STEM education how to train 21st century teachers

Teacher Leadership 185

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics along with researchers, employers,
university faculty, and students consistently called for instructional innovations in
science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (Breiner et al., 2012, p.4).

Such innovation would no doubt need to happen at the classroom level, led by teachers.
These teachers must possess not only thorough knowledge of STEM, but other leadership
skills, such as the ability to collaborate with colleagues. Roehrig et al., (2012) noted that
―integration can be implemented most successfully when mathematics and science teachers
work together both in a single classroom (co-teaching) and in multiple classrooms (content
teaching--common theme)‖ (p. 1). Since, many teachers do not have the experience in content
integration and teaching collaboration, teacher leaders, skilled in facilitation, will be needed
to guide their colleagues in the process of co-developing interdisciplinary units. Other
recommendations for developing and supporting teacher leaders include: (a) helping teachers
to develop relationships of trust, cooperation, and respect with their administration (Sherrill,
1999), and (b) creating teams of leaders (including teacher leaders) that are characterized by
group cohesion, goal oriented, and role clarity (Hulpia et. al., 2011).

Nevertheless, it is vital that classroom based practitioners, in tune with the interests,
abilities, and needs of their students be a part of the curriculum development and other
decisions pertaining to their students. Fullan (1993) asserted that educational change is too
important to leave to the experts and that teachers must initiate action to change the
conditions within their schools. Therefore, teacher leaders can help guide the work. Similarly,
Handler (2010) stated that the development of teacher leaders is essential to creating schools
that offer all students comprehensive academic preparation through authentic and engaging
curricula. This will be particularly crucial in the next few years, as schools work to write
curriculum aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards.

Generating Parent and Community Involvement and Support

Parental aspirations and parental involvement are important to student achievement in
general. Research also shows that parents can affect their children‘s interest and confidence in
STEM subjects though raising student performance in these areas is not always a top priority
for many parents (Cavanaugh, 2008). Surveys show that many parents are satisfied with the
levels of math and science in their children‘s schools. A report of the Afterschool Alliance
(2008) indicated, however, that parental involvement results in better reading and math
comprehension as well as improved student attendance and behavior.

The National Science Teachers Association, a highly regarded and respected teacher
leadership organization, has a position statement urging parental involvement in science
learning, stating that parents don‘t have to like STEM subjects themselves. The statement
urges parents to nurture their child‘s curiosity in STEM by ―creating a positive and safe
environment at home for exploration and discovery…science learning at home and in the
community‖ (NSTA, 2009).

Taking advantage of the benefits of parental involvement in school-wide STEM
initiatives can be extremely valuable in extending STEM learning beyond the school day.
Parents with expertise in STEM fields can be resources and the school can take advantage of
the rich community resources for advancing STEM learning opportunities (e.g., museums,

186 Deborah Lynch and Jennifer Fleck

national parks nature centers). Table 2 includes STEM initiatives for parents and the
community which attempt to build upon resources to extend STEM learning beyond the
schoolhouse.

CONCLUSION

This chapter addressed the strategies for incorporating and integrating school-wide
STEM education reforms. In order to successfully implement STEM education reform the
culture for change within the school must be addressed. Kotter‘s 8-step change process, was
discussed and the chapterelaborated on a new paradigm of professional development which
can increase student achievement. There are six strategies for implementing and
institutionalizing the necessary supports for STEM education reforms. These strategies
consist of (a) providing time and support for ongoing professional development, (b)
establishing PLCs, (c) collaborating with experts, and (d) involving the vital resources of
parents and community.

Table 2. STEM Initiatives for Parents and the Community

The Kentucky The Kentucky Commonwealth Institute for Parent Leadership
Commonwealth Institute for helps adults work with teachers and administrators, and muster
Parent Leadership support from other parents, to strengthen student achievement in
science, technology, engineering, and math, or STEM topics.
The goal of the Kentucky initiative is to help parents understand
what it takes to raise students' achievement in math and science,
and to have them rally other parents to the cause. Parents who
take part in the institute are taught strategies on leadership and
working collaboratively with school officials and other parents.
(Cavanaugh, 2008).

Afterschool Alliance The Afterschool Alliance found in a recent evaluation report of
STEM programs across the U.S. that attending high quality
STEM afterschool programs for middle school youth yields
STEM-specific benefits that can be organized under three broad
categories (a) improved attitudes toward STEM fields and
careers, (b) increased STEM knowledge and skills, and (c)
higher likelihood of graduating and pursuing a STEM career.
(Afterschool Alliance, 2011).

STEM Out-of-School Time STEM Out-of-School Time (OST) programs demonstrate a
OST number of positive outcomes for girls (and in some instances,
boys) related to academic achievement and school functioning,
youth development, and workforce development (Chun &
Harris, 2011). The program builds personal connections with
girls to help sustain their engagement. Once girls join a STEM
OST program, the goal then becomes to maintain their interest
over time, which can be facilitated through staff's efforts to
build strong relationships with the girls (SEDL, 2012).

