विधालय शिक्षाका लागि राष्ट्रिय पाठ्यक्रम प्रारूप २०७६

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phfu/ ug{ ;Sg,] hLjgf]kof]uL tyf /f]huf/dn" s l;kn] o'St x'g' klg cfjZos 5 . ljBfyL{df
sz' n ;~rf/ l;k, l;hg{ fTds Ifdtf, cGj]if0ffTds tyf ;dfnfr] gfTds k|jl[ Q, ;d:of ;dfwfg
tyf lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtf h:tf pkof]uL l;k ljsf; u/fpg lzIf0f l;sfO kl| j|mof tyf d"Nofª\sg
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;/+ rgfnufot lzIff k0| ffnLdf k|ljm| ofut ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos ePsfn] ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o«
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;'wf/sf] :j¿k tyf dfu{ to ug{ ;ª3\ Lo, kf| bl] zs, :yfgLo ;/sf/nufot ;Da4 ;an} fO{ cfjZos
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:yfgLo >d ahf/sf] cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df pkofu] L k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff
k|fKt ug{] cj;/ ;[hgf xg' ] 5 . o; k|f¿ksf] sfo{Gjog;Fu} ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwnfO{ lzIf0f
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Jofks ug],{ kf| ljlws lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ug,]{ hLjgfk] ofu] L l;knfO{ PsLst[ ug{], l;sfOnfO{ sfdsf]
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kf7\ojm| d ;+/rgf, ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ g tyf k|df0fLs/0f / /fli6o« kf7\ojm| d k|f¿k sfof{Gjog h:tf
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ljBfno lzIffsf] ;'wf/;DaGwL dful{ rqsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . 1fgsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/,
k|ljlwdf xg' ] kl/jtg{ / :yfgLo, /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/jlt{t z}lIfs d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
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klg ljBfno lzIffn] ;Dafw] g ug{' cfjZos 5 . lzIffnfO{ ;fdflhs, cflys{ , wflds{ , ;f:+ sl[ ts, /fhgLlts
ljsf;sf] kd| v' dfWodsf ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ;as} f nflu u0' f:t/Lo lzIff kf| Kt ug{] clwsf/ ;l' glZrt
ugk{' b5{ . plNnlvt ljzi] ftfdf cfwfl/t lzIffsf] ljsf; u/L ;;' :+ st[ , ;d4[ , kl| t:kwL,{ ;dtfdn" s dN" onfO{
cfTd;ft ug]{ tyf /fi6« Pjd\ /fli6o« tfkl| t lgi7fjfg\ gful/s tof/ ug]{ nIo kf| lKtsf nflu pkofu] L xg' ] u/L
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf o;sf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jog ug{' cfjZos 5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md kf| ¿k, @)&^ 1

g]kfndf ;ª3\ Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf;lxtsf] ;l+ jwfg sfof{Gjogdf 5 . o; ;+ljwfgn]
lzIff;DaGwL xsnfO{ dfl} ns xssf ¿kdf kT| ofe"t u/s] f] 5 . o;} u/L ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf
/fHosf gLltdf lzIffnfO{ gful/ssf cfwf/et" cfjZostfsf ¿kdf pNnv] u/L ;a} gful/snfO{
lzIffsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj /xg] :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/nlIft
u/s] f lzIff;Da4 clwsf/sf] kf| lKtdf ljBfno :t/df ljsf; ul/g] kf7\ojm| dn] ke| fjsf/L el" dsf
vN] gk' 5{ . k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffsf] ka| Gw;lxt lgMz'Ns Pjd\ clgjfo{ cfwf/et" lzIff /
lgMz'Ns dfWolds lzIffsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug,]{ kf| ljlws / Jofj;flos lzIffsf] cj;/ a9fpg],
hLjgkoG{ t l;sfOsf cj;/ ;[hgf u/L l;sfOnfO{ pTkfbg;Fu cfa4 ug,{] pBdzLntfsf] kj| wg{ ug]{,
lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{] / ;a} txsf] lzIffsf] u0' f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] h:tf ljifox¿
ljBfno lzIffsf kf| yldstfsf If]qx¿ xg' \ .

g]kfnn] lzIff;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o« d~rx¿df JoSt u/s] f kl| ta¢tfx¿ k/" f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg
kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7\o;fdu|Ldf ;d;fdlos ;w' f/ ul/bF } cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% sf] ;o+ S' t /fi6«;ª3\ sf]
dxf;efaf6 ;g\ @)#) ;Dd xfl;n ul/;Sg] k|lta¢tf;lxt :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ /
gk] fnn] To; an] f;Dd dWod cfo jus{ f dn' 'sx¿sf] :t/df k'Ug] nIo lnPsf] ;Gbed{ f lbuf] ljsf;sf
nIox¿dWo] ;dfj]zL / ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;l' glZrtf ug]{ / ;as} f nflu hLjgkoG{ t
l;sfOsf cj;/ kj| wg{ ug{] lzIff;uF ;DalGwt kd| 'v nIo kf| lKtsf nflu ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7o\ j|mddf
ul/g] ;'wf/ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .

gk] fndf ljBfno lzIffdf kx'rF a9fpg tyf u0' f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg /fli6«o :t/df ljleGg ko| f;x¿
xbF' } cfPsfdf ;g\ !(() sf] bzskZrft\ o;n] cem ult lnPsf] bl] vG5 . o; cjlwdf /fli6o« ljsf;
of]hgf / lzIff;DaGwL /fli6«o :t/sf of]hgfx¿df ljBfno lzIff ;w' f/sf nflu gLlt, /0fgLlt,
sfog{ Llt, sfo{j|md / sfo{ofh] gf cufl8 ;fl/Psf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df lj= ;= @)&# ;fpgbl] v @)*)
c;f/ -;g\ @)!^ hn' fOb{ l] v @)@# h'nfO;{ Dd_ sf] ;ft a;{] ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf :jLs[t eO{
sfof{Gjogdf /xs] f] 5 . o; ofh] gfn] g]kfnnfO{ lj=;=+ @)&( ;Dddf cNkljsl;t /fi6s« f] :t/af6
dfly p7fpg / lj=;=+ @)*& ;Dddf dWod cfo ePsf] d'ns' df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlSt
pTkfbg ug]{ nIonfO{ cfTd;ft u/s] f] bl] vG5 . To;} u/L o; ofh] gfn] gk] fnsf] lzIffdf ;dtfsf] ljsf;,
u0' f:t/df ;w' f/, ;Ifdtfdf clejl[ 4, ;z' f;g sfod tyf Joj:yfksLo ;w' f/df hf8] lbPsf] 5 .

kGw|f}F of]hgf -@)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!_ sf] cfwf/ kqdf lzIff;DaGwL xsnfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf
k|Tofet" u/L cfwf/e"t tx;Dd clgjfo{ / lgMzN' s tyf dfWolds txsf] lzIff lgMzN' s kfpg]
Joj:yfdf hf8] lbOPsf] 5 . lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/d"ns agfpFb} nh} fg l;kdn" s tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf]
lj:tf/df hf8] lbO{ nufgL jl[ 4 ug]{, hgzlStnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6o« :t/df ;dsIfL / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg],
kf| ljlws lzIffnfO{ x/s] :yfgLo tx;Dd ;j;{ n' e u/fpg] s/' f o; cfwf/ kqdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . o; of]hgfn] u'0f:t/Lo z}lIfs jftfj/0f l;hg{ f, vf]h tyf cg;' Gwfg, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
¿kfGt/0fsf nflu dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;, pTkfbgzLn / gjk|j{tgzLn dfgj ;f| t] sf] ljsf;, ;a}nfO{

2 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|

hLjgko{Gt lzIffsf] cj;/ Pjd\ z}lIfs lgsfo / lzIf0f ;+:yfdf ;z' f;g sfod ug]{ h:tf kIfnfO{
kf| yldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .

sfg'gL tyf gLltut k|fjwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]adfl] hd ljBfno lzIffsf] ;/+ rgfnfO{ kf| /lDes afn ljsf;
tyf lzIff Pjd\ sIff ! bl] v sIff * ;Dd cfwf/e"t / sIff ( bl] v !@ ;Dd dfWolds tx sfod
ul/Psf] cj:yfdf !# a;{] cjlwsf] ljBfno lzIffsf] ;du| bl[ i6sf]0f lgwf{/0f ug{s' f ;fy} dn' 'ssf]
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:sl[ ts kl/j]z ;x' fpbF f] kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;sf nflu pkoS' t vfsf
ljsf; ug{k' g]{ ePsfn] /fli6«o kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿ksf] ljsf; ug'{k/s] f] xf] . Psftkm{ cfwf/e"t tx sIff
! b]lv # ;Dd ;DefJo l;k tyf ;Ifdtfx¿nfO{ cGt/;DalGwt / PsLst[ u/L kf7\ojm| dsf] ljsf;
ugk{' g]{ cfjZostf 5 eg] csf{]tkm{ dfWolds txdf l;kd"ns / /fh] uf/pGdv' kf7\ojm| d ljsf; u/L
sfofG{ jogdf Nofpg' cfjZos 5 . To;} u/L dn' 'sdf clxn] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ ;ª3\ , k|bz] /
:yfgLo ;/sf/dfkmt{ lzIffsf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg eO/x]sfn] ljBfno lzIffsf]
kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf dfub{ zg{ ugs{ f nflu klg /fli6o« kf7\ojm| d kf| ¿ksf]
ljsf; cfjZos bl] vPsf] 5 . o;n] l;sfOsf dfkb08 lgwf/{ 0f tyf l;sfO Joj:yfkgdf ;xhLs/0f
ug{s' f ;fy} :yfgLo ljifoj:t' 5gf]6, ltgsf] kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf sfofG{ jogsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg
ug{] 5 .

!=@ k|f¿k ljsf;sf] cf}lrTo

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7o\ jm| d d'ns' sf] ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/lZfnf xf] .
/fli6«o kf7o\ j|md kf| ¿kn] g} lzIffsf] /fli6«o uGtJo tyf sfo{lbzf to ub5{ . gk] fnsf] ljBdfg
;+j}wflgs, sfgg' L / gLltut Joj:yf Pjd\ ;ª3\ Lo ;/+ rgfcgs' n" x'g] u/L dfh} 'bf /fli6o« kf7\oj|md
k|f¿knfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5 . o;y{ bx] foadf]lhdsf kIfnfO{ /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d k|f¿k ljsf;sf]
cf}lrTosf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 M

 ;j+ }wflgs Joj:yf / d'n'ssf] ;ª3\ Lo ;/+ rgfcg;' f/ ljBfno:t/Lo kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 sfo{nfO{
Jojl:yt ug'{

 ljBfno lzIffsf] ;/+ rgfcg'¿k kf| /lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffbl] v sIff !@ ;Ddsf] kf7o\ j|md
ljsf; sfo{nfO{ lbzflgbz{] ug{'

 kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog;uF ;DalGwt ;}4flGts / gLltut cfwf/ to ug'{
 kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df lzIffnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] sf/ssf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ u0' f:t/Lo ljBfno lzIffsf

nflu l;sfO ;xhLs/0f dfkb08 lglbi{ 6 ug'{
 ljBfno lzIffdf kl| jlwd}qL l;sfONffO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] cfwf/lznf v8f ug{'
 ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg, kd| f0fLs/0f, ;dsIftf tyf /fli6o« ofU] otf kf| ¿k;DaGwL sfox{ ¿nfO{ Jojl:yt

/ ke| fjsf/L agfpg'

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7\oj|md kf| ¿k, @)&^ 3

 /fli6«o cfjZostf / cGt/fl{ i6«o cEof;sf cfwf/df txut Pjd\ sIffut kf7\ojm| d ;+/rgfdf
;d;fdlos ;w' f/ ug{'

 ;d;fdlos kl/j]z, ;dfhsf] dfu, l;sf?sf cfjZostfnufotsf j:t'lgi7 cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d
ljsf; tyf ;'wf/ ug{'

 /fli6o« cfjZostf / cGt/f{li6o« d~rdf JoSt u/]sf kl| ta4tfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{
 /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] nIocg¿' k ljBfno lzIffsf dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] ljsf;df

:t/f]Ggltsf nflu ;xofu] ug{'
 ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfcg's"n xg' ] u/L dfh} 'bf /fli6«o kf7\oj|md kf| ¿knfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L :yfgLo txsf]

e"ldsfnfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{'

!=# kf| ¿k lgdf{0f k|ljm| of

kf7\oj|md tyf kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 ljZjJofkL kl/j]z, ljBdfg kf7\oj|mdsf] ljZni] f0f, ljz]if1 Pjd\
lj1x¿sf] ;Nnfx tyf ;e' mfj / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf /fo, ;'emfj tyf k|ltlj|mof;dt] sf cfwf/df
b]xfosf r/0fx¿ k"/f u/L of] kf7\oj|md k|f¿k tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

!=#=! k|f¿k lgdf0{ f sfoo{ f]hgf lgdf0{ f

kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿k tof/ ug{] jm| ddf kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b|n] sfoo{ fh] gf tof/ u/L lj= ;+= @)&# sf]
kmfug' af6 sfo{ k|f/De u/s] f] lyof] .

