TOP GRAMMAR PLUS Pre-Intermediate

51 1 Write sentences with may (possibility), may not (unsure) or might not (very unsure). 1 I’m unsure if my brother will arrive in time for the party. My brother may not arrive in time for the party. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 It’s possible that I will go to the club dinner tonight. I .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 I’m very unsure if Susan will visit the Edinburgh Festival. Susan ................................................................................................................................................. 4 I’m unsure if Jude Law will be at the awards ceremony. Jude Law ........................................................................................................................................... 5 It is possible that my father will have a retirement party. My father ........................................................................................................................................... 6 I’m very unsure if I will celebrate New Year’s Eve this year. I .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Rewrite the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. Use perhaps, maybe or unlikely as indicated. 1 I may not play the guitar at the school party next Saturday. (unlikely) It is unlikely I will play the guitar at the school party next Saturday. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 He might come with us to the New Year’s Dance. (maybe) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Chelsea might win the Champions League. (perhaps) ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 They may invite us to their engagement party. (maybe) ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 She might go to the Easter Ball without you. (perhaps) ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 We may put up the Christmas decorations tonight. (unlikely) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Use may to ask and give permission in the following sentences. 1 Ask Mrs Brown if you can serve the drinks. May I serve the drinks, Mrs Brown? ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Ask Mrs Roberts if you can use her barbecue for your garden party. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Tell the guests that they can sit down now. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Ask if you can open your birthday presents. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Tell the students that they can go to the dining hall after the speeches. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 How would you say this in your language? 1 I may go to my grandparents’ anniversary party, but I’m not sure. 2 Dad said that he might work late tonight so he might not go to uncle Ben’s retirement party. 3 May I borrow your new CDs for the end-of-school party, please? 4 You may leave your coats in the cloakroom. 5 It’s raining, so we might as well watch TV instead of going to the concert in the park. unit 15 | Modals: May / Might Lexis: Celebrations | See Word Bank page 161

52 unit 16 Have to / Have got to; Be to; Mustn’t / Don’t have to Have to and have got to can be used instead of the modal must to express obligation or necessity in the present tense. For other tenses, see Unit 17. We have to do something. / We have got to do something. / We must do something. Affirmative Negative I / You / We / They have (got) to I / You / We / They don’t have to He / She / It has (got) to He / She / It doesn’t have to The short affirmative form is only used with have got: I’ve got to, You’ve got to, He’s got to, etc. In colloquial American, it is also possible to use the contraction: I gotta, You gotta, He gotta, etc. I’ve got to go now. → I gotta go now. Interrogative (have to) Interrogative (have got to) Do I / you / we / they have to …? Have I / you / we / they got to …? Does he / she / it have to…? Has he / she / it got to …? The interrogative form for the first person singular (Do I have to …?) can have the same meaning as must (see Top Grammar Plus Elementary p. 84). Do I have to learn all this by heart? Have (got) to in the affirmative form is usually used to express: • duties or rules. I have to get up at 6.30 every morning. • external obligations (e.g. from laws, regulations and other people’s orders) You have to pay in advance. Compare: I have to read three novels before the end of the term. (it’s an assignment that the teacher has given me) I must read this novel. (I am the one who has decided) To express orders or instructions, the structure be + infinitive can be used. Each candidate is to show a document of identity. The contract is to be signed on each page. Be + infinitive can also be used to talk about plans. This construction is often found in newspapers. The president is to arrive in Nairobi tomorrow. NB: The negative form don’t / doesn’t have to does not have the same meaning as mustn’t. • Mustn’t indicates that something is forbidden. You mustn’t put any sharp objects in your hand luggage. • Don’t have to indicates the absence of necessity. It has the same meaning as don’t need to (see p.54). You don’t have to tell me if you don’t want to. I have to be at school by 8.30, but I live nearby, so I don’t have to leave home till 8.15. Compare: You don’t have to run. (there’s still time) You mustn’t run. (it’s forbidden, e.g. in school corridors) A B C D

53 1 Complete the sentences with the affirmative, negative or interrogative form of have to. 1 I ……………………….... take the dog for a walk every night. My brother walks him every morning. have to 2 She ……………………….... feed her pet rabbit every morning. She does it before leaving for work. 3 We ……………………….... go to school tomorrow because it’s a holiday. 4 You ……………………….... tidy your room or I won’t let you go out. 5 ……………………….... the kids ……………………….... clean the hamster cage today? 6 They ……………………….... finish their homework now; they can do it later. 7 We ……………………….... stay at school this afternoon; our teacher isn’t coming because she’s ill. 8 ……………………….... I ……………………….... clean the car next Saturday, mum? 9 Sheila ……………………….... do the ironing every day. She’s got a big family. 10 I ……………………….... do the washing up tonight. We’re eating out. 2 Tick (3) the correct sentences. 1 a 3 Label: You mustn’t use chlorine on this garment. Colours will run. b Label: You don’t have to use chlorine on this garment. Colours will run. 2 a Mother: You mustn’t get up early tomorrow. There’s no school. b Mother: You don’t have to get up early tomorrow. There’s no school. 3 a Teacher: You mustn’t run in the corridors. It’s dangerous. b Teacher: You don’t have to run in the corridors. It’s dangerous. 4 a Classmate: You mustn’t give in your essay until Friday. There’s lots of time. b Classmate: You don’t have to give your essay until Friday. There’s lots of time. 5 a Husband: You don’t have to cook tonight. We’re going to the new restaurant in town. b Husband: You mustn’t cook tonight. We’re going to the new restaurant in town. 6 a Wife: You don’t have to water the flowers tonight. It’s going to rain. b Wife: You mustn’t water the flowers tonight. It’s going to rain. 3 Decide whether the following obligations are yours (must, mustn’t) or are imposed by others (have to) and complete the sentences. 1 That new vacuum cleaner looks great. I ........................ buy it. must 2 I ........................ buy some new pots and pans – these are scratched. 3 I ........................ complete my project by the end of term or the teacher will be angry. 4 I ........................ get my trousers dirty or I’ll look a mess. 5 I ........................ get there on time or the coach will be mad at me. 4 Match each sentence to its function. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ unit 16 | Have to / Have got to; Be to; Mustn’t / Don’t have to Lexis: Rules and regulations | See Word Bank page 161 a say that something is forbidden b ask about duties / rules c talk about obligations you feel you should do as a personal duty d give orders / instructions e talk about absence of necessity 1 Each candidate is to show a document of identity. 2 Do teachers have to be at school before 8.30 every morning? 3 Students don’t have to bring any paper for the exam. Everything will be provided by the school. 4 Students mustn’t park their cars in the staff car park. 5 I have to study more this week. The exam is on Monday.

54 unit 17 Need to / Need + -ing; Had to / Will have to; Be obliged / Be compelled Besides must and have to, it is also possible to use the verb need to express necessity in the present. In the affirmative form need acts as an ordinary verb, not as a modal. You need to have your own car. The firm doesn’t provide one. He needs to be there right on time. (note the –s on the third person singular) The verb need has two negative forms, one as an ordinary verb and one as a modal. I don’t need to / You don’t need to / He doesn’t need to … I needn’t / You needn’t / He needn’t … Either form can be used. NB: If used like a modal, need is followed by the base form of the verb. In the negative form, need indicates the absence of necessity, like don’t have to (see p.52). You don’t need to buy all that food. There’s going to be only eight of us at the party. She needn’t leave so early. It only takes an hour to get there. Even in questions, need can be used as both an ordinary verb and a modal. Do I need to / Do you need to / Does he need to …? Need I / Need you / Need he…? (this form is not as common) Do I need to reserve a seat? / Need I reserve a seat? The verb need can also be followed by the -ing form when it is in the passive (something has to be done). My bike needs to be repaired. → My bike needs repairing. Your room needs to be cleaned. → Your room needs cleaning. To indicate obligation and necessity in tenses other than the present, we usually use the verb have to. Past simple Affirmative Negative Interrogative I had to I didn’t have to Did I have to… ? I had to work hard to pass my exam. He didn’t have to wait long. His friends were there in five minutes. Did you have to wear a uniform when you were in primary school? Future with will Affirmative Negative Interrogative I will / I’ll have to I will not / I won’t have to Will I have to…? We’ll have to make our own costumes for the play. You won’t have to work on Saturdays. ‘Will I have to book in advance?’ ‘No, you don’t need to.’ Be obliged to / be compelled to / be forced to can be used instead of must and have to. They make the obligation stronger and they can be used in all tenses. They were obliged / forced to leave their country because of political persecution. (stronger than: They had to leave…) If he’s proved to be guilty, he will be compelled to resign from office. A B C D E F

55 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of need to or not need to. 1 They .............................. bring their dictionaries to school. There’s no test tomorrow. don’t need to 2 I .............................. see the boss about a new project next week. 3 She doesn’t look well. I think she .............................. go to hospital. 4 We’ve got enough players so he .............................. come. 5 My father says I .............................. study harder. 6 They .............................. finish it now. They have time until the end of the week. 7 Peter .............................. go to sports practice tomorrow. All of the coaches are away on a trip. 8 We .............................. get new equipment. What we have is old. 2 Complete the questions with Do / Does… need to…?. 1 .............................. I .............................. get to the office early tomorrow? Do need to 2 .............................. you .............................. speak to the secretary again? 3 .............................. the students .............................. make so much noise? 4 .............................. she .............................. tell everybody about her family? 5 .............................. they .............................. train every day for the match? 6 .............................. you .............................. be so nervous? 3 Complete the second sentence using the correct tense of have to. 1 Present: I need to study hard for my exams. Past simple: Last year ……………………………………………………………………………………………………......... I had to study hard for my exams. 2 Present: She needs to train twice a week to stay in the team. Past simple: Last term …………………………………………………………………………………………………........... 3 Present: We need to prepare everything for the party ourselves. Future: We ………………………………………………………………………………………………......................... 4 Present: Does she need to bring her guitar to the party? Future: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................... 5 Present: Do you have to go to school on Saturdays in your country? Past simple: When you were in England ………………………………………………………………................... 4 Replace the verbs in italics with the correct form of must and have to. There are many differences between school today and school as it used to be when my grandparents were students. First of all they 1 weren’t obliged to go to school until the age of sixteen because they could leave at fourteen. Not many primary schools had a canteen so all children 2 were obliged to go home for lunch and go back to school in the afternoon. Lots of mothers 3 were forced to stop working to look after their children. At school, children 4 were obliged to wear a black pinafore. They 5 were obliged to sit still and be quiet and stand up when the teacher walked into the room. 5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. was obliged to have to need to will have to don’t need to had to Did you have 1 You .................................... read the contract before signing it. need to 2 You ………………………………… take your car. We can walk there. It’s not far. 3 Your clothes ………………………………… be washed and ironed for next week. 4 We ………………………………… take a taxi because we were late yesterday. 5 ………………………………… to wait long? No, just five minutes. 6 You ………………………………… follow these employment rules or you’ll be fired. 7 I ………………………………… answer all the questions the policeman asked me. unit 17 | Need to / Need + -ing; Had to / Will have to; Be obliged / Be compelled Lexis: Rules and regulations | See Word Bank page 161