Teacher Leadership 187

It is apparent that the traditional view of school leadership will not support the STEM
school transformation necessary to provide student access to rich, rigorous and meaningful
STEM education so necessary for today‘s challenges. Identifying, developing and supporting
teacher leadership can drive this transformation and institutionalization within a school, in
concert with a coherent strategy of advancing the need and vision of STEM education reform.
This includes providing the support, the structures and the resources that will increase the
likelihood of successful implementation. The ideas, strategies, and examples presented here
are meant to inspire school leaders who are ready to move the agenda on STEM education
reforms, support their faculty members, and prepare their students for future STEM careers.

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EDITOR CONTACT INFORMATION



INDEX

# articulation, 79, 80, 81
ASCA National Model, 156, 159
21st century, xi, 18, 29, 35, 36, 37, 42, 47, 58, 63, Asian Americans, 118
92, 94, 97, 115, 120, 156, 157, 174, 189 assessment, x, 10, 21, 26, 50, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63, 68,

21st Century Skills, 94, 97 80, 83, 85, 87, 89, 92, 96, 104, 108, 110, 114,
118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,
A 140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 165,
171, 177
academic performance, 2, 103 assessment for learning, 135, 137
academic success, 53, 126 assessment of learning, 135
access, x, 23, 34, 38, 41, 42, 46, 58, 96, 104, 110, assessment tools, 137, 151, 177
assets, 87
111, 112, 119, 120, 126, 131, 144, 153, 154, 159, attitudes, 29, 43, 46, 48, 77, 120, 122, 124, 130, 159,
160, 177, 178, 187 181, 186, 187
accessibility, 112 attribution, 182
accountability, 79, 83, 108, 139, 181 authentic achievement, 104
Action and Expression, 60, 61, 112 Authentic instruction, 103, 104, 115
action research, x, 173, 182, 183, 184, 188 authenticity, 60, 61, 63
activity-based curriculum, 5 authorities, 138
adaptation, 3 autonomy, 60, 61, 79
administrative support, 45, 181 aversion, 128
administrators, 3, 29, 42, 45, 92, 154, 159, 160, 169, awareness, 51, 63, 122, 153, 156, 158, 160, 163, 169,
174, 177, 186 170
adolescents, 132, 165, 171
adults, 186 B
advancement(s), 11, 12, 35, 155
advocacy, 37, 156, 170 background information, viii, 23, 44, 95
African Americans, 119, 125, 128 barriers, 40, 42, 47, 85, 112, 113, 125, 158, 175
African-American, 118, 131, 132 base, viii, 18, 124
age, 41, 48, 56, 62, 68, 73, 76, 111, 118, 122, 171 basic research, 84
agencies, 54 behaviors, 36, 45, 50, 122, 126, 174
alternative energy, 66 benchmarks, 54, 136, 139
anatomy, 22 benefits, 46, 47, 63, 101, 104, 138, 157, 159, 162,
anchoring, 175
ankles, 166 184, 185, 186
anxiety, 29, 163, 165, 166, 167, 171, 178 bias, 119
anxiety disorder, 165, 171 biodiversity, 39
Applied Knowledge, 6 birds, 98
architect, 109 blame, 2

194 Index

blogs, xi, 46, 49, 50, 60, 95, 140 cognitive process, 123
blueprint, 22, 59, 69, 171 cognitive processing, 123
body shape, 166 cognitive skills, 35, 38
Book Builder, 64, 69 cognitive tasks, 34, 35
brain, 59, 98 cognitive tool(s), ix, 33, 34, 35, 38, 45, 46, 49, 51
brainstorming, 102, 140 coherence, 6, 25, 179
breakdown, 118 collaboration, x, 19, 25, 29, 35, 36, 38, 56, 58, 62,
breathing, 165, 166
Broad Fields Curriculum, 3, 4 65, 66, 74, 94, 108, 113, 155, 159, 163, 169, 173,
browser, 144 176, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185
budget cuts, 111 collaborative approaches, 178
businesses, 29, 162 collective participation, 25, 27
buyer(s), 22 college campuses, 168
College Entrance Examination, 115
C college students, 49, 162
colleges, vii, x, 35, 90, 111, 156, 158
calculus, 7, 99, 120 color, vii, 38, 55, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 127, 129,
caliber, 10 130, 156, 160, 162, 175
candidates, 46, 93, 120, 123, 131 Common Core Standards, 36, 37, 53, 62, 63, 66, 67,
capital markets, 95 146, 147, 148, 149, 150
career counseling, 160, 169 communication, ix, 13, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 46, 47,
career development, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 49, 51, 53, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 71, 92, 94,
123, 139, 174, 175, 176, 181
160, 161, 169, 171 communication skills, 65
career success, 157 communication technologies, ix, 33, 34, 36, 49, 51
case study, 114 community(s), vii, x, xi, 12, 25, 29, 30, 31, 36, 41,
catalyst, 30 45, 46, 55, 69, 95, 97, 96, 104, 108, 123, 124,
Census, 122, 132 125, 128, 130, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 169, 173,
Center for Applied Special Technology, 59 174, 177, 180, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188
certificate, 63, 188 community support, 177
certification, viii, xi, 18, 93, 97 comparative analysis, 110, 113
challenges, viii, ix, 2, 4, 7, 19, 24, 35, 40, 44, 45, 47, compensation, 93
competition, 119, 139
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 82, 94, 101, 103, 126, 136, competitiveness, 122
139, 154, 155, 157, 158, 176, 181, 187 complement, 23
Chicago, x, 71, 117, 166, 170, 173 complex rubrics, x, 135, 136, 140, 142, 146, 150
childhood, 111 complexity, 58, 140, 143, 180
children, x, 24, 30, 78, 97, 114, 118, 123, 124, 126, composition, 60, 109
127, 128, 129, 132, 148, 162, 165, 171, 185 comprehension, 48, 53, 60, 61, 62, 67, 112, 113, 143,
China, vii, xi, xii, 170 185
chromatography, 55, 59 computation, 63, 101
city(s), 55, 56, 60, 63, 65, 67, 169, 183 computer, 34, 41, 49, 72, 114, 129, 147
citizens, 35, 36, 54, 74 computer technology, 49
citizenship, 47, 124 computing, 47, 131
clarity, 78, 79, 185 concept map, 82
classes, 10, 42, 65, 75, 118, 120, 121, 126, 160, 161, conception, 127, 176
183, 184 conditioning, 4
classroom culture, 31, 50 conduction, 24
classroom management, 46, 57 configuration, 3
classroom settings, 160 conformity, 125
classroom teacher(s), x, 82, 102, 173, 183 congruence, 120
climate, 36, 180 consciousness, 125, 129
climate change, 36 consensus, 25, 79
coffee, 55 construction, 4, 11, 12, 34, 60, 77, 109
cognitive performance, 35, 45

