151 4 Complete the second sentence using the preposition given and the –ing form without changing the meaning. 1 They went as far as the top floor but they didn’t find the manager’s office. WITHOUT They went as far as the top floor ................................................................. . 2 I needed a breath of fresh air so I walked along the river during my lunch hour. BY I got a breath of fresh air ............................................................ . 3 He had to ask for explanations then he finally understood the brief. BEFORE He had to ask for explanations ................................................................. . 4 They advertised for the job internally and they gave it to me. AFTER They gave me the job ........................................................................ . 5 Oops, I’ve deleted your files. I’m really sorry. FOR I’m really sorry ................................................................................ . 6 She started the new job last year and has never looked back. SINCE She has never looked back ................................................................. . 5 Complete the text with the correct prepositions from the box. in in (x 2) along from (x2) to with near between after for There’s a new café 1 ........................ the park in 2 ........................ my house. It is very nice and it has tables 3 ........................ the river which runs through the park. It’s open 4 ........................ 8 a.m. 5 ........................ 10 p.m. Every evening 6 ........................ six and seven it is crowded 7 ........................ people who leave their offices and meet 8 ........................ a drink 9 ........................ a long working day. Actually, the café is not far 10........................ the financial district and you can meet managers 11........................ their suits and ties and office workers. They all chill out together 12........................ a pleasant atmosphere. I really like this place! 6 Translate these short dialogues into your own language. 1 A Is the venue for the company meeting near Trocadero? B No, it isn’t. It’s behind Piccadilly Circus. Walk along Regent Street for ten minutes, then turn right after Zara clothes shop. The place is just round the corner. 2 A How long have you been working for this company? B For two years. I was a managing director in an export firm before. It was an interesting job but every morning I had to travel for three hours by train to reach my workplace. It was quite stressful. 3 A Have you asked for a pay rise? B You won’t believe this. The boss himself has offered me a better position in the company and I haven’t asked for anything! 4 A Have you seen an umbrella like this one? I left mine in the office yesterday because it wasn’t raining when I went out. It was near my desk and now it is nowhere to be seen. B Well, everybody went home before you left, except John’ secretary. She may have taken it by mistake. You can ask her when she comes in. 151re view 12 | Units 44 • 45 • 46 • 47 • 48 without finding the manager's office.
exam practice 152 Preliminary and Trinity Practice Cambridge English Preliminary | Reading Part 5 2 Read the text and choose the correct word (A, B, C or D) for each space. 1 ............ summer my colleagues and I like to go A 2............ the park during the lunch break. We stay there 3............ about an hour. We have been doing this 4............ they set up a picnic area 5............ the middle of the park, and we have a great time together. We sit 6............ two big tables and chat about everything. 7 ............ Fridays we plan what we are going to do 8............ the weekend. We often spend the weekend together because we like hiking 9 ............ the mountains. We leave before dawn 10............ our cars and reach our destination very early. Then we start the long walk 11............ one of the mountains and get 12............ the top by midday. The following Monday at lunch break we tell everybody about our adventures. 12 1 A In B At C For D Through 2 A at B in C to D up 3 A since B for C at D in Trinity Grade 8 | Conversation 1 One of the topics of the conversation phase is Work and Business Life. The examiner will ask you questions and you will have to be able to answer extensively asking him or her questions in return. Here are possible questions you may be asked. Work with a partner and take turns in asking and answering the questions. Then, still in pairs, think of more questions about the same topic. • Have you already had any work experience? A summer job or a part time job, for example? How long have you been working there? / How long did you work there? Did you get on well with your colleagues? • Did you take part in any kind of work placement organized by your school? What did you learn to do? Did you like the work environment? • What kind of job would you like to do when you finish school? Is your school preparing you for your future job? • Do you prefer working with people or on your own? • Would you like to work in business or would you rather have a job in social activities? Why? 4 A since B for C after D when 5 A on B at C below D in 6 A on B at C under D down 7 A At B In C On D To 8 A at B in C across D to 9 A in B at C on D to 10 A by B with C in D on 11 A up B down C on D above 12 A at B in C on D to
153 Preliminary and Trinity Practice exam practice 12 Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 3 3 Read part of a letter you received from a friend, who wants to apply for a job in your company. I have read that your company is recruiting new people in some European branches, for example in Paris and Madrid. I’m interested in this kind of job and I’d like to apply. Can you give me any information about the company? How many languages are required? Is there an opportunity to travel for business?... ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. Now write a letter, answering your friend’s questions. Use about 100 words. Cambridge English Preliminary | Speaking Part 2 4 You and your friends are talking about your ideal future jobs and the cities where you would like to live and work. Look at the pictures showing some professions and places and decide which are the best for you.