review 56 Lexis upgrade | Rules and regulations WORD BANK p. 161 1 Passengers on a plane are given safety instructions before take-off. Match the verbs (1-6) to the correct terms (a-f). 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 fasten a the life jacket before leaving the aircraft in an emergency 2 switch off b your hand luggage in the overhead compartment 3 put on c your own oxygen mask in case of emergency 4 place d mobile phones during the flight 5 adjust e your seat belt 6 inflate f your seat back to the fully upright position Grammar upgrade 2 Rewrite the sentences keeping the same meaning. Use may (not) or might (not). 1 Maybe I’ll go to the beach party tomorrow. I may go to the beach party tomorrow. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Perhaps I’ll go to the Lord Mayor’s Parade on Saturday, but I’m not sure. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Maybe my dad will give me the money – I need to buy Jill’s present. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Perhaps they won’t be able to find their way to the Festival. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 It is unlikely she will marry Paul. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Maybe the firework display will be finished before it starts raining. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Find the mistakes and underline them. Then write the correct sentences. 1 I don’t have to go there tomorrow. I don’t have go there tomorrow. ....................................................................................... 2 You mustn’t to drive so fast on this road. ....................................................................................... 3 They didn’t must come here until later. ....................................................................................... 4 Do I must tidy my bedroom now? ....................................................................................... 5 Does he has to work on Friday? ....................................................................................... 6 They haven’t to finish it now. ....................................................................................... 4 Indicate the function in the following sentences: write O if the sentence expresses obligation; A if it expresses advice or recommendation; P if something is prohibited; D if it expresses deduction or assumption. 1 You must be here by six o’clock tomorrow morning. ............ O 2 You mustn’t talk loudly in the library. ............ 3 ‘Does everyone have to be here by 8 o’clock on Monday morning?’ ‘Yes, they do.’ ............ 4 My watch must be in the laboratory somewhere! ............ 5 It must have been a beautiful little town in the past. ............ 6 You must visit the London Dungeon. It’s very frightening! ............ 7 ‘What have you got to do for tomorrow?’ ‘I haven’t got much to do, just a couple of English exercises.’ ............ 8 Look at his car! He must be a very rich man! ............ 9 ‘You mustn’t switch on your mobile phones during the meeting.’ ............ 56 4 review | Units 15 • 16 • 17 e

57 5 Match the sentences to the appropriate comments. 1 ............ b 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 You mustn’t run in the corridor. a No, I’m afraid I have to go home now. 2 Your hair is too long. b Sorry. I’m late for a class. 3 You don’t need to finish that now. c Yes. It will make her happy. 4 Must I go to the theatre with Aunt Mary? d Yes, it needs cutting. 5 Can I talk to you for a minute, please? e It must be The Skeletons. I can’t stand them either. 6 This music is terrible! f It’s OK – it’ll only take a few minutes. 6 Using the verbs in brackets write six true sentences about you. 1 I must finish my history essay by Friday. (must) ................................................................................................................................................. 2 (need to) ............................................................................................................................................. 3 (not have to) ....................................................................................................................................... 4 (will have to) ...................................................................................................................................... 5 (mustn’t) ............................................................................................................................................ 6 (be obliged to) .................................................................................................................................... Communication upgrade 7 Two colleagues are talking in the office. Complete the dialogue with must, mustn’t, have or need. NB: In some cases both have and need are possible. Larry Do you 1 ........................ to go to London again on Monday? have Sally No, I 2........................ to relax a bit so I’m taking Monday off. But the boss wants me to go to Paris on Friday, so I 3........................ prepare for that. Larry I’ve done all the photocopies. Do you need any more help? Sally No, it’s OK, thanks. I’ve got enough information. All I 4........................ to do now is to go to the bank and get some euros. And I 5........................ forget to take my passport. Oh, and I also 6........................ to sign some documents before I go. Larry Well, I 7 ........................ go now. Is there anything more you 8........................ to tell me about the Paris project? Sally I don’t think so, Larry. You don’t 9 ........................ to worry about it any more. Larry That’s good news! I’ll go, then, because I 10........................ to make a few phone calls. 8 Translate the text into your own language. English students usually have to wear a uniform to school until the age of sixteen. It must be a specific uniform for the school they go to: a jacket, a sweater or sweatshirt, trousers or a skirt, a shirt and tie, the same for everybody, in the school’s colours. People think that a school uniform gives a sense of discipline (we have to study now), a sense of pride (we are part of that school) and of social equality within the school environment (we are all equal). Also,wearing a school uniform means that students don’t have to wonder what to wear every morning and parents don’t have to pay for new clothing all the time. Do you have to wear a uniform to your school? 57revie w 4 | Units 15 • 16 • 17

exam practice 58 Preliminary and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 6 | Topic for discussion 1 This is the topic you’ve chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 6. Complete all the six points with short notes as in the example. Then get ready to speak about them in any order. You may write a paragraph, but don’t learn it by heart. 4 Cambridge English Preliminary | Reading Part 1 2 Look at the text in each section. What does it say? Mark the correct letter A, B or C. Tip! Further topics linked to rules could be: • regulations about using a moped or cycling in town or outside town • the rules of a game • rules in a public library • rules in a hotel, at the airport or on a plane School rules 1 Rules and regulations in your school 2 Dress code 3 4 5 6 General attitude towards following the rules in your country 1 A Students have to put everything back when they have finished. B Students must return to their room after finishing work. C Students must take their equipment back home after the lessons. ALL STUDENTS You must return all equipment back to the shelves after use. THIS CAR PARK IS FOR USE DURING DAY TIME. IT IS LOCKED AT 8 P.M. EVERY EVENING. 5 A Cynthia can’t go out because she is not very well. B Cynthia’s mother needs some help because she is not well. C Cynthia prefers to do some housework to going out with Jane. 4 A There’s more than one washing machine in the launderette. B You have to go to another launderette for your washing. C You have to tidy the room after using the washing machine. 3 A You must follow the road ahead of you. B You are obliged to make a detour because of roadworks. C You must keep to the left side of the road. 2 A Lots of cars can be parked here during the day. B This car park has to be locked every time a car goes into or out of it. C This car park is not open after 8 p.m. ROADWORKS AHEAD TAKE THE FIRST ON THE LEFT AND FOLLOW THE ARROWS THIS WASHING MACHINE IS OUT OF ORDER. PLEASE USE THE NEXT FREE ONE. From: Jane To: Cynthia I have to do the cooking and the washing-up tonight because mum is ill in bed. Can we go to the cinema tomorrow? Cynthia

59 Preliminary and Trinity Practice exa m practice 4 Now write a letter, answering your friend’s questions. Write about 100 words. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 3 4 This is part of a letter you receive from an English friend. We have to wear a uniform at my school - blue jacket and grey trousers for boys and blue jacket or cardigan and a grey skirt for girls. We also have to wear a white overall and goggles when we are in the chemistry lab. We don’t have to carry heavy bags around school, though, because we all have lockers where we leave our belongings. Do you have any special dress code in your school? Do you have lockers or a common room for students? ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ 1 A rules B newspapers C recipe D albums 2 A can B may C must D will 3 A must B mustn’t C don’t need to D shall 4 A must B have to C don’t need to D can’t 5 A on B off C out D down 6 A forbidden B forbid C wanted D prohibit 7 A mustn’t B can’t C will D need Cambridge English Preliminary | Reading Part 5 3 Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. Channel Tunnel shuttle rail service Welcome to the Channel Tunnel rail service. Before boarding, please read the following 1 ....................... . You 2 ....................... remain in the Passenger Terminal Building until departure is called. You 3 ....................... drive onto the train before that. Remember that boarding closes 15 minutes before departure so you 4 ....................... check in after that time. While boarding, please switch 5 ....................... the headlights of your vehicle. Leaving your headlights on is strictly 6 ....................... . Smoking is forbidden You 7 ....................... be fined if you smoke during the crossing on the train. Thank you for observing the rules. Have a nice trip! A

60 unit 18 Had better; Ought to/Be due; Be bound to As an alternative to should to give advice and make recommendations, the verb form had better can be used. It is the same for all persons. Affirmative: subject + had (’d) better + base form of verb You had better start now. We’d better hurry or we’ll be late. Negative: subject + had (’d) better not + base form of verb You had better not say a word. You’d better not worry. I’ll take care of that. Another verb form that can be used instead of should is the modal ought to. It has only this form and the negative form ought not to (short form: oughtn’t to). The usage and meanings are identical to should. You ought to eat more fruit and vegetables. (advice) We ought to save some money for our next trip. (suggestion) They’ve been working all day. They ought to be tired. (assumption) You oughtn’t to get too close to the animals’ cages. It might be dangerous. (recommendation) The expression be due is used when something is expected to take place at a set time, for example arrival times of trains or other means of transport. The train from Newcastle is due (to arrive) in half an hour. The flight from Berlin is due (to land) at 6.55. ‘When is her baby due?’ ‘I think it’s due in a couple of weeks.’ NB The adjective due is also used with the following meanings: • caused by The accident was due to human error. • owed The balance of the payment is due on 3rd March. • suitable He was arrested for driving without due care. • right I will let you know in due course. The expression be bound to is used when something is considered inevitable. He’s bound to get a pay rise. → He’s sure / certain to get a pay rise. You’re bound to know the answer. I’ve told you a hundred times! He’s such a clever boy. He’s bound to have a great career. A B C D

61 1 Complete the sentences using had better/had better not, ought/ought not. 1 You ought .................................... to wear scarf and gloves. It’s freezing cold today. 2 He .................................... get up quickly. It’s a sunny day outside. 3 She .................................... be more careful. The ground is wet and slippery. 4 They .................................... to walk fast when the pavements are so icy. 5 He .................................... go out in this thunderstorm. 6 We .................................... go to the mountains at the weekend. They’ve talked about avalanche danger on the radio. 7 The people in the village .................................... to put sandbags in front of their houses. There is a flood alert. 8 You .................................... to see some films about hurricanes to understand how dangerous they are. 9 Sam and Gary .................................... play in the garden. They could get sunstroke. 10 We .................................... wear cotton or linen clothes. It’s such a hot day today. 2 Rewrite the sentences by replacing should/may with the correct form of be bound to or be due to. 1 He’s such a good presenter. He should host the new programme just after the news. He’s such a good presenter. He’s bound to host the new programme just after the news. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Lucy studies hard; she should pass her Science and Geography tests. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Jeremy’s flight should land at four o’clock because of the bad weather. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 The train may be delayed because of unfavourable weather conditions. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 A conference about the effects of climate change should be held in the Department of Earth Sciences. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. ought due had better   had better   bound 1 You ......................................... had better take your umbrella – it’s going to rain. 2 Peter’s bus isn’t ......................................... for another twenty minutes and it’s pouring outside. 3 Eric’s ......................................... to win the race – he’s much faster than the others. 4 They ......................................... to worry about the tornado before it strikes. 5 You ......................................... not go home until the snow stops. 4 Fill in the blanks in the sentences. Use just one word for each space. shouldn't 1 You ......................................... go out just now. It’s pouring with rain! 2 You’d ......................................... come home before it starts snowing. 3 You ......................................... not to worry about the weather. The forecast says it will be sunny. 4 We ......................................... to wear our boots if we want to trudge in the snow. 5 Dear me! The bus is ......................................... in five minutes. We ......................................... better hurry if we don’t want to walk home. 6 The barbecue is ......................................... to be a disaster! Look at those black clouds! unit 18 | Had better; Ought to/Be due; Be bound to Lexis: The weather / the climate | See Word Bank page 161

review 62 5 review | Unit 18 Lexis upgrade | The weather and the climate WORD BANK p. 161 1 Choose the correct alternative in the box to complete the sentences. Then write more sentences with the words that haven’t been used. snowing/raining   clouds/winds   frosty/frozen   foggy /muggy melting/burning   stormy/sunny   freezing/warm 1 The temperature is minus 10. Today it's absolutely ................................................ . 2 In winter the benches in Hyde Park are always ................................................ in the early morning. 3 Have you heard the weather forecast? It is supposed to be hot and ................................................ next week, with temperatures up to 40 degrees in most cities. 4 It’s ................................................ cats and dogs. What a funny English expression! 5 The Polar icebergs have been ................................................ during the last few years. 6 Call the fire brigade! There’s a fire on the hill due to strong ................................................ . 7 It looks like a ................................................ night. There are strong winds and distant thunder. Grammar upgrade 2 Write what we ought to or ought not to do to save energy and avoid the greenhouse effect. 1 use public transport in cities We ought to use public transport in cities. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 switch off the lights when we leave an empty room ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 leave the windows open when the heating is on ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 use air conditioning a lot ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 cut down trees in the rainforests of the world ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 recycle waste and make compost from leftover fruit and vegetables ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Match sentences 1-6 to sentences a-f. 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 1 It’s snowing hard and getting dark. a You ought not to sunbathe in the middle of the day. 2 It’s pouring with rain. b I ought not to forget my pullover. 3 The sun is very strong this year. c We’d better not drive home. 4 It’s cold in the evenings. d We had better walk carefully. 5 The pavements are very icy. e We ought to go to the mountains where it is cooler. 6 It’s really muggy this week. f We’d better take our umbrellas. 7 It’s very hot this afternoon. g I think I'll go for a swim. c freezing