Index 195

constructivism, 21, 30 D
constructivist, 40, 44, 102
consulting, 82 data analysis, 22, 62
contact time, 44 data collection, 63, 66, 73, 106, 110, 111
content integration, 22, 23, 24, 82, 83, 185 data set, 183
content knowledge, viii, ix, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, database, 39, 40
decay, 155
26, 27, 28, 29, 43, 44, 46, 53, 54, 57, 58, 65, 82, decision makers, 180
83, 91, 93, 96, 103, 120, 121, 177, 178, 179, 181, decoding, 61
183 deductive reasoning, 108
context integration, 22, 23 deficit, 126, 130, 133
conversations, 28, 103, 131 Delta, 30, 31, 48, 151, 187, 188
conviction, 158 demographic change, 118
cooperation, 125, 180, 185 demographic data, 159
cooperative learning, 21 demonstrations, 23, 24, 81, 162
coordination, 3, 5 Department of Education, 25, 35, 50, 54, 69, 84, 89,
Correlated Curriculum, 3
correlated curriculum pattern, 3 97, 98, 120, 131, 154, 155, 169, 171
correlation, 20, 23, 76, 126 depth, 34, 44, 58, 63, 66, 93, 94, 103, 142, 174, 178,
correlation coefficient, 20
cost, 24, 109, 158 184
counseling, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 169, design engineering technology, 77
170 designers, 72
course work, 10 developed nations, 78
covering, 138 dialogues, 92
creativity, 13, 35, 65, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 158 diet, 111
criteria cards, x, 135, 136, 137 digital technologies, 19
critical strategy, 160 disability, 104, 120
critical thinking, 35, 38, 45, 54, 58, 59, 62, 63, 65, Discovery Learning, 58
66, 67, 72, 75, 102, 104, 110, 111, 177 discrete subject fields, 5
crown, 20 disposition, 92
CT, 30, 48, 151 divergent thinking, 128
cultivation, 47 diversity, 24, 119, 120, 123, 124, 130, 168
cultural consciousness, 125, 129 dough, 62
cultural differences, 128 draft, 37
cultural identities, 128 drawing, 19, 36, 55, 141
cultural practices, 123 dream, 109
cultural values, 125 drinking water, 55
Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Teaching,
123, 127 E
culturally relevant pedagogy, 124, 127
culture, 122, 123, 125, 128, 158, 167, 168, 174, 175, earthquakes, 38, 39, 40, 62
181, 186, 188, 189 economic development, 129
cure, 36 economic status, 119
curricula, viii, 1, 3, 21, 23, 24, 33, 43, 45, 47, 71, 74, economics, 102
75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 88, 125, 129, 150, education reform, x, 33, 77, 85, 124, 173, 174, 175,
168, 176, 177, 185
curricular knowledge, 19, 24, 29 177, 178, 186, 187
curricular materials, 76 educational experience, 18, 90, 177
curriculum development, 59, 92, 176, 180, 184, 185 educational materials, 2
Curriculum Principle, 91 educational opportunities, 90
educational policy, 30, 177
educational practices, 125
educational research, 84, 183
educational settings, 127

