Hard Drives • Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 374 Figure 8-5 10
Hard Drives • Characteristics of a hard disk include: © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 374 - 375 11 Tracks Sectors Platters Form factor Read/write head Revolutions per minute
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12 Track - a circular path on the surface of a disk or diskette on which information is magnetically recorded and from which recorded information is read. Sector - a subdivision of track on a magnetic disk or optical disk. Each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for hard disk drives (HDDs) and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs. Platter – is the circular disk on which magnetic data is stored in a hard disk drive. Form Factor - is the size of the hard drive and how it connects to your computer. The most common type of hard drive form factor is 3.5 inch for desktop disks. Laptop hard drives are almost always 2.5 inch form factor.
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13 Read/Write Head - the small parts of a disk drive which move above the disk platter and transform the platter's magnetic field into electrical current (read the disk) or, vice versa, transform electrical current into magnetic field (write the disk) Revolutions per minute, RPM is used to help determine the access time on computer hard drives. RPM is a measurement of how many revolutions a computer's hard drive makes in a single minute. The higher the RPM, the faster the data will be accessed
Hard Drives © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 375 Figure 8-6 14
Hard Drives • A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter • Always keep a backup of your hard disk © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 375 Figure 8-7 15
Hard Drives • An SSD (solid state drive) is a flash memory storage device that contains its own processor to manage its storage • An SSD (solid state drive) has several advantages over traditional (magnetic) hard disks: © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 376 - 378 16 Faster access times Faster transfer rates Quieter operation More durable Lighter weight Less power consumption Less heat generation Longer life Defragmentatio n not required
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17
CLASS ACTIVITY Find the differences between SSD and HDD in terms of: 1. Architecture 2. Usage 3. Speed of processing 4. Access time 5. Price © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18
Hard Drives • An external hard disk is a separate freestanding storage device that connects with a cable to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile device © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 378 - 379 Figure 8-9 19
Hard Drives • RAID (redundant array of independent disks) is a group of two or more integrated hard disks or SSDs © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 380 Figure 8-10 20
Portable Flash Memory Storage • A memory card is a removable flash memory storage device that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 381 21 SDHC SDXC miniSD microSDHC microSDXC CF xD Picture Card Memory Stick PRO Duo M2
Portable Flash Memory Storage © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 381 Figure 8-11 22
Portable Flash Memory Storage © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 382 Figure 8-12 23
Portable Flash Memory Storage • USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 382 - 383 Figure 8-13 24
Cloud Storage • Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer or mobile device users © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 383 - 384 25
Some advantages of cloud storage • To access file on the internet from any computer or device that has Internet access • To store large audio, video, and graphics files on the Internet instantaneously • To store off-site backups of data • To provide data center functions, relieving enterprises of this task • To allow others to access their files on the Internet. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26
Optical Discs • An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 386 Figure 8-14 27
Optical Discs © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 386 Figure 8-15 28
Optical Discs •Optical discs commonly store items in a single track that spirals from the center of the disc to the edge of the disc • Track is divided into evenly sized sectors © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 387 Figure 8-16 29
Optical Discs A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to • Single-session disc A CD-R is an optical disc on which users can write once, but not erase. WORM (write one read only) multisession A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 388 30
Optical Discs A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write on or erase A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD-recordable WORM formats, on which users can write once but not erase DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are competing DVDrewritable formats that users can write on multiple times © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 388 31
Enterprise Storage • Enterprise hardware allows large organizations to manage and store data and information using devices intended for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and maximum availability © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 389 – 390 Figure 8-18 32 RAID Network attached storage (NAS) Storage area network (SAN) Tape
Enterprise Storage • Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) duplicates data, instructions, and information to improve data reliability © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33
Enterprise Storage • Network attached storage (NAS) is a server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 390 – 391 Figure 8-19 34
Enterprise Storage • A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 391 Figure 8-20 35
Enterprise Storage • Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information • A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a magnetic tape © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 392 Figure 8-21 36
Other Types of Storage • A magnetic stripe card has a magnetic stripe that contains information • A smart card stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the card © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 393 Figures 8-22 – 8-23 37
Other Types of Storage • The Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is the use of radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object. A tag can be read from up to several feet away and does not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked. • RFID tag consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves • An RFID reader reads the radio signal and transfers the information to a computer or computing device © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 394 Figure 8-24 38
Other Types of Storage • A Near Field Communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (11 ⁄2 in) of each other. • NFC enabled device contains an NFC chip • An NFC tag contains a chip and an antenna that contains information to be transmitted • Most NFC tags are self-adhesive. © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 395 Figure 8-25 39
Summary Variety of storage options Storage capacity and storage access times Characteristics of hard disks, SSDs, external hard drives, and RAID Portable flash memory storage Advantages and various uses of cloud storage Characteristics of optical discs Enterprise storage options Magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, RFID tags, and NFC chips and tags © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 397 40
COMPUTING COMPONENT CHAPTER 4
Students should be able to: • Describe the computer components • Explain the advantages and services of cloud computing • Define a bit, and describe how a series of bits represents data • Differentiate among the various types of memory • Describe the purpose of adapter cards and USB adapters • Explain the function of a bus • Explain the purpose of a power supply and batteries © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
Inside the Case • The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 276 - 277 3 Figure 6-1
Inside the Case © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 278 4 Figure 6-2
Inside the Case • The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer – A computer chip contains integrated circuits © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5 Pages 278 - 279 Figure 6-3
Processors • The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores • Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 280 - 281 6
Processors © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 281 7 Figure 6-4
Processors • The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer • The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 281 8
Processors • For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 281 - 282 9 Figure 6-5
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10
• FETCHING – process of obtaining a program or an application instruction or data item from memory • DECODING – process of translating the instruction into signals the computer can execute • EXECUTING – process of carrying out the commands • STORING – writing the result to memory (not to a storage medium) © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11
Processors The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations • The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz) © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 282 - 283 12
Processors • The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 283 13
Processors • A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail • Require additional cooling – Heat sinks – Liquid cooling technology – Cooling pads © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 284 14 Figures 6-6 – 6-7
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15
Cloud Computing • Home and business users choose cloud computing for a variety of reasons © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 287 16 Accessibility Cost savings Space savings Scalability Data and/or applications are available worldwide from any computer or device with an Internet connection The expense of software and highend hardware, such as fast processors and high capacity memory and storage devices, shifts away from the user. Floor space required for servers, storage devices, and other hardware shifts away from the user. Provides the flexibility to increase or decrease computing requirements as needed.
Data Representation Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off • Most computers are digital • The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) • Bits and bytes © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 288 17
Data Representation The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic charge Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer or mobile device © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pages 288- 289 18 Figures 6-8 – 6-9
Data Representation © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Page 289 19 Figure 6-10