63review 5 | Unit 18 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. Then translate them into your own language. should   shall   ought   is bound to   is due to   had better 1 I .................................... check the weather forecast if we want to have a picnic. should 2 You .................................... not to shelter under trees when there is thunder and lightning. 3 .................................... I open the windows? 4 He .................................... fail his written test about hurricanes and floods. He never listened to his Science teacher! 5 The train .................................... arrive at four o’clock but I think it will be late. 6 They .................................... close all the shutters. The storm is coming. Communication upgrade 5 MP3 | 008 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of ought, should, be bound to, be due to, shall. Then listen and check. Sally Have you heard about hurricane Irene in New York? Paul No, I haven’t. I 1 ........................ to listen to the news or read newspapers but I haven’t got much free time. I’m always busy with my job! Sally Of course, but you 2........................ know what’s happening in the world! Anyway, Mike is still there, he 3........................ to arrive yesterday but the airline had to cancel all the flights. Paul 4........................ I call the office to ask for further information? Sally I don’t think so; but maybe you 5........................ surf the Internet to read an update on the situation. Paul Alright… oh… look. All the underground, bus and railway systems 6........................ close. Incredible! Can you imagine New York like this? 6 Rewrite the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. 1 You ought not to drive so fast on these icy roads. You’d .................................................................. drive fast on these icy roads. 2 Elderly people should stay at home when there are heat waves. .................................................................. to stay at home when there are heat waves. 3 I’m certain their son will become a meteorologist. Their son is .................................................................. become a meteorologist. 4 The train will arrive in fifteen minutes. The train is .................................................................. in fifteen minutes. 5 We had better put off the field trip tomorrow. It’s going to snow. We .................................................................. to put off the field trip. It’s going to snow. 6 They have been working in the rain all day. I think they are exhausted. They have been working in the rain all day. They .................................................................. exhausted. 7 Shall we go skiing on Sunday? What about .................................................................. ought better not

exam practice 64 Preliminary and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 7 | Topic for discussion 1 This is the topic you’ve chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 7: Climate change in the world in the last twenty years Make notes about the topic then discuss it with a friend. During the exam, the examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments. So, when you prepare your topic, try to imagine possible questions and be ready to answer them. You have to be able to ask the examiner questions, too. Altogether this phase will last five minutes. Cambridge English Preliminary | Listening Part 1 2 MP3 | 009 There are five questions in this part. For each question, there are three pictures and a short recording. Choose the correct picture and put a tick (3) in the box below it. 1 How are they going to work tomorrow? 5 A B C 2 What are they going to do today? A B C 3 What kind of weather does the man like? A B C 4 Where’s Mark now? A B C 5 What will the weather be like at the weekend? A B C

65 Preliminary and Trinity Practice Cambridge English Preliminary | Speaking Part 2 3 You are going on a camping trip in the mountains with a group of friends. Look at the photos. Decide which things you will take with you. exam practice 5 Talk to your partner. Ask and answer questions like these: • What do you think we should take? • Will this be useful? • How heavy is it? • Do we need just one or more? • How much space do we have? • What will the weather be like?

66 unit 19 Passive form The passive form only exists for transitive verbs. Passive structures are not possible for intransitive verbs, as they have no object that can become the subject of a passive sentence. The passive form, for all the tenses, is formed with the auxiliary be followed by the past participle of the verb: Subject + be (in the appropriate tense) + past participle Remember! The past participle is formed with the suffix -ed for regular verbs (painted, played…), whilst for irregular verbs, the forms are shown in the third column of the verb table (made, taken, put…). See the list of irregular verbs on pp. 170-171. Note how a sentence changes from an active one to a passive one: Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. → The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. subject verb object → subject passive verb agent What happens in the change from active to passive? • The subject of the active sentence (Leonardo da Vinci) becomes the agent, preceded by the preposition by. • The verb be in the passive sentence is in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (in this case, was is in the past simple like painted), and is followed by the past participle of the main verb. Negative form: Subject + be + not + past participle This dish is not cooked in the traditional way. Interrogative form: Be + subject + past participle + … ? Short answers: Yes, / No, + subject pronoun + verb be (affirmative / negative). ‘Are these toys made in China?’ ‘Yes, they are.’ / ‘No, they aren’t. They’re made in Vietnam.’ Wh- questions: Question word + be + subject + past participle + … ? Where are these oranges imported from? What is this machine used for? NB: The preposition is placed at the end of the sentence. The passive form is used: • when we want to put the emphasis on the action or on the result of the action, rather than on who does it. In this case, the agent isn’t needed. My wallet was found in the street. A lot of trout are caught in this lake. • instead of an active sentence, when the subject is generic or not clearly identified. Carnival is celebrated in February. The active sentence would correspond to ‘People celebrate Carnival …’ (generic subject). • in announcements or regulations. Passengers are requested to proceed to exit gate 9. The rooms are cleaned daily. • in scientific texts, in descriptions of processes or experiments. Heated crude oil is pumped into the fractioning column and is split into separate hydrocarbons. A B C

67 1 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 This fairy tale was written a first prize in the competition. 2 These plays were first performed b by the author himself. 3 This short story was awarded c by Oscar Wilde. 4 His poems were not considered d in the seventeenth century. 5 My aunt was given this book e because of its length. 6 His new novel was criticized f for the new anthology. 2 Change the sentences from active to passive. Use the agent. 1 Our craftsmen print these cards by hand. These cards are printed by hand by our craft ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... smen. 2 Milton wrote the poem a long time ago. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 3 The writer narrates a fascinating story. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 4 The hero saved the main character in the end. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 5 This company publishes lots of thrillers. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 6 Every student in Year 12 reads novels by Dickens. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 3 Change the sentences from active to passive. 1 in / novels / is / What / used / style / Jane Austen’s ? What style is used in Jane Austen’s novels? ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 characters / in / Which / the / are / book / described? ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 volume / are / first / How / in / new characters / introduced / the / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 usually / time / the / delivered / What / are / papers / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 was / the / found / after / Where / main character / running away? ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 novel / was / Who / by / this / written / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Fill in the blanks with the passive form of the present simple of the verbs in the box. fine lend place lend invite forbid 1 Books ............ only .............................. to members of the library. are lent 2 All members .............................. to the library opening at 7 p.m. this evening. 3 Foreign magazines and newspapers ............................. on shelves according to their language. 4 It ............ strictly .............................. to underline or write in the books. 5 Books ............ only .............................. for thirty days. 6 Members .............................. if they lose a book. unit 19 | Passive form Lexis: Arts and crafts: Literature | See Word Bank page 162

68 unit 20 Passive form – Present and past tenses Look at the table below that compares the active form and the passive form of the present and past tenses in the third person singular. Tense Active Passive Present simple … makes … is made Present continuous … is making … is being made Past simple … made … was made Past continuous … was making … was being made Note that the verb be in the passive form keeps the same tense as the active verb. They built the bridge last year. The bridge was built last year. The use of tenses in passive sentences is identical to that in active sentences. For example, for habitual actions we use the present simple, for actions that have been completed we use the past simple, and so on. Here are a few examples using the tenses in the table. Present simple Gaelic football is played in Ireland. (general statement) Breakfast is served in the cafeteria. (usually) Present continuous A match of Gaelic football is being played between the rival teams of Galway and Kilkenny. (the match is under way) Breakfast is being served in the cafeteria. (in this moment of time) The houses are being rebuilt after the tsunami. (in this period time) Past simple The internal structure of the Statue of Liberty was designed by Gustave Eiffel in the 19th century. The road was repaired in three days. (the work is finished) Past continuous The road was being repaired, so we had to find an alternative route. (the work was in progress, they hadn’t finished yet) Our luggage was being checked while we were waiting in the security area. The passive form can also be formed using the verb get instead of be, in particular for actions that happened unexpectedly. This use is common in informal spoken language. Luckily, no one got injured in the crash. We got stuck in a traffic jam. A B C Statue of Liberty: interior

69 1 Change the sentences from active to passive. Don’t use the agent. 1 They produce shoes in this factory. Shoes are produced in this factory. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 They are issuing a new set of stamps at the moment. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 They don’t produce steel here any more. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 They built wooden ships here in the past. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Europeans didn’t use the printing press until the 15th century. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 A famous architect designed this skyscraper some time ago. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Change the questions from active to passive. Use the agent. 1 Did Marconi invent the telephone? Was the telephone invented by Marconi? ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Did the Lumière brothers invent the cinema? ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Is Apple producing a new computer? ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Were all computer companies producing iPods last year? ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Do students in China use Google? ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Did Zuckerberg launch a new social network? ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Complete the sentences with the passive form and the appropriate tense of the verbs in brackets. 1 At least five hundred taps a day ................................................ in that factory. (produce) are produced 2 His latest fashion collection ................................................ to be the best this year. (consider) 3 Penicillin ................................................ by Fleming. (discover) 4 ............... television ................................................ by an American? (invent) 5 The first mini-skirts ................................................ by Mary Quant in the sixties. (create) 6 Who ............... the Beaubourg in Paris ................................................ by? (design) 4 Complete the sentences with the passive form and the appropriate tense of the verbs in the box. make invent produce build play discover 1 The light bulb ................................................ by Thomas Edison. was invented 2 The iPad ................................................ by an American company. 3 High buildings ................................................ of concrete and steel. 4 The first blues music ................................................ as early as 1900. 5 America ................................................ by Columbus in 1492. 6 The highest skyscraper in the world ................................................ by a large real estate company. unit 20 | Passive form – Present and past tenses Lexis: Arts and crafts: Manufacturing – Inventions | See Word Bank page 162

review 70 6 review | Units 19 • 20 Lexis upgrade | Inventions and discoveries WORD BANK p. 162 1 Complete the table with the correct parts of speech. Word building verb noun person doing action past participle 1 discover discovery discoverer discovered 2 invent 3 create 4 design 5 explore 6 innovate 7 research Grammar upgrade 2 Change the sentences from active to passive. Use the agent. 1 The teacher gave us these new books. We were given the new books by the teacher. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 The students read some science-fiction books last term. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Stephanie Meyer published the first book of the Twilight saga in 2005. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 When did Michelangelo paint the Sistine Chapel? ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Carter discovered the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Amundsen made the first journey through the North-west Passage in 1906. ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Marconi established a radio station on the Isle of Wight in 1897. ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Antoni Gaudi designed the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Answer the questions using the negative passive form. Keep the same tense. 1 Do they sell books here? ………………………………………………………………… 2 Do they hold the poetry festival in this square? ………………………………………………………………… 3 Did they release her latest book last month? ………………………………………………………………… 4 Did the poet read any of his poems at the meeting? No, none of ………………………………………………… 5 Did they change the festival schedule? ………………………………………………………………… 6 Do they recommend any of these novels? No, none of ………………………………………………… 7 Do they organize meetings with poets and writers in this library? …………………………………………………………….…… 8 Did they illustrate the fairy tale? ………………………………………………………………… No, books aren’t sold here.