196 Index

educational system, 118, 123, 126, 139 executive functions, 61, 112
educators, ix, 5, 9, 11, 18, 29, 33, 35, 46, 48, 54, 72, exercise, 9, 28, 111, 169
experiential knowledge, 19
75, 81, 84, 92, 95, 96, 111, 119, 121, 123, 124, experimental design, 110
125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 154, 159, 162, 174, expertise, viii, xi, 62, 93, 121, 123, 174, 176, 178,
180, 183, 184
egg, 27 183, 184, 185
e-learning, 48 exposure, 13, 18, 75, 119, 123, 158, 161, 162, 166,
elementary school, 30, 87, 154
elementary teachers, 29, 178 168, 178, 179
e-mail, 36
emergency, 108 F
empirical studies, 18
employers, 155, 185 fabrication, 4
employment, 122 Facebook, 111
empowerment, 124, 180 facilitators, 67
encouragement, 181 factual knowledge, 92
energy, 20, 23, 66, 109, 110, 111, 112, 157 families, 29, 126, 129, 154, 155, 158, 161
Engagement, 60, 61, 112, 158 family members, 76
engineering design, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, family support, 126
28, 31, 57, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 108, fear, 111, 165, 167
109 feelings, 36, 164
Engineering is Elementary, 24, 167 filters, 55
England, 133 financial, 158
English Language, 53, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67 first generation, 154
enriching activities, 158 fish, 75
enrollment, 158 flaws, 106
Enthusiasm for Learning, 74 flexibility, 43, 62
entrepreneurs, 1 Flipped Classroom, 42
entrepreneurship, 72, 85, 158 fluctuations, 155
environment(s), 9, 39, 41, 46, 55, 56, 74, 75, 83, 106, food, 111
110, 114, 126, 157, 170, 174, 177, 180, 185 food intake, 111
environmental issues, 55, 155 force, 28, 107, 118, 132, 169
epidemic, 120 Ford, 50
epistemological characteristics, 8 foreign language, 132
equipment, 28, 38, 45, 76 formal structure, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12
equity, 86, 118, 129, 131, 132, 157 formation, 36, 43, 48, 55
Equity Principle, 91 formative assessment, x, 21, 135, 137, 138, 139, 142,
erosion, 56, 59
ethical issues, 23 150
ethics, 28 foundations, 1, 4, 5, 14
ethnic diversity, 124 fourth grade teachers, 141
ethnic groups, 129 framing, 2
ethnic minority, 86, 125, 131 fruits, 38
ethnicity, 118, 132, 155 Full Option Science System [FOSS], 107
everyday life, 40, 91 funding, 2, 25, 71, 76, 125, 126, 177, 179, 181
evidence, viii, 9, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 44, 57, 60,
61, 97, 125, 147, 175, 180 G
evidence-based practices, viii
evolution, 39, 58, 133 Galileo, 99
examinations, 10 GEAR, 168
exclusion, 1 gender gap, 75, 76
execution, 73 general education, ix, 53, 59, 67
executive function, 61, 112 genetic engineering, 28
geography, 55

Index 197

geometry, 6, 7, 102 hybrid, 108, 109
Georgia, 82 Hybrid Instructional Model, 108
Germany, 130 hypothesis, 103, 110, 138, 147, 148
gifted, 120, 132, 143
gifted education programs, 132 I
goal setting, 61, 113, 161
Goals, 59, 158 ICTs, ix, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
google, 69 45, 46, 47, 51
Google Earth, 38
GPA, 139 ideal, 11
grades, 24, 30, 48, 62, 63, 67, 93, 95, 118, 139, 161 identification, 5, 78, 127, 132, 160, 177
grading, 142, 146 identity, 3, 4, 6, 48, 127, 159
graduate students, viii, 67, 82 illusion, 10
Great Recession, 155 image(s), 24, 36, 38, 39, 40, 64, 114, 144
greenhouse, 23 imagery, 165, 166
greenhouse gas(s), 23 immigration, 118
grounding, 13 improvements, 25
growth, 20, 24, 31, 90, 91, 136, 180 income, 118, 120, 121
growth rate, 90 India, vii, xi, xii
guidance, ix, 34, 81, 89, 91, 94, 155, 156, 160, 161, individual students, 78
individualized instruction, 45
163, 167, 168, 170 individuals, 2, 7, 122, 124, 160, 174
Guided Inquiry, 106, 107, 108 induction, 31
guidelines, ix, 53, 61, 62, 67, 68, 108, 113, 142, 176 industry, 9, 75, 82, 177
guiding principles, 93 inequality, xi
inferences, 39, 106
H information processing, 38, 58, 60, 61
information retrieval, 35, 75
hair, 150 information technology, 157
hands-on exploratory, 59 infrastructure, 83
hands-on instruction, 58 ingeniare, 72
health, 125, 157 ingredients, vii
heart rate, 165 inquiry learning, 58, 177
heat transfer, 24, 26, 31 inquiry-based instruction, ix, 33, 43, 44, 85, 115, 178
height, 23, 109, 149, 150 inquiry-based learning, 43, 125
high quality instruction, 105 in-service teachers, ix, 17, 18, 123, 124
high school, x, 10, 11, 13, 18, 55, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, institutions, x, 96, 117, 118, 127
instructional activities, 59, 107
86, 92, 104, 114, 118, 120, 125, 126, 140, 153, instructional design, 35
154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 168, 170, instructional materials, ix, 42, 53, 54, 58, 67, 112
178, 189 instructional planning, 83
higher education, x, 29, 50, 82, 117, 118, 120, 121, instructional practice, 44, 92, 113
124, 125, 127, 157, 163, 168 instructional skills, 181
higher-level conceptual learning, 6 insulation, 24
higher-order thinking, 63, 103, 135, 142, 177 integrated curriculum design, 3, 6, 9, 12
history, 2, 62, 155 integration, viii, ix, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22,
home culture, 120
homes, 55, 118, 124 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42,
host, 7, 11 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57, 65, 82, 83,
House, 86, 130 84, 87, 93, 95, 135, 176, 178, 179, 181, 183, 185,
How to Dig for Answers, 75 187
How to Test the Validity of Answers, 75 integrity, 9, 77, 174
human, 22, 35, 54, 55, 77, 78, 119, 180 interdependence, 54, 57
human activity, 119 interface, 11
human body, 22 internalization, 45

