper with gold
covering. The massive doors Pashupatinath Area

on four sides are silver plated and carved with the images of deities and
auspicious symbols. The temple has gold pinnacle (Gajur). The main idol,
Jyotirlinga carved on black stone has four faces facing to four different
directions. The four faces are named differently: the east facing as Tatpurush,
the west facing as Sadojat, the north facing as Bamadeva and the south
facing as Aghor.

There are several other religious sites around Pashupati Temple area like
Brahma Temple, Gorakhnath and Vishwarup Temples, Guheswori Temple,
Kirteswor Mahadev Temple etc.This area attracts thousands of visitors from
within and outside the country every year. There is also a cremation ghat
(aryaghat) in the area. Pashupati Development Trust (PDT) takes care of this
area. It is enlisted in the world heritage site by UNESCO in1972 A.D.

Patan Durbar Square: It is the only World Heritage Site in Lalitpur. It used
to be the palaces of the Malla Kings of Patan in the medieval Nepal. This

60 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

heritage site has some masterpieces
of Nepalese ancient art and
architectures. The most famous
Krishna mandhir, built with only stones
in the Shikhar style, Bhimsen temple,
Biswanath temple, Jagatnarayan
temple, Bangalamukhi temple,
Mahabouddha, Kumveswor Mahadev
temple, Rato Machhindranath temple,
a statue of Yognarendra Malla, Patan Patan Durbar Square

museum, and the courtyard are the
attractions of this square. It is one of the world heritage sites enlisted by
UNESCO in 1979 AD.

Swayambhunath Stupa: It is one of
the holiest religious and cultural sites
of both the Buddhists and the Hindus.
Both the Buddhists and the Hindus go
there to worship. It is situated on top of
a small hill overlooking the Kathmandu
Valley. It is instantly recognizable as a
symbol of Nepal. The lofty white dome
and glittering golden spire are visible
for many miles from all sides of the Swayambhunath Stupa

valley. There are Lord Buddha’s eyes
on all four sides of the stupa. They symbolize that god is omnipresent. It is
believed to be built during the 5th century.

Several shrines, chaityas, painted images, monasteries and idols are
located around the stupa. There are two white shikhar style temples, Ajima
or Harati and Manjushree or Saraswoti, near the Swayambhunath stupa.
They were built by King Pratap Malla. Temple of Ajima or Harati is known as
the protector of small children. Manjushree is worshipped as Saraswati by
the Hindus.

This stupa is regarded as the symbol of religious tolerance and national unity
as there are both Buddhist stupa and the temple of Hindus. Recently, one of
the biggest Buddha statues has been built near this stupa. Swayambhunath
stupa is one of the World Heritage sites enlisted by UNESCO in 1979 AD.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 61

Religious Sites:

Ram-Janaki Temple: Ram-Janaki temple is situated at the heart of Janakpur
in Nepal. It is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess Sita, the adopted
daughter of King Janak. The temple was built by Queen Brisabhanu Kunwari
of Tikamagrah, Central India
in 1911 A.D. It cost about
nine-lakhs rupees to build the
temple. So the temple is also
called Nau Lakh Mandir or
Temple of Nine Lakh Rupees.
The temple is a blend of
Mughal and local architecture.
The temple is a three storey
building and has sixty rooms, Temple of Ram-Janaki

making it the largest temple of
the country. Hundreds and thousands of devotees and pilgrims from Nepal
and India visit Janakpur during Ram Nawami and Bibaha Panchami. Other
holy sites in Janakpur include Ram Temple, Layman Temple and Hanuman
Temple. This temple is also listed under the tentative list of World Heritage
Sites by UNESCO.

Jamal Mosque : Jamal Mosque is located in Bag Bazar near Ghanta Ghar
of Kathmandu city. It is the biggest mosque of Islam people in Kathmandu.
Every Friday, people belonging to Muslim community go to this mosque to
offer prayers and read Namaz.

Larumba : Larumba, which is in Mangsebung, Illam is a sacred religious
place for the people of Kirant community. There is a Manghim, a Kirat
temple. The holy book of Kirant is Mundhum. Followers of Kirant religion
from Nepal, India, Burma and Bhutan gather here during religious occasions
and ceremonies. The people around here are strictly prohibited for drinking
alcohol, smoking and sacrificing animals. The pilgrims offer flower, naivedya,
cloth, grain and money.

Assumption Church : Assumption church is Assumption Church, Dhobighat
located in Dhobighat in Lalitpur district in
Nepal. People following Christian religion
visit the church to offer their prayers to Lord
Jesus Christ. There is a beautiful thanka

62 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

painting depicting the life and service of Jesus Christ on the wall. It is the
largest catholic church in the valley which was constructed in 1995 A.D.

The above mentioned cultural an religious sites are only a few of many such
sites. Such religious and cultural sites
are situated all over the country from
Mechi to Mahakali and from Terai to
Hill and Mountains. There are many
temples, gumbas, vihars, mosques,
churches, and chaityas. To name a few
of them: Halesi of Khotang, Swargadwari
of Pyuthan, Gosainkunda of Rasuwa,
Pativara of Taplejung, Chhintag
Bhagawati of Dhankuta, Mankamana of
Gorkha, Muktinath of Mustang, and so
on. People following different religions Pativara, Taplejung

go there to pray and worship. But the
unique feature of Nepali culture is religious tolerance. We all respect each
other’s religion.

Heritages are very important to us. They mean a lot of things to us. They
are symbols of our social
and national unity, history,
pride and identity. They
are sources of income,
inspiration, creative activities,
recreation, entertainment,
history, literature, technology
and other valuable aspects
of our civilization. They give
guidelines and directions in our
daily lives. They promote both
domestic and international
tourism. All these religious Halesi Mahadev, Khotang

heritages are common wealth
of the Nepalese people. It is every Nepali’s utmost duty and responsibility to
protect, preserve and promote these cultural heritages.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 63

Points to Remember:

F Nepal is a multi-religious, multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country.
F There are many cultural and religious heritages and sites in Nepal.
F Kirkpatrick, one of the earlier European historians of Nepal had truly

remarked, “There are nearly as many temples as houses and as many
idols as inhabitants”.
F Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Boudhnath Stupa, Chngunarayan Temple,
Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square, Lumbini, Patan Durbar Square,
Pashupatinath temple area and Swayambunath Stupa are the cultural
heritage sites enlisted in the World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
F Ram Janaki Temple, the biggest temple in Nepal, is dedicated to Sita,
daughter of King Janak.
F Pashupati temple, the holiest pilgrimage site of the Hindus, is the
symbol of faith, religion and culture. It is enlisted in the list of World
Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1972AD.
F Swayambhunath Stupa, which has glancing eyes of Lord Buddha,
symbolizes that god is omnipresent.
F Nepal is a religious tolerant country where all the religions have equal
respect.

