स्वास्थ्य र शारिरिक शिक्षा कक्षा ७

ˢĭ˖ ćĈĭ Ěĭēıįēø ĮĚƗĭ

øƗĭ ͞











ċĸčĭĕ ĝēøĭē

ĮĚƗ~Įęǒĭċ ćĈĭ ŮĮęĮęĊı đȸĭĕĒ

čĭǬŢđ Įęøĭĝ øĸ Ⱦ

ĝĭċļĮăĮđ͕ ĐƅčIJē

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff

sIff &

ks| fzs

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b|

k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzÔf, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

© ;jf{lwsf/ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

o; kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dL,
eStk/' df lglxt /x]sf] 5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b|sf] lnlvt :jLsl[ tlagf Jofkfl/s
k|ofh] gsf nflu o;sf] k/' } jf cfl+ zs efu xa' x' ks| fzg ug{, kl/jt{g u/]/ ks| fzg
ug{, s'g} ljBt' Lo ;fwg jf cGo k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .

ky| d ;:+ s/0f M lj=;=+ @)&)

;+zf]lwt ;:+ s/0f M lj=;+ @)&^

d'b|0f M hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| ln=
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/'

dN" o ?M ÷—

kf7o\ k:' ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf sg' } klg ks| f/sf ;e¬ mfjx¿ ePdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
s]Gb,| ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbgx' g' cg/' f]w 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;¬emfjx¿nfO{ sG] b| xflb{s :jfut ub5{ .

xfd|f] egfO

lzIffnfO{ p2]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s / ;d;fdlos agfpg kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljBfno txsf
kf7\oj|mdtyf kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{df
/fi6k« |]d, /fli6o« tf kl| tsf] ;dk0{ f / nf]stflGqs k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fO{ gl} tsjfg,\
cgz' fl;t, :jfjnDaL tyf l;hg{ zLn eO{ ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf ofu] bfg lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; xg'
cfjZos 5 .pgLx¿df eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg, ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, jftfj/0f,
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg tyf hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; x'g h?/L 5 . To;} u/L
ljBfyLx{ ¿df snf tyf ;fG} bo{ kl| tsf] cg/' fu / dfgjLo dN" o dfGotf, cfbz{ tyf jl} zi6o\ x¿kl| tsf]
;r]ttf ;lxt ltgsf] ;+/If0f, ;j+ w{g ug{] efjgfsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . ;dtf dn" s ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf
;xofu] k'¥ofpg pgLx¿df ljleGg hfthflt, lnªu\ , efiff, wd,{ ;+:sl[ t / If]qnufotsf ljljwtfx¿sf]
;Ddfg ug{] / dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dflhs d"No dfGotf k|lt ;rt] eO{ lhDdj] f/L jxg ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf;
u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt cfjZostfnfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\ojm| d -sIff ^–*_, @)^(
nfO{ dn" cfwf/dfgL lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg cfofu] sf ;e' mfj, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot lzIff;“u
;Da4 ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt ufi] 7L / cGt/lj|mofsf lgisif{ / ljleGg ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L kf| Kt
k[i7kfi] f0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L of] kf7\o k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

o; kf7\ok:' tssf] n]vg k|f=8f= /fdsi[ 0f dxh{g, b]j/fh dxh{gaf6 ePsf] xf] . kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ o;
:j¿kdf Nofpg] sfod{ f kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bs| f sfos{ f/L lgbz{] s lbjfs/ 9ª' u\ n] , 8f= afnsi[ 0f
/l~ht, 8f= lrqaxfb'/ a9' fyf]sL, Zofdj[mi0f lji6, jm[ i0fk;| fb 9sfn, kg' d 8ªu\ f]n / ufs] 0f{ yfkfsf]
ljz]if of]ubfg /xs] f] 5 . o;sf] efiff ;Dkfbg nfs] k|sfz kl08taf6 ePsf] xf] . kf7\ok:' tsnfO{
cWofjlws tyf kl/dfh{g u/L k|sflzt ug{ sfo{df o; s]Gb|sf dxflgb{]zs 8f= n]vgfy kf}8]n,
>L u0f]zk;| fb e66\ /fO{ / >L lrgfsd' f/L lg/fn} fsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o; k':tssf] rf/ /ªdf ljsf;
ugs{ f nflu snf ;Dkfbg sfo{ >L >Lxl/ >i] 7n] uge{' Psf] xf] . o; kf7\ok:' tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g
sfo{df ;n+ Ug ;ak} l| t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb| wGojfb ks| 6 ub5{ .

kf7\ok':tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]uaf6
kf7o\ j|mdåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xofu] k'Ug] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ ;s];Dd
lj|mofsnfkd'vL / ?lrs/ agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7o\ k':tsnfO{ cem} kl/is[t kfg{sf nflu lzIfs,
ljBfyL,{ cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk0" f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;dt] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x“'bf ;Da4 ;a}sf]
/rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflbs{ cg'/fw] ub{5 .

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
lj= ;+= @)&^ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

ljifo ;ÒrL k[i7 ;ªV\ of

PsfO ljifoj:t¬ !
!%
:jf:Yo lzIff @)
PsfO – ! dfgj z/L/ #)
PsfO – @ JolStut :jf:Yo $!
PsfO – # kfi] f0f $&
PsfO – $ /f]u %!
PsfO – % lszf]/fj:yf, ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo %^
Ps fO – ^ nfuk' bfy{, w"dkfg / dBkfg ^#
PsfO – & jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo
PsfO – * ;/' Iff tyf k|fylds pkrf/ ^*
PsfO – ( kfl/jfl/s / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo &#
zf/Ll/s lzIff &*
PsfO – ! s;/t *%
PsfO – @ sjfh ()
PsfO – # zf/Ll/s Jofofd !)#
PsfO – $ ofu]
PsfO – % vn]
PsfO – ^ PYnl] 6S;

dfgj z/L/ !kf7

(Human Body)

dflg; cGo kf| 0fLsf] t'ngfdf ljsl;t dflgG5 . dflg;sf] z/L/df c;ª\Vo sfi] fx¿
/x]sf xG' 5g\ . oL sfi] fx¿sf sf/0f dflg;sf] z/L/df cfkm“} ddt{ xg' ] / gof“ sfi] fx¿ lgdf0{ f
xg' ] jm| dn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/xs] f] 5 . sfi] fx¿sf] ;dx" ldn/] tGt' ags] f xG' 5g\ . tGt'x¿n]
z/L/df vf; vf; lsl;dsf sfo{x¿ ug{ dbt k'¥ofp“5 . tGtx' ¿sf] ;d"xaf6 ljleGg
lsl;dsf cªu\ x¿sf] lgdf{0f xG' 5 . o;u} /L cª\ux¿sf] ;d"x ldn]/ k|0ffnL aG5 .
ljleGg lsl;dsf k0| ffnLx¿ ldn/] g} xfdf| ] z/L/ aG5 . o; kf7df xfdL sx] L k0| ffnLsf
sfoa{ f/] rrf{ ug]{ 5f“} .

cl:yk~h/ k|0ffnL (Skeleton Sys- vKk/ skull

tem) s/ª (ribs)
x\o'd/; (humerus)
cl:yk~h/ k|0ffnL xf8x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] xG' 5 . k'6\7f (pelvics)
cl:yk~h/ k0| ffnLn] xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ 9fr“ f kb| fg
ug{'sf ;fy} z/L/sf] ef/ yfDg] / cfGtl/s lkmd/ (femur)
cªu\ x¿nfO{ /Iff ug{] sfd u5{ . SoflN;od ePsf k6]nf (patella)
sf/0fn] xf8df rf]6k6s nfu]df t'?Gt} klxns] }
cj:yfdf cfp“5 . xf8x¿sf] agfj6sf sf/0f km\ ofNoflGh; (phalanges)
hfg] Lx{ ¿df rfn pTkGg ul/lbG5 . Tolt dfq geO{ 1
xf8n] z/L/sf sfd] n cª\ux¿sf] /Iff klg u5{ .
xf8nfO{ alnof] agfpg ;Gtl' nt ef]hg ;]jg ug]{
/ lgoldt Jofofd ug]{ jf vn] vN] g] ugk'{ 5{ . xfdf| ]
z/L/df hDdf @)^ cf]6f xf8x¿ 5g\ .

xf8sf ljleGg ks| f/nfO{ nfdf] xf8, 5f6] f] xf8,
clgoldt xf8 / r]K6f] xf8sf ¿kdf cWoog
ug{] 5f“} .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

!= nfdf xf8 (Long Bone)

xfdf| ] xft tyf v6' 6\ fdf /xs] f nfdf xf8 x'g\ . nfdf xf8x¿ kfOg] :yfgx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-s_ kfv/' fsf xf8 (Humerus)

-v_ gf8Lsf xf8 (Radius and Ulna)

-u_ lt3|fsf xf8 (Femur)

-3_ gnL v6' 6\ fsf xf8 (Tibia and Fibula)

@= 5f]6f xf8 (Short Bone)

5f6] f xf8 z/L/sf ljleGg efudf kfOG5 . cf}“nfsf xf8x¿ (Phalanges), gf8Lsf xf8x¿
(Carpals), xTs]nfsf xf8x¿ (Meta carpals) cflb 5f]6f xf8sf pbfx/0f xg' \ .

#= clgoldt xf8 (Irregular Bone)

clgoldt xf8sf s'g} lglZrt cfsf/ x'“b}gg\ . d]?b08 (Vertebrae) / cg'xf/sf xf8x¿
(Facial bones) clgoldt xf8sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

$= rK] 6f xf8 (Flat Bone)

r]K6f xf8x¿ km/flsnf] cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . oL xf8x¿ vf; u//] leqL cª\ux¿nfO{ ;/' Iff
ug'k{ g]{ 7fpd“ f cjl:yt x'G5g\ . vKk/sf xf8 (Skull), kftfsf xf8 (Scapula), s/ªsf
xf8 (Ribs) r]K6f xf8sf pbfx/0f xg' \ .

xf8sf sfo{x¿ (Functions of Bone)

xf8sf kd| 'v sfox{ ¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-s_ xf8n] z/L/sf] cfsf/ / 9fr“ f agfp“5 .

-v_ xf8n] df;+ k]zLsf] ;xfotfaf6 z/L/nfO{ rfn kb| fg u5{ .

-u_ xf8n] z/L/sf sfd] n cªu\ x¿ -d6' ,' kmfS] ;f,] snh] f,] dl:tis, ;i' fD' gf cflb_ sf] /Iff u5{ .

-3_ xf8n] SoflN;od ;~ro u5{ .

-ª_ xf8n] z/L/nfO{ ;xf/f lbG5 .

2 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

-r_ xf8n] df;+ k]zLnfO{ 6fl“ ;g] 7fp“ lbG5 .

-5_ xf8leqsf] df;L (Bone marrow) n] /Stsf]ifx¿ tof/ u5{ .

hf]gL{x¿ (Joints)

bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L xf8x¿ hf]l8g] 7fp“nfO{ hfg] L{ elgG5 . hfg] L{sf lardf lnufd]G6

(Ligament) x'G5, h;sf] tGsg] :jefjn]

hfg] Ld{ f rfn ;Dej xG' 5 . hfg] L{ ljleGg ks| f/sf

xG' 5g\ . oxf“ sx] L hfg] Ls{ f af/d] f rrf{ ug{] 5f“} . Immovable Joint

!= crn hfg] L{ (Immovable Joint) ;le{sn -cervical_

o;k|sf/sf hf]gL{ clnslt klg rNb}gg\ .
o:tf hfg] Ld{ f xf8x¿sf] lardf /a/ h:tf]
hf]8\g] tGt' (Fibrous connective tissue)
x'G5, h;n] xf8x¿nfO{ sl:;g] u/L hfl] 8Psf]
xG' 5 . vKk/sf] hf]gL{ (Skull) crn hf]gL{sf]
/fd|f] pbfx/0f xf ] .

@= cwr{ n hf]gL{ (Semi Movable

Joints)

xNsfl;t jf yf]/} dfqfdf rNg] hf]gL{nfO{ slS;h -coceex_
cw{rn hf]gL{ elgG5 . oL hf]gL{sf lardf
s/' s/' ] xf8sf] tx xG' 5, h;n] ubf{ xf8x¿nfO{
xNsfl;t rNg ;lhnf] kf5{ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu s/ª / 5ftL (Sternum) sf]
hf]gL{, d]?b08sf 6'j|mfx¿sf] hf]gL{ (Joints
between bodies of vertebrae), lgtDasf] hfg] L{
(Symphysis pubis) cflb cw{rn hf]gLx{ ¿ x'g\ .

#= rn hfg] L{ (Movable Joints)

:jtGq ¿kdf rNg] hf]gL{nfO{ rn hf]gL{ elgG5 . rn hf]gL{ rfncg';f/ kf“r
ks| f/df afl“ 8Psf] 5 .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 3

-s_ 8Nnf] / vfl] kN6f] hfg] L{ (Ball and ;s6] -socket_
an -ball_
Socket Joint)
hinge joint
o;k|sf/sf hf]gL{df Pp6f xf8sf] vf]lkN6fdf
csf]{ xf8sf] 8Nnf] efu c8]sf] x'G5 . pivot joint
Pp6f xf8sf] vf]lkN6fdf csf]{ xf8sf] 8Nnf]
rf/l} t/ 3d' fpg ;lsG5, h:t} M sf“wsf] xf8sf] gliding joint
vf]lkN6fdf kfv'/fsf] xf8sf] 8Nnf] efu / saddle joint
lgtDasf] vfl] kN6fdf lt3f| sf] xf8sf] 8Nnf] efu
hfl] 8Psf] xG' 5 .

-v_ sAhfjfnf hfg] L{ (Hinge Joint)

o;k|sf/sf hf]gL{df xf8nfO{ Psflt/ dfq
v'DRofpg / tGsfpg ldN5 t/ ljk/Lt lbzftkm{
v'DRofpg ldNb}g . 3'“8f, s'lxgf / cf}“nfsf
hf]gLx{ ¿ sAhfjfnf hfg] L{sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g \ .

-u_ lsn] hf]gL{ (Pivot Joint)

o;ks| f/sf hf]gLd{ f Pp6f xf8dfly csf]{ xf8
lsnf h:t} 3'dfpg ldN5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
d?] b08sf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] xf8dfly 6fpsfsf]
xf8 3'D5, h;n] ubf{ xfd|f] 6fpsf] bfof“ afof“
3'dfpg ldN5 . To:t} gf8Lsf] Radius / Ulna
sf] hf]gL{ klg o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] .