198 Index

interpersonal skills, 62 lesson plan, 57, 66, 76, 82, 83, 95, 148, 161
interrelatedness, 159 life experiences, 9
intervention, x, 2, 125, 126, 133, 155, 165, 166, 170, life sciences, 26, 28
light, 55, 66
179 literacy, ix, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
inventors, 111
investment(s), 23, 181 47, 48, 49, 51, 54, 58, 63, 65, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86,
Iowa, 169 87, 101, 106, 113, 114, 176
isolation, 184 local community, 79, 162
Israel, 58, 68 longitudinal study, 30
issues, vii, x, 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 23, 30, 41, 42, 43, 55, 63,
M
65, 76, 78, 81, 94, 128, 157, 161, 163, 175, 179

J majority, 76, 79, 118, 126, 139, 142, 163, 178
man, 8
job satisfaction, 104 management, 35, 41, 46, 110, 175, 181
Jordan, 174, 187 manipulation, 20, 60, 61
jumping, 2 mapping, 69
justification, 63, 145 Marx, 110, 114
Maryland, 1
K mass, 24, 177
materials, 19, 24, 41, 42, 54, 56, 59, 60, 67, 94, 107,
kindergarten, 74, 111, 118
knowledge and interest, 160 109, 126, 141, 164, 165, 166
mathematical knowledge, 29, 92, 93, 97
L mathematics education, 9, 71, 87, 96, 97, 128, 130,

labeling, 9, 131 131
landscape, x, 1, 77, 80 matter, vii, viii, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24,
language representation, 21, 22
lasers, 162 25, 27, 29, 45, 83, 90, 91, 93, 107, 126, 127, 182
Latin America, 118 measurement(s), 23, 107, 149, 150
Latinos, 119, 125 media, 34, 36, 37, 48, 61, 63, 147, 162, 169
laws, 6 medical, 107, 113
lead, 28, 34, 62, 76, 102, 108, 110, 113, 122, 123, memorizing, 47
mentor, 188
153, 154, 157, 163 mentoring, vii, 45, 130, 158
leadership, viii, x, xi, 155, 158, 159, 160, 173, 174, meta-analysis, 50, 138
meter, 107, 149
175, 177, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 methods, 59, 105, 113
learners, viii, 35, 41, 44, 48, 59, 61, 74, 75, 83, 102, middle class, 119, 123
military, 156
103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, mini-rubrics, x, 135, 137, 140, 146, 149, 150
124, 128, 133, 142, 156, 177, 189 Minneapolis, 25
learning activity, 75, 139, 142 minorities, 129, 130, 131
learning environment, 35, 40, 46, 48, 56, 58, 63, 92, minority students, 129
102, 127, 129, 130, 177, 178 misconceptions, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 85, 123, 138, 176
learning outcomes, 35, 45, 81, 83, 111, 119, 139, mission, 180
140, 143 mobile device, 47, 92, 101
Learning Principle, 92 Model-Eliciting Activities, 23
learning process, 37, 55, 58, 92, 107, 113, 126, 128, models, ix, 1, 21, 22, 23, 30, 36, 48, 49, 62, 81, 93,
137, 139
learning styles, 59 109, 123, 127, 129, 133, 162, 176, 178, 187
learning task, 114 modules, 10, 25
lens, 54, 125, 127, 128, 129 momentum, 27, 156
Lesh Translation Model, 21 mono-cultural approach, 125
Moon, 120, 130

Index 199

motivation, 34, 47, 49, 79, 123, 155, 156, 158, 159, open inquiry, 44, 106, 107, 111, 113
160, 161, 163, 171, 178, 182 open-ended design, 108
operations, 102, 145
multicultural education, 123 optimization, 79
multiculturalism, 123 organizational structure, 5, 6
multidimensional, 129 organize, 4, 7, 12, 13, 35, 37, 41, 61, 62, 161, 177
multimedia, 34, 37, 38, 46, 47, 63, 69, 113 outreach, 68, 81, 86, 87, 162
murals, 140 outreach programs, 87, 162
muscle relaxation, 166 ownership, 55, 184
muscles, 75
museums, 111, 185 P
music, 60
mutual respect, 180