Key Terms and Words:

• Pilgrim: a person who journeys to holy place for religious reasons
• Tolerance: accept things
• Deities: gods and goddesses
• Dome: a rounded roof of a building
• Omnipresent : present everywhere
• Self-respect: pride, confident in one-self

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. Where is Ram-Janaki Temple situated? To whom is the temple
dedicated?
2. What is the architectural style of Ram-Janaki Temple?
3. When was Pashupatinath enlisted in the list of world Heritage by
UNESCO?

64 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

4. When was Swayambhunath Stupa enlisted in the list of World
Heritage by UNESCO?

5. Which religious site is visible for many miles and from all sides of
Kathmandu Valley ?

6. What do all religions teach people?

Short answer questions:

1. What makes Nepal rich in religious heritage?
2. What do you understand by the remarks given by Kirkpatrick, the

early European Historian, about Nepal?
3. What is the other name of Ram-Janaki Temple? Why was it called

so?
4. What do the four eyes of Lord Buddha symbolize?
5. Name the two shikhar style temples established by King Pratap

Mall. Why do people go there to worship?
6. Why is Nepal called a religiously tolerant country?
7. Why should we protect our religious heritages?

Long answer question
1. Write a letter to your friend describing about the Pasupatinath Temple.

Community Based Works:

a. Find out the names of the religious heritages located in your
community or neighbourhood. Find out to which religion are they
related? Prepare a description of the characteristics of religious
heritage. Present them in the classroom for class discussion. Display
them in your school display board.

b. Other than given in the lesson, collect the name of one important
religious place for each religion: Hindu; Buddhist; Islam; Christian
and Kirant. Complete by making the following column as an example:

Name of Name of religious Location: Village/
religion heritage municipality

District Importance Description Ways to preserve
3. List the positive aspects of each and every religion.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 65

Lesson Our National
Personality
6

National Personality

Those people who have had greatly contributed Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh
to the overall well-being and development of the
country are known as national personalities.
They do so by life-long hard work, dedication
and sacrifices. There are many such patriots in
our country. They are the sources of inspiration,
knowledge, courage, devotion, dedication and
sacrifices. We should remember, respect, and
follow their footprints.
Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh

Childhood and Education : Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh was born on 7th
Bhadra 1934 BS, at Hatisa Palace, Chainpur in Bajhang district of Seti Zone.
At that time, Bajhang used to be a Rajauta (a princely state) under Nepal. He
was the son of King Bikram Bahadur Singh and Queen Rudra Kumari Singh.
He acquired his early education in his own palace. Then he came to Durbar
High School in Kathmandu for further studies. He completed Matriculation
Examination from Calcutta (Kolkata) and I.A (Intermediate in Arts) from
Illahabad, India. He was married to a daughter of Chandra Shumsher.

Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh belonged to a royal family. But he did not like the
life of luxury and comfort. He believed in simple living and high thinking. He
was a true patriot, social worker and humanitarian. That is why he sacrificed
his kingdom and luxury for the sake of the people, country and the world.

Contribution to Education : Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh was fond of studies.
He devoted all his time in studying and writing books. At that time, one
needed to have the minimum qualification of ‘ Four Pass’, means reading,
writing, arithmetic and law in order to get employment. But, there were no
books written or published in Nepal. So Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh felt the
strong necessity of books. Then he wrote and published some books for
Nepali readers. To promote education, he wrote nearly two dozen of books

66 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

in various fields like accounts, education, laws, geography and literature.
Some of the famous books written by him are Akshranka Shiksha, Balbodh,
Prakritik Byakaran, Bhasakosh, Gyanmala, Bhugol Bidhya, Shresta Bodh,
Shikshya Darpan, Matribhasa etc. These books helped people in getting
employments. He also wrote books for children. That is why he is called
‘The Father of Education’ in Nepal. This was his greatest contribution to the
Nepali people and Nepal. He was also the first chief editor and manager of
the ‘Gorkhapatra’, the first daily national newspaper.
Other Contributions : Jay Prithi Bahadur Singh was a true humanitarian. He
was against the Rana rule in Nepal. So he was exiled into India by the Ranas.
He went to Illahabad and then to South India. He settled down in Bangalore
in South India. He wrote three books on ‘Humanism’ there, which made
him very famous. He wanted to establish schools for orphans and destitute
children in Nepal. But the Ranas were against his idea, and they did not
allow him to do so. Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh established such a school in
Myanmar, which was named as ‘Jay Prithivi Institute’. He was determined
to work for peace, unity and brotherhood. He travelled to many places of
Europe and Asia for the promotion of humanity.
Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh spent the rest of his life in Bangalore, India.
He died on 1st Ashoj 1997 BS at the age of 63 in Bangalore. We should
remember and respect to such a great son of Nepal.

Points to Remember:

F Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh was born in Chainpur, Bajhang on 7th
Bhadra 1934BS.

F He believed in simple living and high thinking.
F He sacrificed his kingdom and the luxury for the sake of people,

country and the world.
F He greatly contributed to the field of education in Nepal.
F He was the first person to write and publish books in Nepal.
F He is called the ‘Father of Education’ in Nepal.
F He dedicated his entire life for humanity, peace, unity and brotherhood.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 67

Key Terms and Words:

• Contribution: give in order to help achieve
• Destitute: extremely poor and lacking the means to provide for oneself
• Humanitarian: concerned with human welfare
• Patriot: who strongly supports and defend the nation
• Promote: upgrade, publicize

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. When and where was Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh born?
2. Who were his parents?
3. Why was he exiled?
4. Why did he travel to Europe and Asia?

Short answer questions:
1. What kind of person was Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh?
2. Write about his contributions in the field of education.
3. Why did he feel necessary to write books?
4. What were his contributions to society and humanity?

Community Based Works:
a. Divide the class into groups. List the activities that can be performed
for the welfare of your school. Present the work in the class for
evaluation by the teacher.
b. Mention the names of any four national personalities who have
contributed in the field of literature in Nepal. Write about any one of
them and the contribution made in the field of literature.
c. List the books that were written by Jay Prithivi Bahadur Singh.

