Introduction to basic electricity and electronics technology by Earl D Gates

Self-TeST AnSwerS SECTION 6 585

11. a. 3C67F16 5 24742310 3. A Y © 2014 Cengage Learning
b. 6F17C916 5 728058510
c. 78F3E69D16 5 202925020510 B
12. a. 68710 5 2AF16 C
b. 976210 5 262216 D
c. 1867310 5 45F116 E
13. Convert each decimal digit to a binary digit F

1 0 2 9 2 using a 4-bit BCD binary code for deci- 4. D C B A Y
mal digit.
000 00
14. a. 0100 0001 0000 0110BCD 5 410610
b. 1001 0010 0100 0011BCD 5 924310 000 11
c. 0101 0110 0111 1000BCD 5 567810
001 01

001 11

010 01

Chapter 42 Basic Logic Gates 010 11

1. A 011 01

B © 2014 Cengage Learning 011 11
C
D Y 100 01
E
F 100 11

101 01

2. D C B A Y 101 11
0
00 0 0 0 110 01
0
00 0 1 0 110 11
0
00 1 0 0 111 01
0
00 1 1 0 111 11
0
01 0 0 0 © 2014 Cengage Learning
0
01 0 1 0 5. The NOT circuit is used to perform inversion or
0 complementation.
01 1 0 0
0 6. The circle or bubble is placed at the input for
01 1 1 1 inversion of the input signal, and it is placed at the
output for output inversion.
10 0 0

10 0 1 7. A

10 1 0 B © 2014 Cengage Learning
C
10 1 1 D Y
E
11 0 0 F
G
11 0 1 H

11 1 0

11 1 1

© 2014 Cengage Learning

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

586 SECTION 6 Self-TeST AnSwerS

8. D C BA Y 14. It is a special logic gate that isolates or provides a
high current.
00 00 1
00 01 1 15. Y
00 10 1
00 11 1 A
01 00 1
01 01 1 EN © 2014 Cengage Learning
01 10 1
01 11 1
10 00 1
10 01 1 Chapter 43 Simplifying Logic Circuits
10 10 1
10 11 1 1. Use the Veitch diagram as follows:
11 00 1 a. Draw the diagram based on the number of
11 01 1
11 10 1 variables.
11 11 0 b. Plot the logic functions by placing an X in each

© 2014 Cengage Learning Y square representing a term.
c. Obtain the simplified logic function by looping
9. A
B adjacent groups of X’s in groups of eight, four,
C © 2014 Cengage Learning two, or one. Continue to loop until all X’s are
D included in a loop.
E d. “OR” the loops with one term per loop.
F e. Write the simplified expression.
G
H

10. D C B A Y 2. a. AA

00001 BX X
00010
00100 BX X X © 2014 Cengage Learning
00110
01000 CC C
01010 AB 1 C 5 Y
01100
01110 b.  AA
10000
10010 BX X X
10100
10110
11000
11010
11100
11110

© 2014 Cengage Learning BX X X © 2014 Cengage Learning

11. An XOR gate generates an output only when the CC C
inputs are different. If the inputs are both 0s or 1s, A + BC + BC = Y
the output is a 0.

12. An XNOR gate has a maximum of two inputs.

13. Y

A

© 2014 Cengage Learning

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Self-TeST AnSwerS SECTION 6 587

c. A A 4. a. C C
X 1
B X D AB 1 Y 5 AB 1 C © 2014 Cengage Learning
XX D AB 1
XX D AB 1
C
X X © 2014 Cengage Learning AB 1 1
B X
b. Y5 A 1 BC 1 BC
X 1
AB 1
CCC C
B 1 AC 5 Y

d. AB 1 © 2014 Cengage Learning
AB 1
A A
_
B X D AB 1
X
X X D © 2014 Cengage Learning c. CD CD CD CD
B X
XD AB 1 1 1 1
X

CC C AB 1 1
AB + BC + ACD = Y Y 5 B 1 AC
© 2014 Cengage Learning
e. AA AB

XX D AB 1 1 1 1
CD
B

XX d.

D AB CD CD CD
1 1
B XX © 2014 Cengage Learning

XX X D

CC C AB © 2014 Cengage Learning

AD 1 AD 1 ABC 5 Y Y 5 AB 1 BC 1 ACD
AB 1

3. Use a Karnaugh map as follows: AB 1 1 11
a. Draw the diagram based on the number of
e.
variables.
b. Plot the logic functions by placing a 1 in each CD CD CD CD
AB 1 1 1
square representing a term.
c. Obtain the simplified logic function by looping AB 1 1 © 2014 Cengage Learning

adjacent groups of 1s in groups of eight, four, AB 1 1 Y 5 AD 1 AD 1 ABC
or two.
d. “OR” the loops with one term per loop. AB 1 1
e. Write the simplified expression.

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

588 SECTION 6 Self-TeST AnSwerS

Chapter 44 Sequential Logic Circuits

1. To change the output of a0noRnSthfleipQ-floouptprueqt uanirdesaa1hoignht,hoerQ–1,otuotpbuetp. laced on the R input. This changes the
state of the flip-flop to a

2. The major difference between the D flip-flop and the clocked RS flip-flop is that the D flip-flop has a single
data input and a clock input.

3. tAdheecpoeaunsyndntiencrhgirosoncnoownuhsstermtuhocetdreetd,htoehfcefolQiupn-otfrelorQ–pissoccuootpununntteiocntfgetdhuepinf(iQeristtohsretradgaoenwianssc(yoQn–n)cn.hIerncotntehodeutssoyontrhcsehyrcnolocnhcokruoisnnmopuuostdcoeof,utahnllettmnheeoxcdtleos.tcaIknge
inputs of each of the stages are connected in parallel.

4. AB C D

1

JQ JQ JQ JQ © 2014 Cengage Learning
CLK CLK CLK CLK
K K K K

5. A shift register is designed to store data temporar- 11. RAM is random access memory and is used for
ily and/or change its format. Data can be loaded the temporary storage of programs. ROM is read-
into the shift register either serially or in paral- only memory and allows data to be permanently
lel, and it can be unloaded either serially or in stored and not changed.
parallel.
12. EEPROMs are electrically erasable PROMs and
6. Shift registers can be used to store data, for serial- can be reprogrammed.
to-parallel and parallel-to-serial data conversion,
and to perform such arithmetic functions as divi- Chapter 45 Combinational Logic Circuits
sion and multiplication.
1. Encoders allow encoding of keyboard inputs into
7. Bit—1 binary digit; binary outputs.
Nibble—4 bits;
2. A decimal-to-binary priority encoder is required
Byte—8 bits; for keyboard inputs.
Word—16, 32, 64, and 128 bits
8. Complementary data available at the Q– output is 3. Decoders allow the processing of complex binary
codes into a recognizable digit or character.
the opposite or complement of the data available
at the Q output. 4. Types of decoders include 1-of-10 decoders,
9. MOS memory can be packed at a higher density, 1-of-8 decoders, 1-of-16 decoders, and BCD-to-
offering more memory locations in the same seven-segment decoders.
space as bipolar memory.
10. Static RAM loses data when the power is 5. Multiplexers are used to select and route one of
removed. Dynamic RAM uses capacitors to several input signals to a single output.
store data but must be recharged or refreshed to
maintain stored data. 6. Multiplexers can be used for data line selection
and parallel-to-serial conversions.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Self-TeST AnSwerS SECTION 6 589