154 unit 49 If clauses – Type zero and type one To express a consequence depending on a condition, we use the conditional, which consists of a clause introduced by the conjunction if and by a main clause. The if clause can precede or follow the main clause. When the if clause comes first, a comma is often placed between the two clauses. If clause (condition) main clause (consequence) If you book your holiday in advance, you get a discount. Depending on the level of probability (certain, probable, possible or purely theoretical conditions), different tenses are used in the two parts of the conditional. There are four types of conditional: type zero, one, two or three. We are dealing here with type zero and type one. Type zero In the zero conditional, we describe a consequence that, given a specific condition, takes place regularly and with certainty. In this case we use the present simple in both the main clause and the if clause. If clause: If + present simple main clause: present simple If I drink coffee in the evening, I can’t go to sleep. The zero conditional is used to: • express general truths, scientific and mathematical laws, technical procedures, instructions. The days get longer if you travel north. If you press this key, the display lights up. • give advice. In this case, the present form of an imperative or modal (can or may) is used in the main clause. Go / You can go to bed if you feel tired. Type one In the first conditional, we describe a real possibility, i.e. we talk about facts that, given certain conditions, probably or possibly will take place in the future. In this case, the verb tenses are usually: If clause: If + present simple Main clause: will / ’ll / won’t + base form If it doesn’t rain, we’ll have a barbecue in the garden tomorrow. NB: In the if clause it is possible to use either the present simple or the present continuous. If you come to my house, I’ll show you my paintings. (not: If you’ll come…) If you’re staying overnight, I’ll try and find you a room. In the main clause, the use of will indicates a certain consequence. To indicate that something is possible, we use the modal can, whilst for an uncertain consequence we use the modal may. If you spend too much time in the sun, you may get sunburnt. (it isn’t certain) In the zero and first conditional, If is often substituted by When. A B C
155 Lexis: Extremes | See Word Bank page 165 1 Match the two parts of the sentences. What type of if clause do they belong to? 1 ............ b 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 Have a good rest a if you want to feel an adrenaline rush. 2 Buy new skis b if you feel exhausted after mountain biking. 3 Meet me at ten on the beach c if you think you’re getting too fat. 4 Go bungee jumping d if your old ones are worn out. 5 Don’t eat so many cakes e if you want to go rock climbing. 6 Get the proper ropes and harnesses f if you want to go surfing with me. 2 Use the zero conditional to provide instructions for the functioning of a satellite navigation system. 1 need to plot a route / when driving / can use / satellite navigation system If you need to plot a route when driving, you can use a satellite navigation system. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 want to install / sat nav in car / just need / a bracket / to fix device to windscreen ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 have cigarette lighter / on dashboard / can use it / as a power source ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 type in destination postcode / the sat nav system / give you the best route ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 install special software / can find out / the road conditions, traffic information and speed limits ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Use the words given and the verbs in brackets to write sentences in the first conditional. 1 (you / like) the sea (you / love) scuba diving. If you love the sea, you’ll love scuba diving. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 (you / have to) do a sport (you / want) to keep fit. ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 (he / want) become a swimming champion (he / have to) train a few hours every day. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 (she / have) an accident (she / drive) her sports car more slowly. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 (they / go) climbing on their own (they / get) into trouble. ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Use the present continuous of the verbs in brackets and the modals given to write sentences in the first conditional. 1 (you go / may) off-piste skiing / have problems If you’re going off-piste skiing, you may have problems. ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 (he try / should) pot-holing / go with an expert ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 (they think / can) of going paragliding / buy my old equipment ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 (you travel / might) through the Amazon / need a guide ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 (she skate / must) on the lake / check the ice ............................................................................................................................................................ unit 49 | If clauses – Type zero and type one
review 156 13 review | Unit 49 Lexis upgrade | Equipment for extreme sports WORD BANK p. 165 1 Match the words to their definitions. 1 ............ c 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 7 ............ 1 harness 2 rope 3 karabiner 4 parachute 5 paraglider 6 helmet 7 knee pad 8 bodyboard Grammar upgrade 2 Choose the correct alternative. 1 If you go mountain climbing, don't tell / tell your friends where you are going and when you expect to be back. 2 If you get lost, use / don't use your GPS device to find your position and to communicate it to the rest of your group. 3 If the rescue team doesn't know where you are, they will / won't be able to find you. 4 If the weather suddenly changes, the climbers will have to / won't have to stop and set up camp. 5 If you have an accident on a mountain slope, you will / won't need to call for help on your mobile. 6 If you are seriously injured, a helicopter will / won't airlift you to hospital. 3 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 ............ d 2 ............ 3 ............ 4 ............ 5 ............ 6 ............ 1 If he says he can’t come with me, a if you go tree climbing. 