68 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Lesson Our National
Personality
7

TULSI MEHAR SHRESTHA: A GREAT SOCIAL WORKER

Introduction

Tulsi Mehar Shrestha was born in Kuli Mha
Tole of Lalitpur district on 30th December,
1896 AD. He was the only child of his family.
In those days, Nepal was under the autocratic
rule of the Ranas. Nepali society had deep
rooted social evils like untouchability, caste-
discrimination and discrimination of women.
He was strongly against these social evils.

Tulsi Mehar felt the strong need to eradicate
these social evils which remained as obstacles
to the progress and unity in the society. So,
he started his campaign for social reforms
and national unity. Very soon, he became a Tulsi Mehar Shrestha

popular social figure among the people. However, the Ranas did not like the
popularity of Tulsi Mehar as a social worker. Consequently, he became the
victim of Rana Prime Minister, Chandra Shumsher. He was accused as anti-
national and exiled to India for six years.

Contributions
The exiled period turned to be blessing in disguise for Tulsi Mehar. He got
chance to meet Mahatma Gandhi who is known as Father of nation in India.
At that time, India was under the rule of England. Mahatma Gandhi was
against the British rule in India. So he had launched anti-British movement
to free India. Tulsi Mehar also joined the Indian Independence Movement. He
was greatly inspired by the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, such as peace,
non-violence, service to others, self-reliance and self-discipline. He was also
impressed by Mahatma Gandhi’s Charkha Movement. This movement was
to boycott the British-made-clothes and to give importance to homemade
clothes.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 69

Tulsi Mehar returned to Nepal after the completion of his exile to India. He
wanted the people to be self-reliant. So he launched Charkha Movement. He
established an organization called “Shree Tin Chandra Kamadhenu Charkha
Pracharak Mahaguthi” after the name of Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher
in 1927 AD. It was in fact one of the first social service organizations in
Nepal. Later on, the movement was criticized by the Rana Prime Minister,
Bhim Shumsher. He banned the Charkha Movement and imprisoned Tulsi
Mehar.

Tulsi Mehar remained in Jail till the Bhim Shumsher
establishment of democracy in Nepal in 2007
BS. Then, he became free to carry on his social
services. He established an organization in
commemoration of Mahatma Gandhi named
“Gandhi Smarak Nidhi”. The main objectives of
the organization were to eradicate hunger and
illiteracy from the nation. Such organizations
were established even outside Kathmandu
Valley. Tulsi Mehar gained reputation for his
noble work far and wide.

Tulsi Mehar was highly inspired by the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi. He too
believed in simple living and high thinking as Mahatma Gandhi.

Awards and Honours
Tulsi Mehar was awarded Jawaharlal Nehru Award for international
understanding by the government of India in 2033 BS. The money awarded
to him was donated to the women empowerment training center rather than
personal.

Tulsi Mehar Mahila Ashram was established in his memory in 2036BS. A
number of organizations have been established to honour Tulsi Meher. They
are: Tulsi Mehar UNESCO Club, Tulsi Mehar Sadan Mahaguthi, Tulsi Mehar
Samaj Sewa Puraskar etc.

Tulsi Mehar, known as the “Gandhi of Nepal.” He died on 11th Ashoj,
2035BS. Though this great son of Nepal is no more with us, his ideals and
good works will always be reminding us about him. We should respect and
appreciate such benevolent works of anybody in our society.

70 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Points to Remember:

F Tulsi Mehar was born in Kuli Mha Tole of Lalitpur district on 3oth
December, 1896AD.

F He was strongly against the deep rooted social evils that existed in
the Nepali society.

F He was one of the pioneer social workers of Nepal.
F His campaign for social reforms and unity wasn’t liked by the Ranas,

and he was exiled to India.
F He took part in the Indian Independence Movement launched by

Mahatma Gandhi.
F He was extremely impressed by the Charkha Movement launched by

Mahatma Gandhi .
F He also launched Charkha Movement in Nepal after his return from

India.
F After the restoration of democracy, Tulsi Mehar became free to

continue his social services.
F Tulsi Mehar was honoured and awarded with many prizes.
F He is known as the “Gandhi of Nepal.”
F He died on 11th Ashoj, 2033BS.

Key Terms and Words:

• Boycott: refuse to have dealings with as a punishment or protest
• Commemorate: keep alive the memory of
• Exploit: treat or use unfairly
• Exile: send away, drive out
• Patriot: a person who strongly supports his country
• Philosophy: an attitude that guides one’s behaviour

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 71

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:
1. Where and when was Tulsi Mehar born?
2. Who was strongly against of social evils?
3. By whom was he extremely inspired ?
4. What were the philosophies of Mahatma Gandhi?
5. Why was Tulsi Mehar exiled to India?
6. Why is Tulsi Mehar called the 'Gandhi of Nepal'?

Short answer questions:
1. What was the first social service organization established by Tulsi
Mehar? What was its aim?
2. What movement did Tulsi Mehar launch after his return to Nepal
from exile? Was he successful in his movement?
3. What organization did he establish after the restoration of
democracy? What were its objectives?
4. Name the awards and honours given to Tulsi Mehar.
5. Mention the organization established in the name of Tulsi Mehar.

Community Based Works:
a. There may be some social workers in your community. Collect
information and write about any one of them.
b. Divide your class into groups. Make plans on what activities can
be done for the welfare of the local community and present in the
class.
c. Organize an speech competition on the topic “Service to mankind is
service to the God.”

72 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

UNIT

3

OUR SOCIAL
PROBLEMS AND THEIR

SOLUTIONS

In this lesson, we will learn about the following subjects:
• Our Social Problems and Evils

• Role of Individual, Family and Local Bodies in Preventing Social Problems

• Conflict and Its Management

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 73

Lesson Our Social
Problems & Evils
1

Introduction: Social Problems
Social problems are immoral, illegal, bad, undesirable and violent actions of
the society which obstacle the positive development of society.

Introduction: Social Evils
The social norms, values, rituals, cultures and traditions that have negative
impacts on society are known as ‘Social Evils’. They are the hurdles of the
smooth development of humankind and nation. Social problems are the
cause of social evils.

Some activities and practices make the society and some destroy the society.
Those that destroy the society are social problems and evils. As a matter of
fact, social problems give birth to social evils.