7. B1 A1 B0 A0 © 2014 Cengage Learning into and removed from the computer (see
HA Figure 46.1).
FAC1 2. An interrupt signal from an external device lets
C0 S C0 S the computer know that it would like data or
wants to send data.
S2 S1 S0 3. A microprocessor is part of a microcomputer. It
consists of four basic parts: registers, arithme-
8. The half adder accepts the two binary digits to tic logic unit, timing and control circuitry, and
be added and generates a sum and a carry. The decoding circuitry.
carry is fed to the next stage and added to the two 4. The microprocessor performs the control
binary digits, generating a sum and a carry. The functions and handles the math logic and decision
answer is the result of the carry and the two sum making for a microcomputer.
outputs. 5. A microcontroller includes a microprocessor,
memory, and input/output interfacing. It is a
9. stand-alone system.
6. Data movement instructions—moves data from
AA one location to another within the microprocessor
and memory.
BX X X Arithmetic instructions—allows the
microprocessor to compute and manipulate data.
BX X X © 2014 Cengage Learning Logic instructions—perform AND, OR, exclusive
OR functions, and complement.
CC C Input/output instructions—control I/O devices.
7. Microcontrollers are single-chip computers that
A1C5 Y are ideal for monitoring and controlling devices
that do not require interface.
10. The PAL is easier to program than a PLA. The 8. Home devices and appliances use microcontroller
increased flexibility of the PLA adds extra gates to remove human interaction include: Television,
resulting in an array harder to program. DVD player, Washing Machine, Dish washer,
Coffee maker, and Microwave.
Chapter 46 Microcomputer Basics 9. Microcontrollers are used in automobiles in any
1. A computer consists of a control unit, an arith- situation that requires sensory data to control
events in the automobile such as engine fuel and
metic logic unit (ALU), memory, and an input/ emissions. Also, devices such as radio control, seat
output unit 1 I/O2 The control unit decodes the control, climate control, and antitheft are further
instructions and generates the necessary pulses applications.
to carry out the specified function. The arithmetic 10. RISC—reduced instruction set computer is based
logic unit performs all the math logic and on the strategy that fewer basic instructions allow
decision-making operations. Memory is for higher performance.
where the programs and data are stored. The
input/output unit allows data to be entered

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

7S E C T I O N

Self-Test Answers

Chapter 47 Project Design XSC2
1.

V2 V1 Ex: Trig
1

AB 2

15 V 15 V 1 21 2
1N4148
1N4148

D1 R2 D2

10 kV

R1 50 kV 4
Key 5 A
UA741CD
35% 2 2 6
U1

31 R4 10 kV

71 5

C2

16 nF
C1 R3 © 2014 Cengage Learning
16 nF 10 kV © 2014 Cengage Learning


590

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Self-TeST AnSwerS SECTION 7 591

2. The schematic diagram is not copyrighted. The PCB layout is copyrightable providing it is original artwork.
However, the copyright is weak unless the whole circuit is developed in a single proprietary chip or multiple
chips.

3. Yes, providing it is the original artwork.

4. Identity Group Prepare Draw Schematic Enter Schematic
Presentation Diagram into Simulation
Members Program (2 Days)
(1 day) (12 Days) (2 Days)

Assign Group Identify Project
Task (1 day)

(2 days)

Evaluate Circuit Iin Draw PCB Layout Install
Simulation (2 Days) Components
Program
(2 days)
(2 Days)

Fabricate PCB
(1 day)

Test PCB Finish
(2 days) Presentation

(1 day)

Make © 2014 Cengage Learning
Presentation

(3 days)

5. 20 days

6. Wein Bridge Oscillator—Budget

Item Description Reference Designator Approximate Cost
$0.25
resistor 10 kV 1/4 watt 2% r2, r3, r4 $2.50
$1.25
resistor, variable 50 kV Trim Pot r1 $0.25
$1.25
Capacitor 16 nf or 0.016 mf C1, C2 $5.50

Diode 1n4148 D1, D2

Integrated circuit UA741 U1

Total

© 2014 Cengage Learning

7. The project is cost-effective.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

592 SECTION 7 Self-TeST AnSwerS Prepare Presentation

8.

Identify
Group

Start Assign
Group
Activity Draw Enter Schematic Evaluate Circuit in Draw PCB
Schematic Diagram in Circuit Simulation Layout
Identify Diagram
Group Circuit Simulation Program
Project Program

Make Test PCB Install Fabricate © 2014 Cengage Learning
Presentation Components PCB

9. Activity/Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 Identify group

2 Assign group task

3 ldentify project

4 Draw schematic
diagram

5 enter schematic
diagram in circuit
simulation program

6 evaluate circuit in
circuit simulation
program

7 Draw PCB layout
(manual or with PCB
program)

8 fabricate PCB

9 Install components

10 Test PCB

11 Prepare presentation

12 Make presentation

© 2014 Cengage Learning

10. Wein Bridge Oscillator—Actual Construction Expenses

Item Description Reference Designator Approximate Cost Vendor
resistor Mouser
resistor, variable 10 kV 1/4 watt 2% r2, r3, r4 $0.09 Jameco
Capacitor Mouser
Diode 50 kV Trim Pot r1 $0.45 Mouser
Integrated circuit Jameco/Digikey
16 nf or 0.016 mf C1, C2 $0.68

1n4148 D1, D2 $0.08

UA741 U1 $0.29

Total $1.59

This cost does not include the PCB.

© 2014 Cengage Learning

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Self-TeST AnSwerS SECTION 7 593

Chapter 48 Printed Circuit Board 7. Hand-draw design transfer includes the following
Fabrication steps:
1.  Transfer the printed circuit board art-
1. A printed circuit board supports the copper traces work to the back of graph paper, and write
on an insulating base material. “BOTTOM.”
2.  W rap the artwork around a properly sized
2. (1) copper-clad board that has been cleaned with
steel wool or with powder cleanser and water.
R1 R3 © 2014 Cengage Learning The copper side of the board should be toward
48 D1 the artwork with the side identified as bottom
facing outward.
7 D2 3.  Using a scribe, locate the center of each pad
R2 6 555 3 R4 where an X was placed on the bottom side.
Before removing the artwork, run a finger over
215 each pad to ensure it was marked with the
scribe.
C1 C2 4.  R emove the artwork, being careful not to get
fingerprints on the copper.
3. D1 D2 5.  W ith a resist pen or other fine-tip permanent
marker, such as a black Sharpie®, draw the
R3 R1 R2 C1 C2 R4 © 2014 Cengage Learning pads at each of the scribe marks. Using the
bottom-view artwork, connect the pads with
12 traces. Go over each of the traces and pads
several times to build up a thick layer of resist.
4. R/C TIme Astable Output
multivibrator indicator 8. To use the tray method, the copper-clad board
constant with applied resist is etched in a glass tray by
dropping the board onto the surface of the acid.
© 2014 Cengage Learning The copper side of the board should face toward
the acid for approximately 15 to 20 minutes.
5. Basic rules for laying out a printed circuit board
include the following: 9. Printed circuit board trace defect repairs include
the following methods:
• Avoid running parallel traces closer than
necessary. • Shorted traces are separated using a knife.
• O pen traces are bridged with wire and solder.
• S egregate analog and digital areas. 10. Storage: Keep away from sources of ignition. Store
• Put ground traces next to sensitive analog lines
in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from
to act as a shield to reduce electromagnetic incompatible substances. Heating: Do not expose
interference (EMI) and crosstalk. the container to heat or flame or temperatures
• P ay close attention to parts placement to over 104°F (40°C).
simplify routing.
6. Gerber files include the following: Chapter 49 Printed Circuit Board
1.  Top trace layout Assembly and Repair
2.  Bottom trace layout 1. ICs can be removed from a printed circuit board with
3.  Silkscreen (if used)
4.  Solder mask (if used) a small, flat-blade screwdriver or an IC chip remover.
5.  Aperture file 2. A printed circuit board is used to mechanically
6.  Drill file
support and electrically connect components for a
circuit.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