!=#=@ ljifoIf]qut ;dx" (Thematic group) u7g

kf7o\ jm| d k|f¿k lgdf0{ f sfo{of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/c] g¿' k gofF k|f¿k ljsf; ug{sf nflu ljBfno
lzIffsf] kf| /lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffb]lv sIff !@ ;Dd ;dl] 6g] u/L ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7o\ j|md
ljsf;sf ;4} flGts cfwf/x¿, ljBfno lzIffsf] b/" bl[ i6, /fli6o« p2]Zo, ;Ifdtf, kf7\oj|md ;/+ rgf,
dN" ofª\sgnufotsf kf7\ojm| d;Da4 ljljw kIfx¿df lj1 ;dx" af6 kf| /lDes cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug{
b]xfocg';f/sf ;ftcf]6f ljifoIf]qut ;d"x u7g eO{ kf| /lDes d:of}bf ul/Psf] lyof] M

!= k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffbl] v sIff # ;Ddsf] kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf
@= ljBfno lzIffsf] b[li6sf0] f, /fli6«o p2Z] o, txut ;Ifdtf
#= ;fwf/0f wf/sf] kf7\oj|md 9frF f
$= ;:+ s[t tyf k/Dk/fut lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md 9frF f
%= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf] kf7\ojm| d ;+/rgf
^= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of, dN" ofª\sg / k|df0fLs/0f
&= kf7o\ jm| d l;4fGt, gLlt / cGo ;fGbles{ ljifox¿

4 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

!=#=# ;Gbe{ ;fduL| k'g/jnfs] g

of] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md kf| ¿k tof/ ug]{ j|mddf lgDglnlvt ;fduL| x¿ k'g/jnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] M

-s_ dfh} b' f /fli6o« kf7\oj|md k|f¿k kg' /jnfs] g

/fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)^# n] Joj:yf u/]sf ljBfno lzIffsf kf7\oj|md;Da4 ljljw kIfx¿sf]
kg' /jnfs] g ul/of] . o;cGtu{t dn" tM kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 ;d;fdlos kIfx¿, ;}4flGts cfwf/, ljBfno
lzIffsf] bl[ i6sf0] f, /fli6o« p2Z] o, ;Ifdtf, kf7o\ jm| dsf] ;/+ rgf, ljBfyL{ dN" ofªs\ g Pjd\ gLltut Joj:yfsf]
;dLIff ul/of] . o;sf ;fy} /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿k, @)^# sf cfwf/df ljsf; ul/Psf] kf7o\ jm| dsf]
sl/a Ps bzseGbf a9Lsf] sfofG{ jog cge' jaf6 kf| Kt l;sfOsf cfwf/df c;n / ;fGbles{ cEof;nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbbF } ;d;flos ¿kdf ;d6] g\ k' g{] gjLg ljifox¿sf] vfh] L ul/Psf] lyof] .

-v_ cGt/f{li6«o cEof;sf] k'g/jnfs] g

ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7o\ j|md;Da4 cGt/f{li6o« cEof;sf] kg' /jnfs] g ug{] jm| ddf ef/t, rLg, >Lnªs\ f,
l;ª\ufk'/, hfkfg, sfl] /of, lkmgNofG8, cdl] /sf, a]nfot, dfN6f, l:jh/NofG8, c:6l]« nof, Go'lhNofG8,
yfONofG8, lkmlnlkG;sf ljBfno :t/sf kf7\ojm| d 9frF f / ;Da4 ljifoIf]qsf] tn' gfTds cWoog u/L
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df pkofu] L x'g] ljleGg ljsNkx¿dfly lj1 ;dx" lar 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

-u_ /fli6«o gLltut b:tfjh] x¿sf] cWoog

kf| ¿k lgdf0{ fsf jm| ddf gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg, df}h'bf lzIff P]g tyf lgodfjnL, ljleGg ;dodf ul7t /fli6«o
:t/sf lzIff cfofu] sf kl| tj]bgx¿, cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfx¿, ljBfno Ifq] ljsf; of]hgfnufot
lzIff;Da4 gLltut b:tfjh] x¿sf] cWoog tyf k'g/jnfs] g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;a}sf nflu lzIff;DaGwL
nIox¿, ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo k|flKtsf nflu /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6«o
d~rdf g]kfnn] JoSt u/s] f kl| ta4tfx¿sf] cWoog u/L k|f¿k ljsf; k|lj|mofnfO{ ;fGbles{ /
Jofjxfl/s agfpg] ko| f; ul/Psf] lyof] .

-3_ df}h'bf kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7o\ k':ts ljZni] f0f

ljBfno lzIffsf] k|f/lDes afn ljsf; / lzIffb]lv sIff !@ ;Ddsf ljleGg ljifo tyf l;sfO Ifq] sf
dfh} 'bf kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7\ok:' ts cWoog tyf ljZni] f0f u/L] kf7\ojm| dsf] sIffut, txut, ljifout
nDaLo (Vertical) Pjd\ ;dtnLo (Horizontal) ;DaGwnufot ;fGble{stf (Relevancy) tyf
kof{Kttf (Adequacy) sf] ljZni] f0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o; jm| ddf df}hb' f kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7\ok':tsdf
ePsf lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ /fd|f kIfx¿ tyf ;w' f/ ugk'{ g]{ kIfx¿sf] klg vfh] L ul/Psf] lyof] .

!=#=$ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ;'emfj tyf ki[ 7kfi] f0f ;ª\sng

d:of}bfsf ¿kdf tof/ ePsf] /fli6«o kf7o\ j|md k|f¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] d"net" ljifoIf]qnfO{ yk
kl/is[t ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu cGt/ljm| of u/L ;'emfj Pjd\ ki[ 7kfi] f0f ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\ojm| d k|f¿k, @)&^ 5

b]xfocg;' f/sf ;/fs] f/jfnf ;dx" af6 kf| Kt ePsf ;fGble{s / pkoS' t ;'emfj tyf k[i7kfi] f0fnfO{
k|f¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] M
 kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] bs| f ljifout ljifo ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿
 ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx¿
 /fli6o« k/LIff af]8{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿
 lzIfs dxf;ª3\ nufot lzIfssf k;] fut ;+:yf;Da4 kbflwsf/Lx¿
 lghL Ifq] ;uF cfa4 ljBfno ;~rfnssf kl| tlglwx¿
 gful/s ;dfh / cleefjs;Da4 ;:+ yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿
 ljBfyL{ ;ª\3 ;ªu\ 7gsf kbflwsf/Lx¿
 lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno / cGtut{ lgsfosf gLltut txsf kbflwsf/Lx¿
 s]xL lzIfljb\x¿, lzIfsx¿, ljBfyLx{ ¿, cleejsx¿, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLltsdL{x¿
 kf| b]lzs txdf s]xL ;/fs] f/jfnf / lzIfs ;d'bfo;Fusf] cGt/lj|mof

!=#=% kf| ¿ksf] k'g/jnf]sg tyf clGtd d:ofb} f tof/L

/fli6«o kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf dN" ofªs\ g kl/ifbs\ f] ldlt @)&%÷)@÷!* sf] a7} sn] /fli6o« kf7o\ j|md
k|f¿ksf] :j¿k tyf cfwf/x¿ tof/ u/s] f] lyof] eg] kl/ifb\sf] @)&%÷)%÷)@ sf] a}7sn] k|f/lDes
afn ljsf; / lzIffb]lv sIff !@ ;Ddsf] kf7o\ jm| d ;+/rgf l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L tof/ ePsf]
kf| ¿ksf] d:of}bfdf ljleGg ;/fs] f/jfnfaf6 k|fKt ePsf /fo;e' mfj tyf kl| tljm| ofx¿;dt] sf cfwf/df
kg' /jnf]sg u/L sx] L kl/dfhg{ ;lxt ldlt @)&^÷)%÷!( ut] a;]sf] /fli6«o kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf
d"Nofªs\ g kl/ifbs\ f] a7} sn] /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿knfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO{ :jLsl[ tsf nflu l;kmfl/;
u/s] f] lyof] .

!=#=^ kf| ¿k :jLsl[ t

plNnlvt kl| j|mof k/" f u/L d:ofb} fsf ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7\oj|md
k|f¿kdf ;/fs] f/jfnfx¿af6 k|fKt ;fGbles{ / pko'St ;e' mfj tyf ki[ 7kfi] f0fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L
/fli6«o kf7\ojm| d ljsf; tyf d"Nofªs\ g kl/ifbs\ f] ldlt @)&^÷)%÷!( sf] a7} sdf kg' M 5nkmn
u/L ;fx] L a7} ssf] lg0fo{ cg;' f/ :jLsl[ tsf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] lyof] . /fli6«o kf7o\ j|md tyf
d"Nofªs\ g kl/ifbn] l;kmfl/; u/c] g;' f/ gk] fn ;/sf/, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqnosf]
ldlt @)&^÷)%÷@) sf] lg0f{oaf6 :jLst[ eO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^
ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ sf] dfu{bzs{ b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf
cfPsf] xf] .

6 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

kl/R5b] kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 ;d;fdlos kIfx¿
b'O{

kf7o\ jm| d;DaGwL efjL bl[ i6sf0] f ljsf; ug{ ;Da4 ;d;fdlos d2' f tyf rg' ft} Lx¿ klxrfg / ljZni] f0f
ug{' ;fGbles{ xG' 5 . d2' f tyf rg' ft} Lsf] klxrfg, JofVof Pjd\ ljZni] f0fn] kf7o\ jm| d;DaGwL efjL
bl[ i6sf0] f klxrfg ug{] cfwf/ kb| fg ug{] xbF' f o; v08df gk] fndf ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf bv] f k/s] f
dxŒjk0" f{ kIfx¿ pNnv] ub{} tL kIfx¿;uF ;DalGwt ;d:of / rg' ft} Lx¿sf] ljZni] f0f ul/Psf] 5 .

