ASSIGNMENT 2 GROUP 4 BQS554

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA, SHAH ALAM
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVEYING

BQS554 : BUILDING SERVICES II
CLASS : AP2244F
PREPARED FOR : TS. BALKHIZ BINTI ISMAIL

SMART BUILDING :
HOTEL

TEAM MEMBERS

MUHAMMAD RAUF BIN MUHAMMAD HAZIQ
MOHD RAZIF HUSAINI BIN ZAINAL
(2021812532)
(2021832856)

FATIN IZZATI BINTI
MUHD ZIN

(2021482752)

AHMAD NUR HAKIM BIN NOR AINI BINTI ABU

MOHD DESA THOHIB
(2021610408)
(2021812856)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 2-5

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 6-27

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM 28-34

AIR-CONDITION SYSTEM 35-40
MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM 41-49

CONCLUSION 50

INTRODUCTION

Smart technology is a computer-related devices that enable these technologies
to function independently. The term “smart” refers to its ability of the system to
connect to other network technologies by allowing it to be automatically
controlled through smart application in smartphone or other devices as well as
providing security in its operation, convenience, energy efficiency. This smart
system is a part of the Internet of Things (IoT) that work along with the network,
integrate the usage data and activities by the user.

Maintaining a hotel business is not an easy task for the hotel management,
therefore the adoption of smart technology to a 5-star hotel is essential because
the automation concept applied to the building enables the hotel to operate more
efficiently as the systems are connected to the hotel facilities such as the lights
can turn on automatically when the access card is inserted, moving curtains,
control panels and many other so that the guests can have a great experience
during their stay at the hotel.

The main function of implementing smart technology in hotel building is to
provide better quality of life hotel guests, able to detect problems with the device
or smart technology used and can quickly resolve the problem. Besides that,
smart technology in hotel can significantly reduce the cost and energy efficiency
of hotel operation for example the power lights, air conditioning or heating
system will be switch off when the room is unoccupied.

The aim of this assignment is to propose the latest technologies in 5 - Star Hotel
Building. There are five main systems that has been chosen such as Fire
Protecting System, Electrical System, Telecommunication System, Air-
conditioning System and Mechanical Handling System.

1

FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM :

SMART SMOKE DETECTOR

Definition

A building's fire protection system is an essential component of its overall safety plan.
Fire protection systems are common building features that aim to restrict the amount
of damage that can be done to a structure and protect its occupants in the case of a
fire, either actively or passively. The lives of everyone inside the structure are
seriously threatened if there is no fire protection system in place. Extreme heat and a
fire reaching crucial weight-bearing places might endanger a building's structural
integrity. For this assignment, we were asked to propose one firefighting system for
hotel. so, we decided to propose smart smoke detector for our 'smart building'.

Application

We feel that a smart smoke
alarm is the one technology that
every hotel, particularly in a
hotel room, should have. Unlike
a traditional smoke alarm, which
relies on you being present to
hear it, a smart smoke alarm will
notify you when something is
wrong no matter where you are.
According to Jennifer (2020),
most smart smoke detectors are
hybrid devices that detect
smoke, heat, and carbon
monoxide (CO), a toxic and
odourless gas produced by
combustion. If there are smoke,
smart smoke detectors can also
send you an alarm through their
speaker and it can connect
through Wi-Fi to notify you.

2

Installation Process 3. Install boxes
Of Smart Smoke
Detector For each detector, cut a hole for a standard
4-inch octagon or single-gang box. Run 14/2
There are two types of smart smoke cable to the first detector in the series and
detector which are battery- powered and 14/3 cable to the others. The yellow lead
hard -wired but in this proposal, we want to from each detector interconnects the
focus on how the installation process for the system so all detectors sound at once.
hard-wired. Install the boxes.

1. Determine the location

In a hotel room, it is best to install the smoke
detector at the centre of the room because
if we install at different location apart from
the centre of the room, there is a chance
that the smoke detector will not detect any
smoke.

2. Cut Holes For 4. Align and Attach
Remodelling Boxes
Align the slots of the mounting plate and
IA remodelling box is required to prepare attach the plate to the box. Gently pull the
the wiring for an alarm in a new position. An wires through the plate. After connecting
electrical box that may be inserted into the first box in the series, connect wires as
drywall is known as a remodelling box. shown

5. Connect to power 031

After securing the wire nuts with
electrician's tape, gently push the wires into
each box. Install the detectors, activate the
backup batteries, and connect to the power
source.

BENEFITS

·A smart smoke detector ·A smart smoke detector ·Carbon monoxide is a
has the advantage of can also deliver several
detecting a fire much warnings and alarms to toxic fume produced by
faster than a traditional different people at the
smoke detector. A basic same time. These smart burning fuel in furnaces,
smoke detector detects smoke detectors might be
when there is an linked to an infrastructure automobiles, grills,
excessive amount of system to send a fire
smoke in a room. Smart alarm to the fire fireplaces and other gas
smoke detectors go department. Even if they
even further, detecting if are not at home, everyone ranges. Carbon monoxide
a room is excessively hot with an app connected to
or has experienced a the smart smoke detector is odourless and tasteless,
substantial temperature will receive a notice if a
increase. fire occurs. so it can accumulate in a

home without the

occupants’ awareness.

Smart smoke alarms with

built-in carbon monoxide

detectors can alert you to

this invisible threat.

PROBLEMS

·Because of the high humidity, Smoke alarms, both traditional
your smoke detector may and smart, function in the same
misread thick moisture way. Smart smoke alarms are
particles for smoke. In extreme multi-sensor systems that
cases, the air may be thick detect smoke, heat, and carbon
enough to deflect a monoxide in the home's
photoelectric sensor's light immediate area. A smart smoke
beam or cling to the ions in an alarm not only sounds when
ionisation chamber. The same there is a hazard, but it also
concept applies to Steam. You warns the customer and makes
might want to relocate your a loud enough noise to alert
smoke detector if it's just surrounding people.
outside a steamy bathroom.