594 SECTION 7 Self-TeST AnSwerS

3. Oscilloscope c.  A mmeter—used to measure current flow in a
4. A logic pulser injects a logic level into a circuit, circuit or across individual components.

which can be picked up by a logic probe. d.  O scilloscope—used to measure and/or align
5. Soldering flux helps the solder alloy to flow amplitude and/or frequency of a signal and
compare waveforms.
around the connections by cleaning the compo-
nent leads and pads of oxide and film allowing the 4. Electronics technicians extend their senses in the
solder to adhere. following ways:
6. Solder guns are designed to supply heat to large
electrical connections and are used for joining • L ooking for trouble such as a component that
large wires, connectors, etc. is receiving excess current, is split open, or is
7. Temperature-controlled soldering iron charred
8. Chisel tip
9. A soldering iron that is resting in a stand to • S melling for burnt insulations from components
remove excess heat that receive excess current such as transformers,
10. Security, to protect the copyright of a circuit coils, or components with insulated leads

Chapter 50 Basic Troubleshooting • L istening for sounds such as a snap, crackle, or
pop that indicate loose wires, bridged connec-
1. Isolation transformer tions, or frying components
2. Troubleshooting technique include those listed here:
• Touching components to determine whether
a.  Check the circuit over thoroughly before they are running hot or cold
applying power.
5. A short circuit has 0 ohms resistance, and an open
b.  A pply power and determine whether the cir- circuit has an infinite (∞) resistance.
cuit is operating properly.
6. Visually check the printed circuit board over
c.  Use senses to troubleshoot defective circuit. thoroughly before power is applied.
d.  E xpose circuit to the operating environment
7. An open trace acts like a resistor that is open.
to determine proper operation. 8. Electronics technicians should chart and record
3. Test equipment for effective troubleshooting
any measurements taken for future troubleshoot-
includes the following: ing references.
a.  Ohmmeter—used to determine open or short 9. If a problem is difficult to solve, the electronics
technician should step away from it for a while
circuits and measure resistance values. and think about the problem.
b.  Voltmeter—used to measure voltage drops 10. A schematic diagram can show voltage
m easurements, waveforms in a circuit, and how
across components while they are in the the components relate to each other.
circuit.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Index

Numbers alnico, 187
alternating current. See AC entries
68HC11, 445 alternations, defined, 212
555 timer integrated circuits, 371 alternators
8051 chip, 444–445
8421 BCD-to-seven-segment decoder, 428, 429 electromagnetism and, 188–189
8421 codes, 392–393 main discussion, 211–213
8421 counter, 417–418 American Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, 3, 26, 27–28
ammeter shunt, 154
A ammeters, 152, 154–155, 158–159, 499
ammonium persulfate, 474
abbreviations, 532 ampere (A), 101, 106
AC Ampère, André Marie, 97, 101
ampere-hours, 116
definitions and overview, 112, 211 amplifiers and amplification. See also transistors
generators, 188–189, 211–213 audio, 353–355
AC circuits biasing, 344–347
capacitive. See capacitive AC circuits configurations, 343–344
definitions and overview, 211–213, 226 coupling, 348–349
formulas, 534 direct-coupled, 352–353
inductive. See inductive AC circuits operational, 360–363
nonsinusoidal waveforms, 214–215 RF and IF, 358–360
parallel, 228, 246–247 video, 356–357
power in, 228–229, 247–248 amplitude, 213
reactance in, 243–247 analog meters, 151
resistive. See resistive AC circuits analog multimeters, 153, 485, 486
resonance, 249 analog oscilloscopes, 485
SCRs in, 300–301 analog vs. digital schematic diagrams, 43
series, 227, 243–245 AND gate and function, 396
sinusoidal waveform, 212–214 anode, 273, 275
TRIACs in, 301–303 Anthony, Earle C., 3
AC measurements antimony, 266
Bode plotter, 223 antistatic workstations, 69, 72
Clamp-on meter, 219 aperture file, 473
frequency counter, 222–223 apparent power, defined, 248
meters, 218–219 apprenticeship, 13
oscilloscope, 220–222 architectural drawings, electrical symbols in, 41
acceptor atoms, 266–267 arithmetic circuits adders, 431–433
accidents, 24 arithmetic instructions, 443
accumulator, 442 arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 440
acid brushes, 480 armature, 189, 212
active filters, 362 Army Air Corps, 451
active materials, 264 arsenic, doping with, 266
Activity Assessment Rubric, 543 artificial magnets, 182
adders, 431–433 assemblers, 31
Adler, Robin, 451 Associate-Level CET Exam, 19–20
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) astable multivibrators, 371
of 1967, 3, 26, 27 asynchronous counters, 414
air-core inductors, 195–196 atoms, 99–101
alcohol bottles, 483 audio amplifiers, 353–355
alkaline cells, 115–116 automation mechanics, 6
alkaline solutions, 112–113 automotive mechanics, 6
alloyed junction method, 273 Automotive Service Excellence (ASE), 6
autoplace, 51
autorouter programs, 473

595

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

596 Index budget, 458–459
buffers, 400–401
autorouting, 51 Burroughs, William Seward, 3
autotransformers, 256–257 burrs, 476
Butler oscillator, 368–369
B bypass capacitors, 346
bytes, 421
Bacon, Francis, 385
band-pass filters, 362–363 C
Bardeen, John, 261
barrier voltage, 270 Cadence
base of bipolar transistors, 283 OrCAD PCB Designer, 473
base-2 system, 387. See also binary numbers OrCAD PSpice, 48
base-8 system, 389–391
base-10 system, 387 calculators, 35–39
base-16 system, 391–392 Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 3, 66–67
batteries capacitive AC circuits