-3_ lrlKng] hf]gL{ (Gliding Joint)

o;k|sf/sf hf]gL{df Pp6f xf8 csf]{ xf8d-
fly lrKn]/ rN5, h:t} M gf8Lsf xf8x¿ /
ufn] Luf7“ fsf ;;fgf xf8x¿ Psdfly csf]{ vK6/]
/xs] f xG' 5g\ . oL hfg] L{sf ;xof]un] gf8LnfO{
rf/}lt/ 3'dfpg], bfof“ afof“ / cufl8 k5fl8
tGsfpg] tyf v'DRofpg] sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

4 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

-ª_ sf7L hfg] L{ (Saddle Joints)

o;ks| f/sf hfg] Lc{ Gtu{t Pp6f xf8sf] vfN8f] k/]sf] efu (Concave surface) sf] lardf cln
p7]sf] (Convex surface) xf8 hf]l8Psf] xG' 5, h;n] ubf{ xf8 cufl8 tyf k5fl8 rnfpg
;lsG5 . cfn“} fx¿ / gf8Lsf hfg] L{ (Metatarsophalangel joint) sf7L hfg] Ls{ f pbfx/0f xg' \ .

b3' 6{ gf jf s'g} sf/0fa; hf]gL{ jf x8\8Lsf] agfj6df Iflt x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Ifl0fs
jf bL3s{ fnLg ckfªu\ tf klg x'g ;S5 . h;nfO{ ;xhtfsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sl[ qd hfg] L{
/ cª\ux¿sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .

df+;k]zL k|0ffnL (Muscular System)

xfdf| ] z/L/sf] 9fr“ f agfpg cl:yk~h/ k0| ffnLsf] hlt dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xs] f] x'G5, Tolt g}
dxTTj df+;kz] L k|0ffnLsf] klg x'G5 . xfdf| ] z/L/sf] sl/a $) kl| tzt efu df+;k]zLaf6
lgdf0{ f ePsf] x'G5 . df;+ k]zLdf tlGsg] / vl' Drg] u'0f ePsfn] o;n] xf8nfO{ dfq x}g
z/L/nfO{ ;d]t ult lbG5 . df;+ kz] Lsf] v'DrfOaf6 g} /St ;~rf/ x'g,] dv' df /fv]sf vfgf
kfrg gnLdf k'Ug,] d"q gnLaf6 lk;fa aflx/ hfg,] Zjf;k|Zjf; xg' ], aRrf hGdfpg] cflb
sfox{ ¿ x'G5g \ .

df+;k]zLsf k|sf/

dfgj z/L/df tLg lsl;dsf df+;k]zLx¿ x'G5g\, tL x'g\ M -s_ OR5fwLg df+;k]zL,
-v_ :jfwLg df;+ k]zL / -u_ d'6s' f df;+ kz] L . logLx¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro tn lbOG5 .

-s_ OR5fwLg df;+ kz] L (Voluntary Muscle)

cfk\mgf] OR5fadf]lhd rnfpg ;lsg] df+;k]zLnfO{ OR5fwLg df+;k]zL eGb5g\ . oL
df;+ kz] Lx¿ xf8;u“ hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . o:tf df+;kz] Lx¿ z/L/sf ljleGg efux¿, h:t} M
6fpsf,] 3f6“ L, 5ftL, kfv'/f, xft, 9f8, k]6, v6' \6f cflb 7fpx“ ¿df kfOG5g\ .

-v_ :jfwLg df+;k]zL (Involuntary or Smooth Muscles)

cfk\mgf] OR5fcg';f/ rnfpg g;lsg] df;+ k]zLnfO{ :jfwLg df;+ kz] L elgG5 . oL df+;kz] Lx¿
g/d x'G5g\ . o:tf df;+ kz] Lx¿ cfdfzo, cfGbf| , d"q y}nL, u|GyL, Zjf; gnL, kf7]3/ / /St
gnLsf leQf cflb 7fp“df kfOG5 . oL cªu\ x¿ xfdLn] cf/fd ubf{ of ;'Tbf klg :jrflnt
¿kdf nuftf/ rln/xs] f x'G5g\ .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 5

OR5fwLg df+;kz] L :jfwLg df;+ kz] L d6' s' f] df;+ kz] L

-u_ d'6s' f df+;kz] L (Cardiac Muscle)

o; ks| f/sf df+;kz] L d6' d' f dfq kfOG5 . o;nfO{ klg xfdL cfk\mgf] OR5fg;' f/ rnfpg
;Sbg} f }“ . d'6'sf df+;k]zL nuftf/ cfkm“} :jrflnt ¿kdf rln/x]sf xG' 5g\ .

df+;k]zLsf sfo{x¿

-s_ df;+ k]zLn] xf8df 6fl“ ;O{ z/L/sf] 9f“rf /fd|f] agfOlbG5 .

-v_ df;+ kz] Ln] xf8;u“ ldn/] z/L/nfO{ rfn kb| fg u5{ .

-u_ df+;k]zLn] Zjf;k|Zjf;, /St;~rf/ tyf kfrg k|0ffnLsf ljleGg k|lj|mofx¿df
;xofu] k'¥ofp“5 .

d'v -mouth_

s07 -pharynx_

snh] f] -liver_ 8o\ 8' ]gd -duodenum_
lkQ y}nL -gall bladder_ k6] -stomach_

dnf;o -rectum_ ;fgf] cfGbf| -small intestine_
6 7n' f] cfGb|f -large intestine_

dn åf/ -anus_
:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

df+;kz] Ln] ;ªj\ m| d0f jf df;+ k]zL ljrng h:tf] cj:yfdf cfjZos sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g / o:tf]
cj:yfdf ckfª\utf xg' ;S5 .

kfrg k0| ffnL (Digestive System)

xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf z/L/leq kfrg k|ljm| ofåf/f dl;gf] agfpg] / ;f:] g] sfd xG' 5 . To;kl5
ar]sf cgfjZos ljsf/x¿ dnsf ¿kdf dnåf/ (Anus) af6 aflx/ cfpg] ub5{ . oL
;Dk"0f{ k|ljm| ofnfO{ kfrg k0| ffnL elgG5 .

kfrg k0| ffnLnfO{ /fd/| L a'‰gsf nflu o;df efu lng] cªu\ x¿ / ltgsf sfd a'‰g' cfjZos
5 . To;n} ] tn kfrg k|0ffnLdf efu lng] cªu\ x¿sf] agfj6 / sfo{af/] 5f6] s/Ldf aofg
ul/Psf] 5 .

!= dv' (Mouth)

d'v kfrg k0| ffnLdf efu lng] klxnf] cª\u xf] . xfdLn] vfgf d'vdf /fVgf;fy bft“ n] 6'jm| f
kfg{] tyf rkfpg], lhe|fn] ] cfN] 6fOkN6fO rnfpg,] ¥ofn uG| yLaf6 lgSng] ¥ofnn] /l;nf] /
lrKnf] agfP/ lgNgnfO{ ;lhnf] agfOlbG5 .

@= s07 (Pharynx)

s07 d'v / gfssf] k5fl8 cjl:yt x'G5 . of] cln lqsf0] f cfsf/sf] xG' 5 . vfgfnfO{
lgNg] jm| ddf xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf s07 eP/ ef]hg gnLdf hfG5 . s07sf] agfj6df sg' }
ljrng ePsf] cj:yfdf :ki6 al' emg] :j/ cfpb“ g} . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ :j/ ;DaGwL ckfªu\ tf
elgG5 . hGdhft ¿kdf cf7] ÷tfn' kmf6L ;dodf pkrf/ gx“'bf klg o:tf] ckfªu\ tf
x'G5 . t;y{ o:tf] ePdf ;dod} pkrf/ u/fpgk' 5{ .

#= efh] g÷cfxf/ gnL (Oesophagus)

ef]hg gnLn] s07 / cfdfzonfO{ hf8] s] f] x'G5 . of] df+;k]zLn] ag]sf] x'G5 . of] lrKnf]
ePsf sf/0f vfgf lgNbf ;lhn} gnL eO{ cfdfzodf kU' 5 .

$= cfdfzo (Stomach)

cfdfzo df;+ kz] Ln] ag]sf] cªu\ xf] . of] dflyaf6 vfgf gnL;“u / tnaf6 ;fgf] cfGbf| ;u“
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . xfdLn] lgn/] k7fPsf] vfgf oxL“ eG8f/0f xG' 5 . cfdfzosf] leQfdf kfrg
/; lgsfNg] yk' }| uG| yLx¿ xG' 5g\ . logLx¿n] lgsfns] f] kfrg /;n] vfgfnfO{ krfpg dbt
u5{ . cfdfzosf] df+;k]zLn] vfgfnfO{ d5' \g] sfddf ;xof]u u5{ .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 7

%= ;fgf] cfGbf| (Small Intestine)

;fgf] cfGb|f cfdfzob]lv 7'nf] cfGb|f;Dd uPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] nDafO sl/a %—!)
ld6/;Ddsf] xG' 5 . ;fgf] cfGb|fsf] ;?' sf] efunfO{ 8o\ '8]gd elgG5 . oxf“ snh] f]af6 cfPsf]
lkTt /; / KoflGjm| ofhaf6 pTkfbg xg' ] KoflGjm| ofl6s /; cfP/ vfgfnfO{ krfpg ;xofu] u5{ .

;fgf] cfGb|fsf larsf] efunfO{ hh] 'gd / clGtd efunfO{ Olnod elgG5 . ;fgf] cfGbf| sf]
leTtfdf e'jf h:tf c;ª\Vo dfqfdf ;;fgf cª\ux¿ x'G5g\, h;nfO{ lenfO{ (Villi)
elgG5 . of] efunfO{ 7n' f] agfP/ xb] f{ cf“n} f h:tf] cfsf/ b]lvG5 . lenfO{df /St;~rf/ x'g]
ePsfn] xfdLn] vfg] vfBkbfy{sf] kf}li6s tŒj o;}dfk{mt ;f]l;P/ /St;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6
z/L/sf ljleGg efudf kU' 5 .

^= 7n' f] cfGbf| (Large Intestine)

7n' f] cfGbf| ;fgf] cfGbf| b]lv dnåf/;Dd uPsf] xG' 5 . o;sf] nDafO sl/a !=% ld6/;Ddsf]
xG' 5 . ;fgf] cfGbf| ;u“ hfl] 8Psf] efunfO{ P;l] G8ª sfn] g elgG5 . of] dflylt/ uPsf]
bl] vG5 . To:t} larsf] efunfO{ 6f« G;e;{ sf]ng elgG5, h;nfO{ lrqdf x¥] of}“ eg] t];f{] uPsf]
bl] vG5 . clGtd efunfO{ l8;l] G8ª sfn] g elgG5, hg' tnlt/ uPsf] bl] vG5 . of] dnfzo eP/
dnåf/;Dd km} lnPsf] xG' 5 . o;n] vfg]s/' fsf] kfrg gu/L ;fgf] cfGb|fn] ;f:] g,] af“sL /xs] f

Un'sf]h, kfgL, nj0fx¿ ;f]:g] / cgfjZos ePsf s/' fx¿ k\mofSg dbt u5{ .

kfrg k|ljm| of (Digestive Process)

d'vdf /fv]sf] vfgfnfO{ bf“tn] 6'j|m\ofpg] / dl;gf] agfpg] sfd u5{ . ¥ofnn] xfdLn] rkfPsf]

vfgfnfO{ /l;nf] / /:;fbf/ agfO lbG5 . s07 gfs -nose_
lhaf| n] ] cfN] 6fOkN6fO rnfpgs' f ;fy} 3N' g] -phonenx_ :j/ oGq -larynx_
sfd u5{ . vfgf rkfP/ /l;nf] / g/d
ag]kl5 xfdL To;nfO{ lgN5f“} . lgns] f] jfo' yn} L -alveoli_ Zjf; gnL -trachea_
vfgf s07, vfgf gnL eO{ cfdfzodf
k'U5 . cfdfzodf Uofl:6«s /;n] kmf]S;f] -longs_
vfgfnfO{ yk lrKnf] agfOlbG5 / To;df
ePsf xflgsf/s ;"Id hLjf0fn' fO{ ;dt]
gi6 ul/lbG5 . To;kl5 ;fgf] cfGbf| sf]
8o\ 8' g] ddf vfgf hfG5 / Toxf“ lkQ tyf
KoflGjm| ofl6s /;n] vfgfnfO{ /f;folgs
¿kdf dl;gf] agfpg] sfd u5{ .

8 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

8\o'8g] daf6 vfgf hh] 'gddf hfG5 / Toxf“ klg ljleGg kfrg /;x¿ lg:sG5 . vfgfnfO{
c´} dl;gf] / g/d agfOlbG5 . To;kl5 ;fgf] cfGbf| sf] Olnoddf ePsf lenfOn] kf]ifs tŒj
zfi] f0f u5{ . lenfO{df /Stsl] zsf ePsf sf/0f tL zfi] f0f ul/Psf kf}li6s tŒj z/L/sf
ljleGg sfi] fx¿df k¥' ofOlbG5 . zfi] f0f u//] afs“ L /xs] f 5fj] m| f 7'nf] cfGb|fdf hfG5 / kfgLsf]
zf]if0f x'G5 . Toxf“ ;I" d hLjf0fn' ] gkrs] f vfgfnfO{ c´} 6'jm\| ofpg] / sx' fpg] u5{ . cGTodf
tL gkrs] f / zfi] f0f u/L af“sL /xs] f efu lb;fsf ¿kdf aflx/ lg:sG5 .

Zjf;k|Zjf; k0| ffnL (Respiratory System)

Zjf;kZ| jf; k|0ffnLdf ;f; km]g]{ / xfjfnfO{ ;f6km]/ ug]{ cª\u tyf ;+/rgfx¿ kb{5g \ .
kmf]S;fleq /ut / jftfj/0flar Uof;sf] ;f6f;f6 ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ afx\o Zjf;k|Zjf;
(External respiration) / tGt' tyf /utlardf Uof; ;f6f;f6 ug{] kl| jm| ofnfO{ cfGtl/s Zjf;kZ| jf;
(Internal respiration) elgG5 . Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnL /fd|/L a'‰gsf nflu o;df
efu lng] cª\ux¿sf] hfgsf/L x'g' cfjZos 5 . tL cª\ux¿sf af/]df tn j0f{g
ul/Psf] 5 .

!= gfs (Nose)

gfsnfO{ Zjf;k|Zjf; k|0ffnLsf] aflx/L efusf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;sf] kd| v' sfd xfjfnfO{
kmfS] ;fl] eq k7fpg' / aflx/ kmfNg' xf] . gfsleqsf /fn}“ ] jftfj/0faf6 k;s] f bl" ift s0fx¿nfO{
/f]sL xfjfnfO{ 5fGg] sfo{ ub5{  . To;}u/L gfsn] leq kj| ]z ePsf] xfjfnfO{ tftf] / cfl] ;nf]
agfpg] sfo{ ub5{  .

@= s07 (Pharynx)

gfs / 3f6“ L;“u s07 hfl] 8Psf] xG' 5 . s07n] Zjf;kZ| jf; / kfrggnLsf ¿kdf sfo{
ub{5 . s07 af]nLsf nflu klg dxŒjk0" f{ 5 . o;n] xfjfnfO{ cem Gofgf] / cfl] ;nf] kf/L
Zjf; gnLdf k7fpg dbt u5 { .

#= :j/oGq (Larynx)

:j/oGq lhaf| s] f] clGtd efubl] v Zjf; gnLsf] ;?' sf] efu;Dd kml} nPsf] xG' 5 . o;sf] dflyNnf]
efu cln 7n' f] xG' 5 . lkw“ ufn] f] / cln ;fgf] xG' 5 h'g Zjf; gnLdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . o;n]
gfs, d'v tyf s07 x'b“ } k|j]z ePsf] xfjfnfO{ cem Gofgf] / cfl] ;nf] agfO{ Zjf; gnLleq
k7fpg] tyf Zjf; gnLaf6 cfPsf] xfjf aflx/ km\of“Sg] dfu{sf ¿kdf sfd ub{5 . o;n]
Wjlg pTkGg ug{ klg dbt ub5{ .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 9

$= Zjf;gnL (Trachea or Wind Pipe)

Zjf; gnL s'/s/' ] xf8sf rSsfx¿ cfk;df ldnL 9ª' \uf| ] h:tf] ags] f] df;+ k]zLo gnL xf] .
o;n] Zjf;kZ| jf;sf j|mddf xfjfnfO{ leq / aflx/ k7fpg] dfus{ f ¿kdf sfd ub{5 .