4

BUILDING SPACE
REGULATION IMPELEMENTATION

·Because of the high humidity, your smoke A hotel room ought to have smoke detectors.
detector may misread thick moisture You might need more than one smoke alarm,
particles for smoke. In extreme cases, the air depending on the size of the space. Smoke
may be thick enough to deflect a rises, hence smoke detectors must to be
photoelectric sensor's light beam or cling to installed high on the ceilings. It must be
the ions in an ionisation chamber. The same placed at least 20 inches (50 cm) from the
concept applies to Steam. You might want to corner of the wall. Additionally, linking all of
relocate your smoke detector if it's just your smoke alarms can increase the
outside a steamy bathroom. effectiveness of your security.

501

ELECTRICAL

SUPPLY

SYSTEM



SMART SOLAR

POWER SYSTEM

CASE STUDY


HOTEL PENAGA, PENANG

Hotel Penaga, located in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Georgetown, is a charming
hotel that houses 50 rooms fully furnished with antique classics. The hotel is the first
history restoration project in Malaysia to be certified green by Malaysia's Green
Building Index. Much work has been put into this unique green project to ensure that
the architecture and green technology that will eventually be displayed on the front of
the hotel are well integrated as part of the mixing of the ideals of heritage preservation
with today ’s technology. The project will also help in protecting the city's important
historical landmarks that serve as a testament to its rich heritage.

Other environmentally friendly practises, such the use of recycled materials in its prior
refurbishment, were part of the Hotel Penaga's construction. SANYO has successfully
integrated a part of the PV system onto the hotel's roof through collaboration with
Ditrolic Solar, a specialist in building integrated solar PV technology. A part of the PV
system was installed onto the back of the roof, which is nicely hidden from public view,
while another part was put on the building's original timber frame. The completion date
is on December 2010.

As part of the town's environmental preservation work, Hotel Penaga would serve as a
model for other heritage buildings in Malaysia, according to a statement released by
SANYO on Friday, Mar. 18. In addition to producing clean energy, the installation of 96
HIT photovoltaic (PV) modules on the roof of Hotel Penaga would enable a decrease in
carbon dioxide emissions of up to 17,500kg per year. The total output of the system will
be 20.79kWp.

6

APPLICATION AND SYSTEM




Investing in a solar power system might be the best
decision a hotel owner ever makes. In fact, with solar


roofs, a few of well-known hotels have lately led the

clean energy revolution. The benefits of solar roofing
for hotels are numerous.

Hotels are excellent candidates for solar panel installation since they consume a lot of energy
within the building and have utilities that operate continuously, such as air conditioning, lights,
elevators, escalators, food court facilities, and so on. As a result, hotels are vulnerable to rising
electricity costs and are forced to rely on expensive diesel backup power. Solar hotel panels are


a viable option that will provide free power for the next 25 years.

What is Smart Solar?

Our sun provides all of the energy we need to The truth, of course, is quite different.
Producing electricity just from sunlight, on


survive and nourishes all life forms, either directly the other hand, is a tremendous resource
with numerous benefits and applications.
or indirectly. The sun has an impact on our climate

and weather. Without it, our earth would be a

barren wasteland of ice-covered rock.


Solar energy is an excellent idea. The idea of But how does it actually work? When is it

converting solar energy into electricity and using it appropriate to use it? What are the

to power electrical devices is a great concept. constraints? What's the cost? What's the

Because it is a free and unlimited source of energy best way to do it? This book covers all of

that does not affect the environment, there are no these issues and shows how to harness the

continuous electricity bills or dependence on a sun's energy to generate your own

power socket. electricity.

What is Solar Panel?

Solar panels have a wide range of

Solar energy is generated by the sun. Solar panels applications, including cabin remote power

(also known as "PV panels") convert the sunlight, systems, telecommunications equipment,

which is made up of energy particles known as remote sensing, and, of course, energy

"photons," into electricity that may be utilised to generation by residential and commercial

power electrical loads. solar electric systems.

7

APPLICATION AND SYSTEM


How do Solar Panels Work?

Electrons are displaced from their atoms when
photons interact with a solar cell. An electrical
circuit is formed when conductors are attached
to the positive and negative sides of a cell. When
electrons flow through a circuit like this,
electricity is produced. A solar panel is made up
of many cells, while a solar array is made up of


many panels connected together (modules). The

more solar panels you have, the more energy
you'll be able to generate.

What are Solar Panels Made of?

PV solar panels are composed of many


Solar cells are made of silicon, just like

semiconductors. They are composed of
a positive and a negative layer that, like
a battery, work together to generate an
electric field

How do solar panel system work?

First, sunlight strikes a rooftop solar panel.
The panels convert the energy into direct
current, which is then sent to an inverter.


The inverter turns direct current electricity

into alternating current, which may then be
used to power a variety of structures. It's
really simple and clean, and it's becoming
more efficient and cost-effective as time
goes on.

8

BUILDING SERVICES FUNCTION

SOLAR ENERGY:




(1) Solar photovoltaics for electricity




Solar cells, also known as the photovoltaic cells, convert light directly into electricity. The


term "photovoltaic" (sometimes shortened as "PV") means the process of transforming light

(photons) into electricity (voltage).

Bell Laboratories scientists used this behaviour in 1954 to create a silicon solar cell that


worked and produced electricity when exposed to sunlight. Spacecraft, as well as more

portable items like calculators and watches, were soon powered by solar cells. A lot of


places now provide solar cell electricity at costs that are competitive, and massive

photovoltaic system implementations are being made to help power the electrical grid.

(2) Interconnection to the grid





The solar PV installation should be connected at a position on the NOVA Consumer's


installation prior to the Distribution License's Bi-directional Meter, also known as behind the

metre connection or indirect connection.

To measure the energy produced by the solar PV system, the NOVA customer is required to
install and maintain the PV Meter.

The readings of the PV metre and the bidirectional metre must provide as conclusive proof
of the amount of power delivered under the Distribution License, the energy produced by
the solar PV system, and any energy exported to the Supply System. Under the Act and the
License Supply Regulations of 1990, any commercial settlement shall be based on the metre
readings obtained by the Disribution License or Grid Owner.

9

INSTALLATION PROCESS

Step 1: Site Evaluation

This is the initial phase in all commercial solar installations. This first site survey
serves as the foundation for the solar design and installation plans. This stage
entails the following:



Legal checks to guarantee that you have the legal right to establish a solar

energy system on your land.
Choosing where and how to connect your solar energy system to the grid.


Shade analyses, structural evaluations, and topographical and geological

studies are all part of the property appraisal process.