@=! efu} fl] ns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ ts, cflys{ tyf zl} Ifs kIf

g]kfn efu} fl] ns, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f:+ s[lts ljljwtfoS' t bz] xf] . oL ljljwtf gk] fnsf ljlzi6 klxrfg
klg x'g\ . pRr lxdz[ª\vnf;lxtsf] lxdfnL e]s, ljljw hnjfo'oS' t /d0fLo kxf8L e]s / pkTosf,
;dtn / pj{/el" d ePsf] t/fO{ dwz] es] g]kfnsf] efu} fl] ns ljzi] ftf xf] . blIf0fb]lv pQ/;Ddsf]
5f6] f] b'/Llarsf] leGg leGg hnjfo'n] gk] fnsf] ef}ufl] ns, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:sl[ ts kIfx¿df ljlzi6tf
kb| fg u/s] f 5g\ . cfk;L ;xofu] , ;be\ fj / ;lxi0f'tf;lxt ;/n / dq} Lk0" f{ Jojxf/ tyf df}lns
;+:sl[ tdf /dfpg] hLjgz}nL g]kfnLsf klxrfg xg' \ . k/fk] sf/, cltly ;Tsf/, dn] ldnfk / ;b\efj
h:tf cfbz{ g]kfnsf ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljzi] ftf ags] f 5g\ .

gk] fn ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;f+:sl[ ts Pjd\ ;fdflhs bl[ i6n] ljlzi6 klxrfg ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfsF f]
ljlzi6tfdf ljljwtf kfOG5 . ljljwtf g} gk] fnsf] uf}/j xf] . ljljw snf, wd{, jz] ei" ff /
/xg;xgsf] lg/Gt/tf gk] fnsf] ljzi] ftf xf] . dlGb/, u'Daf, wd{zfnf, kf6Lkf}jf, dl:hb, rf}tf/L
Pjd\ 9ª' u\ ] wf/f h:tf ;fj{hlgs w/fx] /x¿sf] pkl:ylt gk] fnsf] ljzi] ftf xf] . oxfF ljljw ;f+:s[lts
;Eotf / rf8kj{kl| tsf] ;b\efj klg ljlzi6 5 . s[lif / kz'kfng, h8La'6L, :yfg ljz]ifsf
pTkfbgsf] cfbfgkb| fg, xf6ahf/, kj{tf/f]x0f, ko{6g h:tf kIfx¿ g]kfnsf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfksf k|d'v
cfwf/ xg' \ .

z}lIfs b[li6sf]0fn] xb] f{ g]kfndf k}Flt; xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf ljBfno tyf emG8} Tolts} ;ª\Vofdf afn
ljsf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . pRr lzIff cWoog ug{sf nflu ljZjljBfnox¿nufot pRr
lzIff kb| fos k|lti7fgx¿ ;~rfngdf /xs] f 5g\ . g]kfnsf] efu} fl] ns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ ts, cfly{s
tyf z}lIfs kIfx¿nfO{ ljZni] f0f ubf{ b]xfocg;' f/sf ;d:of bl] vG5g\ M

 wfld{s, ;f:+ sl[ ts Pjd\ ko6{ sLo :ynx¿sf] a[xt\ ;Defjgf eP tfklg kofK{ t ¿kdf o;sf]
klxrfg, ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g eOg;s]sf]

 s[lifdf lge{/ /x]/ klg ckl] Ift ¿kdf s[lif Ifq] sf] ljsf;af6 k"0f{¿kdf cfTdlge/{ x'g g;ss] f] /
cfly{s jl[ 4b/ ck]lIft ¿kdf a9f]Q/L xg' g;s]sf]

 d'ns' cem} klg k0" f{ ;fIf/ xg' g;s]sf]

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\ojm| d k|f¿k, @)&^ 7

 zl} Ifs u0' f:t/ ck]lIft ¿kdf a9\g g;s]sf]
 k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf ljsl;t eOg;s]sf]
 ;du| lzIff k4ltaf6 pTkflbt ;Dk0" f{ hgzlSt /f]huf/ ahf/df vkt x'g g;s]sf] / :j/fh] uf/sf]

cj:yf;dt] ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf]
 :yfgLo 1fg tyf l;k;uF ;fdLKo x'g g;sL z}lIfs ;fGble{stfdfly kZ| g p7\g] u/s] f]
 cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, ckfª\utf ePsf, dwz] Lnufot ef}uf]lns ¿kdf k5fl8 k/s] f pTkLl8t

ju{sf] z}lIfs kx'rF sf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs g/xs] f]
 pTkflbt hgzlStdf dfgjLo dN" o, dfGotf / cfr/0f ckI] ffst[ ¿kdf j[l4 x'g g;ss] f]

plNnlvt ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Dafw] g u/L bz] sf] ;du| ljsf;df ult k|bfg ug{] lsl;dsf] lzIffsf]
ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ r'gft} Lk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

@=@ kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ k|ljm| of

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bn| ] ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;nufot kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 sfo{ ug{] u/s] f] 5 .
/fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf dN" ofªs\ g kl/ifbn\ ] kf7o\ jm| d;DaGwL gLltut lgbz{] ub5{ . o;;DaGwL
sfod{ f gk] fn ;/sf/sf] tkma{ f6 lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfnon] lg0fo{ ub5{ . tL lg0fo{ x¿sf]
sfofG{ jog kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bn| ] ug{] ub5{ . o;sf nflu kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bn| ] bx] fosf kl| jm| ofdfkmt{
;e' mfj ;ªs\ ng u/L kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 sfox{ ¿ ;Dkfbg ub5{ M
 /fli6o« :t/sf z}lIfs cfof]u, sfob{ n / ;ldltaf6 lbOPsf ;e' mfjx¿
 kf7\ojm| d k|ofu] stf{sf ;e' mfjx¿
 lzIfs, cleefjs, ;fdflhs sfo{stf,{ a'l4hLjL cflbnfO{ ;d]6L ul/Psf tflnd tyf ufi] 7Laf6

kf| Kt k|ltljm| of Pjd\ ;'emfjx¿
 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; / sfofG{ jog ubfs{ f] ;dodf plNnlvt p2Z] o, gLlt tyf sfoj{ m| d / cge' j
 zl} Ifs bz{g, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; / kj| tg{ fTds sfo{jm| daf6 k|fKt ;e' mfjx¿
 ljleGg ;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;Nnfx / ;'emfj tyf ljrf/x¿
 gful/s ;dfhaf6 kf| Kt ;'emfjx¿
 /fhgLlts bn tyf ltgsf 3fi] f0ffkqx¿df JoSt kl| ta4tfx¿

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; k|ljm| ofdf kf7o\ jm| dsf k|of]ustf{ -ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfs_, hgk|ltlglwx¿, cleefjs,
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIff ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿, gful/s ;dfhsf cuj' fx¿, pBdL tyf
Joj;foLaf6 kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7o\ ;fduL| kl/dfh{gsf ;DaGwdf ;"rgf tyf k[i7kf]if0f lng] ul/Psf]
5 . o;s} cfwf/df s]Gba| f6 ;fdfGotof x/s] jif{ cBfjlws, k|To]s kfrF jifd{ f ;fdfGo kl/dfhg{ /
k|Tos] bz jif{df k"0f{ kl/dfh{g÷kl/jtg{ ug{] cEof; xbF' } cfPsf] 5 . kf7\ojm| d ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{

8 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b|

kl| jm| ofn] lgDglnlvt r'gft} Lx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ugk{' g{] bl] vG5 M

 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g k|ljm| ofnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfuadf]lhd ljs]GbL| s[t ug{]
 ;/fs] f/jfnfx¿sf] k0" f{ ;xeflutf ;l' glZrt ug]{
 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf dfu / cfjZostfcg';f/sf] kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{
 ;dfjz] L cjwf/0ffcg'¿k kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; / kl/dfhg{ ug]{
 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; Pjd\ sfof{Gjogsf nflu kf| bl] zs tyf :yfgLo tx;Dd ;:+ yfut ;o+ Gqsf] ljsf;

ug]{ / ePsf ;o+ Gqsf] ;:+ yfut Ifdtf ;anLs/0f ug]{
 ljBfyLd{ f cfgf] hLjg / hut\;Fu ;fGbles{ zl} Ifs l;k, kl| jlw / kj| [lQsf] ljsf; ug{]
 :yfgLo cfjZostf / ljZj ahf/ Pjd\ tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg cfjZostflar ;Gt'ng sfod

ug{]
 ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; k|ljm| ofdf ;xefuL u/fpg]
 g]kfnsf] dfl} ns d"No tyf dfGotf Pjd\ cf:yf tyf ljZjf;sf] ;j+ w{g / k|jw{g ub{} ljBfyLd{ f

c;n rl/q ljsf; ug]{
 kf7o\ j|mdnfO{ hLjgfk] ofu] L / ;fGbles{ agfpg] Pjd\ l;h{gzLntf k|jwg{ ug]{

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g kl| jm| ofsf pko'{St rg' ft} Lx¿nfO{ ;Dafw] g u/L kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog
k|lj|mofnfO{ Jofjxfl/s, ;do;fk]If Pjd\ :t/Lo agfpg yk ;'wf/sf ko| f;x¿ cjnDag ug{'kg{]
bl] vG5 .

@=# kf7o\ j|mdsf] ;fd~h:o / lg/Gt/tf

kf7\oj|mdsf] txut ;fd~h:on] ;du| lzIffsf] u0' f:t/ Pjd\ ke| fjsfl/tfnfO{ k|ToIf ke| fj kfb{5 .
kf7\ojm| ddf txut, ljifout, sIffut / ljBfyLs{ f] ;Ifdtfsf b[li6n] ;fd~h:o sfod ug'{kg]{ xG' 5 .
o;sf nflu kf7\oj|mdsf] ;dtnLo (Horizontal) tyf nDaLo (Vertical) ;Gt'ng dxŒjk0" f{ xg' ]
ub5{ . o; ;Gbe{df xfd|f] kf7\oj|mdsf] txut ;fd~h:osf af/]df ljljw k|Zgx¿ p7\g] u/s] f]
oyfy{nfO{ gsfg{ ;lsbF }g . ljleGg b:tfjh] , cWoog tyf cg;' Gwfg / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf ;'emfj, ljutsf]
kf7\ojm| d sfof{Gjogsf] cge' j Pjd\ of] k|f¿k kl/dfhg{ sf j|mddf ul/Psf sIff !–!@ sf ljifout
kf7o\ jm| dsf] ljZn]if0f;d]tsf cfwf/df kf7o\ j|mdsf] ;fd~h:o / lg/Gt/tf ;DaGwdf lgDglnlvt
rg' ft} Lx¿ bl] vPsf 5g\ M

 b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO Pjd\ js} lNks lzIff;d]tnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{k' g{] cj:yf
 txut, sIffut Pjd\ ljifout ¿kdf nDaLo Pjd\ ;dtnLo ;Gtn' g
 kf7o\ jm| d lgdf0{ f k|lj|mofsf] ;Dk"0ft{ f / txut ¿kdf v08Lst[ cj:yf
 ljBfyLs{ f] :t/cg'¿ksf ljifoj:t' rog / af]lemnf] kf7\ojm| d

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7\ojm| d k|f¿k, @)&^ 9

 kf7\oj|mdsf] ljifout ;Ifdtf;uF lzIfssf] Ifdtf / tflndsf] cfa4tf

 ljBfno txb]lv pRr tx;Dd kf7\ojm| dsf] cGt/;DaGw

 ;d;fdlos d2' fx¿ (Contemporary issues) df b|'t ultdf eO/xs] f] km/] abn

 kf7\ojm| ddf yk ug'{kg]{ ljifoj:t' / If]q lbg k|ltlbg a9b\ f] jm| ddf /x]sfn] ;a} ljifo / If]qnfO{
plQs} kf| yldstf lbg'kg]{ bafa