2 If Brenda wants to go on the expedition, b we’ll go to the motorbike race with him. 3 Don’t forget your harness c if you train really hard. 4 If John buys the tickets d I’ll go kayaking with somebody else. 5 You can climb to the top of Mont Blanc e they usually go skiing every weekend. 6 When winter comes f she’ll have to buy the right equipment. 4 Complete the sentences with the verb forms in the box. will enrol don't take want don't wear may damage don't forget 1 If you ................ to train for scuba diving, do a lot of get-fit exercises. 2 When you go underwater, ................. your breathing apparatus. 3 If you ...................... a wetsuit, you can easily lose a lot of body heat and suffer from hypothermia even in warm waters. 4 If they agree to start a new swimming course, I ....................... immediately. 5 White water rafting can be dangerous if you ....................... safety precautions. 6 If rafting operators dredge the riverbed, they ........................ the environment. a a device attached to people to make them fall slowly and safely when they are dropped from an aircraft b a hard hat that protects the head c a set of strips of leather or other resistant material to keep a person’s body from moving off or falling d a piece of thick material that you wear as protection in some sports e a kind of surfboard that you ride lying on your stomach f very strong thick string made by twisting thinner strings together g a metal ring that can open to allow a rope to pass through h a device made of a large piece of cloth and a harness which is attached to a person when they jump from a high place want
157review 13 | Unit 49 5 Use the words to write Type zero or Type one sentences. 1 Type 1: What / you / do / if / he / come / ? What will you do if he comes? ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Type 1: if / he / behave / like that / we / get into trouble / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Type 1: where / we / find / shelter / if / it / snow / during the climb / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Type 0: it / usually / snow / when / the wind / blow / from the north / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Type 1: how much / you / have to pay / if / you / rent / the skis / ? ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Type 0: I / get worried / when / Patrick / do / extreme sports / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Type 0: If / you / need / to be in touch / with / your / team mates / use / a radio-telephone / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Type 1: I / try / snowboarding / when / we / go / to the mountains / next time / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Type 0: If / you / sit / too long / in the sun / you / may / get / sunstroke / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 Type 1: Next time / you / go out / to sea / in bad weather / I / alert / a lifeguard / . ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets. will join leaves 1 We …………..... the expedition to the North Pole if the group ………….... in November. (join / leave) 2 If they ………….. us, we ………….. and see the photos of their excursion. (invite / go) 3 Derek and Sam usually ………….. sailing when the wind ………….. from the south. (go / blow) 4 The scuba diving course ………….. tomorrow provided there ………….. at least five participants. (start / be) 5 If you ………….. your work early, we ………….. to attend the conference on mountaineering. (finish / be able) 6 ………….. the instructor ………….. us on a boat when we ………….. our first scuba diving lesson? (follow / take) 7 When the bodyboarding instructor ………….., we usually ………….. him to the beach. (arrive / follow) 8 If it ………….. like rain, the kids ………….. on a hike. (look / not go) 7 Complete the sentences so that they are true for you. 1 If it’s sunny tomorrow ………………………………………………………………………………………… . 2 I’ll spend my holidays in the mountains if ………………………………………………………………………… . 3 My friends will be happy if ………………………………………………………………………………………… . 4 If my parents give me some money for Christmas ……………………………………………………………… 5 If it snows at the weekend ………………………………………………………………………………………… . 6 If my school organizes a swimming competition ………………………………………………………………… 7 I won’t eat too much ………………………………………………………………………………………… . 8 If somebody invites me to go bungee jumping with them ……………………………………………… ………………………………………… .
exam practice 158 13 Preliminary and Trinity Practice Trinity Grade 7 | Topic for discussion – Sports I would like to take up 1 This is the topic you’ve chosen for your Trinity examination Grade 7. Prepare some notes on it following the list below. Sports I would like to take up Kind of sport/s: …………………………………………… What I find appealing about it / them ……………………………………………… Why I have never tried it / them before ……………………………………………. What my family thinks about it / them ………………………………………………… People I know who practise these sports ………………………………………………… The examiner may interrupt you with questions or comments, like the ones below: • Don’t you think it could be too dangerous? • Who’s going to pay for the equipment you need? • When do you think you can do it? Think of more questions and be ready to answer them. Also, you have to be able to ask the examiner questions, so prepare some about his own sports experiences. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 2 2 Your English friend has asked you to go white water rafting with him at the weekend. You don’t want to go because you think it’s too dangerous. Write an email to your friend. In your email you should: • thank your friend for the invitation • say that you don’t want to go and explain why • say what you’d rather do instead Write 35-45 words. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. Cambridge English Preliminary | Writing Part 3 3 This is part of a letter you receive from an English friend. Now write a letter answering your friend’s questions. Write about 100 words. All my friends were going kayaking and so I tried it too. I had fun but I can honestly say that I'll never do it again. Much too dangerous and scary for me! Have you ever done any extreme sports? Which ones? Or why haven’t you? Maybe you aren’t a sporty person?
159 Preliminary and Trinity Practice exam practice 13 Cambridge English Preliminary | Speaking Part 32 4 You and your friend want to take up an unusual sport. Talk together and decide which of the sports on this page is best for you both. Tip! Ask and answer questions like these: What sport would you like to take up? Would you go climbing in winter? What kind of equipment will you need? What will you do if the equipment is too expensive?