%= pkZjf;gnLx¿ (Bronchi)

Zjf;gnL tn uP/ bfof“ / afof“ bO' c{ f]6f efudf 5'l6\6G5, h;nfO{ pkZjf; gnL elgG5 .
pkZjf; gnLsf] agfj6 Zjf; gnL;“u w/] } dfqfdf ldN5 . bfof“ pkZjf; gnL afof“eGbf
clnslt nfdf] xG' 5 . oL pkZjf; gnLx¿ kmf]S;f]df hf]8L w]/} Zjf; gnLx¿df ljefhg
x'G5 . pkZjf; gnLn] Zjf; gnLaf6 cfPsf] xfjf Zjf; gnLx¿df k7fpg] / kmfS] ;f]af6
k7fPsf] xfjf Zjf;gnLdf k7fpg] dfus{ f ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 .

^= dl;gf Zjf; gnLx¿ (Bronchioles)

Zjf;gnL cem} dl;gf xfu“ fdf ljefhg x'“b} cGtdf xfjfsf y}nL (Alveoli) df hf]8g\ ] gnLsf]
¿kdf kl/0ft x'G5, h;nfO{ dl;gf Zjf;gnLx¿ elgG5 . xfjfsf y}nLdf clS;hg
/ sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 ;f6f;f6 ug]{ dl;gf dfu{x¿ x'G5g\ . ;fy} logLx¿df /Sts]
lzsfx¿sf] ;~hfn klg km}lnPsf] x'G5 . o;df /St gnLaf6 cfPsf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{
Zjf;gnLx¿lt/ k7fpg] / aflx/af6 Zjf;gnLx¿df kj| z] ePsf clS;hgoS' t xfjfnfO{ /
St gnLdf ldnfpg] kl| j|mof x'G5 .

&= kmfS] ;f] (Lung)

kmfS] ;f] 5ftLsf s/ªx\ ¿sf] leqk6\l6 /x]sf] g/d cªu\ xf,] bfof“ kmfS] ;f] dflyNnf,] larsf] /
tNnf] u/L ltg v08df ljefhg ePsf] xG' 5 . To;u} /L afof“ kmf]S;f] dflyNnf] / tNnf] u/L
bO' { v08df ljefhg ePsf] x'G5 . kmf]S;f]leq Zjf; gnLx¿, xfjfsf yn} L, wdgL, lz/f /
/Sts]lzsfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;leq ;fgf jfos' f y}nLx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . Zjf;kZ| jf;
lj|mofx“b' f log} yn} Lx¿df xfjfsf] cfbfg kb| fg xG' 5 .

Zjf; kZ| jf; k|lj|mof (Respiratory Process)

Zjf; lnb“ f kmfS] ;f] v'lDrG5 h;n] ubf{ 5ftLsf] cfotg 7n' f] x'G5 . o;nfO{ Zjf; lng'
elgG5 . 5ftLsf df;+ kz] Lx¿ tyf 8fokm| fd klxn]s} cj:yfdf kmlsb{ f 5ftL ;fgf] x'G5 /
kmfS] ;fs] f] xfjf aflx/ lg:sG5 h;nfO{ ;f; kmfNg' elgG5 . Pp6f jo:s JolSt cf/fd

10 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

ul//xs] f] cj:yfdf ;fdfGotof kl| tldg6] !*–@) k6s Zjf;kZ| jf; x'G5 . Hj/f] cfpb“ f,
s;/t ubf{ tyf ;j+ ]ufTds pQ]hgf xb'“ f Zjf; k|Zjf;sf] b/ a95\  .

jfo'd08nsf] clS;hg gfs, Zjf;gnL / pkZjf; gnL xb'“ } kmfS] ;fs] f jfo' y}nLx¿df k'U5 .
oL jfo' y}nLx¿df /Sts]lzsfx¿ hfnL h:t} kml} nPsf xG' 5g\ . jfo' y}nLdf hDdf ePsf]
clS;hg ;f] /Stsl] zsfx¿df hfG5 . tL /Stsl] zsfx¿df clS;hg / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf]
;f6f;f6 xG' 5 . ;f6f;f6kl5 clS;hgo'St /ut d'6'df hfG5 . d6' 'n] pSt clS;hgoS' t
/ut ljleGg /St gnLx¿sf] dfWodaf6 z/L/sf ;a} sf]ifx¿df ;~rf/ u5{ . To;kl5
sfi] fdf clS;8];g (Oxidation) eP/ zlSt, kfgL / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 lg:sG5 . pSt
sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 /Sts]lzsfdf hfG5 . sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8oS' t /ut lz/fx¿ eP/ d'6'df
hfG5 . d6' n' ] kmf]S;f]sf] jfo' y}nLdf 3]l/Psf] /Sts]lzsfx¿df k7fp5“  / Toxf“ xfjfsf]
;f6f;f6 xG' 5 . To;kl5 pSt sfa{g8fOcS;fO8oS' t xfjf dl;gf Zjf; gnL, pkZjf;gnL
tyf Zjf; gnL x“b' } gfs Pjd\ dv' af6 aflx/ lg:sG5 . o;/L dfgj z/L/n] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
clS;hg lng] / z/L/af6 pTkfbg ePsf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 km\ ofS“ g] sfo{ ul//x]sf] xG' 5 .

dq" k|0ffnL (Urinary System)

z/L/leq /x]sf ljleGg t/n tyf 3'Ng] lduf}{nf
kbfys{ f ¿kdf /xs] f sfd gnfUg] j:tx' ¿nfO{ -kidney_
lk;fasf ¿kdf z/L/af6 aflx/ k\mof“Sg]
k0| ffnLnfO{ d"q k0| ffnL elgG5 .

dq" k0| ffnLsf cª\ux¿

d"q k|0ffnLcGtu{t sfd ug]{ cª\ux¿ o; dq" afxs gnL -ureter_
k|sf/sf 5g\ M

!= lduf}{nfx¿ (Kidneys)— bO' { cf6] f dq" y}nL -urinary
@= dq" jfxs gnLx¿ (Ureters)— bO' { cf]6f bladder_
#= dq" y}nL (Urinary Bladder)— Pscf6] f
d"qåf/ -urethra_

$= dq" åf/ gnL (Urethra)— Pscf]6f

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 11

!= lduf{n} fx¿ (Kidneys)

ldufn}{ fx¿ sDd/ glhs} d?] b08sf] bfof“ / afof“k6l\ 6 l;dL cfsf/sf uf9f /ftf] /ªsf
xG' 5g\ . lduf{n} fnfO{ aflx/af6 Pp6f SofK;'nn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . olb ldufn{} fnfO{ sf6]/ x/] ]df
o;df bO' { efux¿ b]lvG5 . tLdWo] aflx/L efu uf9f v}/f] (Dark Grey) /ªsf] x'G5 h;nfO{
s6]S{ ; (Cortex) elgG5 . lduf{}nfsf] leqL efunfO{ d]8'nf (Medulla) elgG5 hg' a}hgL
/ªsf] xG' 5 . lduf{}nfsf] ;ae} Gbf aflx/sf] uf9f v/} f] efu s6{]S; (Cortex) df c;ªV\ o
dl;gf dl;gf rfNgL h:tf gnLx¿ x'G5g\, h;nfO{ g]km| f]g (Nephrone) elgG5 . logLx¿df
/ut 5flgP/ lk;fa aG5 .

gk] m| fg] df sk cfsf/sf] afpdG] ; SofK;n' (Bowman's Capsule) / snl] S6ª gnL (Collecting
Tubule) x'G5 . z/L/sf nflu cgfjZos tŒjx¿, h:t} M nj0f, o'l/of tyf cGo afs“ L
/x]sf ljsf/oS' t j:t'xx¿ 5fg/] lk;fasf ¿kdf dq" jfxs gnL xb'“ } d"qfzodf hDdf xg'
cfp“5 .

@= d"qjfxs gnLx¿ (Ureters)

d"qjfxs gnLx¿ lduf{}nfaf6 lg:s/] d"q yn} Ldf v'n]sf x'G5g\ . ldufn{} faf6 5flgPsf] lk;fa
o;}sf] af6f] eO{ d"qfzodf cfp“5 .

#= dq" y}nL (Urinary Bladder)

dq" yn} L nrsbf/ df;+ kz] Ln] ags] f] y}nL xf ] . o;df d"qafxs gnLaf6 cfPsf] lk;fa hDdf
x'G5 . d"q yn} Ldf #)) bl] v $)) ldlnln6/ lk;fa hDdf xg' uPdf JolStnfO{ lk;fa
km]g{ dg nfU5 / p;n] lk;fa km5] { . dq" y}nLn] sl/a %))—&)) ldlnln6/ lk;fa hDdf
u//] /fVg ;S5 .

$= dq" åf/ gnL (Urethra)

k?' ifdf d"qåf/ gnLn] dq" k|0ffnLsf ;fy;fy} k|hgg k0| ffnL;“u ;DalGwt eP/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
u5 { . of] gnLsf] dfWodaf6 lk;fa / ljo{ b'j} aflx/ lg:sG5 t/ dlxnfdf eg] d"q åf/ gnL
/ ofg] L dfu{ km/s km/s x'G5 .

d"qTofu k|lj|mof (Mechanism of Micturition)

lduf{}nfn] 5fgs] f] lk;fa d"q afxs gnL xb“' } d"q y}nLdf hDdf x'G5 . d"q y}nL lk;fa ;~ro
ug{] cªu\ sf ¿kdf /xs] f] x'G5 . ha dq" y}nLdf #)) bl] v $)) ldlnln6/ lk;fa hDdf x'g

12 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

kU' 5 ta JolStnfO{ lk;fa km]g{ dg nfU5 . h'g sfo{ :jrflnt :gfo' k|0ffnL (Autonomic
Nervous System) sf] dbtaf6 k/' f xG' 5 . o;nfO{ d"qTofu kl| j|mof elgG5 .

;f/fz+

-s_ cl:yk~h/ k0| ffnLn] z/L/nfO{ 9fr“ f / rfn k|bfg u5{ . ljleGg k|sf/sf xf8x¿ ldn]/
dfgj z/L/ ags] f] x'G5 .

-v_ df;+ kz] L k0| ffnLn] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ rfn k|bfg ugs{' f ;fy} z/L/df xg' ] sfo{x¿, h:t} M
Zjf;kZ| jf;, kfrg, /St;~rf/ cflbdf klg ;xofu] ub5{ .

-u_ kfrg k0| ffnLcGtu{t xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf ljleGg kl| jm| ofaf6 kfrg eO{ kfl} i6s tŒj
zf]if0f u/L af“sL lb;fsf ¿kdf Tofu ug]{;Ddsf ljm| ofx¿ cfp5“ g\ .

-3_ Zjf;k|Zjf; k0| ffnLdf jfo'd08naf6 lnPsf] clS;hg kmfS] ;fd] f uO{ /Sts]lzsfdfkm{t
d'6d' f ku' L /ut;u“ } z/L/sf sf]ifx¿df k'Ug] / sfi] fx¿df ePsf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{
kg' M d'6'df ;~ro u/L kmf]S;f]df k¥' ofpg] Pjd\ Zjf; k|lj|mofåf/f jfod' 08ndf kmfNg]
k|lj|mofaf/] cWoog ul/G5 .

-ª_ d"q k0| ffnLcGtu{t ldufn{} fdf d"q tof/ eO{ d"qfzodf hDdf x'g] / lk;fasf ¿kdf aflx/
kmfNg];Ddsf k|lj|mof cfp5“ .

cEof;

-s_ vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb e/ M

!= kmf]S;f], Zjf; gnL, pkZjf; gnL cflb =============k0| ffnLsf cªu\ x¿ x'g\ .
@= dq" y}nLn] ================hDdf ug]{ sfo{ u5{ .
#= ;fgf] cfGbf| df ePsf ej' f h:tf ;;fgf cªu\ x¿nfO{ ===========elgG5 .
$= cfk\mgf] OR5fcg;' f/ rnfpg g;lsg] df;+ kz] LnfO{ ============elgG5 .
%= lduf{}nfdf lk;fa 5fGg] sk cfsf/sf] ==============xG' 5 .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 13

-v_ tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

!= xf8 slt ks| f/sf 5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro b]pm .

@= xf8sf sfdx¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .

#= :jfwLg df+;k]zL egs] f] s] xf] < of] sxf“ sxf“ kfOG5 <

$= OR5fwLg df+;k]zLn] s;/L sfd u5{ <

%= kfrg k0| ffnL egs] f] s] xf] <

&= cfdfzodf s;/L kfrg xG' 5 <

*= 8\o8' g] ddf sxf“ sxfa“ f6 sg' sg' kfrg /; lg:sG5 <

(= ;fgf] cfGb|fdf kfl} i6s tŒjsf] zf]if0f s;/L xG' 5 <

!)= Zjf;kZ| jf; k|ljm| of s;/L xG' 5 < 5f6] s/Ldf n]v .

!!= d"q k0| ffnL egs] f] s] xf] < o;df efu lng] cª\ux¿sf] gfd nv] .

!@= 5f]6s/Ldf nv] M

-s_ s07 -v_ jfo' yn} L -u_ d"qafxs gnLx¿

14 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

JolStut :jf:Yo @kf7

(Personal Health)

pRrtd :jf:Yo kf| Kt ug{ JolStsf] cfk\mg} k|of; / lj|mofsnfkdf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s /
;fdflhs ¿kdf k"0f{tf k|fKt ugn{' fO{ JolStut :jf:Yo elgG5 . JolStut :jf:Yo /fd|f]
agfpgsf nflu xfdLn] :j:y /xg] afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . To;}n] c;n :jf:Yosf lglDt
JolStut ;/;kmfOsf] vfr“ f] kb{5 . z/L/sf afxo\ tyf leqL cªu\ x¿sf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO
ugf{n] xfdL lg/fu] L xG' 5f“} . JolStut :jf:YocGtu{t xftdv' w'g,] gx' fpg], gfs, sfg, cf“vf,
5fnfsf] ;/;kmfO, bf“t df‰g,] lb;f lk;fa lgoldt ug]{, wd" kfg, dBkfg tyf nfu' kbfys{ f
;fy} cGo xflgsf/s lrhsf] ;j] g gug]{ cflb kb{5g\ .

!= z/L/sf] x/] rfx

z/L/sf] x/] rfx eGgfn] cfkm\ gf] z/L/sf] Vofn ug]{ eGg] al' emG5 . pd/] cg;' f/ z/L/df cfpg]
kl/jtg{ , b3' {6gf xb“' f ckgfpg'kg{] ;fjwfgLx¿, b}lgs hLjgdf ckgfOg] sfo{z}nL cflbdf
z/L/sf] x]/rfx cTofjZos xG' 5 . z/L/sf] x]/rfx /fd|/L ugfn{ ] z/L/sf k|0ffnLn] ugk'{ g{]
sfox{ ¿ l7s l7s tl/sfn] ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ / xfdLnfO{ /fu] nfUbg} .

z/L/ :j:y /fVg'kg{] sf/0fx¿ 15

-s_ nfdf] :j:y hLjg hLpg
-v_ km' ltn{ f] aGg
-u_ ;v' L hLjg ljtfpg
-3_ /fu] x¿sf] /f]syfd ug{

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

z/L/ :j:y /fVg] pkfox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

-s_ JolStut ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .
-v_ kf}li6s cfxf/, h:t} M cGg, u]8fu'8L, df5f, df;', bw' , cG8f, ;fukft / kmnk"mn

lgoldt ¿kn] ;]jg ug{k' 5{ .
-u_ kofK{ t dfqfdf s;/t ug'{ of vn] s'b v]Ngk' 5{ .
-3_ ;dod} jf hGd]sf] Ps jifl{ eq} vfk] sf] k"/f dfqf lng'k5{ .
-ª_ w"dkfg, dlb/fkfg / nfu' cf}ifwsf] b'Jo;{ gL h:tf Jojxf/af6 6f9f /xg'k5{ .