@=$ d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t lzIff

lzIffn] c;n JolSt / c;n ;:+ sf/o'St gful/s ljsf;df ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . ;dfhsf d"No /
dfGotfcg;' f/ ;lxi0f' efj, ;Ddfg, k/f]ksf/, ;fdflhs ;be\ fj / ;xof]u h:tf kIfx¿af6 lzIff k4lt
lglbi{ 6 x'g'kb{5 . lzIff xfl;n ul/;s]kl5 JolStdf 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ, bIftf / sfd ug{] tTk/tfsf]
ljsf; x'g'k5{ . lzIffn] ;d[4 / ;Eo ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf dbt ug{k' b{5 . lzIffs} dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs
Gofo, nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/, ;dtf tyf ;xcl:tTj h:tf kIfx¿ ;an agfpg'kb5{ . lzIffn] zflGt,
;bfrf/ / gl} tstf h:tf kIfnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ugk'{ g]{ x'G5 . jt{dfg ;ªu\ l7t / cfk} rfl/s lzIff
Joj:yfkgdf lzIffnfO{ k];fsf] tof/Lsf ¿kdf klg x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . oL kIfnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] kf7o\ jm| d ;xL
cyd{ f dN" o / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t xg' ;S5 . g]kfndf ljBfno txsf] lzIff cfhg{ u/]sf] hgzlStn]
sfd vf]Hg jf l;hg{ f ug{, k'Vofn}{ L k];fnfO{ ;'wf/ Pjd\ cfTd;ft ug{ / ck]lIft ¿kdf kfl/jfl/s
sfod{ f ;xofu] k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 5g} . ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf tyf ;Tsd{ h:tf kIfnfO{ ckl] Ift
¿kdf ;Dafw] g ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . kf| ¿k tof/ ug{] jm| ddf ;~rflnt ljleGg sfo{zfnfx¿df klg
Odfgbf/L, ldtJolotf, dfof tyf ;b\efj, lzi6tf h:tf kIfnfO{ kf7o\ j|mdn] ckl] Ift ¿kdf ;Daf]wg
ug{ g;s]sf] s/' f cf}FNofOPsf lyP . oxfF plNnlvt sltko ;jfnx¿ cbZ[ o kf7o\ jm| dsf kIf xg' \ .
logLx¿ kf7\oj|mdsf] sfof{Gjog / ljBfnon] lgdf0{ f ug{] zl} Ifs ;+:s[lt;Fu klg ;DalGwt xG' 5g\ .
o:tf cb[Zo kf7o\ jm| dsf ;jfnx¿ klg ;Dafw] g x'g' h?/L x'G5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog /
kf7\ojm| dsf] ljZn]if0faf6 klg jtd{ fg ljBfno txsf] kf7o\ j|mdn] Psflt/ k"jL{o bz{gsf dN" o /
dfGotfsf pkof]uL kIfx¿nfO{ kj| wg{ ug{ g;ss] f] bl] vG5 eg] csf{lt/ klZrdL 1fg kf| lKtsf d"No /
dfGotfx¿nfO{ klg ckl] Ift ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ g;ss] f] b]lvG5 . ctM kf| ¿kn] lgDglnlvt ljifonfO{
;Dafw] g u/L kf7\ojm| dsf] :j¿k, l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| j|mof h:tf kIfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ub}{ 7f]; b[li6sf0] f
k|:t't ugk{' g{] bl] vPsf] 5 M

 ;fdflhs, ;f:+ s[lts, /fhgLlts / dfgjLo d"No tyf dfGotf;Da4 kIfx¿

 g]kfnL dN" o / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;

 zflGt, ;b\efj, ;xofu] , ;]jf / ;lxi0f'tf, ;xsfl/tf tyf c;n rl/qsf] ljsf; h:tf
dN" ox¿df cfwfl/t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;

 ;Tojflbtf, lgM:jfy{kgf, ;j] fefj, cfTdlge/{ tf, kf/:kl/s lge/{ tf / ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtg
h:tf dN" ox¿df cfwfl/t kf7\oj|md ljsf;

10 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b|

 ;dtf tyf ;dfjl] ztfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ / ljljwtfnfO{ sb/ ug]{ dN" odf cfwfl/t kf7o\ jm| d
ljsf;

 lj1fg / kl| jlwdf cfwfl/t hLjg k4lt Pjd\ jftfj/0fcg's"n hLjgz}nL cjnDag ug{
j:t'lgi7 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;

@=% lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL l;k

afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;j+ u] fTds, ;fdflhs tyf af}l4s ljsf; ub{} b}lgs hLjgnfO{ ;v' L
Pjd\ u0' f:t/Lo agfpg ljljw Jofjxfl/s l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ul/gk' 5{ . hLjgfk] of]uL l;kn] JolStsf]
hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿nfO{ a'l4dQfk"0f{ 9ªu\ af6 ;dfwfg ug{ / cfgf] hLjgnfO{ ljljw lsl;dsf
gsf/fTds ke| fjaf6 6f9f /fVg dbt ub{5 . hLjgf]kofu] L l;kcGtut{ JolStsf] hLjgofkgdf
cfjZos kg]{ ;~rf/, ;d"xsfo,{ ;d:of ;dfwfg, :jlg0f{o, åGå Joj:yfkg, ljQLo ;fIf/tf h:tf
cTofjZos l;kx¿ kb{5g\ . hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg;' f/sf rg' ft} L ljBdfg 5g\ M

 kf7\ojm| d;Da4 k|ljm| ofn] hLjgf]kofu] L l;knfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{
 1fg / hLjgfk] of]uL l;knfO{ jf:tljs hLjgdf sfof{Gjog xg' ] u/L l;sfO ;xhLs/0f

lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ugs{ f nflu ljBfno txdf cfjZos ;xofu] / ;'emfj kb| fg ug{'

@=^ /fh] uf/L / :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu lzIff

lzIffn] JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;Ifdtf ePsf gful/s tof/
ug'k{ 5{ . o;n] cyf]k{ fhg{ ug],{ k];f tyf Joj;fonfO{ kj| wg{ ug]{ / :yfgLo k];f tyf Joj;fonfO{
;Ddfg ug{] ofU] o hgzlSt tof/ ugk{' g]{ xG' 5 . To:t} /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf ;xh ¿kdf k|jz] u/L cfgf]
;Ifdtf k|bzg{ ug{ ;Sg,] cfg} ko| f;df /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] jf cGo JolStx¿nfO{
;d]t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ kb| fg ug{ ;Sg] hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{] lzIff g} /fh] uf/pGd'v Jofj;flos
lzIff xf] . gk] fnsf ;Gbed{ f Psftkm{ pRr lzIff kf| Kt u/s] f] hgzlSt /fh] uf/ ahf/;Fu cfa4
gxFb' f a]/fh] uf/ xg' 'k/]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ ljutdf a;l]{ g ljBfno lzIff k/" f ug{ g;sL lzIffaf6
aflxl/gx] ¿sf] ;ª\Vof pRr /x]sf] 5 . jtd{ fgdf ljBfno lzIff k"/f ug]{ t/ sfd / /fh] uf/Lsf] Ifq]
;x' fpbF f] ;Ifdtf ePsf hgzlSt ljBfno lzIffaf6 cfjZostfg';f/ pTkfbg ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf
5 . pRr cWoogdf ePsf] ;xeflutfsf] b/ xb] f{ clwsfz+ ljBfno lzIff k"/f u/s] f hgzlSt
sfddf ;n+ Ug x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] Jofj;flos tyf kf| ljlws lzIffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ yk
kl' i6 u5{ . Jofj;flos lzIff, k|fljlws lzIff tyf tflnd klg ck]lIft x'g g;ss] f] cj:yf 5 .
pTkflbt hgzlSt :jbz] L /fh] uf/sf Ifq] df ckl] Ift ¿kdf kj| z] ug{ / :j/f]huf/ aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .
cem} klg >dnfO{ ;Ddfg gug]{ / hflu/sf] vf]hLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] j|md hf/L g} 5 . o; ;Gbed{ f
casf] ljBfno lzIffn] k;] f tyf Joj;fonfO{ cfjZos kg{] cfwf/et" 1fg, l;k, kj| [lQ / Jojxf/
xfl;n u/fpg'sf ;fy} Jojxf/s'zn l;kx¿ (Soft Skills) k|bfg ugk'{ 5{ . o:tf l;kaf6 k;] f tyf
Joj;fo ;~rfng sfo{df ;xhLs/0f ug{ yk dbt kU' g hfG5 . ljBfno lzIffsf !# jifb{ ]lv !^ jif{

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿k, @)&^ 11

pd/] ;dx" sf l;sf?nfO{ eljiodf k;] f tyf Joj;fodf ;n+ Ug xg' cfjZos kg{] pSt l;kx¿ ;d6] g\ ]
u/L k|f¿kn] ;Dafw] g ugk'{ g{] xG' 5 . s'g} k;] f, Joj;fo / /f]huf/sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ljlzi6Lst[
l;ksf] ¿kdf Jofj;flos l;ksf] cfjZostf /xG5 . o;cGtut{ Joj;fosf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ cfh} f/ tyf
pks/0f ko| fu] , ddt{ h:tf ljlzi6 l;k (Hard Skill) ;dt] kb5{ g\ . o; ;Gbed{ f kf| ¿k ljsf;df
lgDglnlvt kIf rg' f}tLk0" f{ ag]sf 5g\ M

 kj" { Jofj;flos l;k / Jofj;flos l;knfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{
 Jofj;flos / ;fwf/0f wf/ 56' 6\ f56' 6\ } xg' ] jf bj' } ;dfgfGt/ hfg] olsg u/L dfWolds ljBfno

lzIffsf ks| f/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{'
 ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdn] sfdsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ l;ksf] klxrfg / ljifout Ifq]

lgwf/{ 0f ug{'
 Jofj;flos lzIffaf6 ;fwf/0f lzIff / ;fwf/0f lzIffaf6 Jofj;flos lzIffdf hfg] ;+/rgfut

dfu{ :ki6 ug{'
 cgfk} rfl/s ¿kdf ;~rflnt Jofj;flos tflndnfO{ kd| f0fLs/0f ug{'
 ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ;~rflnt Jofj;flos lzIff tyf k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] lzIff / ljBfno

;+/rgflarsf] tfnd]n tyf ;dGjo ug]{ ;o+ Gqsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug{'
 ;4} flGts dfq geO{ Jofjxfl/s hLjgfk] ofu] L l;k ljsf; ug'{
 nufgLsf] dfqf ;fwf/0f lzIffdf eGbf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffdf jl[ ¢ ug'{

@=& ;~rf/ tyf ;r" gf kl| jlw;DaGwL lzIffsf] cfjZostf

;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw l;sfOsf] dfWod / ;fwg bj' } xf] . ljBfno lzIffdf ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/
kl| jlwnfO{ :yflkt ug{ kf7o\ j|md / l;sfO ;xhLs/0fdf ljz]if hf8] lbg yflnPsf] 5 . ;r" gf tyf
;~rf/ k|ljlw JolStut Ifdtf ljsf;, ;:+ yfut ljsf;, z}lIfs ljsf; / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;fwgsf
¿kdf :yflkt x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw cfbfg kb| fg ug]{, hDdf / ;~ro ug{,]
pTkfbg tyf ko| fu] ug{] Pjd\ 1fg / ;r" gfsf] k|jfx ug]{ Pp6f dfWod xf] . ljZjd} cfh ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ kl| jlw lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ug{] ;fwgsf ¿kdf k|of]u eO;ss] f] 5 . ;~rf/ ;~hfnsf] k|ofu]
u/]/ l;sf?sf] :jk|of;af6 l;Sg ;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ Jofks xF'b} 5g\ . o;nfO{ lzIff Ifq] df lgDgfg';f/
pkofu] ug{] u/s] f] kfOG5 M

 ljBfnosf] k|zf;lgs sfod{ f ;r" gf kj| fx ug]{ dfWodsf ¿kdf
 ljBfnodf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|ljm| of ;~rfng ug{] dfWodsf ¿kdf
 of]hgfsf/, lzIff Joj:yfks, tflnd k|lzIfs, kf7o\ j|mdljb,\ lzIfs cflbsf] ;Ifdtf ljsf; ug{]