There are many social problems and evils in our society. The main causes of
these problems and evils are :

1. Illiteracy
2. Poverty.
3. Ignorance
4. Lack of awareness,
5. Superstition
6. Male supremacy
7. Outdated and Traditional thinking,
8. Unemployment,
9. Negative influence of foreign culture etc.
People take alcohol in the name of religious rituals, festivals and celebrations.
Alcoholism causes severe health problems. It disturbs peace in the family
and society. It misuses money and resources. Many ethnic people make
alcohol at home. A lot of grain is wasted in producing alcohol. Even small
children are used to taking alcohol from their early childhood.

74 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

In the name of tradition and culture, people spend a lot of money on festivals,
rituals, ceremonies, weddings, etc. Gender discrimination, untouchablity,
domestic violence and child labour are some examples of such social evils.

Gender Discrimination
The unfair treatment of a person based on
his or her sex is called gender discrimination.
Man and woman are considered to be two
wheels of a chariot. Society cannot exist
without one of them. In every society, about
half of the population comprise of women.
Precisely speaking, women are slightly
more than men in Nepal. However, in terms
of rights and opportunities, women are always behind men. Women are
looked down and they are mostly confined to traditional household chores.
There are practices of early marriage, polygamy, unmatched marriage and
preference of son to daughter. Girls are considered somebody’s property
and a burden for a family. So, instead of sending them to school, they are
married off at early age. They are victims of domestic violence. Some women
are charged as witchcraft and treated inhumanly. Women are not paid as
males for the same work. This gender-discrimination badly effects the rapid
socio-economic development of the nation.

Third Gender (Tesro Lingi)

The third gender or third sex people, individuals
who are categorized as neither man nor woman,
have been going through hard situation in our
society. Their true identity as a third gender person
is ignored by the family and society. They cannot
walk freely on the streets because people’s eyes
stare at their odd appearance. Families feel
ashamed of, and think that it is a sin to have such Third Gender

children. Society also makes fun of them. Thus,
the third gender people are deprived of their rights and opportunities. They
are discriminated in education, health, employment and family life.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 75

Drug Abuse
Drug abuse is another social problem. It is growing alarmingly.
It is a serious problem especially among the youths. It affects
our society in different ways. Drug abusers involve in criminal
activities. They not only ruin their own lives, but also destroy
the peace, prosperity and happiness of their families and
societies.

Untouchability (Chhuwachhut)
Untouchability is one of the serious social problems in our society. Low
caste people are regarded as untouchables. Such untouchable castes are
prohibited from entering the temple and
houses of high caste people. High caste
people do not eat foods cooked or touched
by the so called untouchables. Such act is an
inhumane act. No one is born as touchable
or untouchable, everybody is equal by birth.
It is the people or the society who have
created such distinctions among the people.
It is a curse to our society. It must be ended
as soon as possible. It is one of the obstacles
for the prosperous development of the nation. it is a kind of germ which
weakens the country. Thus, we should take an immediate action to control
and eliminate this system from each and every section with the feeling of
humanity.

Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is a gender based social
evil that occurs within the domain of a house
or family. It is also known as family violence.
In Nepal, more than eighty percent of the
violence constitutes of domestic violence.
The various causes of domestic violence
are related to dowry, polygamy, disputes
involving properties and assaults on women
accused of being witches. This indicates
that even the home is not a safe place for women.

76 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Child Labour
Child labour is another growing social problem in Nepal. There are still many
children deprived of basic child rights.

Today’s children are tomorrow’s leaders. Child Labour
Unless they are given right education and
environment, they can be nuisances to society
and nation in future. In spite of this fact, there
are many children employed as labourers
in different types of work. It is mainly due
to ignorance, illiteracy, and poverty of their
parents.

The incidence of child labour in Nepal is
relatively high compared with other countries in South Asia. Nepal has 34%
of its children between the age of 5 and 14 who are involved in child labour,
compared with 12% in the South Asia region as a whole. Most of the child
labourers are employed in agriculture.

Points to Remember:

F Society consists of many different types of people.
F Social problems give birth to social evils.
F There are many deep rooted social problems and evils in our society.
F Gender discrimination, untouchability, domestic violence, child labour

etc are some of social evils.
F The unfair treatment of a person on the basis of his or her gender is

called gender discrimination.
F Untouchability, which is resulted by caste system, is an inhumane act,

and a curse to our society.
F Domestic violence, which is also called family violence, is caused due

to dowry, polygamy, property disputes etc.
F Child labour deprives of the children of education and opportunities.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 77

Key Terms and Words:

• Appearance: the way that some one looks
• Chores : small or odd jobs, routine works
• Domain: an area
• Domestic: relate to home or family
• Identity: the fact of being oneself or itself
• In sprite of : although
• Nuisance : something offensive or annoying
• Violence: intended physical behavior to hurt or damage

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is social problem?
2. Give two examples of social problems that exist in your society.
3. What is social evil? Give any two examples.
4. What gives birth to social evil in our society?

Short answer questions:
1. List any six causes of social problems and evils.
2. What is drug abuse? How can you stop it? Give at least four suggestions.
3. What kinds of social problems are there in our country? List them out,
and also mention solutions to them.
4. List out the social evils, and describe two of them in brief.
5. What problems do women have to face in our society?
6. Why do the Third Gender people facing a hard time in our society?
7. What is untouchability? Give example.
8. What is domestic violence? What are its causes?
9. Why is untouchability regarded as an inhuman act?
10. Show the data on child labour force in a Bar Graph?

Community Based Works:
a. Organize a speech competition on the title “Gender discrimination is
an obstacle to social development.”
b. Divide the class into four groups. Prepare a project on the following
title:
i. Gender Discrimination ii. Untouchability
iii. Domestic Violence iv. Child Labour
(Collect articles, pictures, photos and cartoons to support and make your
project work interesting). Write their solutions as well. Present your project
work in the class to be evaluated by your Social Study teacher.

78 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Lesson Role of Individual, Family &
Local Bodies In Preventing
2
Social Problems

Rapid population growth, illiteracy, poverty, and unemployment are some of
the causes of social problems and evils. Rapid population growth causes
un employment problem which leads to poverty. So people will undertake
unfair means for earning their living. They will get involved in wrong activities
like gambling, alcoholism, robbery, theft, bribery, kidnapping, trafficking,
corruption etc.
Social evils and problems are great enemies of socio-economic development.
They are great hindrances to peace, security, harmony and well-being. They
must be ended at the earliest.