160 WORD Bank Units 1-6 The House bedsit cottage detached house farmhouse flat / apartment high-rise building mansion palace semi-detached house studio terraced house villa armchair balcony central heating dishwasher doorsteps dustbin front door hidden cupboard kitchen tap mortgage property roof sofa solar heating panel washing machine bush conservatory flower garden tree vase Rooms attic bathroom bedroom kitchen living room sitting room People architect builder electrician estate agent interior designer landlord neighbour plumber town planner Verbs move redecorate rent repair share value water Units 7-9 Jobs architect cook doctor dog minder engineer gardener manager manageress plumber receptionist secretary solicitor teacher applicant application form boss career Christmas bonus colleague company contract curriculum vitae day off employee employer employment full-time job job centre job interview office office staff part-time job permanent position promotion qualifications salary strike summer job temporary work unemployment vacancies wage Verbs apply for employ fill-in find fire look for lose make redundant retire run work Units 10-11 Health Nouns ambulance anaesthetic appointment aspirin chemist chicken pox clinic cut dentist doctor first aid first aid course healthy heart specialist hospital illness injection junk food measles medical exam medical training nurse operating theatre operation optician overweight people pain patient physiotherapy session pill plaster
161 WORD bank prescription recovery shift spot stitch surgeon surgery symptom tablet temperature therapy unhealthy visiting hours x-ray Body ankle arm elbow hand knee leg wrist Verbs be sick be stressed be uncomfortable break one’s arm come round from come/go out of the hospital cut diagnose do the rounds fake feel better feel dizzy have the plaster off hurt operate pass out put in plaster recover remove the plaster see the doctor see the nurse sneeze suffer from take a medicine talk to the doctor treat visit someone in hospital wear off Units 12-14 SHOPPING and MONEY ATM machine bank account bank loan bank manager bargain bill catalogue cheque book coin customer department deposit account discount foreign currency mail order online shop open an account pay by credit card pocket money sales assistant sales savings account shares shopping centre trolley Unit 15 CELEBRATIONS anniversary barbecue birthday Champions League decorations Easter Ball festival New Year’s Eve party present retirement party school party speech Units 16-17 Rules and regulations Nouns aircraft airplane bicycle bridge car hand luggage handlebar headlights helmet life jacket motorbike overhead compartment oxygen mask police officer road roadworks rush hour seat seat belt security guard steering wheel street traffic jam traffic lights upright position zebra crossing Verbs adjust cross drive fasten fill up inflate leave park place put on switch off switch on travel walk Chores clean the cage cook do the ironing do the washing up feed a pet tidy the room walk the dog water the flowers
162 WORD Bank Unit 18 THE WEATHER / THE CLIMATE Nouns avalanche climate change cloud flood fog hurricane ice lightning rain snow storm / thunderstorm sun sunstroke thunder tornado weather forecast weatherman wind Adjectives cold cool foggy freezing frosty hot icy muggy slippery sunny warm wet windy Verbs melt pour rain snow Units 19-20 Arts and Crafts Literature anthology author award character fairy tale magazines newpapers novel play poem prize science fiction short story style volume Verbs award criticize describe narrate perform print write Manufacturing – inventions cinema computer light bulb penicilline radio telephone television Materials coal concrete iron pottery steel wood Verbs build create design discover invent issue make manufacture produce use Units 21-22 The environment and geography Animals amphibians ant birds chameleon dolphin elephant endangered species fish fly frog habitat hippo hyena insects lion lynx mammals mosquito ostrich penguin peregrine falcon rabbit reptiles rhyno salamander species tadpole tiger toad worker ant Plants cotton forest jungle leaf oak palm tree plantation rain forest tree walnut tree The natural world canal countryside earth island
163 WORD bank lake landscape moon mountain ocean pole river sea, seaside sky star sun Units 23-26 Leisure Time art gallery ballet beach book cafeteria cashbox ceremony cinema concert dinner disco entertainment festival match microphone package holiday party performance photo pub restaurant stadium gate stadium stage theatre ticket video voluntary work zoo People actor - actress anchorman - anchorwoman barman - barmaid guest spokesman - spokeswoman Verbs celebrate dance paint perform Units 27-30 Famous people actor artist car racer champion comedian fan film director footballer pop star privilege showbiz Adjectives famous funny influential popular rich Units 31-32 Music band bassist choir drummer guitarist lead singer / frontman musician orchestra orchestra conductor song voice drums flute guitar instrument piano saxophone trumpet violin album preview box office concert music magazine musical recording studio seat show singing career tour Adjectives accurate amazing beautiful clear entertaining exciting fast high interesting loud musical out of tune talented Verbs attend dance hear listen to play rehearse sing Units 33-39 Life around the world Nouns airport capital city clothes’ shop coach country customs Erasmus project exchange student free room guide holiday London national anthem neighbourhood place region school trip ship single room tourist