;fwgsf ¿kdf
 ljBfyLs{ f] bIftfnfO{ hLjgfk] ofu] L agfpg dbt ug]{ u/L kf7o\ jm| ddf ;dflji6 xg' ] 56' 6\ } ljifosf ¿kdf

12 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|

gk] fndf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw;DaGwL Joj:yf g} gePsf] ljBdfg cj:yf eg] xf]Og . ;Lldt
dfqfdf ljBfno lzIff / pRr lzIffdf o;;Fu ;DalGwt kf7o\ j|md sfofG{ jog xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
ljZjJofkLs/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ / lj1fg tyf kl| jlwaf6 pTkGg r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu ;Ifd
gful/s tof/ kfg{ o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf /xg] oyfy{nfO{ g]kfnsf] cfjlws ofh] gfdf ;dt] ljz]if :yfg
lbOPsf] 5 . o;f] eP tfklg o;sf] Jofkstfsf kIfaf6 lgDglnlvt r'gft} Lx¿ eg] ljBdfg 5g\ M

 ;~rf/ tyf ;r" gf kl| jlwnfO{ ljifo jf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf] dfWoddWo] s]sf ¿kdf ko| fu] df
Nofpg] eGg] s/' fsf] c:ki6tf

 sDKo'6/ lzIffnufotsf k|ljlw;DaGwL ljifosf] JofkstfnfO{ tNnf] sIffsf] lzIffaf6 pRr
tx;Ddsf] ;fd~h:o

 pks/0f g} ;r" gf kl| jlw eGg] ed|

 ;a} ljifo, sIff / txsf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] l8lh6fOh];g

 ef}lts kj" f{wf/, pkoS' t jftfj/0f, hgzlSt cflbsf] plrt ka| Gw

plNnlvt d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Dafw] g ub{} ljBfno lzIffdf ;r" gf kl| jlwnfO{ ljifo / dfWodsf ¿kdf
Jojl:yt ug{] tyf o;sf] k|ofu] ug{] pkoS' t jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{] efl} ts kIf;d]t r'gft} Ls} ¿kdf
/xs] f 5g\ .

@=* dft[eflifs kIfx¿

kf7o\ jm| dsf ;Gbe{df efiffsf k|dv' bO' { kIf 5g\ . klxnf,] efiffsf] ;/+ If0f, kj| wg{ / ljsf;sf] kIf / bf];f| ],
k7gkf7gsf] kIf . cfk} rfl/s ljBfnoLo k7gkf7gsf] b[li6n] lzIf0fsf xsdf bf;] |f] kIf a9L dxŒjk"0f{
dflgG5 . ljzi] f u/L k|f/lDes txsf sIffx¿df dfte[ flifs ;+/rgf -Wjlg, j0f,{ zAbe08f/, jfSo
;/+ rgf / af]w_ sf sf/0fn] l;sfO ;xh x'g] xF'bf / ljBfnok|lt ljBfyLs{ f] cfsif{0f;d]t a9\g] sf/0fn]
dfte[ fiffsf dfWodaf6 k7gkf7g ug{ pko'St xg' ] s'/f cWoogx¿n] cf}NF ofPsf 5g\ . cge' jaf6
;dt] oxL lgisif{ pko'St bl] vPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ljBdfg sfg'gL kf| jwfgn] dft[efiffsf ;DaGwdf sx] L Joj:yf u/s] f 5g\ . ;a}sf nflu
lzIff;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o kl| ta4tfn] ;d]t cfkmg\ f] dft[efiffdf lzIff k|fKt ug]{ s'/fnfO{ hf8] lbPsf]
5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] dfWolds tx;Dd dfte[ fiffdf lzIff kfpg] s/' fnfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf
lnPsf] 5 . ljleGg cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf / lzIff;DaGwL /fli6«o of]hgfx¿n] dft[efiffdf lzIff
lbgt] km{ gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf ljljw ko| f;x¿ eP klg dfte[ fiffsf ;DaGwdf
lgDglnlvt kIfx¿ rg' f}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ M

 ljljw ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ ts / eflifs ;/+ rgfo'St ldl>t ;dfhsf] cjl:yltdf efiffsf] Joj:yfkg

 eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ afwf dfGg] / efiff lzIf0fdf klg Jofjxfl/stfeGbf kf7\ok':ts sl] Gb|t
dfgl;stf

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\ojm| d kf| ¿k, @)&^ 13

 åe} flifs Pjd\ ax'eflifs lzIf0fsf nflu pknAw hgzlSt -lzIfs tof/L_ sf] Joj:yfkg
 :yfgLo txsf] ;lj|motf / ;xofu] af6 dft[efifL lzIfs Joj:yfkgdf rf;f]
 dfte[ fiffsf] lnlk, zAbsfz] , Jofs/0f / nV] o k/Dk/fsf] ljsf;
 dft[efiff;DaGwL cfjZos ;|ft] ;fduL| x¿sf] ;xh ¿kdf pknAwtf
 dfte[ fiffsf] kf7\ojm| d sfofG{ jog gdg' fsf ¿kdf ljsf;
 :yfgLo txsf] ;lj|motfdf dfte[ fiffsf kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|L ljsf;
 ljsf; jf lgdf0{ f eO;s]sf dfte[ fiffsf kf7\ok:' ts tyf kf7\o;fduL| k0" f{ ¿kdf sfofG{ jog
 cª\uh]| L dfWod efiffkl| tsf] em'sfj tyf o;af6 afnaflnsfsf] kf| /lDes l;sfOdf k/]sf] k|efj

dflysf r'gft} Lx¿n] dfte[ fiffsf ;DaGwdf p7fPsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L kf| ¿kn] lglb{i6 ug{]
sfo{ yk hl6n kIfsf ¿kdf /xg k'u]sf] 5 . Pp6} sIffdf bO' {eGbf w]/} dft[efiff af]Ng] afnaflnsf
ePsf ljBfnox¿df efiff gLlt s:tf] xg' ] < Go"gtd lzIfs ;ªV\ ofsf] ;dt] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPsf]
jf:tljstfdf ax'eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] u/L lzIfssf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{] < s:tf]
k|sf/sf] kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7\oj|md;Da4 ;fdu|L tof/ ug{] < oLnufot cGo d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{]
/fli6o« efiff gLltsf] ljsf; / To;sf cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d tyf ;Da4 ultljlwdf ke| fjsfl/tf s;/L
Nofpg] h:tf kIfx¿ rg' ft} Lk0" f{ /xs] f 5g\ .

@=( kf7\oj|mddf ;dfj]zL k4lt

gk] fndf lzIffsf] lj:tf/ cf}krfl/s, cgfk} rfl/s / k/Dk/fut dfWoddfkm{t xg' ] u/]sf] 5 . cfwf/et"
txsf ljBfno pd/] ;dx" sf s]xL afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno cj;/af6 cem} jl~rt 5g\ . sltko
afnaflnsfx¿ efu} f]lns, cflys{ , ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts / eflifs sf/0fn] ljBfno gcfPsf klg
5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ lzIffdf lj:tf/, kx'rF Pjd\ ;dfgtfsf bl[ i6af6 ;sf/fTds
ljeb] sf] l;4fGt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ cj:yf bl] vG5 . eflifs ;d'bfonfO{ dft[efiffdf lzIff k|bfg ug]{
clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt, dlxnf, cflys{ jf ;fdflhs ¿kdf lk5l8Psfx¿sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf, cfwf/e"t
lzIff lgMz'Ns u/L afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf] ;'/Iff ug,{] cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg, c;xfo / ckfªu\ tf
ePsf tyf cgfyx¿sf] lzIffsf lglDt /fHon] ljzi] f Joj:yf ub{} hfg'kg{] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .
;dfjz] L lzIffsf] kd| v' p2Z] o eg]s} ljleGg sf/0fn] lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff
k0| ffnLsf] d"n wf/df ;dfj]z ug'{ xf] . kf| ¿k ljsf; ug{] l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ;dx" -afn, dlxnf,
blnt, hghflt, ckfª\utf cflb_ af6 tof/ ul/Psf] ljBfno txsf] kf7\oj|md ljZn]if0f k|ltjb] g tyf
cGt/lj|mofaf6 kf| Kt ;e' mfjdf ljBdfg kf7o\ jm| dn] dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, lk5l8Psf] ju{, ckfª\utf
ePsf, clt sl7g cj:yfdf hLjg latfpg afWo, afn >lds, 3/n] ' >lds, ;8s afnaflnsf,
åGåaf6 kLl8t afnaflnsfx¿sf cfjZostfnfO{ kofK{ t dfqfdf ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;}
u/L dfgl;s ¿kdf sdhf/] afnaflnsfx¿sf] z}lIfs cfjZostfnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug{' cfjZos 5 .

14 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

lzIffdf ;xefuL xg' af6 jl~rt xg' k' g{] cj:yf tyf lard} f k9fO 5f8\g] kj| [lQnfO{ x6fpg / lzIffnfO{
afns]lGbt| agfO{ afnaflnsfsf] rft} kmL{ ljsf; ugs{ f nflu lgDgfg';f/sf nlIft ;d"xnfO{ ljzi] f
k|fyldstf lbg'kg{] b]lvG5 M

 dlxnf
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf
 blnt afnaflnsf
 ;LdfGts[t / lk5l8Psf hfthflt
 ljleGg efiffefifL afnaflnsf
 ;8s afnaflnsf
 >lds afnaflnsf
 a]rlavgdf k/L p4f/ ul/Psf afnaflnsf
 bj} L k|sfk] kLl8t afnaflnsf
 åGåkLl8t afnaflnsf
 ofg} zfl] ift tyf b'/frf/u|l;t afnaflnsf
 ul/aLsf] /]vfdl' g /x]sf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsf
 sfdbf/ jf dhb'/sf afnaflnsf
 hn] df /xs] f afnaflnsf
 s'i7/fu] L / cGo ;ª\j|mfds /fu] u:| t afnaflnsf OToflb

kf7\ojm| dnfO{ s;/L ;dfj]zL agfpg,] ljBfnonfO{ s;/L afnsl] Gb|t agfpg,] sIffsf]7fnfO{ afndq} L
s;/L agfpg], km/s km/s cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ s;/L
pknAw u/fpg] cflb ljifox¿nfO{ kf7\ojm| dn] ljzi] f Wofg lbg'kg{] cj:yf 5 .