@= cf“vf, sfg / gfssf] x/] rfx tyf ;/;kmfO

JolStut :jf:Yosf nflu cf“vf, sfg / gfssf] x/] rfx tyf ;/;kmfO ug{' cToGt h?/L
x'G5 . xfdLn] lbgx“' bf“t df‰g,] dv' w'gs' f ;fy} cf“vf, sfg / gfssf] x]/rfx tyf ;/;kmfOdf
klg Wofg lbg'k5{ . o; kf7df z/L/sf tL cª\ux¿sf] x]/rfx / ;/;kmfO ug{ tl/sfaf/]
l;Sg] 5f}“ .

cfv“ fsf] x/] rfx

-s_ ltvf] j:t' rnfp“bf jf v]Nbf cToGt xfl] ;of/L ckgfpg'k5{ . ;s];Dd o:tf j:t'
rnfpg' x'“bg} .

-v_ wn' f] / w'jf“af6 ;s;] Dd 6f9f /xgk' 5{ .
-u_ tl] hnf] k|sfzaf6 aRgk' 5{ .
-3_ k':ts k9b\ f ;lhnf] x'g] b'/Ldf /fv/] k9g\ 'k5{ .
-ª_ nfdf] ;do;Dd sDKo6' /sf] k|of]udf ;do latfpg' x“b' g} .
-r_ le6fldg ‘P’ kfOg] kx]“nf kmnkm' n tyf xl/of] ;fukft kofK{ t vfg] ug{k' 5{ .
-5_ cf“vfsf] ;ªj\ m| d0f ePdf t?' Gt lrlsT;ssf] ;xof]u lngk' 5{ .

cfv“ f ;kmf ug{] tl/sf

cf“vf ldRg] afgL ug'{ xb'“ }g . wn' f,] sl;ª\u/ jf ls/f lgsfNgsf lgldQ ;kmf ?dfn
k|of]u u/]/ lgsfNg nufpgk' 5{ . k|Tos] laxfg / an] 'sL lgoldt ¿kdf ;kmf kfgLn] cfv“ f
wg' 'k5{ . Tolt ubf{ klg geP la6 ePsf] yfndf kfgL xfn/] cfv“ f kfgLdf 8a' fO{ vf]Ng] /
aGb ug]{ ugf{n] w'nf] kvflnG5 .

16 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

gfssf] x]/rfx

-s_ gfsleq s'g} j:t' /fVg,] 3f]Rg] jf sf6] o\ fpg] afgLnfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg'k{ 5{ .
-v_ wn' f] / wj' f“af6 aRg gfsaGbL (Mask) sf] k|of]u ugk'{ 5{ .
-u_ hf8] n] l;“ l;“ u/L l;“ufg lgsfNg] ug'{ xb“' g} .
-3_ gfsleqsf /f}“ x6fpg' x'“bg} .

-ª_ gfssf] ;ªj\ m| d0f ePdf glhssf] :jf:Yo ;:+ yfdf uO{ t?' Gt lrlsT;ssf] ;xofu] /
;Nnfx lng'k5{ .

gfs ;kmf ug{] tl/sf

gfsdf l;“ufg hDg lbg' xb'“ g} . l;u“ fg k'5\g ;kmf ?dfn k|of]u ug{'k5{ . gfsleqsf wn' f]
tyf sl;ªu\ / x6fpg dv' wg' ] a]nfdf jf cfjZos k/s] f an] fdf gfssf] s'g} Pp6f Kjfn
aGb u/L xNsf l;“ ug'k{ 5{ .

sfgsf] x/] rfx

-s_ s8f Wjlg jf cfjfhaf6 6f9f /xgk' 5{ .
-v_ sfgleq sg' } lrh k;fpg] tyf sfg]uh' L lgsfNg] sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg{'k5{ .
-u_ h'g kfof] ToxL j:tn' ] sfg sf]6\ofpg' xb'“ g} .
-3_ sfgdf tn] xfNg' x“b' }g . cf}ifwL xfNbf klg :jf:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfx lng'k5{ .
-ª_ x/xd;] f x]8kmfg] n] uLt ;'Gg] afgL sd ugk'{ 5{ .

-r_ sfg bv' d] f jf sfgsf] ;ªj\ m| d0f ePdf glhssf] :jf:Yo ;:+ yfdf uO{ t?' Gt lrlsT;ssf]
;xof]u lng'k5{ .

sfg ;kmf ug{] tl/sf

sfg sf6] o\ fpg] afgL ug{' x'“b}g . t/ gx' fPkl5 jf cfjZostfg';f/ afxo\ sfgdf dfq s6g
a8\ -?jf ePsf] l;Gsf_ 3;' fO{ xNsf tl/sfn] 3d' fP/ sfgsf] wn' f] tyf sl;ªu\ / lgsfNg
;lsG5 . gx' fPsf an] fdf d7' 7\ Ldf kfgL lnO{ sfgdf 5o\ fk/] klg sfgleqsf] ;fag' sf] lkmh“ ;kmf ug{
;lsG5 . kfgLn] 5o\ fKg] an] f sfgk6l\ 6 6fpsfnfO{ lgx/' fpg'k5{ .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 17

#= kf]if0f l:ylt

:j:y /xgsf nflu z/L/sf] prfOcg';f/sf] tfn} Joj:yfkg ug'k{ 5{ . ;fgf] pd/] df pd]/
cg;' f/ z/L/sf] prfO / tf}n x'g' cfjZos 5 eg] pd]/ a9\b} uPkl5 z/L/sf] prfOcg';f/
tf}n xg' ' cfjZos 5 . t;y{ tfn} lng' dflg;sf] kf]if0f l:ylt yfxf kfpg] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{
pkfo xf] . z/L/sf] prfOcg';f/ sd of a9L tfn} x'gn' fO{ kf]if0f l:ylt /fdf| ] dflgb“ g} .
kfi] f0f l:ylt sfod /fVg ;Gtl' nt efh] g vfgs' f ;fy} lgoldt Jofofd jf vn] sb' df nfUgk' 5{ .

$= zf/Ll/s cj:yf

:j:y z/L/sf nflu xfdLn] xfdf| ] zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] klg Vofn ugk{' 5{ . xfdLn] xfdf| ]
z/L/nfO{ a:bf, p7\bf, lx8“ b\ f / ple“bf l7s 9f“rfdf /fVg ;Sgk' 5{ . z/L/sf] l:yltdf Wofg
lbg ;sg] f“} eg] zf/Ll/s cª\ux¿ gldNg] tyf z/L/ s'?k xg' ] h:tf ;d:of bv] f kg{ ;S5 .

%= dfgl;s cj:yf

zf/Ll/s j[l4;“u} dfgl;s cj:yfdf klg kl/jtg{ cfp“5 . lszf/] fj:yfdf kj| z] u/]kl5
zf/Ll/s jl[ 4 l56f] l56f] x'g] xg' fn] w]/} lszf]/ lszf/] Lsf nflu cgf}7f] klg nfUg ;S5 .
t/ cfkmg\ f] z/L/df cfPsf kl/jtg{ nfO{ ;xh / ;fdfGo egL dgg ug{'k5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

lzIfssf] ;xofu] af6 cfk\mgf] sIffsf k|Tos] ljBfyL{sf] tf}n / prfO kQf nufpm / gfd,
7u] fgf, pd/] tyf tfn} /fvL tflnsf tof/ u/ .

;f/fz+

z/L/ :j:y /fVg JolStut :jf:Yodf Wofg k¥' ofpgk' 5{ . o;cGtut{ z/L/sf] x/] rfx ug{,]
;/;kmfO ug{] tyf :j:y hLjgzn} L ckgfpg] h:tf sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ .

18 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

cEof;

-s_ ;xL jfSodf l7s lrxg\ nufpm M

!= :jf:Yosf nflu JolStut ;/;kmfO cTofjZos xf] .
@= JolStut :jf:Yo 3/df cfjZos kb}{g .
#= vn] s'b / zf/Ll/s Jofofdn] xfdLnfO{ tGb'?:tL /fVg dbb\ t u5{ .
$= crfgs tfn} a9g\ ' :Jff:Yosf nflu Psbd} /fd|f] xf] .
%= cfv“ f :j:y /fVg t]lhnf] k|sfzdf xg] '{k5{ .

-v_ tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M

!= z/L/sf] x/] rfx egs] f] s] xf] <
@= gfssf] x]/rfx ug]{ s'g} tLg tl/sfx¿ pNn]v u/ .
#= z/L/sf] l7s 9fr“ f /fVg sg' s/' fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ <
$= sfgsf] x]/rfx ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ sg' } ltg s/' fx¿ n]v .
%= xfdLn] xfd|f] z/L/ lsg :j:y /fVgk' 5{ < sf/0f bp] m .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 19

kf]if0f #kf7

(Nutrition)

vfg]s'/f ljleGg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ z/L/sf] cfsf/ / cfkm" n] ug]{ sfdsf]
ks| [lt / cj:yfcg;' f/ slt vfgf lng] eGg] s'/f lge/{ x'G5 . z/L/nfO{ rflxg]eGbf a9L jf
clt sd kf}li6s cfxf/ z/L/sf nflu xflgsf/s xG' 5 . ljz]if u/L cfdf tyf lzzn' ] plrt
dfqfdf kfi] f0foS' t vfgf vfg gkfp“bf klg bl[ i6ljxLg, zf/Ll/s ckfªu\ tf, afl} 4s ckfª\
utf cflb aGg ;S5g\ . To;n} ] xfdLn] cfjZostfcg;' f/ dfq vfgs] '/f vfg] ug'{k5{ . vfg]
s/' f ;j] g ubf{ kfl} i6s tTTjsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ ldnfP/ ;Gtl' nt ef]hg ugk{' 5{ . vfgs] /' fdf
sfaf]{xfO8]6« , kf| ]l6g, lrNnf] kbfy,{ le6fldg, vlgh, kfgL cflbsf] ld>0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
o;nfO{ g} ;Gtl' nt efh] g elgG5 .

kfl} i6s tŒj (Nutrients)

vfgfdf ePsf ljleGg /f;folgs kbfy{nfO{ kf}li6s tŒj elgG5 . vfg]s'/fdf kfOg]
sfaf]x{ fO8]6« , kf| l] 6g, le6fldg, lrNnf] kbfy{, vlgh, kfgL h:tf kfl} i6s tTTjn] xfdf| ] z/L/df
cfjZos sfdsf nflu zlSt kb| fg ug,]{ z/L/ jl[ 4 / ljsf; ug{] tyf z/L/ /Iff ug{] sfd u5{ .
;fwf/0ftof vfgs] /' fsf] ;f| t] cGtut{ rfdn, ux,“' ds,} kmfk/, hf} cflb kb5{ g\ . u8] fu8' LcGtut{
rgf, af8] L, s/] fp cflb kb5{ g\ . ljleGg lsl;dsf bfnx¿ tyf kmnkm" ncGtut{ :ofp, ;G' tnf,
s/] f, cDaf, cfk“ , df];d cflb kb{5g\ . df5f, df;,' bw' cGtu{t ljleGg ks| f/sf df5f, r/f,
/f“uf,] v;L, sv' '/fsf] df;' / lrh, akmL{, 5'kL{ cflb kb5{ g\ . o:tf ljleGg vfgs] /' fnfO{ zlSt
lbg,] z/L/ j[l4 ug{] / z/L/ /Iff ug]{ u/L tLg efudf juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

zlSt lbg] vfgs] /' f z/L/ j[l4 tyf ljsf; ug]{ vfg]s'/f z/L/ /Iff ug{] vfgs] '/f

cfn ' bfn cf“k
sfutL
ux'“ cG8f ufh/
Kofh
rfdn df5f xl/of ;fu;AhL
:ofp
tn] b'w

kfp/f6] L b'waf6 ags] f kl/sf/

ds} df; '

20 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

hf} e6df;÷u]8fu8' L ;G' tnf

lk“8fn' df};d

;Vv/ s]/f

d]jf

ljm| ofsnfk

-s_ lbOPsf] km8' lk/fld8nfO{ /fd/| L x/] f“} / cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] vfgfsf] dfqf ldnfP/ vfg
l;sf}“ .

-v_ tn lbOPsf vfgs] /' fx¿ x/] . ltdf| ] 3/df cfkmn" ] vfg] u/s] f dWo] sg' sg' 5g\ < sfkLdf
;f/ .

z/L/df zlSt lbg] vfgs] '/fx¿ 21

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

z/L/ j[l4 ug{] vfgs] /' fx¿

z/L/ /Iff ug{] vfgs] /' fx¿

dxŒj (Importance)

z/L/df kfl} i6s tŒj kf| Kt eof] eg] ;Dk0" f{ k0| ffnLn] cfcfkm\ gf] sfo{ lgoldt ¿kn] ug{ ;S5 .
o;afxs] kfl} i6s tŒjsf dxŒj o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
-s_ gof“ sfi] f / tGts' f] lgdf0{ f ug,{ k'/fgf sf]if / tGtx' ¿sf] dd{t ug{
-v_ zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L tyf sk' f]if0faf6 aRg
-u_ /fu] lj?4 n8g\ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug{
-3_ zf/Ll/s j[l4 / ljsf; lgoldt kfg{
-ª_ :j:y lrGtg dgg ug{
-r_ z/L/nfO{ ;~rfng ug{

22 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

kfl} i6s tŒjsf ;|f]t / sfo{x¿ (Sources & Functions of Nutrients)

!= sfaf]x{ fO8«]6\; (Carbohydrates)

z/L/nfO{ zlSt lbg] vfg]s'/fx¿ sfaf{]xfO8«]6 x'g\ . xfdLn] xfd|f] z/L/df zlSt
a9fpgsf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf rfdn, ux'“, sfb] f], kmfk/, hf}, ds}, cfn,' lk“8fn', lrgL cflb-
dWo] s'g} PsnfO{ g56' fO{ cfjZostfcg;' f/ vfg] ugk'{ 5{ . xfdf| ] bz] sf] efu} fl] ns l:yltcg;' f/
vfgs] /' fsf] ;|ft] ;a} 7fpd“ f Ps} k|sf/sf gxg' ;S5g\ . To;}n] cfkm\ gf] jl/kl/ ePsf :yfgLo
vfgs] '/fdWo] hg' df sfaf]{xfO86«] 5, To;n} fO{ klxrfg u/L vfg] ug'{k5{ .

sfaf{x] fO8«6] ;\ sf] dxŒj

-s_ sfaf{]xfO86«] \; z/L/df tfk / zlSt pTkfbgsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t dflgG5 .
-v_ o;n] snh] f]af6 ljiffn' j:t'x¿ x6fpg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u5{ .
-u_ o;n] z/L/sf df;+ kz] Lx¿df ;lj|motf Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ .

@= lrNnf] kbfy{ (Fats)

sfaf{]xfO8«]6n] eGbf lrNnf] kbfyn{ ] a9L zlSt lbG5 . To;n} ] xfd|f] vfgfdf s]xL dfqfdf lrNnf]
kbfy{ klg cfjZos x'G5 . t/ a9L lrNnfn] ] cgs] vfnsf /fu] x¿ lgDTofpg ;S5 . t;y{
z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg{] dfqfdf lrNnf] vfgk' 5{ . lrNnf] kbfys{ f] ;f| t] sf ¿kdf l3p,
gf}gL, lrh, e6df;, abfd, gl/jn, ;"o{dv' L t]n, tf/] Lsf] t]n, df5fsf] tn] cflbnfO{ lng
;lsG5 .

lrNnf] kbfys{ f] dxŒj

-s_ lrNnf] kbfy{n] le6fldg ‘P’, ‘8L’, ‘O’{ / ‘s’] sf] ;'/Iff ug'{sf ;fy} oL le6fldgnfO{
3'nfpg] sfod{ f ;xofu] ub5{ .

-v_ z/L/sf] tfkjm| d l:y/ agfpg dbt ub5{ .
-u_ sfd] n cªu\ x¿nfO{ 9fs]/ ;/' Iff lbg] sfd ub5{ .
-3_ 5fnfnfO{ :j:y / lrKnf] tyf rxlsnf] kfg{] sfd ub5{ .
-ª_ sfaf{x] fO8]6« / kf| ]l6gsf] cefjdf zlSt lbg] sfo{ u5{ .
-r_ ef]s hufpg] tyf vfgfsf] ?lr a9fpg] sfod{ f ;xofu] u5{ .
-5_ vfgfnfO{ :jflbi6 agfpgs' f ;fy} ;fukftdf ePsf le6fldgx¿nfO{ ;/+ If0f u5{ .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 23

#= kf| l] 6g (Protein)

z/L/sf] jl[ 4 / dd{t sfo{sf nflu kf| ]l6g rflxG5 . xfdf| ] z/L/df cgluGtL sf]ifx¿ laug| ,]
66' g\ ] / km'6\g] eO/xs] f x'G5g\ . tL ;an} fO{ agfpgsf nflu k|f]l6gsf] cToGt dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf
xG' 5 . To;n} ] xfdLn] kf| l] 6g xg' ] vfgs] /' fx¿, h:t} M bw' , cG8f, df5f, df;,' ds,} l;dL, bfn, rgf,
s/] fp, ;fukft cflbnfO{ klxrfg u/L vfg] ug'k{ 5{ . xfd|f] vfgfdf k|lt lbg sDtLdf klg
kf| l] 6goS' t sg' } Ps vfgf ;dfjz] xg' ' h?/L 5 . aRrfx¿sf nflu cfdfsf] b'w k|fl] 6g kf| Kt
ug{] d'Vo ;f| t] xf] .

kf| l] 6gsf] dxŒj

-s_ k|f]l6gn] z/L/ j[l4 / dd{t ug{ dbt u5{ .

-v_ s6] fs]6Lsf nflu kf| l] 6g clt cfjZos 5 .

-u_ o;n] pkfkrog (metabolism) df 6]jf k¥' ofp5“ .

$= le6fldg (Vitamin)

z/L/nfO{ ljleGg /fu] af6 arfpgsf nflu cToGt yf/] } dfqfdf le6fldgsf] h?/L xG' 5 . xfdLn]
vfg] w]/h} ;f] vfgs] '/fdf la/n} le6fldg kfOG5 . le6fldg ‘aL’ / ‘;L’ nfO{ kfgLdf 3N' g]
le6fldg elgG5 eg] ‘P’, ‘8L’, ‘O’{ / ‘s]’ nfO{ af;] fd] f 3'Ng] le6fldg elgG5 . oxf“ xfdL
kT| os] le6fldgsf] 5f]6s/Ldf ;|f]t / sfo{af/] cWoog ug]{ 5f}“ .

le6fldg ‘P’ (Vitamin A)

le6fldg ‘P’ sf ;|f]tcGtut{ cG8f, gfg} L, l3p, lrh, snh] f,] df5fsf] tn] , s]/f, cfk“ ,
kfss] f] km;L,{ ufh/, ;nud h:tf h/f ePsf ;fukftnufot xl/of ;fukftx¿ kb5{ g\ .

le6fldg ‘P’ sf] dxŒj

-s_ cf“vfsf] b[li6 tl] hnf] kfg{] sfod{ f dbt k'¥ofp5“ .
-v_ ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]ulj?4 n8g\ ;Sg] Ifdtf k|bfg u5{ .
-u_ 5fnfnfO{ :j:y t'Nofpg ;xofu] u5{ .
-3_ /tGwf]nufot cf“vf;DaGwL /f]uaf6 arfpg dbt u5{ .
-ª_ ^ dlxgfbl] v % jif;{ Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ^–^ dlxgfsf] km/sdf jif{sf] b'Ok{ 6s

le6fldg ‘P’ SofK;'n vj' fpg'k5{ . of] SofK;n' :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 lgMz'Ns vj' fOG5 .

24 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

le6fldg ‘8L’ (Vitamin D)

le6fldg ‘8L’ sf ;|ft] cGtut{ ;o" {sf] k|sfz, df5fsf] tn] , km' nsf] kx]“nf] efu, l3p, gf}gL,
lrh, b'w, kfp8/ b'w cflb kb5{ g\ .

le6fldg ‘8L’ sf] dxŒj

-s_ bf“t / xf8sf] j[l4 ljsf; tyf :j:y kfg{ ;xof]u u5{ .

-v_ xf8 / 5fnfnfO{ :j:y / alnof] kfg{ dbt u5{ .

-u_ cfdf / lzz'nfO{ x8\8L;DaGwL /f]uaf6 arfp“5 .

le6fldg ‘O’{ (Vitamin E)

le6fldg ‘O{’ sf ;|f]tcGtut{ tf/] L, e6df;, abfd, gl/jn, ;o" d{ v' L km" nsf] tn] , ds} / uxs“' f]
lk7f,] km' n, df5f, df;', bw' l3p, kmnk"mn, a|fs] fpnL, ;fu;AhL cflb kb{5g\ .

le6fldg ‘O’{ sf] dxŒj

-s_ 5fnf :j:y / rlDsnf] kfg{ ;xof]u ub5{ .

-v_ k'?ifdf of}g Ifdtf a9fpg] / dlxnfdf uew{ f/0f sfod{ f ;'wf/ ug{ dbt k¥' ofp5“ .

-u_ /ftf /Stsfi] fnfO{ gi6 x'gaf6 hf]ufp“5 .

le6fldg ‘s]’ (Vitamin K)

le6fldg ‘s’] sf ;|ft] df hgfj/sf sn]hf], df;,' df5f, cG8f, eft, ux'“, ds,} tfhf kmnk"mn,
ljleGg k|sf/sf xl/of ;fukft, b'w cflb kb5{ g\ .

le6fldg ‘s’] sf] dxŒj

-s_ le6fldg ‘s]’ n] /ut hdfpg dbt u5{ .

-v_ sn]hf]df xg' ] ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]u nfUgaf6 arfp5“ .

le6fldg ‘aL’ (Vitamin B)

le6fldg ‘aL’ cGtu{t aL1, aL2, aL6 / aL12 kg{] xg' fn] o;nfO{ le6fldg ‘aL’ sDKnS] ; klg
elgG5 . oxf“ xfdL ;dli6df le6fldg ‘aL’ sf ;|f]t / sfoa{ f/] rrf{ ug{] 5f}“ . le6fldg ‘aL’
sf ;f| ]tcGtut{ 36\6df s'6s] f] rfdn, abfd, sfh,' tfhf kmnkm" n, ljleGg k|sf/sf bfnx¿,
ufO{ / e“};Lsf] bw' , cG8f, df5f, df;,' sn]hf,] xl/of ;fukftx¿ cflb kb5{ g\ .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 25

le6fldg ‘aL’ sf] dxŒj

-s_ z/L/ xd];f :j:y / alnof] /fVg dbt u5{ .
-v_ xfd|f] afl} 4s ljsf;df ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .
-u_ ljleGg k|sf/sf /fu] af6 arfpg dbt u5{ .
-3_ ef]s hufpg ;xofu] u5{ .
-ª_ 5fnf / cf“vfnfO{ :j:y /fVg 6]jf k¥' ofp5“ .
-r_ cf]7, dv' / 5fnfsf] 3fpnfO{ lgsf] kfg{ dbt u5{ .
-5_ /StcNktf (Anemia) af6 arfp5“ .

le6fldg ‘;L’ (Vitamin C)

le6fldg ‘;L’ nfO{ P:slj{s Pl;8 (ascorbic asid) klg elgG5 . le6fldg ‘;L’ sf
;f| t] cGtu{t sfutL, ;G' tnf, cDaf, cªu\ /' , cfk“ , :ofp, cf? cflb h:tf cldnf kmnkm" n
kb5{ g\ . le6fldg ‘;L’ kfgLdf 3N' g] x“'bf le6fldg ‘;L’ b}lgs ¿kdf vfg'k5{ .

le6fldg ‘;L’ sf] dxŒj

-s_ le6fldg ‘;L’ n] ?3fvf]sL / lr;fa] f6 z/L/nfO{ arfpg ;xofu] u5{ .
-v_ luhf :j:y agfpg dbt u5{ .

-u_ cgx' f/, xft / v'66\ fsf] 5fnfnfO{ :j:y, /fd|f] / alnof] agfpg dbt u5{ .

-3_ 3fpaf6 aus] f] /ut hdfpg ;xofu] u5{ .

%= vlgh (Minerals)

z/L/nfO{ :j:y / :kmt' { /fVgsf nflu yf]/} dfqfdf eP klg vlgh rflxG5 . z/L/ jl[ 4 /
zf/Ll/s 9fr“ fnfO{ l7s /fVg vlghoS' t vfg]s'/f vfg'kb{5 . o;afx]s vlghn] z/L/df
t/n kbfy{sf] dfqf ldnfpg] sfo{df klg dbt ub5{ .

vlgh xg' ] vfg]s/' fcGtu{t df5f, df;', cG8f, tf]/L, ;nud, dn' f, uG' b's| , cGgx¿, bfnx¿,
sfh,' abfd, cfofl] 8goS' t g'g, ;d'bd| f kfOg] vfgf, l;dL, kmnk"mn, ;fukft cflb kb5{ g\ .
xfd|f] vfgfdf sDtLdf klg vlgho'St sg' } Ps vfgfsf] ;dfjz] x'g' h?/L 5 .

26 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

vlgh w/] } ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ . tLdWo] kmnfd, cfofl] 8g, SoflN;od, kmf:] kmf/] ; cflbnfO{ dV' o ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 . oxf“ xfdL kmnfd tyf cfofl] 8gsf ;f| t] / sfox{ ¿af/] ;ªI\ fk] df cWoog ug]{ 5f“} .

kmnfd (Iron)

kmnfdsf] dV' o sfd /utdf x]dfU] nf]lag tof/ kfg'{ xf] . o;sf] sdLn] ljzi] fu/L s6] fs]6L /
uej{ tL dlxnfx¿ c:j:y xG' 5g\ . yf/] } sfd ubf{ klg ltgLx¿ yfSg] x'G5g\ . To;n} ] kmnfd
ePsf vfgf, h:t} M ;fukft, kmnk"mn, l;dL, df;' cflbdWo] sg' } g sg' } lgoldt ¿kn] vfg]
ugk{' 5{ . uej{ tL dlxnfn] ue{ /x]sf] ltg dlxgf k"/f ePb]lv ;T' s]/L ePsf] 5 xKtf;Dd Ps
Ps rSsL cfO/g bl} gs vfg'k5{ . of] rSsL :jf:Yo ;:+ yfdf lgMz'Ns kfOG5 .

cfofl] 8g (Iodine)

cfofl] 8gsf] dV' o sfd yfO/fl] S;g xdfg{] tof/ kfg{' xf] . of] xdfg{] n] dlxnfx¿df uef{wfg
sfo{df ;w' f/ tyf z/L/sf] ljsf;df k0" f{ ¿kn] ;xofu] ub{5 .

cfof]l8gsf] sdLn] ljz]ifu/L unuf8“ cfpg] / ue{jtL dlxnfx¿n] k'8\sf] aRrf hGdfpg
;S5g\ . To;}n] cfof]l8goS' t vfgfx¿, h:t} M cfof]l8goS' t gg' , ;d'b|df kfOg] vfgf cflb
vfg] ug'{k5{ . vf;u/L ue{jtL dlxnf / afnaflnsfx¿n] cfofl] 8go'St kfs]6sf] g'g
k|of]u ug{' h?/L 5 .

^= kfgL (Water)

kfgLlagfsf] z/L/n] sx] L lbgsf nflu afR“ g klg sl7g xG' 5 . To;n} ] kfgL xfdf| ] z/L/sf nflu
cGo vfgf h:t} cTofjZos tŒj xf] . xfdf| ] z/L/sf] hDdf tfn} sf] ^% bl] v &) k|ltzt efu
kfgLn] ags] f] xG' 5 . z/L/sf] /ut, leqL sfi] f tyf cfGtl/s bJ| o kbfys{ f] lgdf0{ fdf kfgL /xG5 .
z/L/df o;nfO{ vfgfsf] dfWod jf lkpg] kfgLsf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/G5 . kfgLnfO{ lb;f,
lk;fa, kl;gf / jfiksf ¿kdf z/L/ aflx/ kmflnG5 .

kfgLsf] dxŒj

z/L/sf ;Dk0" f{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfdx¿ kfgLsf] pkl:yltdf ugk'{ g]{ x'G5 . 7f;] vfgfnfO{ 3fn] sf
¿kdf kl/0ft ug,{ z/L/df pTkflbt kmf]xf/] lrhnfO{ aflx/ kmfNg, z/L/sf] tfkj|md lgoldt
agfpg, slAhotaf6 aRg / hnljof]hg x'gaf6 /fS] g kfgLsf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf xG' 5 .
To;}n] Ps JolStn] lbgdf ! ln6/bl] v # ln6/;Dd kfgL lkpg'k5{ . JolStn] cfkm\gf] bl} gs
lj|mofsnfk, pd/] , xfjfkfgL / zf/Ll/s agfj6sf cfwf/df kfgL lkpgk' 5{ .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 27

;Gtl' nt ef]hgsf] dxŒj (Importance of Balalnce Diet)

;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf] dxŒj ljleGg kf}li6s tŒjsf] dxŒjaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . s'g} Ps
kf}li6s tŒjsf] cefjdf xfdf| ] z/L/df ;Gt'ng gx'g] x'G5 . To;n} ] z/L/sf ;a} kIfsf] j[l4
ljsf;sf nflu ;Gt'lnt ef]hg ckl/xfo{ 5 . Pp6} vfgf cyf{t\ Ps} ks| f/sf] vfgfn] xfdf| ]
z/L/sf] ljsf; l7s l7s tl/sfn] xg' ;Sb}g . ctM zlSt lbg], z/L/ jl[ 4 ug{] / ;'/Iff
lbg] vfgf cfjZos dfqfdf ldnfP/ ef]hg ug'{ g} ;Gtl' nt efh] g xf] .