N Pacific, 39, 41, 118
Pacific Islanders, 118
narratives, 126 paradigm shift, 113
National Academy of Sciences, 90, 97, 154, 170 parallel, 125, 139
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 87 parental involvement, 125, 185
National Assessment Governing Board, 80, 87 parents, 41, 76, 95, 117, 126, 136, 158, 159, 161,
National Assessment of Educational Progress
162, 163, 171, 174, 176, 177, 185, 186, 187, 188
(NAEP), 50, 56, 68, 80, 89, 118 participants, 46, 176, 179, 182
National Center for Education Statistics, vii, xi, 50 path model, 49
National Mathematics Advisory Panel, 90, 93, 94, 97 pathways, 124, 157, 158
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pedagogical content knowledge, 19, 21, 25, 29, 68
pedagogy, viii, ix, x, 17, 28, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 62,
(NOAA), 38, 39, 40
national parks, 186 63, 67, 78, 85, 93, 96, 115, 117, 121, 124, 127,
National Research Council (NRC), viii, ix, xi, xii, 2, 129, 131, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181
percentile, 104
4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 18, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 50, 74, 75, permission, 57, 150
76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, permit, 38
97, 104, 114, 188 personal qualities, 156
Native Americans, 125 personality, 124
natural disaster, 62 persons with disabilities, 131, 157
negative attitudes, 126 photographs, 20
nervousness, 165 physical education, 111
networking, 41, 42, 46 physical exercise, 111
neural network(s), 59 physical health, 111
neutral, 127 physical sciences, 26, 129
New literacy, 35, 36, 37 physics, viii, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 27, 95
Next Generation Science Standards, ix, 18, 33, 34, physiology, 166
37, 80, 87, 185 pictorial representation, 21, 22
No Child Left Behind, 80 pipeline, vii, 78, 121, 162, 187
nutrition, 111 plants, 38
platform, 107
O plausibility, 55
playing, 107
Obama, vii, 90 policy, xi, 9, 14, 18, 26, 29, 50, 71, 97, 117, 126,
obesity, 111 127, 176
obstacles, 110, 114, 188 policy makers, 9, 71, 117, 126, 127, 176
officials, 10, 186 political system, 124
OH, 14, 132 poor performance, 175
Oklahoma, 107, 108 population, 10, 55, 58, 91, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124,
online learning, 96 125, 127, 129, 175
population density, 55

200 Index

portfolio, 136 Q
Portugal, 86
positive attitudes, 77 qualifications, vii, 75, 81
potato, 128 query, 73
poverty, 121 questioning, 55, 102, 104, 107, 128
pre-assessment, x, 26, 135, 137, 150
preparation, viii, ix, 8, 10, 13, 18, 53, 62, 67, 76, 77, R

78, 81, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 96, 117, 122, 123, 125, race, 118, 120, 131, 132
126, 129, 155, 156, 158, 178, 182, 185 racing, 165, 166
preparedness, 123, 125, 181 radiation, 24
preservice teachers, 46, 48 rating scale, 142, 150
pre-service teachers, 18, 19, 34, 86, 120, 122, 123, reactions, 20, 53
124 reading, 36, 44, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 63,
President, vii, x, xii, 90, 93, 98, 160, 170
President Obama, vii, x, xii, 90 64, 67, 72, 74, 83, 104, 142, 154, 185
prevention, 167, 168 reading comprehension, 48, 49
principles, ix, 6, 53, 54, 57, 59, 62, 67, 80, 81, 82, reading skills, 64
91, 94, 101, 107, 112, 113 realistic representation, 22
prior knowledge, 18, 22, 23, 26, 42, 122 reality, 18, 124, 127
private sector, 162 reasoning, 22, 25, 38, 53, 57, 63, 67, 84, 92, 102,
problem solving, 21, 30, 35, 36, 38, 45, 53, 54, 58,
63, 65, 67, 73, 79, 92, 119, 120, 128, 135, 139, 104, 107, 113, 119, 181
142, 150, 158, 177, 180, 181 reasoning skills, 107
problem solving based learning, 21 reciprocity, 122
problem-based learning, ix, 96, 101, 104, 106, 107, recognition, 8, 59, 122
108, 110, 112, 113, 114 recommendations, ix, x, 49, 54, 71, 72, 77, 85, 86,
problem-solving, 36, 72, 73, 107, 110, 111
problem-solving projects, 110 93, 119, 120, 132, 153, 173, 184, 185
problem-solving skills, 36 recruiting, 60, 61, 112
procedural knowledge, 62 recycling, 64
process-skill projects, 110 reflective practice, 181
producers, 2, 41 reform(s), vii, viii, 13, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37, 46, 48,
professional growth, 181
Professional Learning Communities, 27, 179 50, 53, 54, 67, 69, 80, 85, 88, 104, 114, 130, 132,
professionals, vii, viii, x, xi, 72, 75, 104, 127, 138, 155, 171, 173, 174, 175, 181, 184, 186, 187, 189
155, 162, 175, 184 relaxation, 165, 166, 170
profit, 2 relevance, 54, 60, 61, 94, 160, 176
programming, ix, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 reliability, 40, 41
project, viii, ix, 22, 26, 27, 34, 42, 50, 53, 54, 55, 58, remediation, 137
63, 65, 66, 67, 82, 94, 96, 101, 108, 109, 110, renewable energy, 66
111, 114, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143, 150, 162, 176, Representation, 61
182 requirements, 3, 8, 73, 79, 80, 81, 143, 158
Project 2061, ix, 53, 54, 67, 68, 85, 168 researchers, 25, 26, 33, 35, 58, 61, 71, 82, 84, 96,
Project Lead The Way, 72 108, 125, 183, 184, 185
project-based learning, viii, ix, 34, 53, 63, 65, 66, 67, resilience, 158
94, 101, 114, 150 resistance, 84, 125, 163, 175, 184
proportionality, 23 resolution, 108
prototype, 22, 111 resource availability, 73
psychological processes, 115 resources, viii, 19, 23, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 53, 54,
psychology, 115, 129, 165 58, 76, 78, 83, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101,
public education, 123 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 124, 126,
public schools, vii, 11, 118 132, 141, 158, 162, 167, 168, 175, 177, 178, 181,
Punnett square, 20 184, 185, 186, 187
response, 17, 25, 138, 139, 178
responsibility for learning, 80