Step 2: System Design

At this stage, the design and installation plans are formalised. You will receive a design
drawing that shows the building's design and how the panels will be placed to capture
the most sunlight. Depending on your preferences, the design may display roof-
mounted, ground-mounted, or carports.

Step 3: Site Evaluation

Depending on the project's type and system size, there will be a difference in the
building technique. Compared to bigger and more complex systems, smaller rooftop
systems can often be installed in as little as 2 to 3 weeks. Despite the fact that well-
planned plans interrupt routine operations as little as possible, you should still prepare
for things like alternate parking areas and temporary power outages, based on the
scale of the system and the nature of your organisation.

The majority of competent solar installers will have creative solutions to minimise
disruption to your daily routine. In this sense, choosing a reputable and skilled
installation is essential.

10

INSTALLATION PROCESS

Step 4: Set Up Scaffolding

To ensure safety when performing the installation while on the roof, you must first
create scaffolding.

Step 5: Mount Installation

The mounts that will support the solar panels must be fixed first. Depending on the


situation, roof-ground mounts or flush mounts may be used. This base structure

offers stability and support. Care is taken on direction in which the PV panels
(monocrystalline or polycrystalline) will be installed.

Step 6: Install the Solar Panels

The solar panels must then be attached to the mounting structure as the next step.
This is done by tightening nuts and bolts. To ensure that the entire structure is strong
and durable, care is taken to properly secure it.

Step 7: Electrical Wiring

Next step is to do the electrical wiring. Universal Connectors like MC4 are used during
wiring because these connectors can be connected with all type of solar panels.
These panels can be electrically connected with each other in following series:

Series Connection: In this case, the Positive (+) Wire is of one PV module is
connected to the Negative (–) Wire of another module. This type of wiring
increases the voltage match with thebattery bank.
Parallel Connection: In this case, Positive (+) to Positive (+) and Negative (–) to
Negative (–)connection is done. This type of wiring voltage of each panel remains
same.

11

INSTALLATION PROCESS

Step 8 : Connect the System to Solar Inverter
The system must then be connected to a solar inverter as the next step. The Positive
wire from the solar panel is connected to the Positive terminal of the inverter, and the
Negative wire is connected to the Negative terminal of the inverter. In order to
generate power, the solar inverter is then connected to the grid input and solar
battery.


Step 9 : Connect Solar Inverter and Solar Battery

Next step is to connect the solar inverter and the solar battery. The positive terminal
of the battery is connected with the positive terminal of the inverter and negative to
negative. In order to store the backup electricity from a solar off-grid system,
batteries are required.

Step 10 : Connect Solar Inverter to the Grid
The inverter must then be connected to the grid. A normal plug is used to connect to
the main power switch board in order to create this connection. The electric board
that supplies electricity to the home is connected with an output wire.

Step 111 : Start Solar Inverter
Now when all the electrical wiring and connections are done, it is time to start the
inverter switch ON the Main Switch of the Home. The majority of solar inverters have a
digital display that shows statistics on the generation and usage of solar unit

12

PROCEDURE FOR APPLICATION

THE CONNECTION OF A SOLAR PV INSTALLATION TO THE CONSUMER
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

Keeping operational costs low is important since sustainability is the basis for


successful company growth. The installation of these PV systems reduces energy costs

by 30–40%.


The Energy and Natural Resources Minister announced the new Net Energy Metering

3.0 programme (NEM 3.0) on December 29, 2020 via a press statement by KeTSA in an
effort to increase the use of solar energy. This will give electricity consumers more
opportunities to install solar PV systems on the roofs of their properties in order to
reduce their electricity bills. This announcement came in response to a resounding
positive response from the PV industry.
NEM NOVA is a net energy metering initiative with a focus on solar energy for non-
domestic Tenaga Nasional Berhad (a "Distribution Licensee"), the electrical utility
company that serves Peninsular Malaysia. Non-domestic consumers are those who
work in the commercial, industrial, mining, and agricultural sectors. The NOVA Scheme
is a program that allows consumers to build solar PV installations for self-consumption
in their own houses. The solar PV installation must be primarily designed for self-
consumption.

13

BENEFITS OF THE SYSTEM

Reduce The Cost
Because we will utilise more electricity available than solar
Of Your Energy Bill panels that use sunlight as their source, these solar panels
can reduce the hotel electricity cost.
We may indeed conclude that investing a significant
amount of money in solar panels will provide a profit by
allowing us to save a significant amount of money on
utility bills.
With such savings, we can use the money that would have
gone toward the electricity bill for other needs or wants.

Renewable Energy
Sunlight is the source used by solar panels to generate
Source power. Solar panels will be able to supply this electricity
without running out of resources because sunlight is a
renewable resource.
One of the many advantages of using sunlight as a source
is that it is a pure source that does not cause pollution.
Sunshine is also a resource that is open to everyone and is
free.The installation of a solar panel system at home is all
that is necessary for those who can afford it.

Environmentally
The sun's energy or other renewable resources are used
Friendly to generate power through solar panels.
For instance, employing non-renewable resources won't
add to pollution.
Two examples might be provided: the use of coal and oil.
In other words, solar panels are a product that is
concerned with the wellness of our earth and is
environmentally friendly.
Solar panels might be useful in today's world, where the
country is heavily polluted. By installing solar panel
systems, we can contribute a small amount to reducing
environmental pollution and set a positive example for
others to follow.

14

BENEFITS OF THE SYSTEM

Low Maintenance
Simple solar panel maintenance is one of the benefits of
Costs owning or installing a solar panel system at home.
Furthermore in there is a very long warranty on these
solar panels.
As a result, the cost of maintenance will be very minimal
because it will be covered by the warranty for a
predetermined period of time, and the solar owner will
simply need to regularly check on the solar panel system.
Additionally, because everything on the solar panel is
sufficient, the panel owner need not take any action to
ensure that it performs at a satisfactory level..

Saves From Power
When, the usual grid falls, solar power can provide
Disruptions electricity.
Electricity may be stored in batteries, massive capacitors,
and other sorts of devices that store energy until an
emergency or until the sun goes down.
Solar power offers renters and employee with an
effective supply of emergency power, communications,
and water purification.