@=!) zI} fl0fs k4lt

kf7\oj|mdsf] ke| fjsfl/tf o;sf] sfofG{ jog kIfdf e/ k5{ . kf7\ojm| dn] ;ªu\ l7t u/]sf l;sfO
pknlAwx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ zI} fl0fs k4lt Jofjxfl/s / ke| fjsf/L xg' 'k5{ . cfwl' gs
ljBfnoLo cf}krfl/s / ;ª\ul7t kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfofG{ jog ug{ ljBfno
/ sIffsf7] fsf] jftfj/0f Pjd\ sIffsf]7fdf ;~rfng xg' ] ultljlw k|dv' sf/s dflgG5 . ljBfno
;d'bfolarsf] ;DaGw, lzIfs ljsf; / Joj:yfkg, z}Ifl0fs ;fduL| , d"Nofª\sg k4lt h:tf kIfx¿n]
z}Ifl0fs k4ltdf b"/ufdL ke| fj kfg{] ub{5g\ . t;y{ lzIfssf] e"ldsf ;"rgfstf{, kykb| {zs, ljBfyLs{ f]
;xofu] L, ;xhstf,{ pTk|]/s / l;sfOk|lt lh1f;' agfpg] cfbz{ JolStsf ¿kdf xg' k' g{] x'bF f zI} fl0fs
k4lt l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu clt dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7o\ j|md k|f¿k, @)&^ 15

gk] fndf ljBfno txsf] zI} fl0fs k4lt k/Dk/fut sIffsf7] fsf] lzIf0fdf cfwfl/t 5 eGg] s/' f cWoog
/ cge' jn] kl' i6 u/s] f 5g\ . kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gbn| ] s]Gb|Lo ¿kdf ljsf; u/]sf] kf7\oj|mdsf cfwf/df
tof/ ul/Psf] kf7\ok:' tsnfO{ d"n cfwf/ agfP/ sIffsf]7fdf ljifo lzIf0f ul/G5 . ljljw sf/0fn]
xfd|f ljBfnosf sIffsf7] fx¿df ;dx" sfo{, ;fd'bflos sfo,{ kl/ofh] gf sfo{ h:tf kIfx¿n] pNn]Vo
:yfg kf| Kt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . k7gkf7gsf] jftfj/0f klg l;sfO sl] Gbt| eGbf a9L lzIf0f s]lGb|t
xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . ctM z}Il0fs k4lt;uF ;DalGwt r'gft} Lx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

 jflif{s sfoo{ f]hgfsf cfwf/df ljBfno ultljlw ckl] Ift ¿kdf ;~rfng
 ;a} ljBfnox¿df of]Uo / ;Ifd k|wfgfWofkssf] Joj:yf
 kw| fgfWofksnfO{ zl} Ifs cu'jf / ;'kl/jI] fssf ¿kdf ljsf;
 ljBfnodf kof{Kt zI} fl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf, k|of]u / :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yfkg
 :yfgLo :t/df :yfgLo kl/j]zsf zI} fl0fs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{] cEof;
 ljBfno / ;db' folarsf] ku| f9 ;DaGw ;q"
 kf7\ofGt/ ljm| ofsnfksf] plrt dxŒj
 d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cleGg cªu\ sf ¿kdf l;sfO ;'wf/df k|ofu]
 kf7\oj|mdsf cfwf/df k|Zg lgdf0{ f / d"Nofª\sgsf] k"0ft{ f
 ljBfyL{ dN" ofª\sgdf k/LIffafx]ssf cGo k|lj|mofsf] k|efjsfl/tf
 lzIfs tflnddf ;4} flGts kl/j]zaf6 kf| of]lus kIfsf] ljsf;
 tflnd xnaf6 sIffsf]7f;Dd lzIfs tflndsf] :yfgfGt/0f
 ljljw ljm| ofsnfkdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ;xhLs/0f
 lzIf0fdf ax'kIfLo -lzIfs, ljBfyL,{ cleefjs, Joj:yfks / a'l4hLjL_ cGt/lj|mof
 lzIfs cGt/ljm| of, ;xof]usf] cfbfgkb| fg / cfk;L ;xof]u
 cgu' dg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] k|efjsfl/tf
 kj| tg{ fTds, l;hg{ fTds / cg';GwfgfTds sfos{ f] dxŒj
 z}Ifl0fs k4ltdf cfwl' gs k|ljlwsf] ko| f]usf] kofK{ ttf
 cfwf/e"t efl} ts tyf z}lIfs k"jfw{ f/sf] Joj:yf
 lzIfs cleefjslar ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf af/d] f lgoldt 5nkmn / cGt/lj|mof

plNnlvt d'2fsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljBfno txsf] z}Ifl0fs k|ljm| of k/Dk/fut zn} Laf6 ;~rflnt xb'F }
cfPsf] bl] vG5 . lzIf0fnfO{ l;sfOdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{, lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] ;xsfoa{ f6 l;Sg, l;sfpg /
1fg cfhg{ ug,{ kl/ofh] gf tyf ;d"x sfoå{ f/f l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ tyf ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] u/L afns]lGb|t l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ dfub{ z{g

16 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|

ug]{ kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; Pjd\ ltgsf] ;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'/fx¿
r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\ .

@=!! ;:+ s[t lzIff

1fg tyf lj1fgsf b[li6n] ;+:s[t jfª\do dxŒjk0" f{ dflgG5 . ;:+ st[ lzIff kj" Lo{ bzg{ sf cfwf/df
;~rflnt 5 . k"jLo{ bz{gdf cfwfl/t 1fg, l;k, kl| jlw, dfgj cfr/0f, ;fdflhs lgod, gl} tstf,
dg / z/L/sf ljsf; h:tf kIfx¿ cfh klg plQs} k|efjsf/L dflgG5g\ . ;+:s[t lzIffsf] oxL
dxŒjnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ ljleGg dn' 'sx¿sf ljZjljBfnox¿df klg ;:+ s[t lzIffsf] k7gkf7g xg' ]
u/s] f] / o; ;DaGwdf cWoog cg;' Gwfg eO/xs] f] cj:yf b]lvG5 . ax';ªV\ os g]kfnLsf] wflds{ ,
;f+:sl[ ts / ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;+:s[t bz{gsf] ulx/f] ke| fj 5 . hGdbl] v dT[ o;' Dd ul/g] ;:+ sf/x¿df
;:+ st[ uG| yx¿sf] ko| fu] u/L ;:+ st[ lzIff wflds{ ;lxi0f'tf, ;t\rl/qtf, dfgjtf, ljZjGw'Tj, cWofTd
cflbsf] e08f/g ags] f] 5 .

;+:s[t lzIffsf pkoS'{ t ;sf/fTds kIf eP tfklg o;;uF ;DalGwt lgDglnlvt r'gf}tLx¿ eg] cem}
ljBdfg 5g\ M

 u?' s'n lzIff k4ltdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f;Da4 pTs[i6 cEof; -h:t}M lg/Gt/ l;sfO /
d"Nofª\sg, ;fIf/tf s]lGb|t lzIffsf] ;d:t/ / kxFr' , lj1tf xfl;n ug{] lzIffsf nflu pko'St
kfq rog, l;sf?sf] l;sfOkl| tsf] ;dk0{ fsf] lg/Gt/tf _

 ;:+ s[t lzIff;Da4 k];fut hgzlStnfO{ zf:qLo ljifout 1fg tyf l;kdf lgk'0f xg' kf| T] ;fxg
ul/P tfklg o;nfO{ cfwl' gsLs/0f ub}{ pTkflbt hgzlStnfO{ cfwl' gs k];fut tflnd, l;k /
kl| jlwdf ¿kfGt/0f

 cfwl' gs afndgfl] j1fgdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ;xhLs/0f;Da4 l;k / kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] k|lt pkI] ff
 ljZjJofkL kl/jtg{ jf gofF cfofdx¿;uF sf] tfbfTDo
 cfwl' gs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkofu] tyf ljBfyLs{ ]lGbt| l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of cjnDag
 lgb]{lzsf, ;|ft] ;fduL| , cfw'lgs zI} fl0fs ;fduL| / lzIfs tflndsf] ;dl' rt Joj:yf / cfw'lgs

lzIffzf:qsf c;n cEof;x¿sf] k|of]u
 zf:qs]lGbt| kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7o\ k:' ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfo{

pko{'St rg' ft} Lx¿nfO{ ;fdgf u/L kf7o\ j|md k|f¿k ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ljBfno lzIff ljsf;sf kIfaf6
yk hl6n aGg ku' ]sf] 5 .

@=!@ k/Dk/fut k4ltdf cfwfl/t lzIff

1fg, lj1fgsf b[li6n] u?' sn' , uf]Gkf÷ljxf/, dG' w'd, db;fn{ ufotsf k/Dk/fut lzIff dxŒjk0" f{
dflgG5g\ . o;leq /x]sf 1fg, l;k, k|ljlw, dfgj cfr/0f, ;fdflhs lgod, g}ltstfh:tf kIfx¿

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\ojm| d kf| ¿k, @)&^ 17

cfh klg plQs} ke| fjsf/L 5g\ . oL kIf;Da¢ ljljw ljifosf] k7gkf7g tyf cWoog cg';Gwfg klg
eO/xs] f] cj:yf bl] vG5 tfklg k/Dk/fut lzIff k¢ltdf lgDglnlvt rg' ft} Lx¿ cem} ljBdfg 5g\ M
 lg/Gt/ l;sfO / d"Nofªs\ g, ;fIf/tfs]lGb|t lzIffsf] ;d:t/ / kxF'r, lj1tf xfl;n ug]{

lzIffsf nflu pko'St kfq rog, l;sf?sf] l;sfOk|ltsf] ;dk{0fsf] lg/Gt/tf
 k];fut hgzlStnfO{ zf:qLo ljifout 1fg tyf l;kdf lgk'0f xg' kf| T] ;fxg ul/P tfklg o;nfO{

cfwl' gsLs/0f ub}{ pTkflbt hgzlStnfO{ cfwl' gs k;] fut tflnd, l;k / k|ljlwdf ¿kfGt/0f
ug]{ cj:yf
 ljZjJofkL kl/jtg{ jf gofF cfofdx¿;Fusf] tfbfTDo
 cfw'lgs ;r" gf k|ljlwsf] pkofu] tyf ljBfyLs{ ]lGbt| l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| j|mof cjnDag
 lgbl{] zsf, ;|f]t;fdu|L, cfwl' gs z}Ifl0fs ;fduL| / lzIfs tflndsf] ;dl' rt Joj:yf
 ;a} sIffsf nflu ;fdu|L ljsf; x'g g;ss] f] tyf cWoog ;fduL| sf] cefj

pkoS{' t rg' ft} Lx¿nfO{ ;fdgf u/L kf7o\ j|md kf| ¿k ljsf; ug{] sfo{ ljBfno lzIff ljsf;sf kIfaf6
yk hl6n aGg ku' s] f] 5 .

@=!# :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIff

:yfgLo txsf] gt] [Tj / ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo txd} k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;|ft] kl/rfng u/L
dfte[ fiff tyf :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwdf cfwfl/t ljifoj:t'sf] rog, Joj:yfkg / sfofG{ jog
ul/g'nfO{ :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIffsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . :yfgLo kf7\oj|md sfofG{ jogn]
:yfgLo k;] f, Joj;fo, d"No, dfGotf, efiff, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gdf ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf]
xG' 5 . :yfgLo ljz]iftfsf] PsLst[ :j¿kn] /fli6«o klxrfgsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] xG' 5 . :yfgLo
cfjZostfnfO{ plrt ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ lzIffnfO{ :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t agfpg] cEof;
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 .

gk] fndf :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIffdf ;fdfGo k|of;x¿ klg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . tyflk :yfgLo
cfjZostfsf 1fg, l;k, kl| jlw cflbdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ pko'St jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} .

gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfg / cfjlws zl} Ifs of]hgf tyf lzIff;DaGwL cGo of]hgf tyf sfoj{ m| dn] u/]sf
gLltut Joj:yfsf cfwf/df cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–%_ sf] kf7o\ jm| d -lj=;+= @)^@ / @)^%_ n]
;fdflhs cWoog, l;hg{ fTds snf / zf/Ll/s lzIffdf @) k|ltzt kf7o\ ef/ :yfgLo ljifoj:t'df
cfwfl/t x'gk' g]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . o;n] :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIffnfO{ yk Ps ljifosf
¿kdf ;dfj]z ub{} :yfgLo ljifo;dt] ;dfjz] ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7o\ jm| d
-sIff ^–*_, @)^( df klg :yfgLo ljifoj:t'sf] k|fjwfg /xs] f] 5 . :yfgLo kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf

18 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

sfofG{ jog dfub{ z{g -dfte[ fiff;lxt_, @)&^ ljsf; u/L :yfgLo kf7\oj|md lgdf{0fnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{]
ko| f; ul/Psf] 5 .

pko{S' t ko| f; eP tfklg :yfgLo cfjZostfdv' L kf7\ojm| dsf ;DaGwdf lgDglnlvt rg' f}tLx¿ ljBdfg
5g\ M

 sG] bL| o kf7o\ jm| dsf] ;+/rgfsf cfwf/df lglZrt ul/Psf] kf7\oef/sf nflu ljifo, ljifoj:t'
5gf6] bl] v ;Dk0" f{ kl| jm| of :yfgLo txdf g} ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ug{] Joj:yfsf] pko'St 9ª\un]
k|af]wLs/0f / cled'vLs/0f