71review 6 | Units 19 • 20 4 Rewrite the sentences in the passive form. Keep the same tense. 1 They make glass vases in this factory. ....................................................................... 2 They started the business two hundred years ago. ....................................................................... 3 They found silica in the river. ....................................................................... 4 They also make elegant glasses. ....................................................................... 5 They improved the production when they opened a new plant. ..................................................... 6 The factory produces glass beads for necklaces. ....................................................................... 7 They sell their products on the Asian market. ....................................................................... 8 They design a new object every year to implement ....................................................................... their range of products. ....................................................................... 5 Complete the London Eye fact file with the passive form and the correct tense of the verbs in the box. use design transport complete carry inaugurate The London Eye 1 .................................... by the architectural team of David was designed Marks and Julia Barfield, husband and wife. Steel 2.................................... for the structure. It 3.................................... after one and a half years and it 4.................................... in March 2000 to welcome in the new millennium. The futuristic looking capsules 5.................................... from France by train. 800 passengers 6.................................... per revolution. Communication upgrade 6 Complete the dialogue with the passive form and the correct tense of the verbs in the box. open drive steal not hear close lock Dorothy Have you heard the news? Tricia No, what news? Dorothy A truck 1 .................................... from the factory near the school last night. Tricia A truck? How did it happen? Dorothy The gate 2...................................., the truck 3.................................... out and then the gate 4.................................... again. Nobody noticed it. Tricia That’s impossible! 5.................................... the noise of the engine .................................... by anyone? Dorothy Apparently not. But the thieves must have had the gate keys because the gate 6.................................... when they opened it this morning. 7 Complete the text with the passive form of the verbs in brackets. The first programmable computer 1 .................................... (invent) by British mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage in the 1820s. Although he 2.................................... (recognize) as the inventor of the programmable computer, Babbage did not live to see the machine completed. Babbage began work on a mechanical computer he called the Difference Engine in 1822 and worked for more than ten years with government funding. The project 3.................................... (abandon) when funding 4.................................... (interrupt) by the British government that had lost faith in it after prolonged delays. The machine 5.................................... (build) for the first time from Babbage’s original designs over 150 years later in 1989. After his work on the Difference Engine, Babbage went on to invent the Analytical Engine, a far more complex machine that 6.................................... (program) using punched cards. The Analytical Engine, although it 7 .................................... (not build) in full, was the first ever working programmable computer, and was the first step in the history of computing as we know it. Glass vases are made in this factory. was stolen was invented

exam practice 72 Preliminary and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 7 | Interactive task 1 Here are two possible topics you can choose for Trinity examination Grade 7 where you prepare a topic to discuss with the examiner. • Inventors and inventions You don’t need to make any notes for this part of the exam. However, you may find it useful to draw a spidergram while you are preparing to speak. The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments. So, when you prepare your topic, try to imagine possible questions and be ready to answer them. You have to be able to ask the examiner questions, too. This part of the exam lasts no more than five minutes. Prepare a spidergram on the topic above then have a discussion with your friend. See how long you can discuss your topic for. 6 Cambridge English Preliminary | Reading Part 1 2 Look at the text in each section. What does it say? Mark the correct letter A, B or C. 1 A Lunches are served in the cafeteria only when it’s cold. B No warm meals are served in the cafeteria. C Cold lunches are served all day. Cold lunches are served in the cafeteria from 12.15 to 1.45. INBOX Only filled in forms in this box. 5 A Attendance certificates are ready in the morning. B Deputies cannot go to the reception in the morning. C Deputies will find their certificates at the reception when the morning sessions finish. 4 A The factory produced sacks. B A hundred workers will lose their jobs. C Sacks for workers were made in this factory. 3 A Toilets can’t be used during cleaning. B The cleaning of the toilets takes three hours. C The toilets on this floor are cleaned first. 2 A The box is full of forms. B Fill the box before completing the forms. C Completed forms must be put in this box. DeLEGATES are asked to collect their attendance certificate at the reception after the end of the morning sessions. Toilets are cleaned every three hours. During cleaning, please use the toilet on the first floor. Factory closed. a hundred workers SACKED!

73 Preliminary and Trinity Practice exam practice 6 1 A is making B is made C has made D was made 2 A was made B had made C be made D is made 3 A was produced B was producing C are produced D had produced 4 A had built B were building C was built D were built 5 A was making B was made C had made D were made 6 A is B was C were D has 7 A were experimenting B was experimented C were experimented D was experimenting 8 A had decided B was decided C was deciding D has decided 9 A changed B changing C was changing D were changed 10 A had started B starts C were started D was started 11 A manufactures B had manufactured C were manufactured D was manufacturing 12 A manages B had managed C was managing D is managed Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 3 4 This is part of a letter you receive from an English friend. The Science Museum was fantastic. There were old and modern inventions and lots of interactive models to try. Did you know that clouds can be made with a special machine? I didn’t, but I managed to use the machine and I made some beautiful pink clouds that floated in the room. Have you been to a museum recently? What did you see? Did you enjoy your visit? Now write a letter answering your friend’s questions. Write about a hundred words. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. Cambridge English Preliminary | Reading Part 5 3 Read this account of the life of a glass factory and choose the correct word(s) (A, B, C or D) for each space. Glass 1 ............ in our town today and it 2............ here when the Romans lived in this area 2000 years ago. The factories where glass objects 3............ are about 150 years old. They 4............ by a Victorian businessman called Joshua Sly. In Sly’s time bottles 5............ in their millions, and he 6............ very rich by the time of his death in 1912. But his son, William, was more artistic, and many products 7 ............ with in his time: vases, bowls and drinking glasses. In the end it 8............ they should enter the crystal drinking glass market. Once the machines 9 ............ , and the workers retrained, production 10............ in 1920. Beautiful wine glasses 11............ and that tradition has remained. Currently the factory 12............ by Andrew Sly, Joshua’s great grandson. B

74 unit 21 The definite article: the (2) For the main uses of the definite article see Top Grammar Plus Elementary p. 98. The article the is also commonly used: • with names of musical instruments: the piano, the violin, the guitar… I play the trumpet and the flute. • with ordinal numbers: the first, the second, the third… Today is the first of March. That’s the second time you’ve asked me that question. • with nouns that indicate a category of people, populations or religious groups: the elderly, the young, the Chinese, the British, the Americans, the Muslims, the Catholics… The old and the young often have different views. The English have a good sense of humour. • with the plural form of surnames to indicate entire families. the McCabes the Morrisons • with abbreviations indicating various organisations. the UN (United Nations), the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature), the EU (European Union) • before names of places such as: garden, park, cinema / movies, mountains, sea / seaside, country / countryside, office, swimming pool and a few others, both with prepositions of movement (to the…) and prepositions of place (in the…, at the…) I’m going to the seaside in July. They’re having a holiday in the mountains. We have a cottage in the country. Shall we go to the movies tonight? The kids are at the park, not at the swimming pool. The article the is used with geographical names indicating: • mountain chains: the Alps, the Highlands, the Appalachians, the Rocky Mountains – but not singular summits (Mont Blanc, Mount Everest, K2…). • archipelagos: the Hawaiian Islands, the Shetlands, the Maldives – but not single islands (Ireland, Malta, Sicily…). • rivers, seas and oceans: the Thames, the Mississippi, the Nile, the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean – but not lakes (Lake Superior, Lake Garda, Loch Ness…). • nations with a plural name, even those expressed with an abbreviation, or consisting of the words Kingdom / Republic / Federation: the United States of America / the USA, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, The United Arab Emirates, the Russian Federation – but not nations with a singular name (Italy, France, Tunisia…). The article the is used with the pronouns one / ones. ‘Which book do you want?’ ‘The one over there.’ ‘Which dress do you prefer?’ ‘The blue one.’ Pass me the photocopies… the ones on the table, please. A C B

75 1 Where necessary, write the before the following words. If the article isn’t needed, write 0. 1 ............ River Thames the 9 ............ Hague 2 ............ Republic of Ireland 10 ............ UN 3 ............ Switzerland 11 ............ Highlands 4 ............ Sardinia 12 ............ Pennines 5 ............ North Sea 13 ............ Mont Blanc 6 ............ Lake Ontario 14 ............ Italy 7 ............ Chinese 15 ............ United States of America 8 ............ Tiber 16 ............ Africa 2 Complete the text with the article the where necessary. If the article isn’t needed, write 0. 1 ............ canal in ............ park is very pretty. The the 2 ............ Browns are going to ............ mountains this weekend. 3 They went to ............ countryside in ............ August. 4 ............ cottage we saw by ............ lake was beautiful. 5 There are ............ many palm trees on ............ island. 6 They flew over ............ Atlantic Ocean to get to ............ New York. 7 We want to visit ............ United States and ............ Mexico. 8 ............ people of ............ island are very friendly. 9 ............ Maldives are situated near ............ India. 10 My grandparents have got a house near ............ Lake Maggiore and a cottage at ............ seaside. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct term. Decide whether the is necessary or not. UK Netherlands Hawaiian Muslims Loch Ness Mount Everest Japanese 1 Northern Ireland is part of ................................................ . the UK 2 ................................................ is one of the highest mountains in the world. 3 Pearl Harbour in ................................................ Islands was attacked by ................................................ during World War II. 4 Nessie is the famous monster from ................................................ . Lots of people swear they have seen it!! 5 Amsterdam is the capital city of ................................................ . 6 ................................................ read the Koran. 4 How would you translate this text into your own language? The British Isles are a group of islands in the north-west of Europe. Great Britain is the biggest island and it is surrounded by the English Channel, the North Sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ireland is the other big island in the group. Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, along with England, Scotland and Wales. The rest of Ireland is independent and is called The Republic of Ireland. The Pennines are the backbone of England, and the Thames, which crosses England from west to east, is the most important river. The Shannon is the longest river in Ireland. The largest lake in Scotland is Loch Lomond, but the most famous is Loch Ness, because of Nessie, the monster who is said to live there. uni t 21 | The definite article: the (2) Lexis: The Environment and Geography | See Word Bank pages 162-163