164 WORD Bank town traditions train Venice Verbs be back be camping be invited be on strike complain get up early go for a walk go to have a snack meet strangers spend time travel on business travel Units 40-43 FILMS and THEATRE People actor/actress assistant best supporting actor cast designer film crew film director/maker leading actor make-up producer reviewer Types of films action film comedy documentary fantasy film horror film science fiction Nouns box office clapper board costumes credtis film (BE)/movie (AE) film premiere film set film unit interview location multiplex cinema performance screenplay script shooting show soundtrack ticket Adjectives amazing bad exhausted loud outstanding popular sold-out successful wonderful Verbs choose the cast criticize cut scenes dub a film give an interview go on stage hear gossip learn by heart play a role release sell/to buy tickets shoot a film watch films on tv win a prize/an award Units 44-48 Business life People accountant agent applicant assistant bookkeeper businessman businesswoman buyer candidate CEO (Chief Executive Officer) chairman chairwoman clerk colleague commuter contractor dealer delegate departmental chief interpreter owner participant partner personnel manager property developer provider purchasing manager representative sales manager seller staff tycoon typist Verbs agree on arrange a meeting be fired be hred be in business be on sick leave clock in/out commute complain deal with do business with find a job fire go bankrupt go to the office hire hold a meeting leave the office operate pospone a meeting put off a meeting run a business withdraw money work In a company account department advertising campaign advertising launch annual leave bankruptcy branch
165 WORD bank carreer company company’s meeting conference day off department depot discussion duty headquarter lost property office marketing division meeting room office hours office office’s desk product production project renovation works sales department security rules stock exchange trend warehouse works canteen Types of company agency factory fashion company firm merger About business agreement airport appointment bank draft bank transfer business card business letter business trip circular letter complaint exhibition fair folder hotel lounge interactive whiteboard invoice memo minute overhead projector paperwork presentation report slide Units 49 Extremes Sports BASE jumping body boarding surf bungee jumping cheerleading cliff jumping cross-country skiing free climbing free running / parkour glacier walking hang gliding horse riding in-line skating kayaking mountain biking off-piste skiing parachuting paragliding pot-holing rafting scuba diving skateboard tree climbing waterskiing wave surfing Other nouns accident bat board bull cave cockroach danger determination harness helmet hydrodynamic foam mountain hut mountain path parachute peak rescue team rock rope run safety equipment snake spider sports car strength trail white shark Adjectives brave dangerous exciting experienced fit frightened poisonous proper steep worried wrapped Verbs camp crash dive get in trouble get injured go mountaineering go on an expedition ice skate keep in good shape keep warm ration survive take up try warn Satellite navigation system bracket cigarette lighter dashboard destination postcode device fix install plot a route power source road conditions speed limit traffic information windscreen
166 APPENDIX British and American English Main grammatical differences There are various differences between American and British English, differences in lexis, pronunciation and writing all of which are shown in the dictionary. There are also grammatical differences. • In American English, the past simple is used in a lot of cases instead of British English. For example, it is used in place of the present perfect when there is no mention of the precise time and with adverbs like: just, already, yet, ever, never. BrE* AmE* ‘Have you seen Jane?’ ‘Yes, I’ve seen her.’ ‘Did you see Jane?’ ‘Yes, I saw her.’ Has he arrived yet? Did he arrive yet? I’ve never tried Thai food. I never tried Thai food. • The form have got / haven’t got is not really used that much in American English. Have is more common. BrE AmE Have you got a pen? Do you have a pen? I haven’t got many friends here. I don’t have many friends here. • Question tags are less used in American English. BrE AmE You’re sixteen, aren’t you? You’re sixteen, right? Don’t be late, will you? Don’t be late, OK? • The verb need is often used in British English as a semi-modal, while in American English, it is usually used as an ordinary verb. BrE AmE You needn’t wait for me. You don’t need to wait for me. • The modal shall isn’t much used in American English. Should is more usual. BrE AmE What shall we do tonight? What should we do tonight? Shall I go now? Should I go now? • Collective nouns like family, team, government, that could be considered singular or plural in British English, are always singular in American English. BrE AmE John’s family is / are leaving tomorrow. John’s family is leaving tomorrow. • The past participle of get (in the sense of become) is got in British English and gotten in American English. BrE AmE Your Spanish has got much better. Your Spanish has gotten much better. • In American English, we use the verb take rather than have in expressions like take a bath / a shower / a break… BrE AmE I have a shower every morning. I take a shower every morning. • Americans use the form go get, go see…, while English people use go and get, go and see… BrE AmE Go and get the newspaper, please. Go get the newspaper, please. • Some adverbs which end in -ly lose this ending in colloquial American English if there is an adjective which comes after. BrE AmE She’s really crazy. She’s real crazy. • The verb help is not followed by to in American English. BrE AmE Can you help me to do my homework? Can you help me do my homework? * BrE = British English * AmE = American English