 :yfgLo kf7\ojm| d ljsf; / sfof{Gjogsf lglDt :yfgLo txdf Ifdtf ljsf;
 :yfgLo kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;sf lglDt kf| ljlws tyf cfly{s ;f| t] sf] kof{Kttf
 :yfgLo kf7\oj|md ljsf; Pjd\ sfofG{ jogsf lglDt k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udg tyf kf| ljlws

;xhLs/0f

 :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo kf7o\ jm| d lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] ;f| t] , ;fwg / Joj:yfksLo ;o+ Gq
k|efjsfl/tf

 lzIfsx¿nfO{ :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t ljifoIfq] klxrfg ub{} ltgsf] lzIf0fsf nflu tflnd
kb| fg u/L ;Ifd agfpg]

 :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df :yfgLo kf7o\ j|mdsf] dxŒj af]w, :yfgLo ;lj|motfdf :yfgLo kf7\oj|md
lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{] jftfj/0fsf] ljsf;

 :yfgLo txaf6 :yfgLo kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fduL| ljsf;df ljm| ofzLntf

@=!$ l;sfOsf Ifq] x¿

ljZjd} l;sfOsf If]q rog / txut lzIff kb| fg ug{] s/' fdf sl7gfO bv] f kg{] u/s] f] 5 . kf7\oj|mdsf
af/]df ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿df Ps¿ktf bl] vFbg} . ljZjJofkL l;sfOsf If]qnfO{ sn] fpbF f ljBfno
lzIffdf efiff, ul0ft, lj1fg / ;fdflhs cWoognfO{ w]/h} ;f] bz] x¿n] dV' o ljifosf ¿kdf cª\uLsf/
u/]sf 5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlw lzIff, kf| ljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff, g}lts lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s
lzIff cflb ;d]tnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf ;dfjz] u/]sf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg ;Gbed{ f ljZjJofkL gful/stf,
l8lh6n ;fIf/tf, gt] T[ j, ;~rf/ / ;xsfo,{ ;d:of ;dfwfg, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg h:tf l;sfO
l;kx¿nfO{ klg hf8] lbg yflnPsf] 5 .

bL3{sfnLg k|efj / c;/sf] ax[ t\ d"Nofª\sg tyf k|fljlws Pjd\ k|fl1s k|lj|mof k"/f u/]df dfq
kf7o\ ef/ / ljifox¿ yk ul/g'k5{ . l;sfOsf Ifq] / ljifo 5gf]6sf ;Gbe{df bx] fosf ;d:ofx¿
kfOG5g\ M

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7o\ j|md kf| ¿k, @)&^ 19

 kofK{ t cWoog, cg;' Gwfg tyf bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] lagf gLlt tyf sfo{jm| dsf cfwf/df ljifo lgwf/{ 0f
Pjd\ yk36 ug]{ ul/Psf]

 ljleGg ;ªu\ l7t tyf c;ªu\ l7t ;d"xaf6 lbOg] bafaaf6 ljifo ;dfjz] ug{] u/s] f]
 ljZj kl/j]zdf 1fg tyf kl| jlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;uF } g]kfnL dN" o / dfGotf, bz] sf] z}lIfs

cj:yf tyf Ifdtf cflbsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L ljifo yk36 xg' ] u/]sf]

pko{S' t cj:yfn] gk] fnsf] ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7o\ jm| dsf ;DaGwdf p7]sf, ;+/rgfut låljwf tyf
;}4flGts hl6ntfnfO{ kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿kn] ;Daf]wg ugk{' g]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ dfh} 'bf ;fwg ;|ft] , ;f]r /
kj| [lQ Pjd\ Ifdtfsf sf/0f of] sfo{ Hofb} rg' f}tLk0" f{ /xs] f] 5 .

@=!% js} lNks tyf vn' f lzIff

gofF cfljisf/ / ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ n] l;sfO If]q Jofks xF'b} uPsf] 5 .
o;/L l;sfOsf] Ifq] km/flsnf] xb'F } hfbF f k/Dk/fut cfk} rfl/s ljBfno lzIff Joj:yf dfq ckofK{ t xg' ]
s/' f ;j:{ jLsfo{ eO;ss] f] 5 . o;sf nflu gofF pkfudx¿;d]t k|ofu] ub{} hfg'k/s] f] 5 . cgfk} rfl/s
lzIff, b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfO, j}slNks lzIff, hLjgkoG{ t l;sfO, lg/Gt/ lzIff, clgoldt
l;sfOh:tf k4ltx¿nfO{ ;dt] cjnDag ug{ cfjZos 5 .

g]kfndf ljBfno hfg] pd]/ ;dx" sf s]xL afnaflnsfx¿ cem} klg ljBfno lzIffaf6 jl~rt ePsf
5g\ . ljBfno uPsf afnaflnsfdWo] sx] Ldf ljBfno 5f8\g] k|jl[ Q cem} klg sfod 5 . ljBfno
ghfg] ljleGg pd]/ ;dx" sf afnaflnsfsf nflu cgfk} rfl/s lzIff, vn' f tyf b/" lzIffnufotsf
js} lNks lzIffsf s]xL cj;/x¿ pknAw 5g\ . js} lNks lzIff lj:tf/sf o:tf k|of;x¿ ljutbl] v
xbF' } cfPsf eP tfklg o;nfO{ Jojl:yt, k|efjsf/L Pjd\ :t/Lo agfpg ;lsPsf] 5g} . o;;uF
;DalGwt d'Vo rg' ft} Lx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ M

 vn' f ljBfno lzIff k0| ffnLsf] kof{Kt lj:tf/
 kf7\oj|md tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|L ljsf; sfo{sf nflu Psåf/ k0| ffnLsf] ljsf;
 u?' sn' , db;f{, uD' af, dG' w'd cflb ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt lzIffsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f
 b/" lzIff tyf vn' f l;sfO Pjd\ js} lNks lzIff ;~rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkg sfos{ f nflu lhDdj] f/

lgsfosf] Joj:yf
 cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'St kj" fw{ f/ / bIf hgzlStsf] ljsf;

@=!^ lzIffdf ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj

cfhsf] ou' ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] o'u xf] . Ps 7fpdF f l;ss] f] 1fg, l;k, Ifdtf, bIftf, k|ljlw, ;r" gf
OToflb If0fe/d} ljZj;fd' k'Ug ;S5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ke| fj cflys{ , ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts,
;f:+ sl[ ts If]qdf dfq geO{ lzIffdf klg plQs} k/s] f] kfOG5 . 1fgsf] ljikmf6] n] ljZj g} Pp6f ;fgf]
ufpF (Global village) df kl/0ft eO/x]sf] 5 .

20 kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

ljZjJofkLs/0fn] 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] l;hg{ f ug{ dbt u5{ . ljZjJofkLs/0fn] lzIffsf gLlt tyf
kf7\oj|mdsf kIfx¿df kT| oIf c;/ ub{5 . kf7\oj|mdsf ljleGg :j¿k / ljifoj:t' ljB'tLo ;~hfnsf
dfWodaf6 ljleGg dn' 'sx¿lar ;femb] f/L u/L Jojl:yt ug{ klg ljZjJofkLs/0f ;fys{ bl] vG5 .
lzIff If]qdf kxrF' , u'0f:t/, ;fGble{stf / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf ljrf/sf] ;dfj]z ug]{ cjwf/0ffn] ;d]t
kf| yldstf kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . To;} u/L n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, ;f| t] ljt/0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf, ;zStLs/0f,
;xeflutf, ;xsfo{ / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] klxrfg h:tf kIfx¿df ;d]t ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] e"ldsf /xg]
ub5{ . oltdfq geP/ gk] fnL gful/sx¿n] kf| Kt ug{] lzIffsf] :t/ cGt/fl{ i6«o kl/j]zcg';f/sf] xg'
;s]g eg] g]kfnsf nflu ljZjJofkLs/0fsf cj;/ / ;Defjgfx¿ Go"g x'g hfg;] dt] bl] vG5 .

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ou' df lzIff ljZjsf] s'g} Ifq] / /fi6« ljzi] fdf dfq ;Lldt xb'F }g . of] ;jq{ Ps}
lsl;dsf] klg x'Fb}g . sg' } klg /fi6«df lzIff ToxfFs} :yfgLo, efu} f]lns, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf
dn] vfg] x'gk' b{5 . o; ;Gbe{df kf7\ojm| dsf] :yfgLos/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'kg{] cfjZostf
5 . t;y{ ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df kf7o\ jm| dnfO{ :yfgLo, /fli6«o / ljZjJofkL cfjZostfdf
cfwfl/t xg' ] u/L ;Gtl' nt ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ljZjJofkLs/0fn] l;h{gf u/]sf] rg' f}tL xf] .
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf rg' f}tLx¿ /xs] f 5g\ M

• tLj| ultdf eO/xs] f] ljZjJofkL 1fg / l;ksf] klxrfg tyf k|fyldsLs/0f u/L plrt ;Daf]wg

• ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 k|fKt ;l' jwfnfO{ cfk\mgf] kl/jz] / cfjZostfcg's"n k|ofu]

• k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eP;uF } To;sf] k|of]u ugs{ f nflu kofK{ t kj" fw{ f/ / hgzlStsf] pknAwtf

• ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;sf/fTds kIfn] dfq k|efj gkf/L gsf/fTds kIfn] a9fjf kfpg] u/]sf]

• kf7o\ j|mdn] /fli6«o / cGt/fl{ i6o« cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf

@=!& ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg

z}lIfs k|ljm| ofdf ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf ;DaGwdf tYofªs\ ;ª\sng ug],{ JofVof ug{], clen]vLs/0f ug{,]
ljZn]if0f ug{,] ;"rgfx¿sf] k|of]u ug{,] ki[ 7kf]if0f kf| Kt ug]{ / k'gofh{] gf ug]{ sfo{ ljBfyL{ dN" ofª\sg xf] .
lzIffljb\ tyf d"Nofªs\ gljb\x¿n] ljBfyL{ dN" ofªs\ g ubf{ ljBfyLs{ f] l;sfOsf] lg/Gt/ k/LIfnufot
Jofks / lgikIf k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ub}{ k/LIffnfO{ kf7o\ jm| dåf/f lglb{i6 l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n
eof] ePg eGg] klxrfg ug{] sfo{df s]lGbt| ug'{kg,]{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfkdf ;'wf/ Nofpg /
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;w' f/ Nofpg d"Nofªs\ g glthf k|of]u ug{] / /fli6«o d"Nofª\sg gLlt lgdf{0fsf]
lg0f{osf nflu ki[ 7kfi] f0f lbg ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg glthfnfO{ k|of]u ug{k] g]{ s/' f cf}FNofPsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbed{ f ljBdfg dN" ofªs\ g k0| ffnL k|efjsf/L gePsf] / l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfksf]
cleGg cªu\ sf ¿kdf ljsf; xg' g;s]sf] s/' f cf}FNofOg] u/s] f] kfOG5 . ljBfno txdf sIff ! bl] v
& ;Dd nfu' ul/Psf] lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL (Continuous Assessment System- CAS)
sf] ke| fjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] kfObF g} . To;} u/L sIff * b]lv !@ ;Dd lgdf0{ ffTds dN" ofªs\ gnfO{