Index 201

responsiveness, 127, 128, 129 self-worth, 163
restoration, 130 seminars, 123, 183
restructuring, 188 sensitivity, 119, 132
retention rate, vii, 72 sensors, 66
retooling, 9 sequencing, 6
rewards, 82, 157 services, 157, 169
risk(s), 41, 162, 174, 180, 181 sex, 131
risk-taking, 174 shame, 130
robotics, vii, 65, 66, 139, 162 shape, 35, 78
rubrics, x, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, shelter, 108
shortage, 36, 76, 120, 121
146, 149, 150 showing, 22, 142, 147, 148
rules, 142 signs, 166
Silicon Valley, 49
S simulations, 119
Singapore, 90
SAS, 95 skilled workers, 155
scaling, 22, 109 skills base, 124
scatter, 20 social capital, 157, 158
scatter plot, 20 social construct, 102
scholarship, 84, 85, 158 social constructivist theories, 102
school activities, 158 social development, 154, 156
school culture, 40, 56, 163, 174, 175, 184 social interactions, 123
school improvement, 159, 174, 188 social justice, x, 129, 132, 153, 156, 170
school learning, 36 social network, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51
school support, 127 Social networking, 41, 46
school work, 102 social organization, 188
school-based coaching, 180 social problems, 119
schooling, 13, 104, 130, 177 social relations, 36
Science Writer, 64 social resources, 180
scientific inquiry, ix, 33, 37, 38, 39, 44, 55, 81, 82, social responsibility, 129
social sciences, 129
83, 93, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 112, 113 social structure, 124
scientific investigations, 36, 44 social support, 103
scientific knowledge, 56 society, xii, 10, 35, 36, 47, 54, 63, 78, 85, 101, 115,
scientific literacy, ix, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 47, 49, 176
scientific method, 55, 57, 101, 104, 105, 108, 110, 117, 118, 159
software, 23, 38, 42, 45, 73, 101
111, 146, 147, 148 solution, 23, 29, 41, 55, 59, 73, 102, 106, 108, 110,
Scientific Method Tic-Tac-Toe, 146, 147, 148
scope, x, 8, 117, 141, 155, 158, 180 111, 113, 146
scripts, 69 space station, 66
secondary schools, xi, 1, 10, 71, 121 special education, x, 65, 67, 131, 133
secondary teachers, vii, 76 specialists, 10
seed, 45 specific knowledge, 138
selectivity, 93 specifications, 22, 73, 109
self-assessment, 113, 138 spelling, 63, 140, 144, 148
self-concept, 164 spreadsheets, 36, 38, 40, 42, 45, 109
self-confidence, 74, 75, 77, 178 staffing, 93, 175, 180
self-efficacy, 161, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171, 178 stakeholders, 117, 136, 159
self-esteem, 161, 164 standard deviation, 175
self-monitoring, 60 state(s), x, 18, 25, 26, 28, 71, 77, 79, 80, 84, 85, 92,
self-presentation, 123
self-reflection, 128 93, 95, 111, 119, 132, 136, 156, 165, 175, 177
self-regulation, 61, 113 statistics, xi, 23, 30, 102, 118, 127, 131, 154
self-reports, 178 STEM abilities, 160

202 Index

STEM concepts, viii, x, 54, 56, 107, 108, 135, 138 teacher leadership, viii, x, xi, 173, 174, 175, 177,
STEM curriculum, 24, 59, 86, 101, 104, 105, 107, 184, 185, 187, 188