167 b bad, tub Ù jam, fridge N song Z vision, measure k cat, kit, act h house p post, up t tree, suit Í chair, crunch j you r run, barrier T thin, bath d do, did l last, all s sit, rice, cross D this, with f fast, rough m must, room z zoo, rose, days v van, starve g get, pig n no, ten S sharp, cash w well Consonants The table lists the phonetic symbols for British English. I sit, cricket, biscuit, this O: floor, more, thought i: see, mean U foot, put e pen, spread, edge, said u: moon, suit, through & sad, add, adapt V bus, touch, tough, blood, upset A: father, car, glass, calm 3: girl, burn, work Q stop, golf, rock, continent @ adopt, number, actor, actress, bishop If the word has more than one syllable, the stressed syllable is shown by a short vertical line before it, for example: /In'telIdZ@nt/, /n@'ses@ti/, /f@'get/, /'hVNgri/, /'mA:v@l@s/. 1 Read the transcriptions and write the words. 1 /TIN/ ......................................... 5 /faInd/......................................... 9 /'faI@/ ......................................... 2 /TIn/ ......................................... 6 /faIn/ ......................................... 10 /fI@/ ......................................... 3 /si:n/ ......................................... 7 /pQt/ ......................................... 11 /bu:t/ ......................................... 4 /sIns/ ......................................... 8 /pO:t/ ......................................... 12 /bVt/ ......................................... 2 Read the transcriptions and write the sentences. 1 /wi A: In D@ gA:dn/ 7 W/Si: 'wUdnt laIk t@ kVm t@ D@ bi:tS/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 2 /du: ju Vnd@'st&nd ?/ 8 /juv gQt @ naIs 'breIsl@t/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 3 /aI lVv 'ÍQk@l@t/ 9 /hi r&n t@ k&tS DE bVs/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 4 /ju k@n juz maI 'dIkS@n@ri/ 10 /It w@z k@Uld, dA:k @nd 'raInIN/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 5 /we@ Iz D@ dZ&m dZA: ?/ 11 /aIm SU@ DeI A: 'INglIS/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 6 /DeI wQtSt 'telIvIZn f@ tu: 'aU@z/ 12 /T&Nks, Di:z TINs bIlQN t@ mi/ .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 3 Write the phonetic symbols for the first sounds in these words. 1 knife ............ 2 philosophy ............ 3 ice ............ 4 pseudonym ............ 5 thirsty ............ 6 these ............ 4 Write the phonetic symbols for the final sounds in these words. 1 lamb ............ 2 catch ............ 3 tooth ............ 4 judge ............ 5 rush ............ 6 path ............ eI take, rain, day aI fly, kite, right OI boy, boil e@ hair, where @U fold, show, though aU now, mouse, shower I@ near, here U@ sure, poor Vowels Diphthongs Stress International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
168 APPENDIX Punctuation marks . full stop / period (AmE) at the end of a sentence or paragraph: He arrived yesterday. , comma - separates the items in a list: He had ham, salad, apple pie and a cup of tea. - encloses dependent clauses and comments: My father, who works in Bristol, comes home at the weekend. - after introductory sentences and phrases: When it stops raining, I’ll go out to play. - in direct speech: ‘Come and see me’, said Pete, ‘I’ll show you my new flat.’ : colon - introduces an explanation, list or quote: For the trip you need: an anorak, walking boots, a rucksack and a cap. Martin Luther King started his famous speech with the words: ‘I have a dream…’ ; semicolon - is used between two main clauses linked by meaning: I don’t like eating in restaurants; I prefer cooking my own meals. - separates elements in a list if they are long or complex: The characters in the play include Dennis, a London teenager; Debbie, his girlfriend; Mr Johnson, Debbie’s step-father; and Ms Ross, Dennis’s mother. ? question mark - at the end of a direct question: How long will you be away? ! exclamation mark - to give emphasis: What a lovely day! ... dots - to show something is incomplete in a quotation, uncertainty or suspension of a thought: Let me see… I think I’ll have roast beef. – dash - to show the inclusion of an aside or remark or additional information: Spend a weekend in San Francisco – the liveliest city of the Bay Area! / slash / stroke - to give an alternative: Part time / Full time jobs as waiters / waitresses. Apply inside. - hyphen - in compound nouns and adjectives: My mother-in-law is a bit absent-minded. - after prefixes, when the word begins with the same vowel: Co-operation is essential to get good results. - to break a word in two when it ends a line. ( ) brackets / parentheses - to show an aside, especially when there is a cross reference: Study the verb forms (see page 43). “ ” inverted commas / quotation marks ‘ ‘ - (double or single): to show a quote or direct speech: ‘A witty portrait of literary life in New York’ Sunday Telegraph ‘ apostrophe - used in contracted forms and possessive cases: That isn’t James’s car. A capital letter In English, the following are always written with a capital letter: - names: Paul Smith, my dog Rex, the Statue of Liberty, Mount Etna, Lake Erie - titles and professions: Mr Bell, Ms Derrick, Professor Dawson, Queen Elizabeth II - the days of the week, months and festivals: Sunday, August, Easter - nationality adjectives and languages: Brazilians speak Portuguese. - family names when they are used as real names: Are you ready, Mum? Uncle Jim is waiting for us. - titles of books, films, newspapers… The Good Life by Jay McInerney is a moving novel. a small letter new line / new paragraph