Contributes to a
Installing solar panels at of hotel rooftop aids in the
pleasent and
migration of as many residential and commercial
customers as possible to solar energy.
environmentally
When, a commercial centre decides to utilise clean solar
sustainable hotel
energy, it sets a precedent for the rest of the community
to follow.
reputation



15

PROBLEM THAT MAY BE ARISE

Requires Sunny This solar panel can only be used while the sun is shining
Weather To Work
because it needs to be exposed to sunlight in order to
generate power.
Best In other words, this solar panel system need sunlight to
function. This solar panel system's disadvantage comes as
a result of the weather variations that occur.
Even on a foggy day, it can create some electricity
However, it will not operate if it is raining. It can only
happen in really sunny weather to achieve the maximum
effect.

Manufacturing Of
Probably not many people are aware of how this solar
Solar Panels Can
panel system was constructed.
Even though this solar panel system is well-known for
Harm The
being environmentally begin, the process of generating
Environment this sophisticated technology can be hazardous to the
environment
This is due to the fact that burning fossil fuels and plastic
waste during the manufacturing process of solar panels
can create environmental pollution.

Increasing in the
There is little doubt that solar panels reduce reliance on
commercial
power providers while increasing reliance on the weather,
which may be unpredictable.
business's reiiance
When, there are overcast days, it may be detrimental to
on the weather the effectiveness of any business's system, and having

too many in a row may result in greater power costs than
intended.

16

PROBLEM THAT MAY BE ARISE

Low Energy
Although this solar panel system is thought of as an
Conversion Rate advanced technology capable of turning sunlight into
power, it manages this by using renewable resources that
are limitless and accessible to the public.
However, it can only turn 20–25 % of sunshine into
electricity.
Because of this, there is still opportunity for this
technology to improve and evolve in order to maximise
the benefits of solar energy.

Design with too
If business building is surrounded by towering tress or
many tress or
other structures, the solar power system may never
buildings can be
achieve its maximum efficiency.
Solar panels will not perform properly even in direct
extremely
sunshine if they are hidden by tree or buildings.
damaging the use
The clients need adivice and an assessment of the
building site and electrical requirements before deciding
of solar panels to invest in solar electricity for their business.

High Upfront Cost Many people cannot afford to have solar panels placed in
their homes since they are initially expensive to install. But
that was back in the day.
Now there's a new government programme. The cost of
cutting-edge technology decreased in recent years.

17

BUILDING SERVICE FUNCTION

Similar to the case study hotel Penaga in Penang, the proposed building will take use of
solar panel systems that can transform solar energy into power. Each component of a
solar panel system has a different purpose in the generation of power for a building. The
proposed building's solar system must be inhabited and installed with the proper or right
components in order for it to function properly. Every component of a solar panel system
has the following functions, connections, and positions:

1. Solar Photovoltaic Panels

The most significant part is a solar photovoltaic panel,
which converts sunlight into direct current electricity.



The solar cells integrated inside the solar panels will be

activated to allow electrons to move through them.
The solar panels are most effectively positioned on the
top or roof of the building, where they can absorb the
most sunlight.
The two types of panels used in technology are
polycrystalline and monocrystalline panels.
Monocrystalline panels have a deeper colour and are
made of a single large crystal.
Additionally, polycrystalline panels contain a variety of
textures with some patches being lighter than others and
several tiny crystals that can be either light or dark blue in
colour.

2. Inverter

Without inverters, a solar energy system would be insufficient.
The solar panels' direct current electricity, which is used to
generate electricity for the proposed building, is being
converted by it.
To accommodate various system needs and circumstances,
there are numerous inverter functions available.
Without the usage of batteries, a straight grid-tied inverter is
connected to the utility grid. In order to protect service
linemen from damage done by outages, the photovoltaic
system also shuts down when the grid does.
In the case of power outage, a grid-capable inverter can be
connected to the grid and use batteries to provide backup
power.
There are two widely used types of inverter technology.

18

BUILDING SERVICE FUNCTION

The first is a string inverter, which is installed on a wall in an area of shade and
transforms solar energy from a string of panels into alternating current electricity that
may be used to power a building.
Each solar panel has microinverters mounted on the rear, allowing the energy
produced by the panels to exist separately from one another.
The performance of the other panels is also impacted when one panel in a string
inverter system encounters partial shading.

3. Racking

Racking makes sure that the solar panels are firmly
attached to the building, and a roof-mounted
system was selected as the best option for the
proposed building.
Due to the optimal angle, which is between 30 and
45 degrees, using a good raking quality can help the
solar panel in increasing the capture of the sun's
rays.
Additionally, solar panels should face south for
optimal performance.
For the proposed building, fixed mounts types will
be use because it can guarantee that the solar
panels will remain stationary and steady.

4. Monitoring Equipment

A solar monitoring equipment system works through
the solar system’s inverter which the component are
usually connected.
In addition, they view and relay system energy
information analysis to a in product console or web
connected device through their proprietary software
Several monitoring methods are available, including
direct PC connection, mobile device use, monitoring
display units, internet-based monitoring, and the use
of features for viewing historical data.

19

BUILDING SERVICE FUNCTION

5. Charge Controller

Charge controllers control how fast batteries are
charged or discharged, hence controlling the
electrical charge.
By reducing overcharging and protecting against
overvoltage, it helps in the regulation of solar
panel voltage and wattage to produce more stable
energy.

Other features, including as lighting and load
control, are available on some charge controllers.
On the other hand, managing power is its main
duty.

6. Batteries

Batteries are a tool that can be used to store extra
electricity produced by solar panels.
The proposed building can be powered by the
stored energy when the solar panels are unable to
produce enough electricity, such as at night, on
cloudy days, or during power outages.
Batteries are used in off-grid and hybrid systems
to store the energy that a Charge Controller, an
Inverter, or both give.
Energy is consequently available whenever a
system operator needs it.