Role of Family and Different Local Bodies
Everybody in the society is equally responsible in ending the social problems
and evils. Individuals, families and local organizations can and have
important role in preventing and ending such social problems and evils.
Family is the primary school. The
children learn many things from
their family. Social values, norms
and etiquettes are cultivated
in the family. If there is love,
understanding and cooperation in
the family, there will be very less
chance for children endulging in
bad habits.
As home is the first school so are
parents the first teachers. Young
children are like a ball of clay. We
can mold them into any shapes we want. So if the family has good environment
then the children will learn discipline, good attitude and behavior from the
family. They will become good individuals.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 79

We all know today’s children are the leaders of tomorrow. Children learn basic
values and norms from their family. If the family members have bad habits
then the children too will follow them soon. Since children do not know what is
good and what is bad, every family member should be careful what he or she
does say or do. They should give them proper guidance and inculcate good
habits in their children when they are young.
Individuals have equal responsibility. No matter what others do, but finally
it comes to rest on individuals. Unless the individuals don’t cooperate, all
other efforts will be futile. The individuals should realize how important
they are and how they can either make or break the family and society. It is
important that an individual should realize his weakness in time so that he
can be corrected. The following small paragraph would clear it further:
Once, a teacher asked the students to come to the garden. She then asked
them to take out the grasses from the lawn. It was very easy. All the grasses
came out easily. Then the teacher asked the students to take out a big
Banyan tree. All the students tried but it was next to impossible. The moral
of this story is bad habits must be uprooted in time otherwise it will become
strong like the roots of Banyan tree which cannot be uprooted. Deep rooted
bad habits are social problems and evils.
Local government bodies like Village
Development Committees, Municipalities and
law enforcing agencies have great role to play
in the prevention and control of social problems
and evils. They should play both preventive
and curative roles. They should act as bridge
between the government and people. They
should educate and make the people aware of
the causes and consequences of social problems and evils. Enforcement of
law, order and discipline should be strictly carried out.
Similarly, business and financial institutions should contribute to local
communities. They can help to prevent and solve social problems in various
ways. They can reach to the poor and needy people and provide necessary
help and support. They can provide fund, materials and resources to
eradicate poverty.
Religious institutions could help in promoting religious norms and values.

80 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Media and local clubs and social
organizations should play active role in
educating the people and making them
aware of the causes and consequences
of social problems and evils.

Besides them, there are several
governmental and semi-governmental
social organizations, agencies and local
clubs like Bal Mandhir, Nepal Jaycees, Nepal Scouts, Nepal Red Cross
Society, Rotary Club of Nepal, Paropakar Sanstha etc which can help in this
sector.

Social problems and evils Bal Mandir
are our number one enemy.
They are the causes of our
backwardness. It is our duty to
get rid of them. As responsible
citizens, we should cooperate
and support in the fight against
the social problems and evils
to eradicate committed, these
problems.
Solutions to the Social
Problems and Evils

The following measures should be taken to end
social evils and problems:

• Government, social organizations, civil
societies and individuals should work
together.

• We should identify the root causes of
problems and address them effectively.

• Education and awareness
programmes should be
conducted.

• Employment opportunities
should be made available.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 81

• Women should be empowered by giving them
education, and training.

• Gender inequality should be ended.
• Laws should be strictly implemented against

criminals.

Points to Remember:

F Social organization or social institution refers to a group of people
performing a social role.

F Social evils and problems are immoral, illegal, bad, undesirable and
violent actions of people in the society.

F Social evils and problems are great hindrances to peace, security,
harmony, well-being and development.

F The main causes of social problems and evils are illiteracy and
poverty.

F It is everybody’s duty to fight to end social problems and evils.

Key Terms and Words:

• Etiquette : code of ethical behaviour, manner, politeness
• Futile: Pointless
• Harmony: peace, cooperation
• Inculcate : implant, educate, impart, instill

82 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:

1. What are the causes of social problems and evils?
2. What kinds of social problems are there in our country? List them

out, and also mention solutions to them.
3. List out the social evils, and describe two of them in brief.
4. What role can be played by local bodies in preventing and controlling

social problems and evils?
5. What is the role of a family in the prevention of social problems and

evils?
6. Why is it necessary to fight against social evils and problems?

Community Based Work:

(a) There may be some efforts made by some social organizations, civil
societies and local government to end social problems and evils in
your community. Gather information on it and write a report on its
effectiveness.

(b) Describe the following logos.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 83

Lesson Conflict and Its
Management
3

Introduction: Conflict
Conflict is a state of disharmony or
controversy between persons, ideas,
or interests; a clash, a struggle or clash
between opposing forces.
Conflict can take place anytime,
anywhere with anybody. There can be
conflict among friends, colleagues,
classmates, family members,
neighours, communities and so on.

Causes of Conflict
There can be several causes of conflict. The main causes are:

• Opposing ideologies
• Conflict of interests
• Insensitive and irresponsible government
• Lack of political rights and social injustice
• Inequality, exploitation and discriminations
• Unequal distribution of national income, means and resources
• Mass poverty and backwardness
• Lack of understanding, cooperation and tolerance
• Sense of revenge
Role of Media in Conflict Management
Media is called the fourth estate. Its coverage and influence are growing
every day. There is hardly any corner or anybody not touched by it. It doesn’t
only give news, information and entertain people but also educates, raises
issues, seek views, makes aware and forms public opinion on important
issues.
Mass media often plays a key role in today’s conflict. Its role can take two
different and opposed forms. It will have either a positive or a negative role.
Media taking an active part in the conflict under the influence of someone or

84 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

somebody may lead to increase the violence, or it may contribute to minimize
the conflict by playing positive, independent air unbiased role. Accordingly,
media contributes to the resolution of conflict and violence. The role the
media plays in a given conflict
situation is very important.
Media is an important agent of
changes. Its objective should be
to serve broader interest of the
people. As it is a part of society,
it should play positive role in the
nation building. Negative and
irresponsible media can hurt
the interest of the nation. The
national interest must be kept
above all. Media should play
free, independent and credible
role. It should not come under any influence. It shouldn’t be biased to
anybody. It should give right information as and when necesary. It shouldn’t
mislead and misguide people.