characteristics and types of, 114–117 main discussion, 232–236
connecting, 118–119 power in, 247–248
defined, 113, 114 reactance in, 243, 245, 246–247
BCD (8421) counter, 417–418 capacitive reactance, 232–233, 249
BCD-to-seven-segment decoder, 428, 429 capacitors and capacitance
bench electronics technicians, 9, 20 bypass, 346
Berkeley SPICE, 51 color codes, 538–539
bias voltage, 271 filters, 328–330
biasing, amplifier, 344–347 main discussion, 201–203
bidirectional counters, 418–419 RC time constants, 204
Bill of Materials thick-film, 309
budget and, 459 thin-film, 308–309
by Circuit Wizard, 54, 56 carbon, 124, 263
binary counters, 414–417 carbon composition resistors, 126, 129
binary numbers carbon film resistors, 126–127
BCD codes, 392–393 carbon-zinc cells, 115
decimal numbers and, 388–389 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 65, 71
defined, 387 careers
hexadecimal numbers and, 391–392 gaining experience in workplace, 13–15
octal numbers and, 389–391 preparation for employment, 9–13
binary-coded decimal (BCD) codes, 392–393 sampling of, 6–9
binary-to-decimal decoders, 427 technicians vs. engineers, 9
bipolar transistors catalogs, 462–463
basic operation, 284–285 cathode, 273, 275
construction, 283 cathode-ray tube (CRT), 220–221
substitutions, 287 cells
testing, 285–286 characteristics and types of, 114–117
types and packaging, 283–284 connecting, 118–119
bistable action, 299 defined, 112–113
bistable multivibrators and flip-flops, 380, 411–413 center-tapped secondary, 252
Black, Harold Stephen, 323 central processing unit (CPU), 439
block diagrams, 41–43, 500 ceramic disk capacitors, 203
blocking oscillators, 370 certification, 3, 6, 17–20
Bode, Hendrik Wade, 209, 223 Certified Electronics Technician (CET)
Bode plotters, 223 Program, 3, 18–20
body resistance, 64, 70 chisel tips, 482
Boole, George, 385 Chochran, Michael J., 385
Boolean algebra, 404 Christie, Samuel Hunter, 97, 178
Boolean expressions, 404 circuit breakers, 340
Boone, Gary, 385 Circuit Layout Act of 1989, 456
brainstorming, 453, 454 Circuit Wizard
branches in parallel circuits, 132 autorouter, 473
Brattain, Walter Houser, 261 main discussion, 53–56
Braun, Karl Ferdinand, 209, 261 for prototyping, 454
breadboards, 47–48 schematic diagrams, 46
bbrreidagkedorewcntifvieorltsa, g3e26(E–z3)3, 0278 virtual breadboarding, 48
bridged traces, 476 circuit-protection devices, 339–340
bridging, 495 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 3, 26–27, 28–29

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Civil Rights Act of 1991, 27 Index 597
clamping circuits, 379
clamp-on meters, 219 convergent thinking, 453
Clapp, James Kilton, 323 cooperative education programs, 14
Clapp oscillator, 366–367 copper, 112–114
class A/AB/B/C amplifiers, 346–347 copyright issues, 455–456
clipping circuits, 377–378 coulomb (C), 101, 106
closed circuits, 140–141, 157 counter electromotive force (cemf), 238
closed-loop mode, 361 counters, 413–419
Cochran, Michael J., 385 coupling, amplifier, 348–349
coefficient of coupling, 252 coupling networks, 235
cold solder connections, 495 covalent bonding, 264
collector feedback circuits, 345 cross-reference guides, 462
collector of bipolar transistors, 283 crowbars, 339
color-coded system crystal microphones, 114
crystal oscillators, 366, 367–369
for capacitors, 538–539 crystals, defined, 367
for discrete components, 492 current (I)
during PCB design, 472
for resistors, 536 body resistance, 64, 70
Colpitts, Edwin Henry, 323 cell and battery configurations and, 118–119
Colpitts oscillator, 366–367, 368 defined, 101, 106
combinational logic circuits electron flow, 107–108
adders, 431–433 flow formula, 106–107
comparators, 434–435 Kirchhoff ’s current law, 147
decoders, 427–429 measuring, 154–155
defined, 426 Ohm’s law, 141–146
encoders, 426–427 power, 162–164
multiplexers, 429–431 ccuutttoefrfsf,rdeqiaugeonncayl,(4fC8O2), 240
PLDs, 435–436 cycles, 211
subtractors, 433–434
combustible liquids, 92 D
commercial power tools, 78
common anode (LED display), 428, 429 D flip-flops, 411–412, 413
common cathode (LED display), 428, 429 dangers. See safety
common-base circuits, 343–344 Darlington, Sidney, 323
common-collector circuits, 343–344 Darlington arrangement, 352–353, 361
common-emitter circuits d’Arsonval, Jacques-Arsène, 209
biasing, 344–347 d’Arsonval meter movements, 218
characteristics, 343–344 data movement instructions, 443
common-mode rejection, 360 data recording logs, 501–502, 503
communications, 31, 32 DC, defined, 112, 211
commutators, 189 DC amplifiers, 352–353
comparators, 434–435 DC circuits
compare instructions, 443
complement instruction, 443 formulas, 534
complementary amplifiers, 352 parallel, 168–170
complementary push-pull amplifiers, 354–355 SCRs in, 300
component lead former tool, 484 series, 167–168
component placement errors, 501 series-parallel, 170–173
component side, 467 voltage dividers, 173–179
compounds, 99 Wheatstone bridge, 178–179
computer basics, 439–441. See also microcomputers DC generators, 189–190, 191
computer electronics technicians, 9, 20 DC motors, 191–192
computer engineers, 6–7 DC reference level, 379
computer numerical control (CNC) machines, 474–475 DC restorers, 379
computer simulators, 31 De Coulomb, Charles Augustin, 97, 106
computer technicians, 7 De Forest, Lee, 323
computer-aided design (CAD), 46 decade counters, 417–418
condition-code register, 442 decimal numbers, 388–389. See also binary numbers
conductance (G), 124 decimal-to-binary encoders, 426–427
conductors, 100, 101, 102 decimal-to-binary priority encoders, 426–427
conformal coatings, 496 decision-making logic circuits, 396
consumer power tools, 78 decoders, 427–429
continuity tests, 157 decoupling networks, 235
control unit, 439–440 defects, common types of, 501–502
deflection plates, 220–221

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598 Index E
defluxers, 493
degenerative feedback, 345 earth grounding, 120–121
degree of rotation, 213 Eccles, William Henry, 385
Department of Transportation (DOT), 84, 90–91 Edison, Thomas Alva, 209, 211, 323
depletion MOSFETs, 292–293 effective value, 213–214
depletion region, 270, 290–291 Eisler, Paul, 451
derating factors, 278 electric circuits
designers, 31
desktop publishing (DTP), 58–59 definitions and types of, 140–141
desoldering, 493–494 electric power rate, 162
desoldering braid, 483, 493 electric shock, 24
desoldering bulb, 493 electrical charges, 106
desoldering pump, 494 electrical engineers, 7–8
desoldering station, 494 electrical grounding, 120–121
DIACs, 302–303, 304 electrical shock, 64–65, 70
diagonal cutters, 482 electrical symbols, 41
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT), 10 electrically erasable PROMs (EEPROMs), 423
dielectric (of capacitors), 201 electricians, 8
dielectric constants, 202 electricity
difference amplifiers, 363
difference of potential, 102 dangers of, 64–65
differential amplifiers, 353, 360–361 fundamentals of, 99–102
differentiators, 376–377 magnetism and, 184–186. See also electromagnets and
diffused junction method, 273–274
Digi-Key Corporation, 462 electromagnetism
digital computers, basics, 439–441. electrocution, 24
electrolyte, 113. See also cells
See also microcomputers electrolytic capacitors, 202
digital logic symbols, 542 electromagnetic induction, 187
digital meters, 151 electromagnetic interference (EMI), 472
digital multimeters, 153–157, 485, 486 electromagnets and electromagnetism
digital vs. analog schematic diagrams, 43
Digilent Electronic Explorer, 47–48 applications, 188–192
diodes defined, 182
induction, 187
defined, 270 principle of, 184
direct coupling, 348, 349 electromotive force (emf), 102. See also voltage (E)
direct current. See DC entries electron-hole pairs, 265
direct-coupled amplifiers, 352–353 electronic circuit simulation, 51
discrete components electronic counters, 223
Electronic Explorer, 47–48
in analog circuits, 43 Electronic Industries Association (EIA), 128–130
use of different color wires for, 492 electronic trainers, 47–48
discrimination, 3, 26–27 electronics
disposal, 92 abbreviations, 532
disturbed connections, 495 events in, 3–4
divergent thinking, 453 symbols, 540
diversity, workplace, 25–26 electronics breadboards, 3. See also printed circuit boards (PCBs)
DMMs (digital multimeters), 153–157, 485, 486 electronics engineers and engineering, 7–8, 9
documentation, 504 Electronics Systems Associate (ESA) Exam, 19
domains, 183 electronics technicians
donor atoms, 266 engineers vs., 9
doorbells and door chimes, 190 job requirements for, 20
doping, 266, 273 main discussion, 8–9
doublers, voltage, 335–336 test equipment, 484–487
double-sided PCBs, 468 titles for, 9, 10, 20
drain (D), 290 toolbox, 480–484
dddrrraaawiinni-nctoug-rlsrinoenuestr,c(seIcDvh)o,el2mt9aag1teic(,E4D5S–),4269, 147 Electronics Technicians Association, International (ETA-I), 3,
drill file, 473 18–20
dry cells, 115 electrons
dual in-line packages (DIPs), 309–310 defined, 99–100
Dummer, Geoffrey W. A., 307 valence, 100, 101, 263–264, 266
duty cycle, 375 electrostatic discharge (ESD)
dynamic RAM (DRAM), 422 ICs, 311
safety, 67–72