112, 113, 120, 122, 125, 140, 173 Teacher Perceptions, 122
STEM education reform, x, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, teacher preparation, ix, x, xi, 11, 44, 50, 75, 77, 81,

186, 187 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 120, 123, 124, 178
STEM Instruction, v, 94, 95, 98, 101, 102, 104, 121 teacher support, 87, 181
STEM literacy, 58, 78, 101 teacher training, 46, 187
STEM pedagogy, 176, 179 teacher-student relationship, 124
STEM thinker, 101, 110 teaching experience, 84, 126
stereotypes, 84, 125, 127 Teaching Principle, 92
stereotyping, 125 teaching strategies, 90, 95, 96
stimulus, 107 teams, 24, 27, 94, 159, 179, 180, 185
stomach, 166 Technical Difficulties, 76
storms, 107 technical support, 40, 76
Storybird, 64, 69 techniques, 96, 107, 112, 120, 180
stress, 6, 155, 165 technological design, 78
structural characteristics, 6 Technology literacy, 101
structure, ix, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 23, 44, Technology Principle, 92
TEM, 86
61, 91, 102, 119, 126, 140, 144, 176, 180 temperature, 20, 24
student achievement, 12, 25, 31, 34, 48, 58, 90, 103, tension(s), 9, 166, 187
tenure, 82
104, 123, 124, 126, 130, 132, 133, 138, 163, 170, test data, 28
178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189 test scores, 154
student development, 159 testing, 4, 5, 9, 13, 22, 24, 27, 66, 73, 76, 80, 104,
student motivation, 123, 160
student populations, 1, 10, 120, 121, 123, 124, 156, 132
157 textbook(s), 34, 58, 59, 107, 108, 110, 112, 138
student teacher, 128 therapy, 164, 170
student-centered learning, 35, 107, 108 think critically, 157
style, 67, 128 thoughts, 102, 163, 164, 165, 167
subject integration, 178, 179, 181 threats, 61
subject matter knowledge, 18, 19, 20 time constraints, 29
Subject Structure, 6 time frame, 108, 117
subject-focused projects, 110 top-down, 175, 184
summative assessment, x, 135, 138, 139, 150 TPACK framework, 56, 57, 58, 67
supervision, 159 trade, 79, 81
support staff, 113 trade-off, 79, 81
surface area, 66 traditional approach, 25, 34, 35, 111, 113
sustainable energy, 23 traditions, 124
symbolic representation, 21, 22 training, vii, viii, xi, 13, 27, 40, 44, 45, 46, 75, 76,
symptoms, 165, 166, 167
syntactical structure, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13 95, 123, 124, 159, 168
synthesis, 113 transformation(s), x, 19, 36, 175, 187, 188
systemic change, 163, 170 translation, 21
transmission, 2, 20
T transportation, 23
treatment, 75, 165, 171
talent, 131, 155, 184 Turkey, 171
target, 10, 119, 136, 163 tutoring, 161
target population(s), 10
Task Force, 118 U
teacher attitudes, 122
teacher effectiveness, 130 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 38

Index 203

underrepresented groups, vii, 120, 125, 126, 161, Washington, xi, xii, 14, 15, 29, 31, 50, 68, 69, 87,
162, 163, 168 97, 98, 113, 114, 129, 131, 132, 164, 165, 169,
170, 171, 188, 189
unemployment rate, 155
uniform, 111 water, 36, 55, 56, 59, 65
unit plan, 60, 61 water quality, 59
United States, vii, xi, 2, 86, 97, 117, 118, 122, 131, wear, 111
weather patterns, 107
132, 135, 154, 155, 169, 187, 189 web, 53, 60, 63, 68, 95, 158, 162, 187
Universal Design for Learning, ix, 53, 54, 59, 101, websites, 111, 167, 168
weight loss, 111
112, 113 well-being, 54, 164, 170
universities, vii, x, 1, 81, 90, 111, 162, 170, 176 wellness, 157
urban, 119, 121, 123, 124, 131, 155, 189 Wisconsin, x, 114
urban areas, 124 word processing, 36, 40
urban schools, 121, 123, 124, 131 workers, 7, 10, 34, 77, 111, 155, 162
workforce, 29, 35, 47, 53, 58, 63, 74, 78, 81, 96, 97,
V
118, 121, 122, 155, 160, 186
Valencia, 126, 133 working groups, 80
variables, 106, 108, 111, 178 workplace, 34, 155
variations, 10, 76 worldwide, 36
vegetables, 38 worry, 165
Verizon, 95 writing process, 63
veteran teachers, 181
videos, 23, 27, 42, 94, 95, 96, 112, 167, 168 Y
vision, 9, 34, 43, 45, 47, 68, 75, 162, 170, 173, 175,
yield, 111, 136
180, 184, 187 young adults, 156
visualization, 60, 61, 109 young people, 36, 54, 78, 155
vocabulary, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 83, 120, 136, 181
Vygotsky, 102, 115

W

wages, 119