Conflict Management
Conflict management is the process of limiting the negative aspects of
conflict while increasing the positive aspects of conflict. Its aim is to facilitate
the peaceful ending of conflict.
Conflict situation is undesirable. It fragments
society and disturbs peace and harmony in the
society. The longer it continues the more harm it
does to the people and the country. Like a small
fire which is not put off in time can soon turn into
a catastrophe, so is the conflict. If Minor conflict
is not addressed in time, it may soon become a
major problem. It can destroy life, friendship,
harmony and property. So, we should try to resolve
any conflict as soon as possible.
All parties involved should understand each other’s problems and reach to
logical solution at the earliest. Mutual understanding, trust, cooperation,

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 85

and compromises are needed in conflict management. Building of trust and
confidence among opposing parties is important in conflict management.
The conflict should be managed in such a way that it damages the least. All
opposing parties should feel comfortable with the outcome. Nobody should
feel being badly or unfairly treated.

Every attemptshouldbemadetoaddressthe causes.
The conflict should be amicably resolved. There
should be win-win situation so that lasting peace
can be achieved. There should be reconciliation,
forgiveness, give and take in conflict management.
Media, civil society and international community
can play important role in conflict management.

The following are some important measures to prevent conflict:
• Just and equitable distribution of national income, means and
resources
• Good governance
• Political stability
• Economic development and social justice
• Peaceful and amicable solution to disputes
• Respect to rules and laws
• Mutual cooperation and understanding

Points to Remember:

F Conflict is a serious disagreement or argument or often prolonged
fighting.

F There was a conflict situation for ten years between 2052 to 2063BS in
Nepal.

F There can be several causes of conflict like opposing ideologies,
conflicting interests, lack of political rights, social injustice, inequality,
exploitation and discriminations, unequal distribution of national income
etc. .

F Media, also called fourth estate, should play positive and effective role
in conflict management.

F Longer the conflict continues more damage it can cause to the people
and country.

F There should be win-win situation in conflict management so that lasting
peace can be achieved.

86 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Key Terms and Words:

• Accord: agreement, mutual understanding
• Amicable: cordial, friendly
• Bias : partiality, take side
• Catastrophe: accident, calamity
• Comprehensive: broad, complete, all-inclusive
• Compromise: give and take, agreement
• Controversy : debate, dispute
• Equitable: decent, fair, honest
• Ideology : beliefs, view, ideas
• Prolonged : drawn-out, lengthened
• Reconciliation : accord, agreement
• Resolution : determination, decision
• Revenge : eye for an eye, fight

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is conflict?
2. What is media?
3. What is win-win situation?

Short answer questions:
1. List out the causes of conflict.
2. Why is conflict undesirable? What happened during ten years long
conflict in Nepal?
3. How should conflict be resolved?
4. How can media help in conflict management?

Community Based Work:
a. There may be disputes sometimes between the neighbours or
friends. How do you think they should settle such disputes?
b. Describe about the following pictures.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 87

UNIT

4

CIVIC
CONSCIOUSNESS

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In this unit, we will learn the following subjects:
• Introduction to Constitution
• Civil Rights
• Introduction of a Citizen
• Civil Duties
• Social Norms: Traffic Rules
• Concept of Nation, Nationality and Federal Republic

88 Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6

Lesson Introduction To
Constitution of Nepal
1

Introduction: Our Constitution
“Constitution is the set of fundamental laws
by which a country, state or organization is
governed.”
“Constitution is the set of basic principles
and laws of nation or state that determine
the powers and duties of the government
and guarantee certain rights to the people.”
It means every country and also organization
has its own constitution. It is the collection of
a country's fundamental laws.
Constitution of a country is like a mirror where the face of the country can be
seen. It should reflect people’s wish and aspirations. It should clearly outline
the system of government and the path the country would like to take. A
country is governed according to the provision of the constitution.
Laws of the country are made on the basis of the constitution. Laws remain
valid as long as they follow the provisions of the constitution. No law can be
against the words and spirit of the constitution. That is why, constitution is
called the supreme law of the country. No one is above the constitution. It
is the most authentic legal document so other laws are made according to
the spirit of constitution.
Everyone must respect the constitution and abide by the laws of the country.
In return, the constitution provides rights and freedom to the people as
fundamental rights.

Types of Constitution
Constitution can be classified as written and unwritten or flexible and rigid
according to its features. Those constitutions which can be easily amended
are called flexible and not so easy to amend are called rigid constitution.
For example: the constitution of the USA is a rigid constitution whereas our
Interim Constitution is flexible one.
Generally speaking, most of the countries have written constitutions. Great

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 89

Britain is the only country having no written constitution. Its affairs of the
government are conducted as per the customs, practices and conventions
established from earlier times.

Making of the Constitution
Constitution can be either formulated by the people themselves through the
Constituent Assembly or by a Constitution Drafting Committee formed by the
government.
The fundamental features of the constitution of any country are determined
by the physical, social, cultural, historical and economic aspect of the
respective country.
Constitution of a country should be framed as per the wish of the people.
Therefore, involvement of people while making the constitution is very
important. Unless the wills and aspirations of the people are reflected in the
constitution, it can’t be lasting.

Importance of Constitution
Constitution is the main law of the land. No country can smoothly function
without a constitution. Its main importances are as follows:

a. It provides, guarantees and protects the fundamental rights of the
people.

b. It clearly states the powers and functions of the different organs of
government.

c. It provides guidelines to the government to carry out administrative
activities.

d. It reflects the wishes and aspirations of the people.
e. It determines the path the country would be taking.

Constitutional Assembly (CA)
According to the Interim Constitution- 2063 BS, there was a provision of the
Constituent Assembly. It was an elected assembly of people’s representatives.
It's main function was to write a new constitution. There were altogether
601 members including 240 directly elected, 335 elected on proportionate
representation and 25 nominated by the cabinet.
The election for the Constituent Assembly was held on 28th Chaitra 2064
BS, and the Constituent Assembly was formally constituted on 15th of Jestha
2065 BS. It had initially 2 years tenure to write the new constitution. But, it
could not write the constitution even in 4 years of time, and it got dissolved
itself on 14th Jestha 2069 BS.

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Hence, the election of the Constituent Assembly II conducted on 4th of
Mangsir 2070 BS. Constituent Assembly II drafted new constitution which
was promulgated on 3rd Ashwin 2072 BS.

Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS
New constitution was promulgated on third Ashwin 2072 BS. In the Preamble
of constitution it has mentioned that sovereign powers inherent in us.
Embracing the sovereign right of the people and the right of autonomy and
self rule. By maintaining Nepal's independence, sovereignty, geographical
integrity. Remembering the glorious history of historical peoples' movements
and armed struggles time and again and the sacrifice made by people for
national interest, democracy, progressive change, and recognizing the
martyrs, the disappeared citizens and the victims, it is the first constitution
drafted by public representatives with the promulgation of the new
constitution. The Interim Constitution of Nepal was dissolved officially. The
new constitution of Nepal has 35 parts, 308 articles and 9 schedules.

Points to Remember:

F “Constitution is the basic principles and laws of nation or state that
determine the powers and duties of the government.”

F A country is governed according to the provision of the constitution.
F Constitution can be classified as written and unwritten or flexible and

rigid according to its features.
F Great Britain doesn’t have a written constitution.
F Constitution of a country should be framed as per the wish of the

people.
F Constitution can be framed either by the constituent assembly or by

a committee of experts.
F A constituent Assembly is an elected body primarily formed to write a

constitution.
F The Constituent Assembly I dissolved without writing a constitution,

so Constituent Assembly II has been elected on 4th Mangsir 2070 BS.
F Constitution of Nepal consists of 35 parts 308 articles and 9

schedules.

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Key Terms and Words:

• Aspiration: desire, aim, hope
• Conventions: socially acceptable behaviour
• Promulgated: officially declared
• Sovereign: possessing supreme power
• Valid: officially acceptable

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. Define constitution.
2. What type of constitution does Great Britain have?
3. What is the Constituent Assembly?
4. When was the Constituent Assembly II election conducted in Nepal?
5. When was the Interim Constitution of Nepal- 2063 promulgated?
6 How many members were there in the Constituent Assembly?
7. How many parts, articles and shedules are there in constitution of
Nepal 2072 BS?

Short answer questions
1. Why is a constitution called a mirror of the country?
2. Why is the involvement of people very important for framing the
constitution?
3. The constitution is called the supreme law of the country. Why?
4. Write a letter to your friend mentioning about the importance of
constitution.
5. Write any six salient features of the present interim constitution of Nepal.
6. When and why was the election of constitutional Assembly I held?
Was it successful in its task?

Community Based Works:
a. Write the difference between the rules of your school and the laws
of the country.
b. Are you satisfied with the rules and regulations of your class room?
What rules you want to add and discard for the welfare of your
classroom?

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Lesson Introduction to
Citizen
2

( A Dialogue between a Father and a Daughter)

Daughter: Excuse me! Father, could
you please explain me the
lesson ‘Introduction to a
Citizen’. I was absent on the
day when this lesson was
taught. There is a class test
tomorrow on this lesson.

Father: Sure daughter. I can help
you. But, first go through the
lesson yourself thoroughly. Underline the words that you have
not understood.

Daughter: Yes father, I will do as you say.

Father: Now, I am free. I too have just finished little bit of my office
work.

Daughter: Father! Who are called citizens?

Father: A citizen is a member of a state owing loyalty to the state and
enjoying the rights, privileges and protection guaranteed by
the state.

Daughter: Father, are we also the citizens of our country?

Father: Of course, we are Daughter! We are the citizens of our country.
We are born, brought up here and have a legal document
called ‘Citizenship’. It means we are the permanent members
of our country. We can travel, work and reside in any parts
of the country without restrictions. We can vote and stand in
elections. Do you remember the date, the 4th of Mangsir 2070
that your mother, dada and I went to vote in the Constituent
Election?

Daughter: Yes, I remember. But, what’s about Mr and Mrs Smith, our

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 93

Father: next door neighbors? I didn’t see them going to vote. Don’t
they have to vote?
No, they can’t vote. They aren’t the citizens of Nepal. They
aren’t born from Nepali parents. They are living in this country
Daughter: only for time being. They are only temporary residents, and not
Father: permanent residents of this country. All the citizens can be
permanent residents but all the temporary residents cannot
be citizens of a country. Just residing in some country doesn’t
make one automatically the citizen of that country. There are
certain laws and obligations to be fulfilled to be a citizen. So
Mr and Mrs Smith are temporary residents, but not citizens.
One day, they will go back to their own country. They should be
aware of the happening of the
nation and should participate
in the political affairs too.
They are temporarily residing
in Nepal. There are many
other people like them living
in our country. They can get
protection from our country
but cannot claim certain rights
as the citizens of this country.
They can’t claim for citizenship certificate and other rights
and privileges like buying land and property, obtaining Nepali
passport, casting of vote and contesting elections etc.
Father, you just mentioned that there are certain laws and
legal obligations to be fulfilled to be a citizen, what are they?
Very good question. Yes, there are some legal obligations to
be eligible to become a citizen of a country. Such laws and
obligations differ from country to country. In the context of
Nepal, citizenship can be obtained either by birth (Bamnsajko
Nata) or by naturalization (Angikrit). According to the
Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS, there shall be a provision of
single federal citizenship with provincial identity in Nepal.
Children born from parents holding Nepali citizenship can

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Daughter: automatically claim Nepali citizenship by birth as soon as they
Father: become 16 years old. But, they must produce birth certificate
and other supporting documents along with parent’s
citizenship certificate while applying for citizenship. People
Daughter: who want to obtain Nepali citizenship by naturalization should
Father: fulfill certain criteria.
Oh! Now, I know why only Dada has a citizenship certificate
and not me. I think I have to wait for another four years. By the
way, what are the duties and responsibilities of a citizen?
You seem to be quite matured to your age. You are asking
me important questions. Yes, there are many duties and
responsibilities of a citizen towards the country. It is the citizen
who make the country flourished and developed.
First of all, a citizen should have good moral character, health,
education, discipline, dedication, and loyalty towards the
country. One should be ready to sacrifice personal interest
for the sake of the country. They should always work for the
betterment and progress of the country. They should involve in
social work and protect and preserve public properties. They
should use rights properly and discharge duties honestly. They
should respect rule of law, and avoid evil practices and criminal
activities. They should help others in need, treat everybody
equally, and raise voice in favour of truth and justice.
Father, I saw a group of people quarrelling near the public tap
yesterday. What could be the reason?
Oh! There are some people who waste public tap water. They
do not turn off the tap after use. So some people asked them
not to do so. Then the argument started. No one noticed water
going wasted. The quarrel stopped when the tap water too
stopped. No one got drinking water yesterday. All went home
with empty buckets. Now they have an understanding of not
wasting public drinking water. Anyone who wasted drinking
water would be fined. Such problems may arise while we try to
preserve and protect public properties. In such a situation, we
should try to understand and co-operate with each other.