Kofs6] sf vfgf -hª\s km' 8_ sf] kl/ro (Introduction to Junk Food)

ahf/df kfOg] lemlnldnL Kofs6] sf kof{Kt dfqfdf kf}li6s tŒj gePsf vfgfx¿ g} hª\s
km'8 x'g\ . hªs\ km8' ko| f]u ug{ ;lhnf,] 3l' ng] af;] f,] cfjZostfeGbf a9L g'g / lrgL,
6]l:6ª kfp8/ cflb /fvL tof/ kf/s] f] Ps ks| f/sf] tof/L vfgf xf] . o:tf vfgfx¿df z/L/
df rflxg] kfl} i6s tŒjsf] cefj x'g,] afxo\ cfsif0{ f dfq a9L x'g,] e|fds lj1fkgdf a9L hf8]
lbg] tyf Ifl0fs t8se8s xG' 5 . o:tf vfgfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;ssf ;fy} cflys{ gfS] ;fg
x'g] x'“bf pkefS] tfnfO{ ak] mfObf x'G5 . Ps cWoogn] hªs\ km8' sf] lgoldt ko| fu] n] nfu' cf}
ifwn] h:t} lbdfunfO{ c;/ k¥' ofpg] kQf nufPsf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ahf/df pknAw ljleGg Kofs6] sf vfgfx¿sf] gfd ;ªs\ ng u/ . sIffdf
;dx" ut ¿kdf d"No / kf}li6s tŒj ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= cfcfk\mgf] 3/df ePsf tLg tLg ks| f/sf vfg]s/' f Nofpm . k|Tos] vfgs] '/fdf
ePsf kfl} i6s tŒjsf] klxrfg ug{ ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/ .

#= cfkm\ gf] 3/df ePsf ljleGg vfg]s'/fnfO{ ;;fgf] Kofs]6 agfO{ tflnsfdf kf}li6s
tŒjsf] juL{s/0f u/ / lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

;f/fz+

z/L/sf] cfjZostfcg;' f/ ljleGg kfl} i6s tŒjoS' t vfgfsf] ;dx" nfO{ ;Gtl' nt efh] g elgG5 .
sfaf]x{ fO8]6« \; / lrNnfn] ] z/L/nfO{ zlSt lbG5 . kf| ]l6gn] z/L/ j[l4 ug{'sf ;fy} 6'6]km6' s] f
sf]ifx¿sf] lgdf{0f u5{ . To;}u/L vlgh / le6fldgn] z/L/ /Iff ug{] sfd u5{ .

28 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

cEof; 29

-s_ hf8] f ldnfpm M

;d"x ‘s’ ;d"x ‘v’
hªs\ km'8 3fd
le6fldg ‘aL’ / ‘;L’ z/L/ j[l4 ug]{ vfgf
le6fldg ‘8L’ sf] ;f| ]t zlSt lbg] vfgf
kf| l] 6g kfgLdf 3N' g]
sfaf{x] fO8]6« ahf/df kfOg] tof/L vfgf
af];f]df 3N' g]

-v_ ;RofP/ nv] M

!= hªs\ km8' df kf}li6s tŒj a9L x'g] / cfsif{0f dfq xG' 5 .
@= kmnfd, cfofl] 8g, SoflN;od cflb kf| ]l6g x'g\ .
#= le6fldg ‘8L’ n] xft / 5ftfnfO{ :j:y / alnof] kfg{ dbt u5{ .
$= lrNnf] kbfyn{ ] eGbf sfafx{] fO8]6« n] a9L zlSt lbG5 .
%= cfn', eft, lrgL z/L/ /Iff ug]{ vfgf xg' \ .

-u_ tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

!= hª\s km'8 eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= le6fldg slt k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ < k|To]ssf] gfd n]v .
#= vlghdf kfOg] sg' } rf/cf6] f vfgs] /' fsf] gfd nv] .
$= sfaf]x{ fO86«] / kf| l] 6gsf] Ps Ps sfo{ pNnv] u/ .
%= kf}li6s tŒjsf sg' } tLgcf]6f dxŒj nv] .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

/f]u $kf7

(Disease)

/f]u egs] f] z/L/df /fu] nufpg] hLjf0fs' f] kj| z] eO{ ;~rf] gePsf] cj:yf xf] . o;k|sf/
sf] cj:yf z/L/sf ljleGg k|0ffnLx¿n] l7s l7s tl/sfn] sfd gubfs{ f] kl/0ffd xf] .
vfgf, kfgL, xfjf, s;/t, cf/fd cflbsf] sdL / sL6f0fs' f] cfj|md0faf6 /fu] kb} f x'G5 .
/f]u / d[To' hLjgdf cfOkg{] kf| sl[ ts k|lj|mofx¿ x'g\ . xfl] ;of/L / ;r]ttf ckgfpgfn] sx] L
xb;Dd xfdL To:tf k|fs[lts k|ljm| ofnfO{ /fS] g ;S5f}“ . ;fwf/0ftof /fu] ;g{] / g;g]{ u/L bO' {
ks| f/sf 5g\ .

;?jf /f]u (Communicable Disease)

/f]ujfxs sL6f0f'x¿ (Bacteria), ljiff0f'x¿ (Virus), k|f]6f]hjf (Protozoa), kmGhfO{
(Fungi) cflbåf/f NofOg] /fu] x¿ ljleGg dfWodaf6 Ps JolStaf6 csf]{ JolStdf ;b5{ g\ eg]
To:tf /fu] nfO{ ;?jf /fu] eGb5g\ . hs' f, emf8fkvfnf, sfnfhf/, cfn} f] Hj/f,] PrcfOeL÷P8;,\
le/ªu\ L, ;h' fs, Ifo/fu] , 6fOkmfO8, xh} f, bfb/' f, nx/v] fs] L cflb ;?jf /fu] sf pbfx/0f xg' \ .

;?jf /f]usf sf/0f (Causes of Communicable Disease)

-s_ z/L/df afxo\ sL6f0f', ljiff0f', kmGhfO{ tyf k/hLjLsf] ;ªj\ |md0f
-v_ dflg;sf] c:j:y Jojxf/, kmfx] f]/ tyf ;/;kmfOsf] sdL
-u_ b"lift jftfj/0f
-3_ af;L, ;8]un]sf / lemªu\ f eGss] f vfgf

-ª_ :jf:Yo;DaGwL 1fgsf] cefj

;?jf /fu] ;g{] dfWod (Modes of Transmission of Communicable Disease)

/fu] ;g{] dfWod w/] } k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . tLdWo] sx] L dfWod o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

-s_ /fu] L JolSt;“usf] kT| oIf ;Dks{, h:t} M /fu] L JolSt;u“ n;k; ug],{ ofg} ;Dks{ ug]{,
h7' f] vfg] cflb

30 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

-v_ /fu] L JolSt;“usf] ck|ToIf ;Dks,{ h:t} M /f]uLn] ko| f]u u/s] f] nu' fkmf6f, ?dfn, ef8“ fs8“' f
cflb c¿n] ko| fu] ug{'

-u_ Zjf;, vfgf / kfgL
-3_ h'd|f, plkof“, nfdv6' \6] / hgfj/sf] 6fs] fO

-ª_ /utsf] :yfgfGt/0f

;?jf /f]usf] k|lj|mof / rj|m (Process and Cycle of Communicable

Disease)

;?jf /f]u eGgfn] s'g} /f]uL JolSt jf hgfj/af6 /f]usf hLjf0f' ljleGg dfWodaf6
lg/f]uL JolStdf ;g]{ k|lj|mof eGg] a'lemG5 . of] k|lj|mofdf /fu] L dflg; jf hgfj/, jftfj/0f
/ sL6ktªu\ sf] cGt/;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . ;?jf /fu] sf] rjm| eGgfn] s'g} /fu] sf sL6f0f'
JolStsf] z/L/df sg' } dfWodaf6 kj| z] u/k] l5 z/L/df bv] fkg{] ljleGg cj:yfnfO{ ae' mfp5“ .

sx] L ;?jf /fu] sf nIf0fx¿, ;g]{ tl/sf / aRg] pkfox¿

;?jf /fu] w]/} k|sf/ 5g\ . tLdWo] o; kf7df sx] L /f]usf nIf0fx¿, ;g{] tl/sf / aRg]
pkfox¿af/] j0fg{ ug{] 5f}“ .

!= wg'i6ª\sf/ (Tetanus)

wgi' 6ª\sf/ Snl:6«l8od l66fgL (Clostridium Tetani) gfds JofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\jm| d0fn]
xG' 5 . wg'i6ª\sf/ kf| oM aRrfnfO{ nfUg] /f]u xf] . dflg;, ufO{, 3f]8f, afvf| h:tf hgfj/
x¿sf] lb;f, lvof nfus] f xltof/, kb| "lift df6f]dfkmt{ sf6]sf] 3fp jf aRrfsf] gfO6f]af6
z/L/leq hLjf0f' kj| z] ub5{ .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)

-s_ aRrfn] cfdfsf] b'w r':g ;Sbg} .

-v_ dv' tyf aªu\ f/fsf] jl/kl/sf] df;' s8f xG' 5 .

-u_ z/L/ k5fl8lt/ wgi' f h:t} afª\luG5 .

-3_ vfgf rkfpg / lgNg ;lsb“ }g, j|mlds ¿kdf Zjf;kZ| jf;df afwf kU' 5 .

-ª_ 3f6“ Lsf] df+;kz] L v'DrL :j/ gv'Ng] x'G5 .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 31

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)

-s_ aRrfnfO{ l8lk6L vfk] nufpg'k5{ .
-v_ dlxnfnfO{ l66L vfk] nufpg'k5{ .
-u_ 3fp ePsf an] fdf w'nf], df6f] / uf]a/df rNg' x'b“ }g .
-3_ 3fpdf ;kmf sk8f nufpgk' 5{ .
-ª_ lvof k/s] f] xltof/n] 3fp ePdf @$ 306fleqdf l66L vf]k nufpgk' 5{ .
-r_ 3fpnfO{ ;fa'g kfgLn] w'gk' 5{ .
-5_ gjhft lzz'x¿sf] ;fn sf6\bf lgdn{ Lst[ cf}hf/ k|ofu] ugk{' 5{ .

@= gfDn] h'sf (Tape Worm)

gfDn] h'sf gfDnf] cfsf/df kfOg] k/hLjL xf] . vf; u/]/ ;u“' /' sf] /fd/| L gkfs]sf] df;' vf“bf
:j:y z/L/df gfDn] hs' f ;g{ ;S5 . kmfx] f]/ kfgLdf klg o;sf] k/hLjL xg' ;S5 .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)

-s_ ;fdfGo k]6 bV' g] / jfsjfsL nfUg]
-v_ gfDn] h'sfn] dl:tisdf c;/ u/d] f a]xf;] eO{ a9L vt/f x'g]
-u_ tf}n 36g\ ] / sdhf]/L xg' ]
-3_ /St cNktfsf nIf0f b]lvg]

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)

-s_ ljzi] fu/L ;'“u/' sf] df;' /fd/| L kfs]sf] xg' 'k5{ .
-v_ ;s;] Dd l56f] pkrf/ u/fpgk' 5{ .
-u_ vfgk] fgLnfO{ pdfn/] dfq lkpgk' 5{ .

#= cªs\ ;' ] h'sf (Hook Worm)

cª\s';] hs' f cªs\ ;' sf] cfsf/df kfOg] k/hLjL xf] . s]6fs]6Lx¿df cªs\ ';] hs' fn] gfS] ;fg
k'¥ofpg ;S5 . ;fgf cª\s;' ] hs' fsf nfef{x¿ vfnL v'66\ fsf cf“}nfsf sfkaf6 z/L/leq
k:5g\ . s]xL lbgleq /St ;~rf/dfkm{t kmfS] ;fdf k'U5g\ . ;'Vvf vfs] Lkl5 pSt nfef{
Zjf;gnLaf6 efh] g gnLdfkm{t k]6leq hfG5 .

32 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)

-s_ v'66\ f lrnfpg]
-v_ ;V' vf vfs] L nfUg]
-u_ kvfnf nfUg] / k]6 bV' g]
-3_ w]/} h'sfx¿ ePsf] cj:yfdf sdhf/] / /St cNktf xg' ]
-ª_ ckr xg' ,] e'ml;nf] 8sf/ cfpg] / ef]s gnfUg] tyf afGtf cfpg]
-r_ z/L/sf] tfn} 36\g]

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)

-s_ vfnL v6' 6\ f lx8“ \g' x“'b}g .
-v_ rkLd{ f dfq lb;f tyf lk;fa ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ .
-u_ xft / v6' 6\ f ;fag' kfgLn] /fd|/L w'gk' 5{ .
-3_ ;do ;dodf h'sfsf] cf}ifwL vfgk' 5{ .
-ª_ hs' f kga{ f6 aRg] pkfoaf/] :jf:Yo lzIff lbg'k5{ .

$= Eofu't] /f]u (Diptheria)

Coryne Pacterium Diptheriae sf] ;ªj\ m| d0fn] s6] fs6] Lsf] 3f6“ Ldf cfpg] :jf:Yo ;d:ofnfO{
Eofut' ] /fu] elgG5 . /fu] Lsf] vsf/ tyf l;u“ fg hyfefjL k\mofSgfn] Eofut' ] /f]u c¿ JolStdf
Zjf;kZ| jf;sf] dfWodaf6 ;b5{ . of] /fu] vn] vN] bf klg c¿nfO{ ;g{ ;S5 .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms) 33
-s_ 3f6“ L b'Vg] / ys' lgNg uf/f] x'g]
-v_ ;f; k]mg{ uf/f] xg' ]
-u_ vfg]s'/f lgNg ;d:of xg' ]
-3_ ;fwf/0f Hj/f] cfpg]
-ª_ gfsaf6 kfgL aUg]

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)

-s_ l8lk6L vfk] nufpg'k5{ .
-v_ kof{Kt 3fd cfPsf] sf7] fdf la/fdLnfO{ /fVg'k5{ .
-u_ la/fdL /fVg] sf]7f :jR5 tyf ;kmf xfjf cfpg] agfpgk' 5{ .
-3_ /f]uLsf] vsf/, l;“ufg cflb uf8g\ ] jf hnfpg] ugk{' 5{ .
-ª_ /f]uLsf] sk8f, v]nfg} f / ef“8fs“'8f tftf] kfgLdf wg' k' 5{ .
-r_ la/fdLnfO{ c¿;“u v]nfpg' x'“b}g .
-5_ la/fdLnfO{ glhssf] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf h“rfpgk' 5{ .

%= kf]lnof] (Polio)

kf]lnof] ljiff0f' (Polio virus) sf] ;ª\jm| d0fn] ubf{ s6] fs6] Lsf xft tyf v6' 6\ f nn' f] / sdhf]/
x'g] /fu] xf] . kf]lnof] /fu] nfO{ s6] fs]6Lsf] Kof/fnfOl;; klg elgG5 . /fu] Lsf] l;u“ fg, vsf/,
lb;f, lk;fa cflbaf6 kfl] nof] /f]u Ps JolStaf6 csf]{ JolStdf ;b{5 . kfl] nof] /f]u lgsf]
eP tfklg o;sf] bL3{sfnLg c;/af6 JolStdf zf/Ll/s ckfªu\ tf x'g ;S5 .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)

!= Hj/f] cfpg], 6fpsf] b'Vg] / jfGtf cfpg]
@= la/fdL aRrfsf] xft tyf v'6\6f sdhf/] x'g] / grNg]
#= df+;k]zL kf]Ng] tyf b'Vg]
$= ;ª\j|mldt cªu\ x¿ kftnf] / ;'Vvf xg' ]

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)

!= aRrf hGd]sf] ^ dlxgfbl] v Ps jif{leqdf tLg k6s kfl] nof]sf] yf]kf v'jfpg'k5{ .
@= /fu] Lsf ;fdu|L tftf] kfgLdf gwf]O{ kg' M k|ofu] ug{' xb'“ }g .
#= la/fdLsf] dndq" lglZrt 7fp“df lj;hg{ ug]{ jf uf8g\ k' 5{ .