169 base form check infinitive to check past participle checked gerund checking ACTIVE FORM present simple present continuous I / You / We / They check I am checking He / She / It checks You / We / They are checking He / She / It is checking past simple past continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They checked I / He / She / It was checking You / We / They were checking present perfect simple present perfect continuous I / You / We / They have checked I / You / We / They have been checking He / She / It has checked He / She / It has been checking past perfect simple past perfect continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They had checked I / You / He / She / It / We / They had been checking future simple future continuous I / You / He / She / It / We / They will check I / You / He / She / It / We / They will be checking future perfect simple future perfect continuous I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have checked I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have been checking going to future going to past I’m going to check I / He / She / It was going to check You’re / We’re / They’re going to check You / We / They were going to check He’s / She’s / It’s going to check present conditional past conditional I / You / He / She / It / We / They I / You / He/ She / It / We / They would check would have checked PASSIVE FORM present simple present continuous I am checked I am being checked You / We / They are checked You / We / They are being checked He / She / It is checked He / She / It is being checked past simple past continuous I / He / She / It was checked I / He / She / It was being checked You / We / They were checked You / We / They were being checked present perfect past perfect I / You / We / They have been checked I / You / He / She / It / We / They had been checked He / She / It has been checked future future perfect I/You/He/She/It/We/They will be checked I/You/He/She/It/We/They will have been checked going to future going to past I’m going to be checked I / He / She / It was going to be checked You’re / We’re / They’re going to be checked You / We / They were going to be checked He’s / She’s / It’s going to be checked present conditional past conditional I / You / He/ She / It / We / They I / You / He/ She / It / We / They would be checked would have been checked Conjugation of a regular verb
170 APPENDIX Main irregular verbs infinitive past simple past participle be was, were been beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burnt burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forecast forecast forecast foresee foresaw foreseen forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung, hanged hung, hanged have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt
171APPENDIX | Main irregular verbs infinitive past simple past participle know knew known lay laid laid lead led led learn learnt / learned learnt / learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put quit quit quit read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set (up) set set shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled speak spoke spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood steal stole stolen swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wear wore worn win won won write wrote written
172 Index about 148 across 144A active form of the verb – with all tenses 169 adjectives, see comparative, superlative adjectives used as nouns see nouns adverbs – degree 132 – manner 128 – negative meaning at beginning of sentence 134D – time 130 – see also comparative, superlative after 44E, 140D all (of) 112C, 114D, 118B, 118D along 142C, 144B already 14, 20D, 130D American English 166 among 142C any 82B, 116, 120, 122 any of 122B anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere 120, 122 around / round 142C article – definite article the 74, 76 – no article 76 – a, an, the with countable nouns 82B as … as 96, 100C as far as 144B as much/many … as 104 as soon as 36D as well 50B be – with adjective + preposition + -ing 44C be bound to 60D be due 60C be to 52C be used to – vs used to 44C, 148B – with -ing form 44C, 148B before 16C, 44E, 130B, 140D behind 142B beside 142A between – place and position 142C – time 140A (a) bit 94C both 114 both (of) 114D both… and 114E (be) bound to 60D British and American English 166 but, preposition 148 by – with agent 66, 68, 148 – with reflexives 110E – with time 140E – with transport 148 by far with superlatives 98C can 154C close to 142A collective nouns see nouns comparative of adjectives 94, 96 – followed by than 94B – irregular forms 102 – preceded by much, far, a lot, a bit, a little, slightly 