76 unit 22 No article vs. the The following cases do not require an article: • plural nouns that are used in a general sense. Restaurants are usually crowded on a Saturday night. (all of them in general) But: The restaurants of this chain are quite expensive. (these ones in particular) • proper nouns, even when preceded by a title: Mark, Mr Champney, Doctor Jones, Queen Elizabeth… and names of family members when referring to our own family: Dad, Mum, Grandpa, Aunt Mary, Uncle John… • cities, countries (with singular word names), continents: Berlin, Germany, Europe, Africa… • islands, mounts, lakes: Sardinia, Mount McKinley, Lake Ladoga… • names of languages, areas of study, sport: Spanish, French, maths, social studies, tennis, soccer… • days of the week, months, years, festivities, hours: Monday, December, 1985, Christmas, Easter, two o’clock, half past two… With the seasons, the article may or may not be used: in the summer / in summer • meals: breakfast, lunch, dinner… I have breakfast at eight o’clock. • colours: red, yellow, pink… I like green. • uncountable nouns used in a general sense, for example names of materials or food products: leather, wool, butter, flour Compare: Butter is made from cream. (all butter in general) Get the butter out of the fridge. (that particular packet) • abstract nouns: peace, brotherhood, freedom, death • possessive adjectives and pronouns: my sister (not the my sister), It’s mine / yours… (not the mine…) • parts of the body, pieces of clothing and personal objects, which are usually preceded by a possessive adjective. Wash your hands! (not: Wash the hands.) I usually go to school on my bike. It’s cold. Put on your sweater. BUT: Why don’t you put on the sweater I gave you for your birthday? (the specific sweater that was defined in the relative clause) Nouns such as hospital, church, school, college, market, prison, court do not have an article when they are meant for their primary purpose (e.g. to go to church to pray). If these places are visited for a different purpose to the primary one, however, the article the is used. Compare: She went to hospital for a check-up. (as a patient) She went to the hospital to visit her grandma. Children go to primary school at the age of five. (as pupils, to learn) I’m going to the school to talk to my son’s teacher. He was in prison for two years. (as an inmate) He works in the local prison as a guard. A B

77 1 Write the only in one of the two sentences. If the article isn’t needed, write 0. 1 a I enjoyed camping by ............ lake last year. the b I enjoyed camping by ............ Lake Garda last year. 0 2 a Mike met ............ Mr Anderson at the seaside last summer. b Mike met ............ Andersons at the seaside last summer. 3 a Linda doesn’t like speaking ............ French. b Linda didn’t like ............ French people she met in Paris. 4 a She went climbing in ............ mountains last week. b She’s always been afraid of climbing ............ mountains. 5 a He always goes visiting cities on ............ Saturdays. b He always goes visiting cities at ............ weekend. 6 a We had ............ dinner she ordered from the Indian restaurant at eight. b We had ............ dinner at eight. 2 Tick (3) the correct sentences and correct the ones with mistakes in them. 1 3 I like the green of the English countryside. ............................................................................. 2 I like green. I like the green. ............................................................................. 3 The paper making was developed in China. ............................................................................. 4 We get wool from Sardinian sheep. ............................................................................. 5 They enjoyed the Christmas Day in Rome. ............................................................................. 6 He fought for the freedom of his people. ............................................................................. 7 Can you buy me the English teapot in that shop? ............................................................................. 8 I can’t see the my map anywhere. ............................................................................. 3 Write the in the sentences where necessary. If the article isn’t needed, write 0. 1 My mother works in ............ hospital as a cleaner. the 2 My father went to ............ Argentina on holiday. 3 ............ school where my brother goes is an international one. 4 Dave was late for ............ school again today! 5 I went to ............ Notting Hill market yesterday. 6 Farmers always take their goods to ............ market early. 7 I went to ............ church in London every Sunday morning. 8 I visited ............ church which stands next to Trafalgar Square. 4 How would you translate these sentences into your own language? 1 I don’t like yellow roses, I prefer red ones. 2 Aunt Judith and uncle Henry live in Germany. 3 Football is one of the most popular sports in England. 4 The Scottish weather is cold and rainy. 5 My brother is studying Medicine in Edinburgh. 6 My son comes back from college every week. Oxford is quite near. 7 Martin Luther King fought for the civil rights of black people in the USA. 8 Many people have lost their lives to fight for liberty. 9 People say there is a monster who lives in Loch Ness in Scotland. 10 I always have breakfast later than usual during the holidays. uni t 22 | No article vs. the Lexis: The Environment and Geography | See Word Bank pages 162-163

review 78 7 review | Units 21 • 22 Lexis upgrade | The Environment and Geography WORD BANK pp. 162-163 2 Answer the questions. The answers are in units 21-22. 1 Name a mountain range in Europe. ………………………………….. 2 What is the biggest lake in Europe? ……………………….…………. 3 What is the official name for the southern part of Ireland? …………………………………. 4 What is the name of the river in London? …………………………………… 5 What is the longest river in Ireland? …………………………………… 6 What is the name of the biggest island in the British Isles? …………………………………… 7 What is the name of the biggest loch in Scotland? .…………………………………… 8 Name a famous nature conservation organisation. ………………………………………… Grammar upgrade 3 Which words require the article the? Write them in the correct column. Apennines Lake Geneva Coliseum Florence Archbishop Argentina Black Sea FBI Mount Everest April War of Independence Liverpool Cathedral with the without the The Apennines 4 Match the two parts of the sentences. Then write them out as a short text. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 John is the 2 He lives in the 3 He works as 4 He looks after the 5 They are not on the 6 This is due to the success of usually take the don’t usually take the Map it out! | The 1 Which words usually require the article the? Join them to the correct answer. musical instruments days of the week, months and times categories of people rivers lakes ordinal numbers people’s proper names abstract nouns abbreviations of organisations materials and food seas and oceans meals a mountains in the Yosemite National Park. b peregrine falcons which live there. c the protection programme. d only American friend I have. e list of endangered species anymore. f a ranger in the park.

79review 7 | Units 21 • 22 5 Complete the text with the article the where necessary. If the article isn’t needed, write 0. It was on 1 ............ first of the 2............ September 2008 that I took my exam about 0 3............ endangered species and since that moment, my life has changed. I remember that I studied in 4............ school library every day and after 5............ school for two evenings a week. I did some research on the Internet about 6............ white lions and tigers. I found out that there was a white lion in 7 ............ zoo near 8............ my town so I decided to go there and observe it closely. I was so fascinated by 9 ............ animal that I studied hard about every kind of endangered animal. I also kept in touch with 10............ WWF and after some years of working together, I became one of 11............ leaders of the organization. 6 Choose the correct alternative. 0 means that an article isn’t needed. 1 He told me the | 0 answer to the question about the Solar System. 2 Last year I spent two weeks at the | 0 seaside. 3 Tomorrow morning I have the | 0 Biology first lesson. 4 The | 0 English Prime Minister is going to give a speech at the United Nations tomorrow. 5 The | 0 rugby is an exciting game. New Zealand is the | 0 strongest team in the world. 6 The | 0 cotton was grown in American plantations. 7 I’m going skiing for the | 0 Christmas holidays. 8 I hate the | 0 way he speaks to me! 7 Complete the text with the or 0. A large number of 1 ............ animal species are endangered due to 2............ changes that human beings have caused to their habitats. For example, 3............ extinction of 4............ fish and other marine species is the result of 5............ human activities. Tropical rain forests are cut by 6............ men or destroyed by 7 ............ fire and most of 8............ species that live there are threatened. Another reason is 9 ............ lack of food. Let’s take 10............ Iberian Lynx as an example. 11............ 85% of its diet is based on 12............ rabbits. When 13............ number of rabbits decreases, 14............ lynxes die because they can’t find enough food. 8 Translate the following dialogue into your own language. A The trip you are organising is very expensive but I like it a lot! ............................................................................................................................................................ B I know but I want to visit a new city every week. I’ve chosen New York, Miami and Las Vegas. ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ A Why don’t we visit the national parks and the Grand Canyon too? We could stay a week more. We could fly to the East coast and take off from the West Coast on our way back. ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ B I like the idea of crossing the States! ............................................................................................................................................................ A How much will it cost? ............................................................................................................................................................ B About 3,000 dollars, I think. ............................................................................................................................................................ 0

exam practice 80 7 Preliminary and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 7 | Candidate-led discussion of topic 1 This is the topic you have chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 7. • Environmental issues in the area where I live Here are some possible subheadings for your topic: • Short description of the area where I live • The typical flora and fauna of the area • Endangered species, if any The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments, like the ones below: • Are there any natural parks or protected areas where you live? • Have you ever visited it / them? • Do you belong to any environmental group or club? Make a mind map for the topic then practise discussing it with a friend. Cambridge English Preliminary | Speaking Part 3 2 Here are two photos of two different kinds of landscapes. Works in pairs. Student A shows their photo to Student B and talks about it for a minute. Then Student B talks about their photo. Cambridge English Preliminary | Speaking Part 4 3 The photographs showed two different landscapes. Now talk together and say which landscape you prefer and the advantages or disadvantages of living there. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 2 4 Your English friend would like to visit a national park near where you live but doesn’t want to go alone. Write an email to your friend and: • offer to go with him/her • suggest a day to go • say where you will meet Write 35-45 words. ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................

81 Preliminary and Trinity Practice exam prac t Cambridge English Preliminary | Reading Part 5 ice 7 5 Read the text and choose the correct word (A, B, C or D) for each space. 1 ............... Grand Canyon is Arizona’s most recognizable landmark – and a A 2............... wonder that never stops amazing visitors. Stretching 277 miles from end to end, it is more than a mile from the top of its steep rocky walls to the bottom where the Colorado 3............... runs wildly in a southwest direction. You can reach Grand Canyon National 4............... from numerous entrances and whether you stop at the Canyon for an hour or stay for a week, you’ll have plenty of ways to enjoy some adventure or just great 5............... There are a lot of ways of 6............... the Canyon; for example, you can explore it from the Colorado River as an exciting way to gain an interesting 7 ............... on the height and length of the canyon. RAFTING Most trips start out at Lees Ferry near Page, Arizona, but you can choose from several options for types and lengths. Motorized trips are faster and usually take six to eight days to carry you the full length of the canyon. For a 8............... trip, usually four days, you can choose a rafting trip through half the canyon. HIKING With miles of caves to explore, more than 1,500 9 ............... of plants, fungi, lichens and moss to discover and 300 10...............of birds to spy, the canyon offers incredibly exciting hikes to the nature lover. AIR TOURS There’s no better way to see the Grand Canyon than from an airplane or a helicopter. The 11............... sights are breathtaking and the guide on board tells you lots of interesting facts. 1 A the B a C in the D 0 2 A exotic B natural C artificial D chaotic 3 A Mounts B Lake C Hill D River 4 A Museum B Park C Gallery D Anthem 5 A views B looks C sightseeing D vision 6 A explore B exploit C exploring D watching 7 A sights B frame C picture D perspective 8 A bigger B longer C shorter D smaller 9 A types B type C animal D animals 10 A genres B hundreds C species D specialties 11 A panoramic B panoramical C landscape D land