34 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

^= lgdf]lgof (Pneumonia)

God' fs] fs] ; AofS6l] /ofsf] ;ªj\ m| d0fn] s6] fs6] Lsf] gfs, sfg, 3f6“ Lnufot vfgf gnL tyf Zjf;
gnLdf ;dt] cfj|md0f u/s] f] cj:yfnfO{ lgdfl] gof elgG5 . lgdfl] gof /f]u Zjf;k|Zjf;df
sl7gfO xg' ] ;d:of xf] . kf| oM w'nf], lr;f] / b"lift xfjf lgdfl] gof /fu] ;ª\jm| d0f a9fpg]
k|dv' dfWod x'g\ .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)

-s_ vsf/ cfpg]
-v_ Zjf;kZ| jf;df ;d:of xg' ] / Zjf;k|Zjf; a9\g]
-u_ Zjf; gnL ;'lgg]
-3_ gfsaf6 l;u“ fg aUg]
-ª_ sfg b'Vg] / sfv] f xfGg]
-r_ Hj/f] cfpg]
-5_ a|f]ª\sfOl6; xg' ]
-h_ ;dodf pkrf/ gu/] Hofgsf] vt/f x'g]
-em_ Zjf; lnb“ f £of/\ £of/\ cfjfh cfpg]

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)

-s_ jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .
-v_ JolStut ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .
-u_ wn' f] / wj' f“af6 s]6fs]6LnfO{ 6f9f /fVg'k5{ .
-3_ s6] fs6] LnfO{ lr;f]af6 6f9f /fVg'k5{ .

-ª_ 3/df w'jf“/lxt rn' f] k|ofu] ugk{' 5{ .

&= sfnfhf/ (Kala Azar)

n;] dlgof 8fg] fe] gL eGg] k/hLjLn] ;ªj\ m| d0f u/k] l5 dflg;sf] snh] f] / lkmof]df xg' ] c;/

g} sfnfhf/ xf] . afn'jfdf /xg] sand fly gfdsf] e;' 'gfsf] 6f]sfOaf6 dflg;nfO{ sfnfhf/

/f]u ;5{ . To;kl5 lkQ kfv'/f / cg'xf/df k;| f/ eO{ sfnf] xG' 5 . sfnfhf/ /f]u kf| oM

g]kfnsf] t/fO{ efudf kfOG5 .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 35

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)
-s_ ef]s gnfUg]
-v_ Hj/f] cfpg]
-u_ sn]hf] / lkmof] ;l' gg]
-3_ sn]hf] / lkmof]n] sfd gug]{
-ª_ sn]hf]df b'Vg]
-r_ lnDkm uf“7f] ;'lgg]
-5_ 5fnf v;|f] / ;V' vf x'g]
-h_ z/L/sf] tfn} 36g\ ] / sdhf]/L xg' ]
-em_ cgx' f/ / kfv'/f sfnf] xg' ]
-`_ /StcNktf -Plgldof_ x'g]

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)
-s_ sL6gfzs cfi} fwL 5/]/ afn'jfdf /xg] ;G} 8 k\mnfOnfO{ gfz ug{'k5{ .
-v_ ;s;] Dd afnj' f ePsf] 7fpd“ f hfg' x“b' }g .
-u_ 3/ jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf ug{'k5{ .
-3_ ;'Tg] a]nfdf em'nsf] k|ofu] ugk'{ 5{ .
-ª_ ;dod} glhssf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf h“rfpg] ug'k{ 5{ .
-r_ /f]uaf6 aRg] pkfoaf/] :Jff:Yo lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 hgr]tgf kmn} fpg'k5{ .

*= cfn} f] Hj/f] (Malaria)

Pg]lkmNh hftsf] kfy] L nfdv6' 6\ n] ] 6fs] k] l5 dnl] /ofsf k/hLjL ;gfn{ ] dflg;nfO{ cfn} f] Hj/f]
;5{ . la/fdLnfO{ cToGt Hj/f] a9g\ ] x'gfn] /fu] sf] gfd} cfn} f] Hj/f] ePsf] xf] .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms) :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &
-s_ crfgs Hj/f] cfpg]

36

-v_ xft v6' \6f, hfg] L{ / 6fpsf] bV' g]
-u_ a9\bf] Hj/f]sf sf/0f z/L/ lr;fn] ] sfDg]
-3_ Hj/f] !)$ b]lv !)^ l8u|L km/]gxfO6;Dd kU' g]
-ª_ cTolws Hj/fk] l5 la/fdL gsfDg]
-r_ kl;gf vnvn cfO;s]kl5 Hj/f] 36g\ ]
-5_ 306f 306fdf Hj/f] tndfly eO/xg]
-h_ sn]hf] / lkmof]df ;ª\jm| d0f x'g]
-em_ z/L/ sdhf/] xg' ]
-`_ ;dodf pkrf/ gu/] Hofgsf] vt/f xg' ]

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)

-s_ 3/ jl/kl/sf vfN8fx¿df kfgL hDg lbg' x'“bg} .
-v_ vfN8fx¿ ;s];Dd k'l/lbg'k5{ .
-u_ 3/ jl/kl/ 9n lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ .
-3_ nfdv'6\6a] f6 aRg] ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' 5{ .
-ª_ ;d'bfodf sL6gfzs cf}ifwLx¿ 5g'k{ 5{ .
-r_ 3/sf e\mofn tyf 9f]sfx¿df hfnLsf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
-5_ ;do ;dodf /utsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ .

(= PrcfOeL / P8\; (Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Acquired Immune Deficiancy syndrome (AIDS)

PrcfOeL ;ª\j|mldt;“u c;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ ePdf, ;ª\jm| ldt /ut lnPdf, ;ªj\ m| ldt ;O' {sf]
ko| fu] u/]df / ;ªj\ |mldt cfdfaf6 lzz'df ;g{] ;Defjgf x'G5 . PrcfOeL egs] f] efO/;sf]
gfd xf] . dflg;sf] z/L/df /fu] kl| t/f]w zlSt sdhf/] agfpg] efO/; g} PrcfOeL xf] .
cª\uh]| Ldf o;nfO{ xo\ 'dg ODog' f] l8lkml;oG;L efO/; elgG5 . z/L/df of] efO/; k|jz]
u/]/ ljleGg /f]usf nIf0fx¿ b]lvg] cj:yfnfO{ P8\; elgG5 . P8\;sf] k"/f ¿k
cSjfo8{ ODog' l8lkml;oG;L l;G8f« d] xf] .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)
-s_ ;ª\jm| ldt JolStsf] !) kl| tzt tfn} 36g\ ]

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 37

-v_ Ps dlxgfeGbf nfdf] ;do;Dd nuftf/ Hj/f] cfpg]
-u_ Ps dlxgfeGbf nfdf] ;do;Dd nuftf/ kvfnf nfUg]
-3_ s'g} klg cGo /fu] nfud] f rf8“ f] lgsf] gx'g]

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)

-s_ sG8d ko| fu] u/L ;/' lIft ofg} ;Dks{ ugk'{ 5{ .
-v_ k/LIf0f u//] dfq /ut lbg] / lng] ugk{' 5{ .
-u_ lgd{nLs[t ;'Os{ f] dfq ko| f]u ugk{' 5{ .
-3_ PrcfOeL P8;\ ePsL ue{jtL dlxnfn] ;s];Dd aRrf hGdfpg' xb'“ g} .

!)= le/ªu\ L (Syphilis)

;ªj\ |mldt JolSt;“u c;'/lIft ofg} ;Dks{ x“'bf 6k]« f]gd] f Kofln8d (treponema pallidim)
hLjf0f'sf] ;ªj\ m| d0fn] nfUg] /fu] nfO{ le/ªu\ L elgG5 . lel/ªu\ L /fu] ofg} ;Dksa{ fxs] /fu] Lsf
;fdfgaf6 c¿nfO{ ;g{ ;S5 . /fu] u:| t cfdfaf6 gjhft lzzd' f e0"| f ;ªj\ |md0faf6 ;g{ ;S5 .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)

ky| d r/0f bf];f| ] r/0f t;] f| ] r/0f

of}g cª\u jl/kl/ s8f 6fpsf] bV' g,] Hj/f] cfpg] / xf8, d'6' / dl:tisdf c;/

vfnsf vl6/f b]vf kg]{ 5fnfdf glrnfpg] bfu bv] f kg{] ug{]

3fp tyf vl6/f gb'Vg] d'vsf] lsgf/f, 5fnf, xft / /St gnLx¿ km'n/] aGb xg' ]

/ glrnfpg] kt} fnfdf u'nfkmL vl6/f b]vf kg]{

lt3f| sf lnDkm uG| yL sn]hf] / lkmof] a9\g], Uffnf / lrp“8fdf 7'nf 7n' f
;l' gg]
cf“vf ;l' gg] / sr]/f lg:sg] vl6/f cfpg]

dfgl;s ljs[lt k}bf x'g]

38 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)
-s_ c;'/lIft ofg} ;Dks{ ug{' xb'“ g} .
-v_ ofg] L tyf lnªu\ nfO{ ;kmf /fVgk' 5{ .
-u_ gjhft lzz'nfO{ /f]uaf6 arfpg tTsfn pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
-3_ /fu] Lsf ;fdfg c¿n] ko| f]u ug{' x'“b}g .
-ª_ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ le/ªu\ L /f]u;DaGwL :jf:Yo lzIff lbg'k5{ .
-r_ Ps hgfnfO{ ;ªj\ m| d0f ePdf pSt JolSt;u“ ofg} ;Dksd{ f ;n+ Ug ;an} ] pkrf/ u/fpgk' 5{ .

!@= ;h' fs (Gonorrohoea)

c;/' lIft ofg} ;Dks{ xb“' f lg;l] /of ufg] fs] fs] ; (neisseria gonococcus) hLjf0fs' f] ;ªj\ m| d0fn]
;a} pd]/sf dflg;nfO{ nfUg] /f]unfO{ ;'hfs elgG5 . ;ª\jm| ldt dlxnfsf] ofg] Laf6 lg:ss] f]
;f| j aRrf hlGdb“ f cf“vfdf kg{ uPdf aRrfnfO{ ;'hfs /f]u ;b{5 . o; /fu] sf nIf0f k'?if,
dlxnf / aRrfdf leGbfleGb} bl] vG5 .

nIf0fx¿ (Symptoms)
-s_ lk;fa k6s k6s nfUg]
-v_ lk;fa kfN] g]
-u_ lk;fa;“u} xNsf kx“]nf] ;t] f] lkk lg:sg]
-3_ 5fnfdf /ftf] bfgf bl] vg]
-ª_ of}g uG| yL ;l' gg] / lrnfpg]

aRg] pkfox¿ (Preventive Measures)
-s_ c;/' lIft ofg} ;Dks{ ug'{ xb“' }g .
-v_ ofg] L tyf lnª\unfO{ ;kmf /fVgk' 5{ .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 39

-u_ gjhft lzzn' fO{ /f]uaf6 arfpg tTsfn pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpgk' 5{ .
-3_ /fu] Lsf ;fdfg c¿n] ko| fu] ug'{ xb“' }g .
-ª_ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;h' fs /f]u;DaGwL :jf:Yo lzIff lbgk' 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltdL a;]sf] ;db' fodf s'g} JolStnfO{ of}g /fu] nfus] f] 5 eg] pgnfO{ s;/L dbt ug{
;S5f} < sIffdf ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/ .

;f/f+z

z/L/sf k|0ffnLn] l7s l7s sfd gu/]sf sf/0f z/L/df cfpg] lj;~rf]kgnfO{ /f]u
elgG5 . s'g} /f]u ;g]{ vfnsf xG' 5g\ eg] s'g} /f]u Ps JolStaf6 csfd]{ f ;bg}{ g\ . /f]ux¿af6
aRg] ;ae} Gbf /fdf| ] pkfo :j:y hLjg zn} L ckgfpg' xf] . JolStut ;/;kmfO, jftfj/0fLo
;/;kmfO, ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf] ;]jg, zf/Ll/s Jofofd tyf :jR5 cfr/0f h:tf Jojxf/n]
xfdLnfO{ /fu] nfUgaf6 arfp“5 .

cEof;

-s_ tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ 5f]6s/Ldf n]v M

!= ;h' fs ePdf s:tf nIf0fx¿ b]vf k5g{ \ <
@= cf}nf] /fu] nfus] f] egL s;/L yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 <
#= sfnfhf/ s:tf] /fu] xf] < nv] .
$= cª\s';] h'sf dflg;sf] k6] leq s;/L kU' 5 < j0fg{ u/ .
%= ;?jf /f]u eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf s'g} rf/cf]6f pbfx/0f bp] m .

40 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

lszf/] fj:yf, ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo %kf7

(Adolescence, Sex & Reproductive
Health)

!= lszf/] fj:yfsf] kl/efiff / r/0fx¿

ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\3n] !) b]lv !( jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ lszf]/fj:yf dfg]sf] 5 .
of] pd]/ afNofj:yf / k|f}9fj:yflarsf] cjlw ePsf] x'“bf o;nfO{ ;ª\j|md0f sfn klg
elgG5 . lszf]/fj:yfnfO{ k|f/lDes lszf]/fj:yf / pQ/ lszf]/fj:yfdf ljefhg
u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGotof !) b]lv !$ jif{sf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ k|f/lDes
lszf]/fj:yf / !% b]lv !( jif{sf] ;donfO{ pQ/ lszf]/fj:yf elgG5 . o; cj:yfdf
lszf]/ tyf lszf]/Lx¿df ljleGg kl/jt{g cfpg] x“'bf ltgLx¿df lgDglnlvt
ljzi] ftf kfOG5 M

-s_ cfkm" / cfkm\ gf] zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gk|lt ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds ;fr] agfpg'

-v_ lhDd]jf/k0" f{ aGb} hfg' / lg0fo{ ug{] Ifdtf clejl[ 4 xg' '

-u_ :jtGqtf vfH] g' / jm' t"xn l;h{gf xg' '

-3_ eljiosf af/d] f ;fR] g' jf of]hgf agfpg] efjgf l;h{gf x'g'

plNnlvt ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df lszf]/fj:yfdf ug{ vfh] s] f ljleGg ;Ifdtfx¿ xfl“ ;n ug{
;lsG5 eGg] a'lemG5 . t/ af6f] la/fP/ jf gsf/fTds ;fr] lnP/ kmsg{ } g;lsg] sn' tdf
km;/] hLjgnfO{ ajfb{ tk{m 8f¥] ofO{ eljionfO{ cGwsf/ agfpg] ;Defjgf klg x'G5 .