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Index 599

elements forward bias, 271
defined, 99 fforarcwtuarrdedvocoltnagneecdtrioopns(,E4F9)5, 271–272
periodic table of, 529 free electrons, 265
frequency
eletrodes, 113. See also cells
ELI, 238 of AC or voltage, 189
ELVIS, 47–48, 52 of sine waves, 214
emitter feedback circuits, 345–346 frequency counters, 222–223, 485
emitter of bipolar transistors, 283 frequency-domain analysis, 374–375
employment friction, 112
full adders, 432
options for trying out careers, 13–15 full substractors, 433–434
preparation for, 9–13 full-scale value, 158
encoders, 426–427 full-wave rectifiers, 326–330
enhancement MOSFETs, 292, 293–295 full-wave voltage doublers, 335–336
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 27 function generators, 486, 487
Equal Pay Act of 1963, 26 functional diagrams, 491, 492
error voltage, 333 functions on calculators, 36
etching, 474–475 fundamental frequency, 215, 374
ethics, 29–30 fuses, 339–340
even harmonics, 215
events in electronics, 3–4 G
exclusive OR and NOR gates, 400
explosimeters, 179 gallium, 266
exponents, 37 Gantt charts, 460, 461
externship, 14 gate (G), 290
gate-to-source cutoff voltage 2(E90G–S(2of9f)1), 291
F ggeantee-rtaot-osrosu, rdceefivnoeldta,g1e1(2EGS),
Gerber format, 473
fabricators, 31 germanium, 263–267
faceplate, 221 good work habits, 23
fall time, 375–376 graphical images, 58–59
farad (F), 201 graphing calculators, 35–36
Faraday, Michael, 97 graticules, 221
Faraday’s law, 187 Gray, Frank, 385
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 9 Greek Alphabet, 530
feedback regulators, 332–334 Greinacher, Heinrich, 323
ferric chloride, 474 ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), 66
ferrite-core inductors, 196 ground plane, 468
ferromagnetic materials, 183 ground symbols, 45, 47
field effect transistors (FETs) grounds and grounding
as preventive measure, 66
JFETs, 290–291, 292, 295–296 types of, 120–121
MOSFETs, 292–296 grown junction method, 273
testing, 295–296 guards, 78
field electronics technicians, 9 Gutzwiller, Frank William “Bill,” 261
film resistors, 127
filters H
capacitor, 328–330
defined, 234 half adders, 432
op-amps, 362 half subtractors, 433–434
RL networks as, 240 half-wave rectifiers, 326–330
first harmonic (fundamental frequency), 215, 374 half-wave voltage doublers, 335
fixed capacitors, 201, 202 hand tools, 75
fixed inductors, 195–196 hand-drawing, 473–474
flammable liquids, 92 harassment, 27–29
flat nose pliers (Duck bill), 481 harmonics, 215, 374
flat response, 356 Hartley, Ralph Vinton Lyon, 323
flip-flops, 380, 411–413 Hartley oscillator, 366–367, 368
flux, 488
flux bottles, 483
flux cleaners, 493
flux lines, 183–184
formula shortcuts, 535

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600 Index integrated circuits (ICs)
construction techniques, 308–309
hazard identification, 24 handling, 311
hazardous materials, 84, 90–92 introduction, 307–308
hazardous waste, 92 packaging, 309–310
health issues, 23–25 regulators, 334
heat sinks, 355, 482
henry (H), 195 integrators, 376–377
Henry, Joseph, 97, 195 intermediate frequency (IF) amplifiers, 358–360
hertz (Hz), 212 International Certification Accreditation Council
Hewlett Packard graphing calculator, 35–36
hexadecimal numbers, 391–392 (ICAC), 18
high state, 397 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 4, 41
high-pass filters International Society of Certified Electronics Technicians

defined, 234 (ISCET), 4, 18–20
op-amps as, 362–363 internship, 14
RL networks as, 240 interrupts, 441
Hodgson, James, 3 interstage transformers, 354
Hofland, Jan, 451 interviews, 13
holes (positive charges), 107, 265 intrinsic material, 263
Holonyak, Nick, Jr., 261 inversely proportional, 174
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 59 inverting amplifiers, 361–362
hybrid integrated circuits, 309 inverting input, 360
ionization, 101
I iron in thermocouples, 113–114
iron-vane meter movements, 219
IBIS (input/output buffer information specification) isolated power supplies, 484–485
model, 51 isolation techniques, 501
isolation transformers, 256, 325–326, 500, 504
IBM, 385, 451
IC regulators, 334 J
IC Wien-bridge oscillator, 369
ICE, 232 Jacobi, Werner, 261
ICs. See integrated circuits (ICs) Jameco Electronics, 462
ideation, 453, 454 JFETs, 290–291, 292, 295–296
idling, 490 JK flip-flops, 412–414, 420
IF (intermediate frequency) amplifiers, 358–360 job interviews, 13
illuminated magnifiers, 480, 484 job shadowing, 14
images, graphical, 58–59 Jordan, Frank Wilfred, 385
impedance (Z) Journeyman-Level CET, 19
jumpers, 470
main discussion, 239 junction diodes, 270
transformers and, 254 junction field effect transistors (JFETs), 290–291, 292,
using vectors to describe, 245, 246–247
impedance coupling, 348 295–296
impedance matching, 254 junction transistors. See bipolar transistors
in phase, defined, 243
in-circuit testers, 286 K
indium, 266, 267
induced voltage, 187–190, 211–212 Karnaugh, Maurice, 385, 406
inductive AC circuits Karnaugh maps, 406–409
main discussion, 238–240 Kilby, Jack St. Clair, 261, 307
power in, 248 Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 97, 147
reactance in, 245, 246–247 Kirchhoff ’s current law, 147
inductive reactance Kirchhoff ’s voltage law, 147–148
main discussion, 238–240 knives, X-Acto, 481
resonance and, 249
inductors and inductance (L), 195–198 L
input/output (I/O), 439, 441
input/output (I/O) instructions, 444 LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering
instantaneous rate, 162 Workbench), 52–53
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 9
instruction register, 439 laminated iron-core inductors, 196, 197
insulated tools, 77 large-scale integration (LSI), 310
insulating, 66
insulators, 100, 101, 102
integrated circuit Wien-bridge oscillator, 369