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 6 95

Daughter: Father, my friends always throw rubbish in our school
compound. Tomorrow, I will tell them to put the rubbish in the
dustbins, and keep school surrounding clean.

Father: It seems that you have well understood the lesson. I am very
happy with you, my daughter.

Daughter: Father, thank you so much. I learned a lot today. I am now fully
knowledgeable about this lesson.

Father: It’s my pleasure. You are an intelligible child.

Daughter: Thank You, Father!

Points to Remember:

F A citizen is a member of a state owing loyalty to the state and enjoying
the rights, privileges and protection guaranteed by the state.

F All the citizens can be permanent residents but all the temporary
residents cannot be citizens of a country.

F There are certain laws and obligations to be fulfilled to be a citizen.
F Temporary residents can get protection but cannot claim rights as the

citizens of the country.
F In the context of Nepal, there are two ways to obtain citizenship: by

birth, and by naturalization.
F A citizen should have good moral character, health, education,

discipline, dedication, and loyalty towards the country.
F According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS, there shall be a

provision of single federal citizenship with provincial identity in Nepal.

Key Terms and Words:

• Loyalty: strong feeling of support
• Obligation : responsibility, IOU
• Privileges: special rights
• Legal: having to do with law
• Document: certificate
• Resident: living somewhere in a long term basis
• Argument: fight, dispute,
• Compromise: come to an agreement from each side

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Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. Who is a citizen?
2. What is citizenship?
3. Which rights cannot be claimed by temporary residents?
4. What is the minimum age to be qualified to apply for citizenship in
Nepal?
5. By how many ways a person can obtain citizenship in Nepal?

Short answer questions:
1. What are the qualities of a good citizen?
2. List the duties and responsibilities of citizen.
3. What are the similarities between a citizen and a temporary resident?

Long question answer:
4. Write a report on the ‘duties and responsibilities of a good citizen’ to
be published in a national daily newspaper.

Community Based Works;
a. Organize a speech competition on ‘Personal interest should be
sacrificed for national interest.’ Make arrangement for panel of
judges from among your friends. Reward the best speaker.
b. Make a list of activities that a person should do to protect and
preserve public properties in your community.
c. Write the types of Nepalese Passports.

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Lesson Citizens’ Rights

3

Introduction: Rights
We have already learnt in the previous lesson that a citizen of a country
enjoys certain rights, privileges and protection guaranteed by the state.
Rights are those privileges, claims and conditions that are necessary for all
round development of an individual. Rights are essential for every citizen
to be able to develop personality.
Rights enable a person to live as an
honourable and responsible member
of the society and the country.
Rights should be properly utilized. They
should be utilized without harming
others.
A citizen cannot claim rights without
performing duties. Rights are never absolute. We have the right to use public
properties like road, park, water tap, well, pati-pauwa, school, hospital etc.
While using these facilities, we also need to perform our duties towards
them. We should take care of them and pay for the services. If we misuse
these properties, and do not pay for the services, then we can’t claim these
facilities. It is our duty to respect and take care of public properties like
roads, parks, schools, hospitals etc. We shouldn’t misuse, make dirty and
destroy them. We should obey the rules and regulations of the respective
institutions. We must fulfill our duties in order to enjoy our rights.
Rights and duties are like two sides of a coin. One cannot exist without the
other. Wherever, be at home or at school, whenever we claim any rights, we
have there corresponding duties. In every sphere of life, we have rights and
duties side by side. Our duties towards others become their rights and vice-
versa. For example, it is our duty not to disturb others, because it is their
rights to live in peace. A society or a country will run smoothly if we use our
rights without hurting others’ rights. What we shouldn’t forget is not only us,
but everybody has similar rights like us. In other words an individual's right
must not disturb the public welfare.

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Civil Rights Provided by the Constitution
Constitution of Nepal, 2072 BS has provisions of the following Fundamental
Rights.

● Right to a Dignified Life ● Right to Freedom:

● Right to Equality ● Right to Justice

● Right to Criminal Victims ● Right against Torture

● Right against Preventive Detention

● Right against Untouchability and Caste Discrimination

● Right to Property ● Right to Religion

● Right to Publication, Transmission and Printing

● Right to Information ● Right to Privacy

● Right against Exploitation ● Right to Clean Environment

● Right to Education ● Right to Language and Culture

● Right to Employment ● Right to Labour

● Right to Health ● Right to Food

● Right to Shelter ● Right to Women

● Right to Children ● Right to Suppressed People

● Right to Senior Citizens ● Right to Social Justice

● Right to Social Security ● Right to Consumers

● Right against Exile ● Right to Constitutional Remedy

Points to Remember:

F Rights are privileges, claims and conditions necessary for all round
development of an individual.

F Rights can’t be claimed without performing duties.
F Rights and duties are like two sides of a coin, one cannot exist without

the other.
F If getting education at school is our right, it is our duty to pay for

services.
F Constitution has provided us certain basic rights, which we should

utilize properly.

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Key Terms and Words:

• Absolute : Without limit, complete
• Claims: ask for, demand
• Corresponding : equivalent, matching
• Exile: the state of being barred from one’s native country
• Privacy: state in which one is not watched or disturbed by others
• Privilege : right, due, allowance
• Sphere : globular object, round
• Torture: the act of causing severe pain as a punishment
• Transmission: broadcasting, communication

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:
1. Define ‘Rights.’
2. ‘Rights and Duties are like two sides of a coin.’ Explain with example.
3. List the Fundamental Rights that must be enjoyed by the students.
4. Read the statement given below. State to which Fundamental Rights
are they related to?
i. Children should not be allowed to work in factories or in any
risky jobs.
ii. I am innocent. You cannot give me physical or mental torture.
iii. Although I am a woman, I am equally eligible for this job.
iv. Son and daughter should be treated equally.
v. I am deprived of my fundamental rights. I must appeal to the
Supreme Court.

Community Based Work:
Make a list of fundamental rights that are enjoyed and violated by the
people in your community. Prepare a brief report on it and present in the
class.

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