82 unit 23 Nouns: countable and uncountable (1) Nouns are: • countable, when they refer to things, animals or people that we can count. one car, two cars; one dog, two dogs; one girl, two girls… • uncountable, when they refer to things that we can’t count or to abstract concepts. butter (not possible: one butter, two butters…), water, patience, freedom… Countable nouns have a singular form and a plural form (apart from a few exceptions). • In their singular form, they can be preceded by the article a / an, by the number one, by a possessive adjective and by the article the or another determiner (this, that…). There’s a car in the street. It’s my car. I’ve only got one sandwich. • In their plural form, they can be preceded by a number (two, three…), by an indefinite adjective (some, any…), by a possessive and by the article the or another determiner (these, those…). There are six eggs in the box. We’ve got some crisps left. Here are your biscuits. Uncountable nouns are those that indicate. • substances and materials (paper, wood, petrol, silk, cotton…) • many types of food (bread, milk, salt, popcorn, spaghetti…) • abstract nouns (love, beauty, education, honour, responsibility…) • school subjects or sport (art, history, physics, gymnastics, athletics…) Usually these nouns do not have a plural form and are not accompanied by either a number or by the indefinite article a / an, nor by the definite article the, if the sense is general. Petrol is getting more and more expensive. I don’t like vanilla ice-cream. Education is a very important issue in the new government’s policy. BUT: We want to give our children a good education. Names of substances and materials can be preceded by an indefinite adjective like some / a little, a lot of / much to indicate a quantity that isn’t precise. We need some flour to make the pancakes. I have my coffee with a little milk and a lot of sugar. See pages 116–118 for the use of the indefinites (some, any, no…) and ‘quantifiers’ (much, many, a lot, a little…). To specify the exact quantity of certain substances, expressions are used that indicate the container, the packaging, the weight or a part of the whole thing. a bar of chocolate a kilo of flour a bottle of wine a piece of cake a can of lemonade a pint of beer a carton of milk a slice of bread a cup of tea a spoonful of sugar a glass of milk a sheet of paper a jar of jam a tube of toothpaste A D C B

83 1 Choose the correct alternative. 1 Are they studying Maths / the Maths in the cafeteria? 2 Pinocchio is a puppet made of a wood / wood. 3 Gold / The gold is one of the precious metals the pirates stole. 4 The main characters in the film met during a Biology / Biology class at school. It was a love / love at first sight. 5 After the summer, I’m going to a famous university to get good educations / a good education. 6 Peter is really good at the gymnastic / gymnastics so he has decided to join a team. 2 Write these nouns in the correct column. car oil beauty farm sugar café health water poetry popcorn cinema gallery sandwich ballet character magazine beauty Countable Uncountable car 3 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. any your some a little much a 1 Shall we order ........................ pizza? a 2 I’d like ........................ sugar in my tea, please. 3 We need to find a garage. There’s hardly ........................ petrol left. 4 This is mine! You’ve already eaten ........................ slice of cake! 5 I’d only like ........................ rice with my fish, please. 6 ‘How much wine would you like, sir?’ ‘Not ........................ , please.’ 4 Complete the expressions with the words in the box. a bottle of a box of beer chocolate a drop of a slice of bread a jar of a cup of paper 1 a cup of ................................................ coffee 2 ................................................ marmalade 3 a sheet of ................................................ 4 a loaf of ................................................ 5 ................................................ meat 6 ................................................ champagne 7 a pint of ................................................ 8 a bar of ................................................ 9 ................................................ oil 10 ................................................ biscuits u nit 23 | Nouns: countable and uncountable (1) Lexis: Leisure time | See Word Bank page 163

84 unit 24 Nouns: countable and uncountable (2) Some nouns can be used as uncountable nouns [U] when we refer to them as a mass, and as countable nouns [C] when we refer to them as singular units; in this case, they also have a plural form. Compare: fruit [U], some fruit BUT: a fruit [C] these fruits Other nouns can be used as uncountable nouns as well as a countable nouns: tea, coffee, wine, beer, cheese, cereal, noise … Compare the different uses of some of the following nouns: I usually have tea [U] with milk. Tea [U] is imported from India and China. This is a blend of selected teas [C] from India. Two teas [C], please. (in colloquial language, instead of: Two cups of tea.) Can I have some cheese [U], please? French cheeses [C] are all renowned. There’s a lot of noise [U] in this room. I heard a terrible noise [C]. Some nouns that are countable in other languages are uncountable in English. They therefore have no plural. Some of the more common nouns are: advice hair luggage progress business homework money furniture information news Remember: Verbs and pronouns accompanying these nouns must be singular. Here’s your luggage. It isn’t very heavy. This is today’s news. I don’t have much homework today. How much money do you have? Give me some advice, please. Some of these nouns can be used in a singular sense, using the expression a piece / an item of. a piece of news a piece of advice a piece / an item of furniture a piece / an item of luggage Other nouns, such as business, hair and paper can also be countable, but they then have a different meaning: She set up a small business last year. I’m allergic to cat hairs. Could you pass me the paper, please? A C B

85 1 Complete the sentences with the nouns in the box. Use the plural in -s where necessary. fruit wine beer hair noise coffee 1 Would you like some ........................ salad? It is on the list of the desserts. fruit 2 Excuse me, waiter. There’s a ........................ in my soup! 3 Would you like Italian or French ........................? I like both and I can’t decide. 4 I’d like to drink some ........................ with ginseng. Have you ever tasted it? 5 There’s too much ........................ in this restaurant! We can’t have a nice chat tonight. 6 I want half a pint of ........................ . Shall we go and buy some? 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 Do the English really drink the tea / tea with milk in it? 2 Have good time / a good time at the party! 3 I’m sorry to hear you haven’t got a money / any money to go on holiday. 4 I just heard a noise / noise in the backyard – let’s go and see what it is. 5 I haven’t got a time / time now. Table number 5 is waiting for me! 6 There’s a good news / good news about John’s new business! 3 Complete the sentences with much, many, some or any. 1 I need ........................ advice about where to take my guests for dinner tonight. some 2 The call centre didn’t give us ........................ information about the spa we were looking for. 3 Peter has too ........................ luggage with him. I think he’ll have to pay extra. 4 There are too ........................ problems when you book a last-minute package holiday. 5 I’ll have ........................ Parmesan cheese on my spaghetti. 6 How ........................ concerts have you been to in your life? 4 Complete the pairs of sentences with the word given, in the singular if it is used as an uncountable noun or in the plural if it is used as a countable noun. 1 EXPERIENCE a Peter has had a lot of .............................. flying planes. experience b experiences I had some wonderful .............................. in Africa last year. 2 BUSINESS a Sophie has decided to go into .............................. . b There are a number of new .............................. setting up in our area. 3 DAMAGE a You will have to pay .............................. up to £5,000. b There was quite a lot of .............................. when he crashed his car. 4 FISH a This .............................. is nice. What is it? b He told me that the .............................. in this river are good to eat. 5 COFFEE a How many .............................. did you order? b Would you like some more .............................. now? 6 GLASS a The ball hit the window and shattered the .............................. while we were having tea. b There were numerous empty .............................. on the table. u nit 24 | Nouns: countable and uncountable (2) Lexis: Leisure time | See Word Bank page 163

86 unit 25 Collective and plural nouns; adjectives used as nouns Collective nouns are used to talk about a set of people, animals or things that form a group, for example: team, government, family, army, crew, staff, swarm, flock, herd, fleet The verb that accompanies collective nouns can usually be either singular or plural. Our team is / are first in the championship. It’s / They’re a great team! Note the plural agreement of the object with the subject. We’ve all got umbrellas. (plural subject → plural object: each person has one) They came on their bikes. Some nouns can only be plural. They are often preceded by a pair of. (a pair of) binoculars barracks goods (a pair of) glasses cattle outskirts/suburbs (a pair of) pliers clergy people (a pair of) pyjamas clothes police (a pair of) scissors contents savings (a pair of) tongs/pincers customs surroundings (a pair of) trousers earnings youth Note the agreement with the plural verb. Barracks can also be used as a singular noun. The police have arrested a dangerous robber. There were lots of people at the party. Where are your pyjamas? This barracks hosts/These barracks host the new recruits. Youth can be countable (= a young man) or uncountable (= young people as a group). Homeless youths are sleeping rough on the streets of London. The youth of today face huge economic challenges. It is possible for a qualifying adjective to function as a noun, to indicate: • a category of people. the young, the old, the elderly, the rich, the poor, the living, the dead (also possible: young people, old people, rich people…, but not: the youngs, the olds…). Singular: a young man, an old man, a rich man (not: an old / a young / a rich). • a population. the English, the French, the Dutch, the Chinese. Singular: an Englishman, a Frenchman, a Dutchman BUT: a Chinese. • an abstract concept. the beautiful, the impossible, the supernatural There are also plural nouns that derive from adjectives: sweets (from the adjective ‘sweet’), vegetables, valuables, criminals, the classics, the ancients, the natives My valuables are now safe in the bank. I read a lot of classics when I was young. Maori people are the natives of New Zealand. A C D B

87 1 Choose the correct alternative. 1 The police has been / have been patrolling around the stadium. 2 The outskirts were / was full of people who were / was celebrating the summer festival. 3 The contents of the box was hidden / were hidden. 4 If you want to watch the news, hurry up – it’s / they’re just starting. 5 The local youths are / is all engaged in some voluntary work during their free time. 6 Where is / are my sunglasses? I want to ride my bike but it’s too sunny. 2 Complete the expressions with the words in the box. ships a flock of cows wolves a team of a swarm of 1 a team of ......................... sportsmen 2 a pack of ......................... 3 ......................... bees 4 a fleet of ......................... 5 a herd of ......................... 6 ......................... birds 3 Complete the sentences with the nouns in the box. NB: there is one extra! trousers congratulations pyjamas barracks binoculars savings outskirts 1 Skirts look very nice, but when it’s cold a lot of girls wear ........................ . trousers 2 Many people have left the city centre to live in the ........................ . 3 After they had finished marching, the soldiers returned to their ........................ . 4 ........................ , Lucy, you have won first prize in the competition! 5 I want to invest my ........................ in a business which specialises in free-time activities. 6 Pass me the ........................ , there’s an interesting bird over there. I love birdwatching! 4 Write the before the nouns where necessary. If the article isn’t needed, write 0. 1 ........................ French are proud of their cooking. The 2 ........................ sweets are bad for your teeth. 3 Paul is reading a lot of ........................ classics these days. 4 We can’t do ........................ impossible but we’ll try! 5 For ........................ Japanese, serving ................ tea is an art. 6 ........................ vegetables and ........................ fruit are an important part of everyone’s diet. 7 ........................ young people want to have fun at weekends. 8 ........................ beauty of this hotel is the big swimming pool on the beach. 9 I love ........................ Spanish. They are so friendly! 10 Only ........................ rich people come here on holiday: it’s very expensive! u nit 25 | Collective and plural nouns; adjectives used as nouns Lexis: Leisure time | See Word Bank page 163

88 unit To indicate possession or relationship, we can use the possessive case. The possessive case is formed with the name of the possessor followed by 's and by the object (or relation) without any article. This is the case with: • a singular noun * the bag of the teacher → the teacher’s bag * the garden of my neighbour → my neighbour’s garden * the twin sister of Samantha → Samantha’s twin sister • a plural noun that doesn't end in -s the children’s toys We simply add the apostrophe if the possessor is a plural noun ending in -s. the students’ halls the Smiths’ flat After a proper name or a surname ending in -s we usually add ’s. * the diary of James → James’s diary * the house of Ms Jones → Ms Jones’s house However with some historical names or famous poeple's surnames ending in -s it is possible to use just the apostrophe: Jesus' birth Dickens' works NB If the same object belongs to two or more people: Rita and Betty’s room (they share a room) BUT: Rita’s and Betty’s rooms (each has a separate room) The possessive case is used when the possessor is a person expressed by a noun (Tom’s cousin), or an indefinite pronoun (someone’s birthday), or if it is an animal (the dog’s kennel), but it is not normally used when we talk about belonging to an object (the pages of the book or the book pages, not: the book’s pages). Apart from expressing possession and relationship, the possessive case can be used: • with names of shops, restaurants, professional venues, churches… Usually there is only an apostrophe followed by s, because nouns like shop, store, restaurant, surgery, cathedral … I visited St Peter’s when I was in Rome. Tomorrow I’m going to the dentist’s / to the doctor’s. (also possible: to the dentist / to the doctor) • to say "at the house of" with omission of the word "house" We went to Peter’s (house) yesterday. • with time phrases today’s / yesterday’s newspaper, two weeks’ holiday (or a two-week holiday), three hours’ walk (or a three-hour walk) Note also this structure: a friend of Sarah’s or one of Sarah’s friends, but not a Sarah’s friend, because no article or other determinant is acceptable in front of the possessive case. This structure is called double genitive, because both of and ’s are used. Note also: some ties of my father’s / some of my father’s ties, but not: some my father’s ties. A C D B 26 Possessive case | Tom’s friend, A friend of Tom’s