20

PRINCIPLES

Solar panel system is converting and harvesting from sunlight to the electrical
energy that be distribute to services.
The sunlight be harvested and converted to the electric by the principles that using
a system that be known as Photovoltaics (PV).
Photovoltaics directly convert solar energy into electricity.
They work on the principle of the photovoltaic effect. When certain materials are
exposed to light, they absorb photons and release free electrons.
The photoelectric effect is the term given to this phenomenon.
Based on the principle of the photoelectric effects, the photovoltaic effect is a
technique for creating direct current power.
Principle of photovoltaic effect will produce solar cells or photovoltaic cells
The amount of electricity produced by a single solar cell is insufficient.
In order to create a photovoltaic module or solar panel, several photovoltaic cells
are put on a supporting frame and electrically connected to one another.
Several hundred watts up to a few kilowatts of solar panels are frequently available.
Although solar panels or modules are made to supply electricity at a specific
voltage, the current they generate is purely based on the amount of light that
strikes them.

21

SYSTEM

The solar panel system is divided into two categories: Grid-Connected Utility Intertie
PV System and Stand-Alone Solar Electric System. Both of these systems have the
ability to produce electricity for the building that uses their respective types of
electrical supply. The StandAlone Solar Electric System is being used for the
proposed building.

Stand-Alone Solar Electric System is a system that be design to operate independence
by itself that is electric solar panel grid It also generally designed and sized to supply
certain Direct Current Power (DC) and Alternating, Current Power (AC) for the building
utilization. This Stand-Alone Solar System will be run and powered by a photovoltaic
panel array placed on the building's roof, which is the location that receives the most
direct sunlight.

As a safety measure to avoid and prevent any unexpected incident that may occur
towards the user of the building, this system is being offered using the StandAlone
Solar Electric Systems with batteries backup.

Additionally, it has an impact on how productive the building's consumers become. On
cloudy days or at night when there is no sunlight, the batteries also serve as a backup
that provides the building with full power electricity.This system apply the batteries as
the storage of the electrical power that be produce by the solar panel, which it be
transfer by the cables.

Without the utility power grid that would connect it, the Battery Stand-Alone System
risks its own energy supply.

22

BUILDING REGULATIONS

GOVERNING MINISTRY AND REGULATORY BODY

1) Ministry of Energy, Green Technology, and Water ("KeTTHA")

The ministry in charge of creating and organising policies, programs, and
activities for promoting energy efficiency, including the use of solar energy, is
known as KeTTHA.
2) Sustainable Energy Development Authority ("SEDA"))

SEDA is a statutory organisation under the KeTHHA's jurisdiction that is in
responsibility of promoting and assisting the development of sustainable energy.
The Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act of 2011 founded SEDA, whose
main duty is to manage and administer the Feed-in Tariff ("FIT") mechanism
described in the Renewable Energy Act of 2011. In addition to RE, SEDA's main
responsibilities also include promoting the use of energy-efficient technologies and
techniques to reduce energy consumption.

23

BUILDING REGULATIONS

LEGISLATIONS AND REGULATIONS

1) Renewable Energy Act 2011 ("REA") ACT 725

The REA is the primary law that establishes the legal framework for renewable energy
in Malaysia, especially for the creation and implementation of FIT to encourage the
production of renewable energy, such as solar PV.
2) Subsidiary Legiisiations and Guidelines
In addition to the REA, SEDA administers subsidiary rules, regulations, and guidelines
under the REA, such as the Renewable Energy (Feed-In Approval and Feed-in Tariff
Rate) Rules 2011 and the Fit Guidelines, which usually support the RE legal framework
through FIT implementation

24

BUILDING REGULATIONS

INITIATIVES FOR SOLAR ENERGY GROWTH

1) Net Energy Metering Programme ("NEM")

NEM is a scheme created to support FIT and promote the use of renewable energy,
not even just solar PV. The aim behind NEM is to reduce the requirement for importing
power from the grid or utility by having producers use the energy produced by the
solar PV system installed first. Any extra energy that is generated may be exported
and sold to DLs for a price set by the Energy Commission (the "EC"). All residential,
commercial, and industrial clients of TNB or Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd ("SESB") are
covered under this programme.

NEM is carried out by the KEETHa, which is governed by the EC and is implementes by
SEDA. On SEDA's website, you may find the guidelines and application procedure for
REM.

2) FIT

The development of FIT is an important step in reducing reliance on non-renewable
fossil fuels. According to a specific tariff plan known as FIT in Malaysia, distribution
licensees ("DL"), such as electrical utility companies like Tenaga Nasional Berhad
("TNB"), are required to buy energy from RE producers, also known as Feed-in Approval
Holders, at a price set by SEDA.

The FIT would ensure that RE becomes a feasible and sensible long-term investment
formpeople, business, and industries alike by ensuring grid access and setting a
favourable price per unit of RE. By enabling households to sell excess energy generated
for and from their houses, FIT encourages household adoption of RE, such as solar PV.

25

SPACE IMPLICATIONS

Solar energy systems are not just for roofs anymore. Parking lots are not exempt
from the proliferation of solar. The size of the panel being used, the site area, the
size of the building, and most significantly, the best place for gathering sunlight,
should be what typically determine the location. So, the three options for nasic
mounting for commercial solar panels are as follows:

1) Ground Mounted Although they require more space,
ground mounts are simpler to install and
maintain. Systems that are ground-
mounted can be oriented in any direction.
You could set up your system to aim
directly at the sun. They optimise access
to the sunlight that fuels the array.

Advantages:
If the roof is changed, there is no need
to remove the panels.
Easy to access
Stronger racking
Easy to clean and troubleshoot

Roof mounts are less expensive 2) Roof Mounted
because they make use of the
fundamentals of your existing roof
structure. They also take up less part of
the building.

Advantages:
Easier to permit
Installation labour costs are reduced
since less supplies are required
Less expensive
Utilise unused space

26

SPACE IMPLICATIONS

3) Carport Solar carports offer two benefits. In
addition to reducing power costs, they
protect vehicles from adverse weather
like rain, snow, and hail. Solar carports are
a great improvement for any business. For
even higher energy savings, a solar
carport can be built separately or in
conjunction with a rooftop system.

Advantages:
Easy to maintain comfort
Efficient space usage
Cost savings
Better power generation
Provide protection

27

TELECOM MUNICATION SYSTEM

WIRELESS NETWORK
(Wi-Fi)

WIRELESS NETWORK
SYSTEM

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a well-known technology and
extensively used around the world. This
telecommunication system has become the top
preferred technology by many people because of its
flexibility and mobility in accessing the internet and able
to connect with any kinds of buildings smart systems.
Recent years, the number of wireless access points (AP)
has increased rapidly as this system is convenient and
faster to use on a daily basis (Yinan G., et. al, 2012).