94C – special comparisons 96D comparative of adverbs 100, 102 comparisons with nouns 104 comparisons with verbs 104 (be) compelled to 54F compounds of some, any, no 122 compounds with -ever 122E conditional clauses – type zero 154 – type one 154 correlative structures 114E countable nouns see nouns definite article see article distributive adjectives and pronouns 112, 114 double genitive 88D double object, verbs with 146 don’t have to 52D down 144D due 60C due to 60C during 140B duration 18, 140C each (of) 112, 114D each other 112E either 114 either (of) 114D either… or 114E else 122D emphasizing pronouns 110 enough 118B, 118C, 132C ever 16B, 130B -ever – compounds whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, however 122 every 112 everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere 112 except 148 fairly 132B far – with comparatives 94C – by far with superlatives 98C (a) few 116E fewer 104A for – duration 18, 140C – purpose and cause, indirect object 146 (be) forced to 54F from – distance 142A – time 140A future – going to vs present continuous and will 38 – in time clauses 36D – time expressions 28E, 36A – with present continuous 36 – with present simple 36 – with will 26, 28, 30, 50B get – in passive forms 68C get to meaning ‘arrive’ 144D get used to +–ing 148B going to – vs present continuous and will 38 gotta 52A had better 60A hardly ever 134D have got to 52 have to 52 how long 18B however 122 if clauses – type zero 154 – type one 154 in – after superlatives 98B – time 140F in front of 142B indefinite adjectives and pronouns 116, 118, 120, 122 infinitive – after verbs 40, 42 -ing clauses 44 -ing form – after prepositions 44 – after verbs 40D, 42 – with passive meaning 54D international phonetic alphabet (IPA) 167 just 14, 20D, 96A, 130D lately 16C, 130D (the) least 98D, 102 less – comparative of adjectives 96C – comparative of little 102 – with nouns and verbs 104 like, preposition 148 (the) least 98D, 102 less 96C, 102, 104 like (preposition) 148 (it’s) likely 50B little 102 (a) little 82C, 94C, 116E (a) lot 94C (a) lot of / lots of 82C, 118A many – comparisons with nouns 104 – with countable nouns 82C,
173 index 118A may 50, 154C maybe 50B might 50 - followed by as well 50B modals – may, might 50 – mustn’t 52 – need 54 – ought to 60 more – comparative of adjectives 94 – comparative of adverbs 100 – comparative of much 102 – with nouns and verbs 104 more and more 96C most – superlative of adjectives 98 – superlative of adverbs 100 – superlative of much 102 most (of) 114D, 118B much 102 – comparisons with nouns 104 – with comparatives 94C – with uncountable nouns 82C, 118A mustn’t 52D near (to) 142A nearly 132 need 54 – don’t need to 54B, 52D neither 114 neither (of) 114D neither… nor 114E never 16B next to 142A no 116 nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere 120, 122 none 116D none of 114D, 122B nor 114E not as … as 96B, 100C not … any longer, no longer 130D not … any more, no more 130D nouns – adjectives used as nouns 86 – collective 86 – comparisons 104 – countable 82, 84 – plural only 86 – possessive case 88 – uncountable 82, 84 (be) obliged to 54F of – after superlatives 98B – specification, cause 148 one / ones – with definite article 74C one another 112E only if 134D opposite 142B or 114E ought to 60B own 110E – on my own 110E passive – form, usage 66 – present, past tenses 68 – with all tenses 169 – with get 68 past – movement 144C – time 144C past continuous – passive 68 past participle 10 past simple – irregular verbs 170-171 – passive 68 – vs present perfect simple 20 past perfect – after superlatives 98B – with adverbs of time – with two past participles in the passive 10E past simple vs present perfect simple 20 perhaps 50B phonetic alphabet (IPA) 167 plenty (of) 118A plural nouns see nouns possessive case 88 – double genitive 88D prepositions – followed by -ing form 44 – movement 144 – place and position 142 – time 140 present continuous – for future 36 – passive 68 – vs going to and will future 38 present perfect simple – after superlatives 98B – form 12 – with already, just, ever, yet, not… yet, still… not 14 – with ever, never, recently, today… 16 – with how long, for, since 18 – with two past participles in the passive 10E – vs past simple 20 present simple – for future 36 – passive 68 punctuation marks 168 quite 132B rather 132B recently 16C, 130D reflexive pronouns 110 since 18, 140C since when 18B slightly 94C so 132F so far 16C some 82, 84, 116 someone, somebody, something, somewhere 120 some of 122B still… not 14E such a 132F superlative of adjectives 98, 102 superlative of adverbs 100, 102 time expressions – future 28E, 36A than 94B, 96C, 100B the 74, 76 through 144A throughout 140B till 140A to – indirect object 146 – time 144C today 16D too 132A too much, too many 118B towards 144B uncountable nouns see nouns until 140E up 144D up to 144B used to vs be used to 44C, 148B verbs – all tenses (active and passive) 169 – comparisons 104 – followed by infinitive 40, 42 – followed by -ing form 42 – irregular 170-171 – modals: may, might 50, mustn’t 52, need 54, ought to 60 – senses + -ing 44E – with double object 146C very 132A want to 40 whatever 122 when 20B, 36D, 154C whenever 122 wherever 122 whichever 122 while 44E whoever 122 (the) whole 118D will future – form 26 – usage 28, 30, 50B – usage in if clauses type one 154 – vs going to and present continuous 38 with 148 within 140F without 148 word order 134 yet, not… yet 14D, 20D, 130D