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

latches, 413 Index 601
layouts induction, 186–188
as voltage source, 112
copyright and, 456 magnifiers, 480, 484
process for, 469–473 main terminal 1 (MT1) and 2 (MT2), 301–302
LC oscillators, 366–369 majority carriers, 266
leading edge, 376 management and diversity, 26
leadless chip carrier (LCC) packages, 310 manual desoldering tools, 483
Leclanche cells, 115 manufacturer reference manuals, 462
left-hand rule masking, 443
for coils, 184, 186 master (senior) electronics technicians, 9, 20
for conductors, 184, 185 material safety data sheets (MSDSs), 4, 84–89
for generators, 187–188, 211 mathematical skills, 37
leg warmers, 491 matter, 99
Leibniz, Gottfried, 385 MmmaaCxxSiimm51uu,mm44fz4oe–rnw4e4ra5rcd,u4rc4ru6ernrten(ItZ(MI)F,m27a8x), 272
Lenz, Heinrich Friedrich Emil, 97 MCS 251, 444
Lenz’s law, 195 media presentation, 31
letter of application, 10–13 medium-scale integration (MSI), 310
light, basic principles of, 314 memory, 421–423, 440–441
light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 317–319 memory circuits, 396
light-sensitive devices, 314–317 memory function, 37
Lilienfeld, Julius Edgar, 261 mentoring, 14–15
limiter circuits, 377–378 metal film resistors, 127
Lin, Hung Chang, 323 metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors
linear electronic circuits (MOSFETs), 292–296
oscillators, 366–371 metal-oxide varistors (MOVs), 339
special-purpose, 379–380 metals
waveshaping, 376–379 conductance of, 101
lines, schematic drawing, 45–46, 47 resistivity of, 124
lithium cells, 116–117 meters
load, 140 AC, 218–229
llooaaddicnugrdreonwtn(I, L3)5, 4279–280 introduction, 151
logic gates and circuits measuring current, 154–155
AND, 396 measuring resistance, 156–157
buffers, 400–401 measuring voltage, 155–156
exclusive OR and NOR, 399 multimeters, 153–154
NAND, 398, 399 scales, 158–160
NOR, 398–399 types of, 152
NOT, 397 use of DC motor principle, 191–192
OR, 396–397 metric prefixes, 531
simplifying, 404–409 metrology electronics technicians, 9, 20
logic instructions, 443 mica, 100–101
logic probes and pulsers, 486, 487 microampere (mA), 109
logic symbols, digital, 542 Micro-Cap, 48
loudspeakers, 190 microcomputers
low state, 397 computer basics, 439–441
low-pass filters microcontrollers, 444–446
defined, 234 microprocessor architecture, 442–444
op-amps as, 362–363 microcontrollers, 444–446
RL networks as, 240 microfarad (mF), 201
L/R time constants, 197–198 microphones, crystal, 114
Lukasiewicz, Jan, 4 microprocessing unit (MPU), 439
microprocessor architecture, 442–444
M milliampere (mA), 109
minority carriers, 266
Macadie, Donald, 209 miscellaneous instructions, 444
magnetic fields, 183 mixed-mode simulators, 51
magnetic induction, 186–188 mixtures, 99
magnetic shields, 187 mobile charges, 270
magnets and magnetism modulus, 413
molecules, 99
applications, 188–192 monolithic integrated circuits, 308
definitions and overview, 182–184 monostable multivibrators, 379–380
electricity, 184–186 MOSFETs, 292–296

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602 Index ohmmeters
main discussions, 152, 156–157, 159
Mouser Electronics, 463 testing FETs with, 296
moving coil meter movements, 218 testing P-N junction diodes with, 274–275
multilayer PCBs, 466 testing thyristors with, 303–304
multimeters, 153–154, 485, 486, 499 testing transistors with, 285–286
multiplexers, 429–431 testing zener diodes with, 280
multipliers, voltage, 335–337 troubleshooting with, 499
Multisim, 46, 48, 52–53, 223
multistage amplifiers, 352–353 ohms, 102, 124
multivibrators Ohm’s law

bistable, 380, 411–413 capacitive reactance, 233
flip-flops, 380, 411–413 inductive reactance, 239
monostable, 379–380 main discussion, 141–146
as relaxation oscillators, 370–371 real-world voltage divider example, 337–338
mutual inductance, 253 resistive AC circuits and, 226, 227
one-shot multivibrators, 379–380
N op-amps, 360–363
open circuits
NAND gate, 398, 399 continuity tests, 156–157
National Electrical Code (NEC), 4, 8, 67 defined, 140–141
National Instruments troubleshooting, 501–502
open traces, 476
ELVIS, 47–48, 52 open-loop mode, 361
LabView, 52–53 operational amplifiers, 360–363
Multisim, 46, 48, 52–53, 223 optical couplers, 319
Ultiboard, 53, 454, 473 optoelectric devices, 314–319
N-channel depletion MOSFETs, 292–293 OR gate and function, 396–397
N-channel enhancement MOSFETs, 294 OrCAD PCB Designer, 473
N-channel JFETs, 290–291, 296 OrCAD PSpice, 48
NEC guidebook, 8 oscillators, 366–371
needle nose pliers, 481 oscilloscopes
negative feedback, 345 display of waveforms on, 374
negative ions, 101 main discussions, 220–222, 485, 486–487
negative temperature coefficient, 264 troubleshooting with, 499
neutrons, 99–100 out of phase, defined, 243
New Wave Concepts out-of-circuit testers, 286
Circuit Wizard. See Circuit Wizard output amplifiers, 361
PCB Wizard, 474–475 overshoot, 376
nibbles, 421 over-voltage protection circuits, 339
nickel cadmium (Ni-Cad) cells, 116–117
Nishizawa, Jun-ichi, 261 P
Nixon, Richard M., 84
noninverting amplifiers, 362 packing groups, 84
noninverting input, 360 pads, 470–471
nonsinusoidal oscillators, 370–371 paper capacitors, 202–203
nonsinusoidal waveforms, 214–215, 374–376 paper dolls, 469–470
NOR gate, 398–399 parallel circuits (AC)
normal fuses, 339–340
NOT gate, 397 main discussion, 228
Noyce, Robert, 261, 307 reactance in, 246–247
NPN transistors, 283. See also bipolar transistors parallel circuits (DC)
N-type material, 266, 267 defined, 140
nucleus, 99–100 resistors in, 132–134
nut drivers, 482 solving for unknowns in, 168–170
total resistance of, on calculators, 38
O parallel configurations
for capacitors, 203
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 10 for cells and batteries, 118–119
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 3, 4, 78, 84 for inductors, 196–197
octal numbers, 389–391 parallel counters, 414–418
odd harmonics, 215 Pareto voting, 453
Ohl, Russell Shoemaker, 261 passive filters, 362
Ohm, George Simon, 97, 102, 141 PCB designers, 31
PCB fabricators, 31