89 4 Tick (3) the correct phrases and rewrite the incorrect ones. 1 3 a colleague of my mother’s 2 a my brother’s friend a friend of my brother’s ..................................................................... 3 some my cousin’s books ..................................................................... 4 a relation of my father’s ..................................................................... 5 a my sister’s team-mate ..................................................................... 6 one my teacher’s ideas ..................................................................... 7 an acquaintance of Paul’s ..................................................................... 8 yesterday newspaper ..................................................................... 5 How would you translate these sentences into your own language? 1 We went for a four-hour walk in the mountains. 2 ‘Is it somebody’s birthday today?’ ‘Yes, it’s my cousin’s birthday.’ 3 We are all going to Marion’s (house) tonight. 4 Some friends of my parents’ came to visit us this summer. 5 ‘Have you seen today’s paper?’ ‘Yes, it’s in the girls’ room.’ 6 You’ve read all of Shakespeare’s works! 1 Rewrite the phrases using the possessive case. 1 the toy of the child the child’s toy ........................................................................ 2 the guitar of the boy ........................................................................ 3 the twin brother of Paul ........................................................................ 4 the dresses of the women ........................................................................ 5 the food of the animals ........................................................................ 6 the computer of your father ........................................................................ 2 Which word can you add? Complete the sentences in a logical way. 1 Are you going to your grandparents’ .................................... tomorrow? house 2 Did you see St Paul’s .................................... when you were in London? 3 There are lots of patients waiting at Doctor Kerry’s .................................... . 4 The guide is taking the tourists to Madame Tussaud’s .................................... . 5 There’s a good greengrocer’s .................................... at the corner with Lewis Street. 6 We had a great dinner at Louie Linguini’s .................................... last night. 3 Choose the correct alternative (A, B or C). u nit 26 | Possessive case 1 I’m going to the ............ C tomorrow. A doctors B doctors’ C doctor’s 2 I got this meat at the ............ on the corner. Tonight I’m making roast beef! A butchers’ B butcher’s C butchers 3 I visited San ............ when I was in Verona. A Zeno’s B Zenos C Zenos’ 4 We went to ............ department store yesterday to buy some clothes. A Harris B Harrises C Harris’s 5 Where did you eat last night? At ............ restaurant. A Friday’s B Friday C Fridayes 6 Did you read last ............ Observer magazine? There was an article about leisure time. A week B week’s C weeks’ Lexis: Leisure time | See Word Bank page 163

review 90 8 review | Units 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 Lexis upgrade | Collective and plural nouns 1 Complete the expressions using the words in the box. shoes milk flour beer honey jam wine rice pasta jeans cake orange juice news scissors marmalade A bottle of ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ A jar of ........................ ........................ ........................ A packet of ........................ ........................ ........................ A piece of ........................ ........................ A pair of ........................ ........................ ........................ Grammar upgrade 2 Complete the sentences with the correct word. oxen pyjamas penny lice sheep thieves media 1 Two ........................ were pulling the old cart in the first scene of the film. oxen 2 ‘I’ve got no money left – just one ........................ .’ Scrooge said to his nephews. 3 Unfortunately, two people in my class have got head ........................ . 4 There were about one hundred ........................ in the film Babe. 5 My brother is an artist who works in different ........................ . 6 You can play the role of the police officer and arrest ........................ . 7 There was a party and everyone had to wear ........................ . 3 Complete the sentences with the masculine or the feminine of the word in green. 1 There were many famous ........................ and actors actresses at the Hollywood dinner. 2 A number of European princes and ........................ attended the ball. 3 There was a ........................ and a policeman outside the building. 4 Two of my nieces and one ........................ came to visit me. 5 I got birthday cards from my son and my ........................ . 6 There were stewardesses and ........................ on the plane. 7 I want to buy some little presents for my granddaughter and my ........................ . 4 Complete the sentences with the plural of the nouns in the box. city life dish party kiss disco 1 There are too many ........................ to wash! dishes 2 They visited the Imperial ........................ when they went to Morocco. 3 There are three good ........................ in our town. 4 The ........................ of dead writers are fascinating. 5 The actress looked at the actor and gave him three sweet ........................ . 6 I haven’t been to many ........................ recently. milk

91 5 Complete the sentences with words in the box. butter petrol history wood wine information sugar 1 I need some ........................ and ........................ to make these cakes for my farewell party. butter 2 I’d like to have some ........................ about the prices of that spa. 3 The ........................ of the Middle Ages is part of the learning laboratory in this museum. 4 There isn’t much ........................ left in the cellar. 5 Is there enough ........................ in the car? We want to go to the funfair near the sea! 6 Please can you bring some ........................ for the beach bonfire on 15th August? 6 Four of these sentences have mistakes in them. Find them and rewrite the sentences correctly. 1 A my brother’s friend came to see us last weekend. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 We saw one Picasso paintings at the exhibition yesterday. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Let’s spend the afternoon in St. James’s Park. It’s such a beautiful day. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Lillian and I had dinner at Beppe restaurant last night. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 These are only some of my cousin’s DVDs. He’s got hundreds. ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Doris’s and Liam’s house is opposite the playground. ............................................................................................................................................................ Communication upgrade 7 MP3 | 010 Complete the dialogue with the words in the box. NB: there are three extra! Then listen and check. thief furniture (x2) clergy people advice customs news contents 91review 8 | Units 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 8 Translate the text into your own language. The town where I live has a lot of entertainment. For people who like modern art, there are wellknown art galleries and small theatres where you can go to watch fringe shows. For those who like shopping, there are good designer shops and boutiques and also a large outlet where prices are really competitive. And, for sports lovers, there are all sorts of facilities. On the outskirts of the town, there are two farms which are open to the public at weekends where children can see farmyard animals. They can also fish for trout in a pool nearby and have a good time jumping in the hay! Noemi Switch on the TV. I’d like to listen to the 1 ........................ . Jim Oh, listen! The police have arrested that 2........................ . Noemi Who are all those 3........................ behind the reporter? Jim They’re ‘interested bystanders’!! Noemi They seem very interested indeed! Hey, the 4........................ trade fair starts at 9 tomorrow. Jim Do you want to go? Noemi Yes, our 5........................ is awful! We might get some good 6........................ there as to how to refurbish our house without spending too much. Jim At a trade fair? I don’t think so!! A friend of my brother’s came to see us last weekend. news

exam practice 92 Preliminary and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 7 | Candidate-led interaction 1 Work with a friend and practise discussing the topic below: Examiner: I’ve never been to this town before and I’m going to stay here for a few days. What could I do in my free time? I’ll mainly be free in the evenings. Give all the information you can about leisure activities in the place where you live. Don’t just suggest going to the cinema, or, if you do, give details about where the cinema is, if it is a multiplex, if you can eat there, etc. Also, think of different things, like a guided walking tour of ancient churches by night, or a wine tasting in a restaurant etc. Take turns in being the examiner and the candidate. Make sure you can speak fluently for five minutes. Use phrases such as: • You could join a guided tour of… • You may / might like… • Why don’t you…? • I know there will be a ...... in two day’s time Cambridge English Preliminary | Reading Part 5 2 Read the text and choose the correct word(s) (A, B, C or D) for each space. I have received 1 ............ to many C 2............ over the years. Some of them have been special 3............ such as 4............ birthday or anniversary, and others have been for Christmas or New Year. But the strangest party I have ever been invited to was the 5............ ball. Can you imagine the 6............ dancing? I couldn’t! But I had a great time! There were no 7 ............ in sight, and everyone was happy and smiling. The chief 8............ speech was short and amusing, and 9 ............ mood was good. There was lots of nice food and the 10............ were excellent. I danced with several 11............ . It was fun! 8 1 A invitation B the invitation C invitations D invitation’s 2 A party B parties C party’s D partys 3 A occasions B occasion C occasiones D occasion’s 4 A someone B someones C someones’ D someone’s 5 A policeman B policemans C policemen’s D policemens’ 6 A police B polices C police’s D polices’ 7 A uniform B uniforms C uniform’s D uniform’s 8 A detective’s B detectives C detectives’ D detective 9 A everyone B everyones C everyone’s D everyones’ 10 A wine’s B wines’ C wine D wines 11 A policewoman B policewomen C policewomes D policewomen’s

93 Preliminary and Trinity Practice exam pra cti ce 8 Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 3 3 Read this extract from an e-mail from your friend, Anne, who wants to know how you spend your summer. How do you spend your summer? Do you work or stay at home? Can you go to the beach or is it too far away? I like going camping and walking in the hills around my house because the weather here is never very hot. Do you go to discos and concerts? What do you do in the evenings? I went to a rock concert last summer in a field! It was great fun! Now write an e-mail answering Anne’s questions (use 100 words) .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... Cambridge English Preliminary | Speaking Part 2 4 You are thinking about what to do at different times during the year. Work with a partner and look at the photos. Decide which activity you like the best and explain why. A day in the mountains skiing, snowboarding etc. WINTER A walk in the mountains SPRING A day on the beach SUMMER A day visiting the Christmas markets A day at a fun fair A day in a water park or by the pool

94 unit 27 cheaper than / more expensive than The comparative of adjectives (1) To compare the qualities of two people or things, we use comparative adjectives. • Adjectives with one syllable or those with two syllables that end in -y form the comparative by adding -er. small → smaller cold → colder light → lighter heavy → heavier easy → easier lucky → luckier The addition of -er entails a few spelling changes: – the y changes to i: easy → easier dry → drier BUT: shy → shyer – in one-syllable adjectives that end in a vowel + a consonant, the final consonant is doubled: big → bigger hot → hotter, BUT: cheap → cheaper (it isn’t doubled as there are two vowels) – -r is added to adjectives that end in -e: large → larger wide → wider • Adjectives with two or more syllables (apart from those that end in -y) form the comparative with the adverb more: useful → more useful interesting → more interesting difficult → more difficult extravagant → more extravagant • Two-syllable adjectives that end in -ow, -er, -le and certain others (quiet, polite, friendly, stupid…) can have both forms. narrow → narrower / more narrow clever → cleverer / more clever gentle → gentler / more gentle polite → politer / more polite With the comparative we use the preposition than. Luke is taller than his brother. This test is more difficult than the other one. Than can be used as a conjunction to introduce a comparative clause. This test is more difficult than I thought. The hotel was more comfortable than we expected. If the second part of the comparison includes a pronoun, an object pronoun (me, him...) is usually used. In a more formal situation, the subject pronoun followed by the auxiliary is preferable. My sister is taller than me. / My sister is taller than I am. They’re more organised than us. / … than we are. I’m luckier than her. / … than she is. She isn’t more intelligent than you (are). Before comparative adjectives, it is also possible to use much / far / a lot or a little / a bit / slightly. Mark is a far nicer guy than Jeff. Today’s lesson was slightly more interesting than yesterday’s. Your house is much larger than ours. A C B