@= ofg} cledv' Ls/0f

dflg;sf] ofl} gstf JolStlkR5] km/s x'G5 . ofl} gstfsf] cleJolSt km/s 9ª\un] x'g] u5{ .
dflg;sf] of}lgstfnfO{ ;+:sl[ t, hflt, wd{, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf, zf/Ll/s cj:yf,
of}g klxrfg cflb s'/fx¿n] k|efj kf/]sf] xG' 5 . ofl} gstfsf] cleJolSt JolStsf] ofg}
klxrfgdf lge/{ u5{ . ofg} klxrfg eGgfn] JolStn] bv] fpg] ofg} Jojxf/ / ;DaGwx¿
xg' \ . ofg} klxrfgsf cfwf/df JolStx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ ltg ;dx" df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 41

-s_ ljk/Lt lnª\uL of}g klxrfg (Heterosexuals)

dlxnf / k?' iflar of}g ;DaGw /fVg] JolStx¿ o; ;d"xdf kb5{ g\ . kf| oM dflg;x¿
oxL ;d"xdf kb{5g\ .

-v_ ;dlnª\uL of}g klxrfg (Homosexuals)

dlxnf dlxnflar jf k'?if k'?iflar ofg} ;DaGw sfod ug]{ dflg;x¿ o; ;d"xdf kb{5g\ .
k'?if ;dlnªu\ LnfO{ u] (gay) / dlxnf ;dlnªu\ LnfO{ n]l:aog (lesbian) klg elgG5 .

-u_ bO' { lnªu\ L ofg} klxrfg (Bisexuals)

sfx] L dflg; ljk/Lt lnªu\ Lsf ;fy} ;dlnªu\ L;“u klg ofg} ;DaGw sfod /fV5g\ . To:tf
bj' } k|sf/sf of}g ;DaGw /fVg] JolStnfO{ o; ;dx" df /flvPsf] 5 .

#= k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cfjZostf

kh| gg :jf:Yo lzIffnfO{ lgDg lnlvt ab“' fsf cfwf/df o;sf cfjZostfx¿ kl' i6 ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIffn] of}g tyf kh| gg :jf:Yokl| tsf] unt wf/0ffnfO{ ;xL lbzftkm{
pGd'v u/fp“5 .

-v_ o;n] x'sb{+ f] pd/] sf lszf]/ lszf]/L / oj' fo'jtLx¿df ;'/lIft ofg} Jojxf/sf] ljsf;
ug{ pTk]l| /t ub{5 .

-u_ o;n] s]6fs]6Lx¿ tyf oj' fo'jtLx¿df ePsf of}g / of}lgstf ;DaGwL lh1f;f d6] fpg
dbt ub{5 .

-3_ o;n] of}g;DaGwL hLjg pkof]uL l;k l;Sg / l;sfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 .

-ª_ kh| gg :jf:Yo lzIffn] ofg} tyf kh| gg;GaGwL hl6ntf / ;d:of -clglR5t ue{wf/0f,
pd]/ gk'Ub}sf] ue{wf/0f, ue{ktg cflb_ ;N' emfpg Pjd\ ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klxNofpg dbt
ub5{ .

-r_ kh| gg lzIff ;dodf pknAw u/fpg ;sd] f ofg} k;| fl/t ;ªj\ m| d0f / PrcfOeL P8;\ , xk] f6fOl6;
tyf kh| gg gnL ;ªj\ m| d0f h:tf ofg} hGo ;d:ofaf6 aRg / arfpg dbt ub5{ .

-5_ o; lzIffn] kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf ;fwgx¿ plrt 9ª\un] k|of]u ug{ / u/fpg ;xof]u
k'¥ofp5“ . ;fy} cfsl:ds ue{ lg/fw] sf ;fwgx¿sf] plrt ko| f]u / k|ofu] sf] dfqf
a9fpg dbt ub5{ .

42 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

$= z'j|msL6 pTkfbg k|ljm| of

c08sf]ifdf /x]sf] ;l] dlgkm] /; 6o\ a' 'N; (Seminiferous Tubules) sf] leQfdf :k/d]6f]ufl] gof
(Spermatogonia) gfdsf sfi] fx¿ xG' 5g\ . ltg} sf]ifx¿ jl[ 4 xb“' } hf“bf :k/d6] f;] fO6;\ x¿
(Spermatocytes) aG5g\ . o:tf :k/d]6f;] fO6\;x¿sf] ljefhg ljsf; eP/ :k/dfl68h\
(Spermatids) aG5 . To;kl5 :k/dfl68\h jl[ 4 eP/ k0" f{ ¿ksf] z'j|msL6 aG5 . c08sf]
ifdf z'jm| sL6 lgdf{0f eO/xb“ f jLo{ y}nLdf jLo{ klg pTkfbg eO/xs] f] x'G5 .

%= :jKg bf]if

lszf]/ cj:yfsf] pd]/b]lv g} k'?ifx¿sf] c08sf]ifn] z'j|msL6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf pTkfbg
ul//xG5 . olb nfdf] ;do;Dd jLo{ yn} Ldf jLo{ ;l~rt ePdf lgbfPsf] a]nf pSt jLo{
lnª\uaf6 aflx/ lg:sg] ub{5 . kf| oM jLo{ lg:s“bf ofg} sfds' tf;DaGwL ;kgf bv] s] f]
x'G5 . o;/L lgbf| df jLo{ :vng xg' ] k|lj|mofnfO{ :jKg bf]if elgG5 . :jKg bf]if a9L dfqfdf
of}jgfj:yfdf g} x'G5 / kl5 pd]/ a9b\ } hfb“ f :jKg bfi] f xg' ] jm| d sd x“'b} hfG5 . :jKg
bfi] f x'g' k|fs[lts s/' f ePsfn] lrlGtt x'g' kb}g{ .

^= l8Da pTkfbg / /h:jnf

lszf]/fj:yfdf k|j]z u/b] ]lv sl/a $( jif{;Dd x/s] dlxgf dlxnfx¿sf] of]gLaf6 /ut
cfp5“ . o:tf] /ut b'Ob{ l] v cf7 lbg;Dd cfp“5 / cfk}m“ aGb xG' 5 . o;/L dlxgfjf/L ¿kdf
x'g] /St;|fjnfO{ g} /h:jnf jf dlxgfjf/L elgG5 . /h:jnf x'b“ f kf73] /af6 /ut / cGo
tGtx' ¿ kf73] /sf] dv' xb“' } ofg] Ldfua{ f6 /ut aflx/ lg:sG5 . o; cj:yfdf ofg] L ;kmf ugs{' f
;fy} of]gLdf ko| fu] ug]{ Kof8 jf g/d / ;kmf sk8f ko| fu] ug'k{ 5{ . olb g/d sk8f k|of]u
u/]/ kg' M k|ofu] ugk{' g]{ 5 eg] ;kmf kfgLdf /fdf| ];“u wfP] / 3fddf ;'sfP/ dfq k|of]u
ugk{' 5{ . ko| fu] ul/Psf Kof8 jf g/d sk8f ;/' lIft;u“ km\ ofS“ gk' 5{ . kf| oM u//] !@–!# jifs{ f]
pd]/df /h:jnf ;'? x'G5 . tfklg /h:jnf x'g] pd/] JolStlkR5] km/s xg' ;S5 .
dlxgfjf/L ;'? x'g'nfO{ d]gfs{ (Menarche) elgG5 . dlxnfx¿ $%–%) jif{sf] pd]/
k'uk] l5 dlxgfjf/L aGb xG' 5, h;nfO{ /hfGt (Menopause) elgG5 .

/h:jnfsf nflu s]xL xdfg{] x¿n] sfd ub5{ . dl:tissf] lk6o\ 6' /L uG| yL (Pitutary Gland)
n] kmf]lnsn l:6d'nl] 6ª xdf{]g (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) / Nol' 6gfOlhª xdf]{g
(Luteinizing Hormone) lgsfN5 . oL bj' } xdfg{] x¿n] l8Dafzodf /xs] f kmfl] nsNhx¿nfO{
ke| fj kfb5{ . kmn:j¿k x/]s dlxgf kf| oM Pp6f kmfl] nsn kl/kSj x'G5 . pSt kmf]lnsndf
l8Da (Ovum) /xs] f] x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} l8Dafzon] P:6«f]hg (Oestrogen) / k|fh] :] 6/] f]g

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 43

(Progesterone) gfdsf bO' { xdf{g] x¿ pTkfbg u5{ .

rj|msf] lar ;dodf No'l6gfOlhª xdf]{g PSsfl; j[l4 x'G5, h;n] l8DanfO{ cem
kl/kSj xg' / aflx/ lg:sg dbt u5{ . kl/kSs l8Da kmfl] nsNhaf6 aflx/ lg:sg] ljm| ofnfO{
l8Da lgisf;g (Ovulation) elgG5 . l8Da lgisf;g k|lj|mofkl5 of}g ;Dks{ ePdf ue{
/xg ;S5 .

&= uew{ f/0f

l8Da kl/kSs eO{ lgisf;gkl5 l8DaaflxgL gnLdf cfp5“ . o;} a]nfdf ofg} ;Dks{
ePdf k'?ifsf] zj' m| sL6 kf7]3/ x'“b} l8DaaflxgL gnLdf cfp5“ / kl/kSj l8Da;“u ldnk] l5
lg;r] g eO{ uew{ f/0f k|lj|mof x'G5 . lg;]lrt l8Da sl/a 5 lbg nufP/ kf7]3/df uO{
leQfdf 6fl“ ;P/ a:5, h;nfO{ ue{wf/0f elgG5 .

*= ofg} hGo tyf kh| gg gnLdf xg' ] ;ªj\ |md0f

ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:YocGtu{t xfdLn] kh| gg cªu\ x¿af/] a‰' of“} . k|hgg cª\ux¿af/]
a'´]kl5 k|hgg gnLsf ;ª\j|md0fx¿af/] a'‰g ;lhnf] x'G5 . ;ª\j|md0f eGgfn] xfdL
cflQG5f“} . jf:tjdf sltko ;ªj\ m| d0f xfdf| ] nfk/jfxLn] ubf{ xG' 5 . kh| gg gnLsf ;ªj\ m| d0f klg
w/] h} ;f] xfdf| ] nfk/jfxLs} sf/0f xg' ] xb“' f o;af6 aRg ;rt] xg' k' 5{ . ;fdfGotof dlxnfx¿sf]
ofg] L / k?' ifx¿sf] lnªu\ lk;fa u/k] l5 ;do ;dodf ;kmf gug{] sf/0fn] Toxf“ ;I" d hLjf0fx' ¿
/lx/xG5g\ . tL hLjf0f'n] cg's"n jftfj/0f kfP eg] ;ª\jm| d0f ;'? ug{ yfN5 . To:t} kh| gg
cª\u /fd|/L ;kmf gu/Lsg ofg} ljm| of ug{] jf c:ktfnx¿df pkrf/sf jm| ddf ;kmfOdf Wofg
lbg g;Sg] cj:yfdf o:tf ;ª\jm| d0f x'g] ub{5 .

c;/' lIft ofg} ;Dks{af6 x'g] kh| gg gnL ;ªj\ m| d0f ljZjdf jflif{s sl/a #$ s/f8] JolStdf
b]vf kb5{ . o:tf ;ª\jm| d0fn] la/fdLsf] Hofg;dt] hfg ;S5 . oL ;ªj\ m| d0fx¿sf sf/0fn]
g/fdf| tyf bL3s{ fnLg c;/x¿ -h:t} M aRrf tl' xg], afe“ mf] x'g,] cjlw gk'uL aRrf hGdg,]
ofg} cªu\ df x'g] SofG;/ cflb tyf csfndf d[To';dt] _ x'g] u/s] f] kfOG5 . To;} u/L
ofg} hGo tyf k|hgg gnLdf xg' ] ;ªj\ |md0fnfO{ PrcfOeL ;ª\jm| ldtn] emg} k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .

xfdL ;rt] eof“} / pknAw :jf:Yo If]qaf6 ke| fjsf/L arfj6, lgoGq0f tyf pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;sd] f ofg} hGo tyf kh| gg gnLdf x'g] ;ª\jm| d0fx¿sf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{
;lsG5 . k|efjsf/L tyf ;'/lIft pkrf/n] ;ª\j|md0fsf] b/nfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}
u/L xfdL ;r]t eof}“ / ;d'bfonfO{ ;rt] agfpg ;Sof“} eg] ;d'bfoaf6 klg o;sf] lgoGq0fdf
7'nf] ofu] bfg k'U5 .

44 :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff &

ofg} hGo tyf kh| gg gnLdf xg' ] ;ª\jm| d0fx¿ sd u/fpg lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;S5f}“ M

-s_ of}ghGo tyf k|hgg gnLdf xg' ] ;ªj\ m| d0f tyf ltgLx¿af6 x'g] kl/0ffdx¿ -af“emf]
kg, ue{ t'lxg,] cfdfsf] csfn dT[ o' tyf PecfOeL / P8\;_ af/] ;rt] gf hufpg] /
;f];DaGwL sfddf ;xof]u ug]{

-v_ ofg} hGo tyf k|hgg gnLdf x'g] ;ª\jm| d0f /fs] yfd ;DaGwL :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] ;:+ yfx¿sf]
u'0f:t/ a9fpgdf ;xof]u ug{]

-u_ of}ghGo /fu] x¿af6 hf]lvd ePsf JolSt÷;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿df ofg} hGo
;ª\jm| d0fx¿sf] arfj6;DaGwL ljzi] f sfo{jm| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{]

-3_ ofg} hGo ;ª\jm| d0fx¿ /fS] g sG8dsf] plrt ko| fu] tyf ofg} ;fyLx¿sf] klxrfg jf
c;'/lIft ofg} ljm| ofx¿sf] sdL ug{ d}qLk0" f{ / rt] gfd"ns sfoj{ m| dx¿nfO{ a9fjf lbg]

-ª_ dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg gnLdf x'g] ;ª\j|md0fx¿sf] arfj6sf nflu pgLx¿n] ug{ ;Sg]
;fdfGo s'/fx¿ -ljzi] f u/L ofg} fª\usf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO_ af/] hfgsf/L lbg]

-r_ of}ghGo tyf kh| gg gnLdf xg' ] ;ª\j|md0faf6 aRg] pkfoaf/] k/fdz{ lbg] / ofg} hGo
tyf kh| gg gnLdf xg' ] ;ªj\ m| d0fx¿sf nIf0f tyf lrxg\ x¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg]

-5_ ofg} hGo tyf kh| gg gnLdf xg' ] ;ªj\ m| d0fx¿sf] k0" f{ pkrf/ Pjd\ ofg} ;fyLsf] pkrf/
kl| t ;hu /xg'kg]{ s/' fnfO{ Jofks agfpg]

lj|mofsnfk

dfgf“} ltdf| ] l5d]sdf s;}nfO{ kh| gg gnLdf ;ª\jm| d0f ePsf] s/' f ltdLn] yfxf kfof} .
To; cj:yfdf To;sf] pkrf/sf nflu ltdLn] pgnfO{ s:tf] ;Nnfx lbG5f} <

;f/f+z

lszf]/fj:yfdf s6] fx¿df zj' |msL6 pTkfbg ;'? x'g] / s]6Lx¿df cG8 lgisf;g xg' ] x'“bf o;
cj:yfdf c;/' lIft of}g ;Dks{ ubf{ ;lhn} ue{ /xg ;S5 . ;/' lIft ofg} Jojxf/ ckgfPdf
ljleGg of}g k;| fl/t ;ª\j|md0faf6 aRg'sf ;fy} :j:y hLjg ofkg ug{ dbt ldN5 .

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIFf, sIff & 45