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

PCB Wizard, 474–475 Index 603
PCBs. See printed circuit boards (PCBs) power amplifiers, 354
P-channel depletion MOSFETs, 293 power curve, 229
P-channel enhancement MOSFETs, 293–294 power dissipated, 163–164
P-channel JFETs, 290–291, 296 power dissipation ratings, 278
PDIP (plastic dual in-line package), 445–446 power factor, 248
peak inverse voltage (PIV), 272 power of observation, 502
peak reverse voltage, 278 power supplies
peak value, 213–214
peak-to-peak value, 213 circuit-protection devices, 339–340
pencil soldering irons, 488, 489 filter circuits, 328–330
pentavalent impurities, 266 isolated, 484–485
period (t), 214 overview, 325
periodic table of elements, 529 rectifier circuits, 326–328
periodic waveforms, 374, 375 transformers, 325–326
permanent magnets, 182 voltage dividers, 337–338
permeability, 184 voltage multipliers, 335–337
PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) voltage regulators, 331–334
power tools, 75, 78
charts, 460–461 powers, 37
phase angles, 244 presentation programs, 57–58
phase shifts, 255–256 primary cells, 114–116
phase splitters, 354–355 primary winding, 252
phase-shift networks, 235–236 printed circuit boards (PCBs)
phase-shift oscillators, 369 common types of defects, 501–502
phonograph pickups, 190 copyright, 455–456
phosphor screen, 220–221 ESD, 71–72
photoconductive cells (photocells), 314 etching, 474–475
photodiodes, 315–316 fundamentals, 466–468
phototransistors, 316–317, 319 holders, 480, 484
photovoltaic cells (solar cells), 113, 315 laying out, 469–473
picofarad (pF), 201 preparing etched, 475–476
pictorial diagrams, 491 protective coatings, 496
Pierce, George Washington, 323 prototyping, 454–455
Pierce oscillator, 368 soldering, 490–494
piezoelectric effect, 114 transferring designs, 473–474
pin grid array (PGA), 310 procrastination, 23
PIN photodiodes, 316 production schedules, 460–461
ppilanscthicocfafpvaocltitaogres,(E20P)2,–229013 productivity software, 56–60
plastic quad flat packages (PQFPs), 310 program counter, 442
plates (of capacitors), 201 program-control instructions, 443–444
PLCC (plastic leaded chip carrier), 445–446 programmable array logic (PAL®), 435–436
PLDs (programmable logic devices), 435–436 programmable interface controllers (PICs), 445–446
pliers, 481 programmable logic array (PLA), 435–436
P-N junction diodes programmable logic devices (PLDs), 435–436
programmable read-only memory (PROM), 423, 435
biasing, 271–272 programs, 440
characteristics, 272–273 project design
construction techniques, 273–274 budget, 458–459
definitions, 270–271 copyright issues, 455–456
optoelectric devices, 315–319 production schedules, 460–461
in series with zener diodes, 279 prototyping, 453–455
testing, 274–275 reference materials and manuals, 462–463
PNP transistors, 283 timeline, 457–458, 459
polarity and voltmeters, 156 Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
polarized plugs, 65, 325 charts, 460–461
portable power tools, 78 project timeline, 457–458, 459
Portugal, Ronald J., 4, 47 protective coatings, 496
positive feedback, 366 protective gear, 78
positive ions, 101 protons, 99–100
potential, 102 prototyping, 453–455
potentiometers, 127, 130–131 P-type material, 266–267
power publishing, 58–59
in AC circuits, 228–229, 247–248 pulse width, 215
application, 163–164 push-pull amplifiers, 347, 354–355
main discussion, 162 pyrometers, 114
Pythagorean theorem, 244

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

604 Index reveorfsPe-cNurjruennctt(ioIRn) diodes, 272
of zener diodes, 278
Q
reverse Polish notation (RPN), 4, 36
QFN (quad flat no-lead package), 445–446 rReFve(rrsaedivoo-lftraegqeu(eEnRc)y, )27am8 plifiers, 358–360
quartz, 367 rheostats, 127–128
quasi-complementary amplifiers, 355 right-hand motor rule, 191
ringing, 376
R ripple counters, 414
ripple frequency, 326
radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers, 358–360 rise time, 375–376
RAM (random-access memory), 422 RL circuits
RC coupling, 348
RC networks, 234–236 impedance of, 239
RC oscillators, 366, 369 time constant of, 197–198
RC phase-shift networks, 235 RL networks, 240
RC time constants, 204 rms value, 213
reactance and reactive circuits Rochelle salt, 367
ROM (read-only memory), 422–423
parallel, 246–247 rosin connection, 495
power and, 247–248 rosin flux, 488
series, 243–245 rotate and shift instructions, 443
reactions, 91 round nose pliers, 481
read-only memory (ROM), 422–423 rounding, 38–39
reciprocals, 38 RS flip-flops, 411–412
recorders, 31
recordings, magnetic, 190–191 S
rectifiers and rectification
defined, 218 Sachs, Ernst, 451
rectifier circuits, 326–328 safety
SCRs, 299–301
reduced instruction set computers (RISCs), 445 dangers of electricity, 64–65
reference designators, 41, 43, 533 electrostatic discharge, 67–69
reference materials and manuals, 462–463 handling ICs, 311
regenerative feedback, 299 handling MOSFETs, 295
regulators, voltage, 331–334 issues overview, 23–25
relaxation oscillators, 370 practices, 70–72
relays, 190 preventive measures, 65–67
repelling, 106 test, 544–546
residual magnetism, 187 tools, 81–82
resistance (R) safety switches, 78
conductance and, 124 sampling circuits, 332–333
defined, 102 sawtooth waveform, 215, 374–375
factors affecting, 124 scaling, 174
measuring, 156–157 schematic diagrams and symbols
Ohm’s law, 141–146 copyright, 455–456
resistance-capacitance coupling, 348 main discussion, 41–47
resistive AC circuits prototyping, 454
main discussion, 226–229 table of, 541
power in, 247, 248 troubleshooting and, 500, 504
reactance in, 243 schematic drawing lines, 45–46, 47
resistors Schmitt, Otto Herbert, 323
as ammeter shunt, 154 Schmitt trigger circuit, 380
color codes, 536 scientific calculators, 35–36
common values, 537 scientific notation, 109
connecting, 131–137 scissors, surgical, 480
defects and, 502 screwdrivers, 482
definitions and types of, 125–128 secondary cells, 114, 116–117
identification of, 128–131 secondary winding, 252
real vs. simulation values, 177 seeds, 273
in regulator circuits, 331–332 semiconductor devices
for voltage division, 173–179 advantages and disadvantages, 263
resonance and resonant circuits, 249 ESD, 69, 71–72
résumés, 4, 10–13 germanium and silicon, 263–267
retentivity, 187
reverse bias, 271–272