In Malaysia, the Malaysian Institutes of Microelectronic
Systems (MIMOS) was the first organization that
invented the internet service in 1987. This network was
originally created for academic purposes. The internet
mainly to ease the university researchers in Malaysia to
communicate and stay connected with one another via
email. As years goes by, the demand for wireless system
in Malaysia has increased as the installation service is
minimal where the consumer can purchase their own
wireless broadband at the internet provider center
available in Malaysia. Moreover, wireless network offers
cheaper operating costs with wider transmission
distance and data rates.

There are many telecommunication companies that
provides internet service. Most famous wireless
network provider is Telekom Malaysia as the (National
Telecommunication in Malaysia) following by MAXIS,
YES, DIGI, CELCOM and many other telecommunication
companies.

28

APPLICATION

Nowadays, wireless networks are broadly available around the world. There is no
connectivity limitation when accessing to this network system. With the emerging
technologies that we have right now enables countless of devices to be connected to
the wi-fi network and also able to be detected by other than the mobile devices as well.
The application that is supported by wireless networking are as follows: -

1.Mobile gadget such as personal computers (PC), laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
2.Security system
3.Smart home devices (television, radio, and electric cooker like Thermomix)
4.Global Positioning System (GPS)
5.Wireless computer appliances (mouse or printer)
6.Handheld gaming console
7.Browsing internet websites
8.Video conference meeting

HOW IT WORKS

The user will be the first to initiate the process in using the internet. The network signal
will be divided into several channels to avoid high traffic and interference while using it.
After the user’s device has successfully connected to the internet, they can use the
network to transfer any documentations, links or even browsing through the internet
and here is where the power of computer science is applied. The information will then
changes into the coding form known as “binary code”. Every process happens in
networking system is compatible to the coding requested for example when the user
click the any link, the system will convert the data into a series of coding system (1s and
0s). The signal it then will transmit via the electromagnetic frequencies and will be
detected by the wi-fi router to which the device connected to. The wi-fi router will
receive the frequencies and convert the code into the internet traffic that the user has
requested earlier. This method is repeating until the user has loaded the information on
the internet access (Lohnes K., n.d).

29

MAIN
COMPONENTS

MODEM

Modem act as center of the internet access. It is a single
system that combines the features of a modem and internet
router. This device interprets Internet network data via the
modem and wirelessly transmits them to devices in your
house via the routes and vice versa

WIRELESS ROUTER

Router is a key device that works along with the access point
(AP) device. People might think that router and AP device is
works the same but actually they are not. The main function of
router device is to connect the network directly to the wireless
access point. It enables the system to receive and transfer the
information data to the internet network. Internet Protocol or
known as IP Address is used in this router system and able to
receive as many network devices to a sole IP Address.

ANTENNA

Antenna is an omnidirectional that can be found at all internet
router and access point. The existence of this antenna is to
accommodate the capacity needs of internet networks by
radiating primarily at one time. This antenna enables the
coverage to cover the building, but different level of building
will receive different signals of network. The higher the
building, the weaker the signal received

ACCESS POINT (AP)

It is a device for wireless network that
creates the wireless network for the
particular location. The access point
connects to the wired router for
transmission system via Ethernet cable. In
most situation, the access point has the
“http” feature that allows the end-user
devices to connect with the network and
web browser to setup the access point.

30

SPRINCIPLES

Wi-fi is a short-range transmission network with frequencies of 2.4GHz to
5GHz. Its objective is to increase the usability of wireless devices based on
the IEEE802.11 benchmark. This network is secured by a specific passcode
set by the owner, but it also can alternatively open to the public which
allows the user’s device to be connected automatically without the need of
wi-fi password (Jie Ding et. al, 2018). The principle of Wi-fi is that this
network required an electromagnetic radiation to transmit the data or
information by the user to the smartphone, wireless device and also the
router via the network frequency (Lohnes K., n.d)

PACE IMPLICATION
Interruption on wi-fi network can happen on a regular operation. The
network is disrupts by the signal that is outside of the specified wireless
network. Wi-fi transmissions that are not within the network radius are the
most prevalent source of the wi-fi interference hence could occur in slower
speed to browse the internet, greater latency, multiple disconnects and
reconnects on the device and in some cases the user failed to connect to
the wi-fi signal. This happens when there are two signals used the same
channel or interference of the co-channel where their access points are
positioned near to one another and leads to excessive high output power.
Moreover, the wi-fi signal could become unreachable due to the existence
of these physical obstacles for example the concrete wall partition, wood
structure, and even mirror.

31

INSTALLATION
PROCESS

1 PURCHASE THE NETWORK APPLIANCES
Buying the correct wireless product is the most important part. There are
certain criteria that need to be considered since this equipment (router and
modem) will transmit the internet signals across the building and the criteria
such as the distance between the network and user’s devices, number of device
connections in every floor of the building, network speed and also security.

2 CONNECT THE ROUTER AND MODEM
The router has many cable points that works differently, thus the ethernet cable
will be connected to the WAN/WLAN/Internet point that labelled on the router.
At this point, the router can be switched on to activate.

3 CONNECT ETHERNET CABLE TO COMPUTER
It is not compulsory to connect the ethernet cable to the LAN port on the
computer, but it would be beneficial for the user to configure the wi-fi settings
without being interrupt by internet disconnections

4 INSTALL ROUTER SOFTWARE & KEY IN INFORMATION
Every router has its own software to activate the system. The user need to
install the software on their computer and after the software has successfully
installed, the user is required to fill in the information such as name for the wi-fi
network, type of security and most importantly the password for network
security.

If the wi-fi device does not comes with their own software, there is another way
to install the wireless network by browsing into the configuration page. On this
page, the user is required to enter the web address of the router as well as the
username and password. The details are provided as per manual that they
provided along with the wireless device.

32

INSTALLATION
PROCESS

5 WI-FI SETTINGS
After filling all the information, the user can change the name of the wi-fi
network to be appear when other device detected the network. It is advisable to
set up the recent version of security encryption for maximum protection of the
users that connect to this network. In this section also recommends to develop
a solid password.