95 3 Complete the sentences with the comparative of the adjectives in the box. Add than where necessary. short careful nice safe comfortable quiet expensive 1 This dress is ...................................................... all the others. nicer than 2 Linda is ...................................................... the other girls in our class. 3 I can’t hear the music. Can you be a bit ......................................................, please?! 4 This car is expensive, but it’s ...................................................... other cars. 5 Leather shoes are cheap here. At home, they’re ...................................................... . 6 The new sofa is ...................................................... our old armchairs. 7 Try to be ...................................................... next time! You nearly broke the Chinese vase. 4 A famous rock band have just finished touring in the US. Write sentences using comparative adjectives. Use the adjectives in the box. long / short warm / cold good / bad heavy / light 1 The cruise on the Mississippi: 5 days / The cruise on the Missouri: 3 days The cruise on the Mississippi was longer than the one on the Missouri. / The cruise on the ............................................................................................................................................................ Missouri was shorter than the one on the Mississippi. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 The drummer’s suitcase: 25 kg / the bassist’s suitcase: 20 kg ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 New York: 17°C / Miami: 24°C (yesterday’s temperatures) ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Box office takings in Las Vegas: 450,000 dollars / Box office takings in New Orleans: 300,000 dollars ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Write the comparative of the adjectives in the box in the correct column. Two of the adjectives can be placed in two columns. loud lonely small careful expensive friendly old extraordinary clever trendy quiet early Adjective + er Adjective + ier more + adjective louder 2 A famous Hollywood actress shares her thoughts. Use the words to write comparative sentences. uni t 27 | The comparative of adjectives (1) Lexis: Famous people | See Word Bank page 163 1 Water / healthy / cola Water is healthier than cola. ........................................................................ 2 Life in the countryside / good / life in big cities ........................................................................ 3 American film directors / clever / European film directors ........................................................................ ........................................................................ 4 Doing yoga / relaxing / going jogging ........................................................................ 5 Living in Beverly Hills / expensive / living in Manhattan ........................................................................ ........................................................................ 6 Los Angeles / safe / Miami ........................................................................

96 unit 28 as interesting as / less interesting than The comparative of adjectives (2) To say that people, things, etc. are equal in some way, we often use the structure: as + adjective + as Sometimes the first as is reinforced by the adverb just. She’s just as beautiful as her sister. The flat where I live now is about as big as the one where I lived before. The negative form is: not as + adjective + as They were both very well dressed, but he wasn’t as elegant as his brother. The first as can be substituted by so. This road isn’t so bendy as the other one. The supermarket isn’t so crowded today as it was yesterday. To talk about inequality, we can use the adverb less, which is placed before the adjective. less + adjective + than The weather today is less humid than (it was) yesterday. Grown-ups are usually less adventurous than teenagers. This comparative isn’t often used. It is more common to use: • more + the adjective with the opposite meaning. The sales are on. Everything is less expensive than it was. → Everything is cheaper than it was. • not as + adjective as. The sequel is less exciting than the original movie. → The sequel is not as exciting as the original movie. Particular cases of comparison comparative + and + comparative (gradual increase) It’s getting darker and darker. The book I’m reading is getting more and more gripping. the + comparative … the + comparative (parallel increase) The heavier your luggage is, the more expensive the transport gets. The greater the challenge, the greater the reward. the + comparative + of … (between two things or people) I’ll buy the larger of the two pullovers. Compare with: I’ll buy the largest one. (if they are more than two, the superlative is used; see p.96) To compare two actions, the first term of comparison consists of a verb in the infinitive (to + base form) and the second of a verb in the base form. Sometimes it’s quicker to cycle than go by bus. A D B today yesterday C It’s nicer to go on holiday with friends than go alone.

97 4 Both the Boeing and the Airbus can fly at 890 km per hour. (fast) ................................................. ................................................. 5 Both the sweater and the cardigan are size 12. (big) ................................................. ................................................. 6 Both Robert and Samira are 14 years old. (old) ................................................. ................................................. 1 Write comparisons with the words in brackets using as… as… . 1 (big) Brad Pitt’s house is ................................... George Clooney’s house. as big as 2 (just / extravagant) Lady Gaga’s behaviour is ................................... the new English pop star’s. 3 (good) Yesterday’s car race was ............................................... last year’s. 4 (about / tall) Michael Jordan is ................................... my brother was at his age. 5 (just / pretty) Candy was ................................... Lady Oscar. 6 (famous) Bill Gates is ................................... Mark Zuckerberg. 2 Using not … as or not … so, change these terms of comparison into the negative form. 1 My car is less fast than a Ferrari. My car isn’t as fast as a Ferrari. ...................................................................................... 2 Your guitar playing is worse than Paul’s. ...................................................................................... 3 Swimming champions are less famous than footballers. ...................................................................................... 4 Julia Roberts is more talented than some young actresses in Hollywood. ...................................................................................... 5 Spielberg’s films are less influential than Scorsese’s. ...................................................................................... 6 The Incredible Hulk is stronger than Spiderman. ...................................................................................... 3 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ e 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 1 His writing is getting neater a of the two brothers . 2 Their English is becoming clearer b of the two plays. 3 The more complicated your task is c the more helpful people will be. 4 The nicer you are to people d and clearer. 5 This is the more interesting e and neater. 6 Don is the cleverer f of the two coats? 7 Can I have the smaller g the happier you are when you do it successfully. 4 Write sentences with as… as… using the adjectives in brackets. uni t 28 | The comparative of adjectives (2) 1 Both Julie and Helen are 1,65 m tall. (tall) Julie is as tall as Helen. ................................................. 2 Both the dictionary and the novel have got 300 pages. (long) ................................................. ................................................. 3 Both the watch and the ring are £120. (expensive) ................................................. ................................................. Lexis: Famous people | See Word Bank page 163

98 unit 29 the cheapest / the most expensive / the least expensive The superlative of adjectives To compare a person or thing with a group, the superlative of adjectives is used. • Adjectives with one syllable or those with two syllables that end in -y form the superlative by adding -est. the youngest the oldest the busiest The addition of -est entails the same spelling changes as the addition of -er in the comparative does: – the y changes to i: easy → the easiest dry → the driest BUT: shy → the shyest – in one-syllable adjectives that end in a vowel + a consonant, the final consonant is doubled. fat → the fattest, thin → the thinnest, BUT: deep → the deepest (it isn’t doubled, as there are two vowels) – -st is added to adjectives that end in -e. large → the largest, pale → the palest • Adjectives with two or more syllables (apart from two-syllable ones that end in -y) form the superlative with the adverb most. the most famous the most common the most popular • Two-syllable adjectives that end in -ow, -er, -le and certain others (quiet, polite, friendly, stupid…) can have both forms. the cleverest / the most clever the quietest / the most quiet Superlative adjectives are nearly always preceded by the definite article (the) or by a possessive (my, your, his, Lucy’s…). Tim is the most popular student in his class. That was his greatest success. The object that follows the superlative is introduced by the preposition in if it’s a place (in the world, in Europe…) or by the preposition of when the term of comparison is a group of elements or an expression of time (of all my friends, of all times...). Chicago is one of the largest cities in the USA. February is the shortest month of the year. The comparison can also be expressed by a relative clause with a verb in the present perfect or past perfect, which is sometimes accompanied by the adverb ever. It’s one of the funniest films (that) I’ve seen. He was the most generous person I had ever met. To emphasise a superlative, the adverbial expression by far can be used. He’s by far the most talented musician in the orchestra. The superlative of less is least. This bag was the least expensive they had in the shop. It’s the least relevant thing I’ve ever heard. A C D B

99 1 Write the superlative of these adjectives. 1 the tallest tall ............................................... 9 dark ............................................... 2 narrow ............................................... 10 comfortable ............................................... 3 nice ............................................... 11 lucky ............................................... 4 easy ............................................... 12 funny ............................................... 5 exciting ............................................... 13 big ............................................... 6 hard ............................................... 14 thin ............................................... 7 heavy ............................................... 15 amazing ............................................... 8 pale ............................................... 16 famous ............................................... 2 Use the words to write sentences with the superlative. 1 Paul / talented / actor / I / ever / meet Paul is the most talented actor I’ve ever met. ........................................................................................ 2 It / funny / play / I / ever / see ........................................................................................ 3 Pink Floyd / loud / band / we / hear ........................................................................................ 4 She / rich / princess / I / ever / meet ........................................................................................ 5 That / amazing / concert / I / go to ........................................................................................ 3 Rearrange the words to form questions with the superlative. 1 man / fastest / Who / on / is / the / Earth / ? Who is the fastest man on the Earth? ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Italy / is / mountain / What / highest / in / the / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 city / world / in / biggest / Where / the / is / the / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 tall / tallest / is / man / How / the / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 supercar / Which / the / Italian / is / fastest / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 the / world / is / diamond / Which / valuable / the / in / most / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the least + adjective + noun. 1 (book / interesting) It’s .............................................................................. I’ve ever read. the least interesting book 2 (invention / useful) It’s .............................................................................. I’ve ever seen. 3 (guide / helpful) He’s .............................................................................. we’ve ever had. 4 (match / exciting) It was .............................................................................. he had ever watched. 5 (comedian / amusing) He’s .............................................................................. I’ve ever heard. 5 Complete the interview with the superlative of the adjectives in the box. famous shy exciting annoying A How does it feel to be 1 ........................................... comedian on the showbiz scene these days? the most famous B Well, it’s one of 2........................................... feelings I’ve ever had. Everyone recognizes me wherever I go. But that also has a negative side. A Do you mean you don’t have any privacy anymore? B Yes, that’s exactly what I mean. That’s 3........................................... aspect of my being so popular. The funny thing is that I was 4........................................... boy in my class when I was at school!! uni t 29 | The superlative of adjectives Lexis: Famous people | See Word Bank page 163

100 unit 30 faster / fastest; more quickly / most quickly The comparative and superlative of adverbs The comparative of adverbs is formed in the same way to that of adjectives. In particular: • -er is added to adverbs that have the same form as adjectives, following the same spelling rules. fast → faster high → higher Compare the sentences that use an adjective to those that use an adverb. This is a faster car. It goes faster. This peak is higher. This plane flies higher. • adverbs that end in -ly are preceded by more in the comparative. slowly → more slowly quickly → more quickly Speak more slowly, please. I can’t follow you. With the comparative, we use the preposition than. Yesterday we got up earlier than you. He arrived later than me. My mother drives more carefully than my father. It took much longer than I expected. We use the structure: as + adverb + as to say that two actions are performed to the same degree. I can run as fast as you. He hasn’t trained as hard as the rest of the team. To form the superlative, adverbs follow the same rules as adjectives. Adverbs are preceded by the and are modified by: • adding -est to adverbs that have the same form as an adjective: long → the longest The turtle is one of the animals that live the longest. • adding the most before adverbs that end in -ly: quickly → the most quickly She works the most quickly when she is alone and not under pressure. In formal English, sometimes most is used before adverbs. Its meaning is stronger than very. In this case, the is omitted. Please drive most carefully, there’s a baby in the car. They behaved most stupidly. A C D B