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optoelectric devices, 314–319 Index 605
overview, 263 small-scale integration (SSI), 310
thyristors, 299–304 software
semiconductor schematic symbols, table of, 541
semiconductors, defined, 101 productivity, 56–60
senior electronics technicians, 9, 20 simulation and design, 51–56
sequential logic circuits SOIC (small outline package), 445–446
counters, 413–419 solar cells, 113, 315
defined, 411 solder guns, 488, 489
flip-flops, 411–413 solder masks, 467, 476
memory, 421–423 solder side, 467
shift registers, 419–421 soldering
series circuits (AC) analyzing soldered connections, 495
main discussion, 227 main discussion, 487–490
reactance in, 243–245 PCBs, 490–494
series circuits (DC) safety guidelines for, 71
defined, 140 soldering iron tips, 488, 489–490
resistors in, 131–132 soldering irons, 483, 487–490
solving for unknowns in, 167–168 solderless breadboards, 4, 47–48
series configurations solenoids, 190
for capacitors, 203 source (S), 290
for cells and batteries, 118–119 special-purpose circuits, 379–380
for inductors, 196–197 spectrum analyzers, 374–375
series peaking method, 356–357 Spectrum Software Micro-Cap, 48
series regulators, 332–334 SPICE, 51
series voltage regulators, 331 spreadsheets, 59–60
series-aiding configurations, 118 spudgers, 480
series-fed Hartley oscillator, 366–367 square waveform, 214–215, 374–375
series-opposing configurations, 118 square-wave generators, 379
series-parallel circuits (DC) SSOP (shrink small outline package), 445–446
defined, 140 stack instructions, 444
resistors in, 134–137 stack pointer, 442
solving for unknowns in, 170–173 stacks and stack based decoders, 36
series-parallel configurations for cells and stage (in counters), 414
batteries, 118–119 static electricity and safety, 67–72
seven-segment display, 428–429 static RAM (SRAM), 422
shadowing, 14 stationary power tools, 78
shells (of atoms), 100 step-down transformers, 254
shielded inductors, 196, 197 step-up transformers, 253–254
shift instructions, 443 storage registers, 421
shift registers, 419–421 strain gauges, 179
Shive, John Northrup, 261 substrate, 290
shock, electrical, 64–65 subtractors, 363, 433–434
Shockley, William Bradford, Jr., 261 summing amplifiers, 362
short circuits, 157, 501–502 surface mount technology (SMT), 467, 472–473, 494
shorted traces, 476 surface mounted devices, 487
shorting sticks, 81 surface-mount resistors, 127, 130
shunt clipping circuits, 378 surgical scissors, 480
shunt voltage regulators, 331 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 385
shunt-fed Hartley oscillator, 366–367, 368 sweep generator, 220
shunt-peaking method, 356–357 switches, 299–302
Siemens (S), 124 symbols
signal generators, 486, 487 digital logic, 542
silicon, 263–267 electrical, 41
silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) electronics, 540
in crowbar overprotection circuits, 339 ground, 45, 47
main discussion, 299–301 synchronous counters, 414–418
testing, 303–304 system-on-chip (SOC) design, 310
TRIACs vs., 302
silver, 100–101 T
simulation software, 51–56
single-sided PCBs, 468 tank circuits, 366
sinusoidal oscillators, 366–369 team leaders, 31
sinusoidal waveform (sine wave), 212–214, 374 teamwork, 30–32
slow blow fuses, 339–340 technicians vs. engineers, 9

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

606 Index tuned amplifiers, 358
temperature and resistance, 124 turns ratio, 253–254
temperature-controlled soldering station, 489 tweezers, 481
temporary magnets, 182
Tesla, Nikola, 209, 211 U
test equipment, 79–80, 484–487
Texas Instruments graphing calculator, 35–36 Ultiboard, 53, 454, 473
thermal instability, 345 ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI), 310
thermocouples, 113–114 undershoot, 376
thick-film integrated circuits, 309 Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 4, 66–67
thin small outline packages (TSOPs), 310 unity-gain amplifiers, 362
thin-film integrated circuits, 308 untuned amplifiers, 358
three-state buffers, 401 up-down counters, 418–419
thyristors, 299–304
time constants V

of RC circuits, 204 valence shell and electrons, 100, 101, 263–264, 266
of RL circuits, 197–198 Van de Graaf generator, 112
time-domain analysis, 374 Van de Graaf, Robert Jemison, 97
timeline, project, 457–458, 459 variable autotransformers, 256–257
tin oxide resistors, 127 variable capacitors, 201, 202, 203
tinning, 490 variable inductors, 195–196
TO (transistor outline), 284 variable resistors, 127–128, 331–332
tolerances of resistors, 125 variometers, 179
toolboxes, 75–76 varistors, 339
tools vectors and vector diagrams, 244–248
for electronics technicians, 480–484 Veitch, Edward W., 385
handling, 75 Veitch diagrams, 404–406
safey issues, 81–82 vendors, 462–463
sampling of, 79 Verilog, 51
storing, 75–76 very large-scale integration (VLSI), 310
test equipment, 79–80 VHDL (Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware
for troubleshooting, 499–500
using, 77–78 Description Language), 51
toroid-core inductors, 196 vias, 472
torque, 78 video amplifiers, 356–357
total resistance, on calculators, 38 virtual breadboarding, 48
tourmaline, 367 virtual instruments, 52, 53–54
traces, 466 virtual test equipment, 46
trailing edge, 376 voids, 495
transfomer coupling, 348, 349 volt (V), 102
transformers Volta, Count Alessandro, 97, 102
applications, 255–257 voltage (E)
definitions, 252
main discussion, 325–326 cell and battery configurations and, 118–119
mutual inductance, 253 defined, 102
turns ratio of, 253–254 Kirchhoff ’s voltage law, 147–148
transient, defined, 295 measuring, 155–156
transistors Ohm’s law, 141–146
bipolar, 283–287 power, 162–164
FETs. See field effect transistors (FETs) regulation, with zener diodes, 279–280
in regulator circuits, 331, 332 rises and drops, 119–120
transparent latches, 413 sources, 108, 112–114
TRIACs, 301–304 voltage amplifiers, 354, 361
triangular waveform, 215 voltage dividers
trigonometric functions, 244 main discussion, 173–178, 337–338
trigonometry, 35 real-world problem example, 337–338
triode AC semiconductors (TRIACs), 301–304 Wheatstone bridge, 178–179
triplers, voltage, 335–337 voltage doublers, 335–336
trivalent impurities, 266 voltage multipliers, 335–337
troubleshooting voltage regulators, 331–334
common types of defects, 501–502 voltage triplers, 335–337
documentation and, 504 volt-amperes (VA), 252
isolation techniques, 501
tips, 502–504
tools for, 499–500

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Index 607

voltmeters X
main discussions, 152, 155–156, 158–159
testing zener diodes with, 280 X-Acto knives, 481
troubleshooting with, 499 XNOR gate, 400
XOR gate, 400
volt-ohm-milliammeters (VOMs), 153–154, 157
Y
W
yield, 308
wafers, 274, 308
wafer-scale integration (WSI), 310 Z
Watt, James, 97
watts, 162 Zahn, Robert L., 451
waveshaping circuits, 376–379 Zener, Clarence Melvin, 261
web design, 59 zener diodes
Weller, Carl E., 451
Westinghouse, George, Jr., 209 characteristics, 278
wet cells, 116 in crowbar overprotection circuits, 339
Wheatstone, Sir Charles, 97, 178 protecting MOSFETs with, 295
Wheatstone bridge, 178–179 ratings, 278–279
wicking, 495 in regulator circuits, 331, 332, 333
Wien-bridge oscillator, 369 testing, 280
wire strippers, 480 voltage regulation with, 279–280
wirewound resistors, 126 zener region, 278
wiring diagrams, 491, 500 zzzieennncee,rr1tv1eo2slt–tac1gu1er3rreantitn(gIZ(TE)Z, )2,72879
wiring errors, 501
word processing, 56–57, 58
words (memory), 421
work, defined, 162
work ethics, 29–30
work habits, 23
workplace

discrimination, 26–27
diversity, 25–26
ethics, 29–30
harassment, 27–29
teamwork, 30–32
WYSIWYG, 59

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.