6 LOCATION FOR WI-FI NETWORK TO BE PLACED
The router should be located in a position where it can facilitate its coverage so
that the user could receive maximum speed of the network supplied. Walls or
any other physical barrier would limit the users by having a slower connection.

7 CONNECT TO ANY DEVICE
Any device that is capable to detect the network are able to connect to this wi-fi
network. The users must enter the password set by the owner to access or if the
wi-fi is publicly open to all the users can just access to the wi-fi and finally the
wi-fi can be use on the device connected to it.

33

BENEFITS & PROBLEMS

BENEFITS PROBLEMS

EASE OF ACCESS LOW COVERAGE
Wireless network enables multiple devices The internet coverage has its limit, normally
by user to connect to the internet around 30 to 100 meters from the Wi-fi
connection without the need of setting up router. For a single or double storey house,
the IP address. It took few seconds for the this coverage can considered acceptable to
user to be connected to the wi-fi by simply cover the whole building but not for a high-
key in the wi-fi password. This technology rise building. As the guests walk away from
provides the user a convenience and the building or the wireless router, the
assessable network. strength of wi-fi will degrade and makes it
unable to connect to the network. For a hotel
building it need more routers to be installed
at every floor so that the guests staying at
the hotel could enjoy faster coverage.

FLEXIBILITY NETWORK SECURITY
The users can move freely with the When it comes to the use of technologies,
existence of wireless networks. As long as data protection is vital to protect personal
the users are sitting within the wi-fi information of the users. Although wi-fi
coverage, they are able to access in any network use several methods of encryption,
internet websites or even continue to do this technology is still prone to cyber-attacks
their works via mobile devices because of the internet access is made
publicly available to all users in the building.
COST SAVING
The cost for wireless network installation is SPEED DISRUPTION
more considerable compared to the wired An average frequency supply by wi-fi is at
network connection. Wireless network may 2.4GHz and above depending on the
save the company’s expenditure for the broadband used. However, the network
internet installation. This is because the could be interrupted and becomes slow
main component for wired connection connection due to the number of devices
must use cables. For a high storey building, connected to the netw
ork. The internet can
the use of cord cables would involve high be disrupted by the existence of wall
cost since the internet coverage must partition in between of the user and the wi-fi
cover the whole building. router. The speed of wifi connection may be
affected if more devices are connected to it
which lead to slower speed of internet
access

34

Ventilation: Air
Condition

Central air conditioner

Ductless mini split

hybrid air conditioner

Ventilation:
Air Condition

Introduction

What is air-conditioning? Air conditioning known as the process of creating and
maintaining a specific temperature, relative humidity, and air purity in indoor. This
method is commonly used to maintain a certain degree of personal comfort
(Carel, 2012). Thus, Air conditioning is very common in Malaysia especially for
shopping complex, hotel, office and sometimes it can be as a personal use, it also
controlling four essential variables: air temperature, humidity, movement, and
quality, an air conditioning system must be functional independent of outside
climatic circumstances (Boxt, 2020).

The application of air conditioning is widely use, it also utilised in industrial
applications to ensure proper functioning of equipment or apparatus that must
work in specified environmental conditions, or to be able to carry out certain
industrial operations, such as welding, that generate significant amounts of heat
that must be disposed of in some way (Carel, 2012). Others, system of the air
conditioning used to lower the temperature in an enclosed space by eliminating
the heat and moisture already present. This might be providing some comfort or
convenience to people base on the place they go (Air-con, 2019).

Function

How does the system work in the air conditioning? The evaporation of another
fluid, termed the refrigerant, cools a fluid (usually water or air) during the home air
conditioning process. Using chemicals, your air conditioner swiftly turns gas to
liquid and back, removing the heated air from your home (Carel, 2012). It is then
discarded outside. An air conditioning system, in simple words, regulates the
temperature, humidity, and air quality of interior environments.

01

35

System & Application

Central Air conditioner

This type of air conditioner was proposed in the proposed project which is 5-
star hotel. This air conditioner is suitable for a large home and want to chill
numerous rooms at once, this sort of air conditioning is ideal. A split system
manages air through ducts placed in your house with a central air
conditioning unit. A ducted system is another name for it. This might be very
interesting to be used for hotel lobby, café, and any others large room (Cielo,
2022).

The split aspect denotes that the system is made up of two primary
components. The condenser and compressor are housed in the outside unit.
The evaporator coils and air handler are found in the interior unit. Central air
conditioning, like any other air conditioner, uses refrigerant to remove heat
from the interior air. Cool air is brought in through the ducts to replace the
heat that has been drawn from the outside (Cielo, 2022).

Programmable thermostats may be used in conjunction with central air
conditioners to provide a smart home experience.

Ductless mini split

Ductless mini split If we want to save money, get rid of a lot of
ductworks, or simply chill a piece of your home, ductless mini-
split air conditioners are a terrific option. For modern homes,
ductless systems are an excellent option.

An air conditioner of this sort is made up of an outside unit with
a compressor and a condenser, as well as one or more inside
units. These indoor units are wall-mounted and come with air
blowers. The interior and outdoor units are linked by tubing, and
refrigerant flows in different ways depending on the kind of
consumption (Cielo, 2022).

Hybrid air conditioner

A hybrid system combines a gas furnace with an electric air-source
heat pump to provide a cost-effective and efficient heating and
cooling solution. The device automatically alternates between burning
fossil fuels and using electricity depending on the temperature
outside. You may set the temperature at which the system converts
from heat pump to furnace, or you can do it manually.

During the summer, the heat pump does what it's supposed to do: it
pulls hot air from your home and vents it outside. This process is
reversed in the winter, and heat is spread throughout your home
(Cielo, 2022).

11

36

Installation
process

In the using of air-conditioning there were some knowledge about it which it comes in two
different unit which is indoor unit and outside unit (Air-con, 2019). Both units have
different function to keep them working to provide services (Carel, 2012). There were
some processes of installing the air condition which the installation provide is for the
common air conditioner: -

A) Indoor unit installation

01. Install the indoor unit 02. Fix the mounting plate and
make hole to fit the pipe

The ventilator assembly Board wall mount unit,
,which contains the remove the existing blower
inbuilt ventilator or or any other existing things
indoor unit, electrical from access panel. Place the
part, and any other mounting board plate for
extraneous components access of ventilator and
make a access for pipping
work.

03. Electrical connection 04. Pipe connection from indoor to
checking outdoor unit

Electrical work done From the access of pipe
just to concerned about pull the pipe from inside to
the connection between outside where the outdoor
outdoor unit and indoor unit will be placed so the
unit before installing gasses use for controlling
outdoor unit because its the air and purify the air
hard to be install after will be in good placement.
the installation of
outdoor unit.

02

37

Installation
Process (cont'd)

B) Outdoor unit installation

01 Install the outdoor unit or 02 Place the placement or pad concrete of
Install the outside blower outdoor unit

outdoor unit which this unit work After the installation process make

as a air absorber. This process of a place for the outside unit

work going to absorb the outside placement. Using a concrete pad

then it filter. for place the outdoor unit so it will

work very well at the suitable place

03 Connect the electrical connection

Electrical connection between
outdoor unit and indoor unit so
they will connected and work
together as their objective to be
together and work forever. The
electrical connection is to run the
ventilator and to know either it
work or it broke.

C) Complete the installation of air conditioner system

01 Complete the installation 02 Tape the pipping joint or use insulating
process covers

In the completion of process, The pipping must be concerned
there must be a minor work like without any leakage because it will
screwing or setting ventilator. cause a bad things like it become
flammable due to hot weather or
03 Testing can cause high cost of
maintaining. By taping the pipe
This last step just to make sure all with insulating cover will make the
the work done working very will pipe durable for long term of time
and to see the main objectives of before any leakage happen.
installation work run smoothly.

03

38

Benefits

The wall-mounted energy recovery ventilator offers several advantages in various areas. This is due
to the technologies being used, which are best suited to persons or homes with elderly or children
to ensure that they have adequate air quality (Carel, 2012).

To begin with, the wall-mounted energy ventilator is ideal for recovering moisture from absorbent
capacity (Boxt, 2020). The core allows moisture to move from the high to the low side, thereby
levelling things out.

After that, make sure the air pressure is balanced. While the building is either heated or cooled, the
pressure inside the building differs from the pressure outside the building from the outside unit
input (Boxt, 2020). As a result, it pumps the same amount of air in and out, depending on how it was
set up. Others, it assists minimize pressure differentials. The building does not have to take risk on
getting fresh air or oxygen by opening the window or any others conventional ventilation.

Problems

This type of system has many advantages, but there were certain difficulties in implementing this
ventilation system, which were prevalent among those who employed it in their building. There are a
few issues with this system (Boxt, 2020).

To begin with, the basic issue with this method is the high bill or overhead cost. This is because the
system requires a power source to operate, such as electricity, which consumes a lot of energy and
adds to the bill. For some reason, the cost can be the maintenance cost, which includes labour costs
and overhead costs, which can range from 20% to 25% of the total cost.

06

39

SPACE
IMPLICATION

This system space is concentrated in a tiny area, or it can be divided into three rooms:
a bedroom, a living room, and a kitchen. As a result, there are certain systems that
support huge areas, such as a central air conditioner that can support a large area for
a large room or useable space for consumer or labour convenience.
Other uses for this system include maintaining air quality, transferring energy from
the air vented to the outside, and lowering energy usage (Boxt, 2020). The better air
quality in the space area will be provided by the greater ventilation rates. Therefore,
this service is critical for smart buildings, particularly hotels since it may minimise air
pollution while also improving interior work and production

40

MECHANICAL HANDLING
SYSTEM

HYDRAULIC
LIFT

MECHANICAL
HANDLING
SYSTEM

HYDRAULIC LIFT

WHAT IS HYDRAULIC SYSTEM APPLICATION AND SYSTEM

A hydraulic lift is a device for moving an The principle for a hydraulic lift is based on
object using a force created by pressure on Pascal’s law of generating force or motion,
a fluid in a cylinder that moves a piston which states that pressure changes in
upwards. According to the Department of pressure on an incompressible liquid in a
Occupational Safety and Health (2010), a lift confined space that are channeled evenly
is a device designed to transport throughout the liquid in all directions. The
passengers or goods from one level to piston will decrease due to the force of
another in a vertical direction through a lift gravity when the valve is open to remove the
car. In other words, a hydraulic lift is a type liquid. Nowadays, a new technology for smart
of machine that uses a hydraulic apparatus home, hydraulic lift has been chosen because
to move an object using a force created it is the most efficient lift for residential
when pressure is applied to a fluid in a buildings and suitable for three -storey
piston. houses. This new technology application is
used for the purpose of faster and easier
movement for its residents.

41

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

HYDRAULIC LIFT

INSTALLATION PROCESS

The mechanical handling system which is this hydraulic lift really needs to be installed
by a specialist. By installing a hydraulic lift, it involves the addition of space on the
outside of the property for shafts as well as properly wired lifts. Furthermore,
emergency lights and telephones are also required in hydraulic elevators.

DIG THE PIT AND LANDING

01. The pit is the first step in SECURE THE LIFT CAR

installing a hydraulic lift. A pit 04. After the hoist way has been

must be dug a few feet below installed and the pump is connected
to the piston, it's time to secure the
the foundation of the house or elevator car and hook up the
hydraulic power. To supply power,
ground level. A second pit must electrical disconnect must be
installed, hydraulic oil must be added
be dug once the pit has been to the fluid tank, and piping between
the elevator jack and the power unit
constructed to accommodate must be installed.
INSTALL THE SAFETY EQUIPMENT
the piston cylinder. Landings can
05. Self-closing and locking doors,
be erected once holes and
temperature control, emergency
cylinder bores have been dug lighting and communication, and
smoke detectors are all needed and
and reinforced, usually with should be fitted for safety reasons.

concrete. 42

02. CONNECT THE LANDING
Cut a hole in the wall that will be

stopped by the lift to make a

landing. For safety reasons,

landings should be blocked until

installation is complete.

CONSTRUCT THE HOIST WAY

03. Two methods can be used to

construct a lift method. First, the
hoisting means can be built
modularly, which means off -site,
and then installed on -site. Next,
the second method is to stick
build lifting means on site, which
is a very powerful shaft
construction technique. Later, a
lifting method was built in which
cylinders, pistons, and pumps
could be installed. However, the
pump can be installed either in a
bore or in a separate machine
room, and it will be connected to
a removable piston once it is
installed.