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7\oj|md kf| ¿k, @)&^ 21

Jofks pkofu] u/L l;sfOsf nflu d"Nofªs\ g eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} . d"Nofªs\ g
k|0ffnLnfO{ k/LIffd'vL l;4fGtaf6 dfq cEof; ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljBfyL{sf u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{,
cltl/St lj|mofsnfk, ;fd"lxs lj|mofsnfk cflbnfO{ d"Nofª\sgdf sd dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

cfwf/et" tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf bf;] |f]af6 lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k4ltnfO{ cªu\ Lsf/ ub{}
o;sf] ke| fjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu lzIfs tflnd tyf d"Nofªs\ gsf cGo ljljw k|of; ul/Fb} cfPsf]
5 . o;k|sf/sf cEof; tyf ko| f;x¿af6 klg ljBfyLs{ f] ;du| kIfx¿sf] dN" ofªs\ g tyf ljBfyL{
d"Nofªs\ gsf cfwf/df lzIff k4ltsf] ;dt] dN" ofª\sg ul/g] kIf k|efjsf/L xg' eg] ;s]gg\ . l;sfO
;xhLs/0f sfod{ f lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ g k|0ffnLnfO{ ke| fjsf/L pkofu] ug{ g;ss] f] cj:yf
5 . t;y{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ g k4ltnfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfksf] cleGg
cªu\ sf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . dN" ofª\sgnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] afl} 4s :t/, ?lr, ult Pjd\
cfjZostf;uF cfa4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljBfyL{ dN" ofª\sg, lzIfs d"Nofª\sg, ljBfno dN" ofªs\ g
tyf kf7\oj|mdsf] dN" ofª\sg;d]tsf cfwf/df lzIffsf] ;du| ljsf; ug]{ Jojl:yt k4lt sfof{Gjogdf
cfpg ;ss] f] 5g} . afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO :t/sf cfwf/df lzIfs, ljBfno / ;du| k4ltsf]
dN" ofª\sg ug]{ kl/kf6L :yflkt xg' g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ctM ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ gnfO{ lg/Gt/ dN" ofªs\ g
k4ltcg'¿k ljsl;t ug{], dN" ofªs\ gsf] k[i7kfi] f0fsf cfwf/df z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf0{ f u/L sfofG{ jog
ug]{ / l;sf?nfO{ kl| t:kwL{ ;dfhdf ;xh ¿kdf ;dfofh] g ug{ ;Sg] u/L Jojl:yt ug{k' g{] oyfy{ 5 .
ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ gsf ;DaGwdf bx] fosf r'gf}tLx¿ bv] f k/s] f 5g\ M

 k/LIffnfO{ g} d"Nofª\sgsf] kof{osf ¿kdf lnOg] u/s] f]
 l;sfOsf] dN" ofªs\ g (Assessment of Learning) nfO{ l;sfOsf nflu d"Nofª\sg (Assessment

for learning) sf ¿kdf sfofG{ jg
 kf7o\ jm| ddf cfwfl/t dN" ofªs\ g ug]{ cEof;sf] sfofG{ jog
 ljBfno txsf] cfGtl/s÷k|of]ufTds k/LIffnfO{ ljZj;gLo / dofl{ bt agfpg'
 ljBfno lzIffsf ljleGg ljifodf cfGtl/s / afx\o dN" ofª\sgdf Ps¿ktf
 j}slNks tyf vn' f lzIffsf] dN" ofª\sg k4ltsf] Joj:yfkg / ke| fjsfl/tf
 dN" ofªs\ gnfO{ lglZrt dfkb08df cfwfl/t agfpg'

@=!* zl} Ifs u0' f:t/ / ;fGble{stf

z}lIfs u0' f:t/ ;Gbe;{ fk]If xg' ] xbF' f o;nfO{ lg/kI] f ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ sl7g xG' 5 . cfwl' gs,
cfk} rfl/s / ;ªu\ l7t kf7\oj|mdsf cfwf/df ;~rfng xg' ] z}lIfs Joj:yfdf z}lIfs If]qsf] cfGtl/s
/ afx\o bIftf Pjd\ nfut k|efjsfl/tfsf cfwf/df u0' ffTds lzIffnfO{ ae' mg\ ] / pkof]u ug]{ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . cfGtl/s bIftfdf ljBfyL{ egf{, lg/Gt/tf h:tf ;r" sx¿sf] pkof]u xG' 5 . afx\o bIftfdf
pRr txdf cWoogsf lglDt Ifdtf ljsf; / /fh] uf/ ahf/sf] :jLsl[ t h:tf kIf xl] /G5 . u0' ffTds

22 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

lzIffsf] csf{] kIfn] JolStdf c;n u'0fsf] ljsf;, g}lts rl/qsf] ljsf;, cgz' f;g, ljgozLntf,
cGt/zlStsf] ;Gt'lnt / k|ultzLn ljsf;, z/L/, dg / cfTdfsf] ljsf;, c¿nfO{ a‰' g] / sfdnfO{
;Ddfg ug{] h:tf kIfx¿ kb5{ g\ . lzIffdf kT| oIf jf k/f]If ¿kaf6 ljBfyL{, lzIfs, cleefjs, ;dfh,
;d'bfo tyf /fi6«n] vr{]sf] ;do, >d / cflys{ nufgLsf bl[ i6n] klg lzIffsf] u0' f:t/nfO{ xl] /g'kg]{
kIf plQs} dxŒjk0" f{ xG' 5 .

ljBfno lzIffaf6 pTkflbt hgzlSt /f]huf/ ahf/sf] lglDt pkof]uL gbl] vPsf, pgLx¿dWo] sofFn} ]
afac' fdfn] u/]sf k/Dk/fut k];fdf klg ?lr g/fVgs' f ;fy} gofF sfdsf] l;hg{ f ug{ klg ;ls/xs] f
bl] vFbg} g\ . gl} ts cfr/0f, cgz' f;g, k/Dk/fut ;:+ sl[ t, dN" o / dfGotf, ;fdflhs cfr/0f, csf{nfO{
a'emg\ ] / ;Fu} afRF g] h:tf kIfx¿ x|f; xbF' } uPsf u'gf;fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o :t/sf cWoog
kl| tj]bgx¿, sfo{bn Pjd\ ;ldltsf l;kmfl/;x¿, /fli6o« :t/sf cGo b:tfjh] x¿ -h:t}M ;as} f nflu
lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, ljBfno Ifq] ;w' f/ of]hgf cflb_ n] ;d]t plNnlvt cj:yf cf}FNofPsf 5g\ .
k|f¿k tof/ / kl/dfhg{ ug{] j|mddf o;k|sf/sf cleJolSt / ;"rgfx¿ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] cGt/ljm| of
/ 5nkmn x'bF f tyf ljBfno cjnfs] gsf l;nl;nfdf klg kf| Kt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .

zl} Ifs u0' f:t/ ckl] Ift ¿kdf sfod x'g g;Sg'df dn' 'ssf] /fhgLlts, cflys{ , ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ ts
cflb w/] } kIf lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g\ tfklg z}lIfs kIfsf ¿kdf kf7o\ jm| d, lzIfs ljsf; / Joj:yfkg,
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk, dN" ofª\sg h:tf kIf a9L lhDdj] f/ 5g\ . cfwl' gs, ;ª\ul7t, cf}krfl/s
/ cgfk} rfl/s lzIff k4ltdf z}lIfs kIfsf] d"n ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf kf7\oj|md ko| f]udf cfpg] u/s] f] 5 .
o;nfO{ a9L :t/Lo, ke| fjsf/L, Jofjxfl/s agfpFb} n}hfgsf nflu o;sf] sfofG{ jog kIfnfO{ ;/n,
;xh / k|fofl] us agfpg] / zl} Ifs u'0f:t/ sfod ug{] u/fpg] kIfx¿n] k|fyldstf kfpgk' g{] cj:yf
bl] vG5 .

lbuf] ljsf; nIo, ljBfno If]q ljsf; ofh] gf, cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfnufotsf b:tfjh] n] cfwf/et"
lzIffdf ;fIf/tf Pjd\ hLjgkoG{ t l;sfO, u0' f:t/Lo lzIff, ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ;dtfd"ns lzIff,
pTyfgzLntf h:tf dxŒjk0" f{ / ckl/xfo{ kIfdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .

gk] fnsf] ax;' f:+ sl[ ts ;+jb] gzLntf, g]kfnL hLjgz}nL, :jefj / ul/aL h:tf kIfx¿ Pjd\ :yflkt
eO;s]sf ;/+ rgf, dN" o / dfGotf, kf7\oj|md, lzIfs, dN" ofªs\ g k4lt h:tf kIfx¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds,
;Gtl' nt / lbuf] xg' ] u/L pkoS' t gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{ofh] gf ljsf; u/L ltgsf] s'zn Joj:yfkgåf/f
u'0f:t/Lo / ;fGbles{ lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{] sfo{ rg' ft} Lsf ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf
b]xfoadfl] hdsf rg' f}tLx¿ klg bl] vPsf 5g\ M

 ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yfcg;' f/ ;ª\3, kb| z] / :yfgLo txdf lzIff;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L Pjd\ pQ/bfloTj
lgjf{xsf lglDt sfgg' L, ;/+ rgfut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf

 ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf] /fli6«o dfgs tyf dfkb08 ljsf; / sfof{Gjog

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿k, @)&^ 23

 zl} Ifs u0' f:t/ / zl} Ifs u0' f:t/;Fu ;Da4 ;ª3\ Lo, k|b]z lzIff xg] {] dGqfno k4ltsf ;+:yfx¿
/ :yfgLo txsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug{ :jtGq ks| [ltsf] :yfoL ;+oGq ljsf;

 zl} Ifs u'0f:t/ ;w' f/ tyf kf7o\ j|mddf ;d;fdlos ;w' f/sf lglDt cg;' Gwfg / ljsf; sfo{sf]
k|efjsfl/tf

@=!( cg';GwfgfTds sfo{

cg;' GwfgfTds sfo{n] 1fg pTkfbg, kl/dfh{g / k/LIf0f ub{5 . o;n] :yflkt dN" o / dfGotf
:jLsf/ jf c:jLsf/ ug{] cfwf/ kb| fg u5{ . o;n] sg' } klg zl} Ifs d2' fdf ;an kIf, sdhf]/ kIf,
cj;/sf ;Defjgf Pjd\ r'gft} Lx¿sf af/d] f ljZni] f0f u/]/ pkoS' t lgisif{ lgsfNg dbt u5{ . o;n]
hgwf/0ff / ;/fs] f/jfnfsf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;ªs\ ng, ljZni] f0f u//] pkoS' t ofh] gf thd{' f ug{ dbt u5{ .
cg';GwfgfTds, k|jt{gfTds, l;hg{ fTds / /rgfTds sfoa{ f6 kf7\ojm| d;Da4 kIfdf u0' ffTdstf
cfp5F .

s;/L kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|LnfO{ afnd}qL, n}ª\lusd}qL Pjd\ ;dfj]zL agfpg,] s] ljifoj:t' /fVg,]
s;/L / s]sf cfwf/df ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;dx" Ls[t ug{], l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfknfO{ s;/L Jofjxfl/s
agfpg] tyf s;/L sfofG{ jog ug{] eGg] kIfx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf cg;' Gwfgsf] dfu ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df zl} Ifs cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt lgDglnlvt r'gf}tLx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ M
 kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjogsf ;du| kIfx¿nfO{ cg;' Gwfgdf cfwfl/t agfpg
 cg;' Gwfgsf kf| lKtx¿nfO{ ljZni] f0f u/L pkoS' t ¿kdf sfofG{ jog ug{] ;:+ sl[ t ljsf;
 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; Pjd\ sfof{Gjogdf sfo{d"Nfs cg';Gwfgsf] Jofks ko| f]u
 kf7\ojm| d;Da4 ljifodf cg';Gwfgsf lglDt kofK{ t ;|f]t;fwg / bIf hgzlStsf] pknAwtf

@=@) ;:+ yfut Ifdtf

kf7o\ jm| dsf] efjgf / p2]ZonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 s]Gbb| ]lv ljBfno
tx;Ddsf z}lIfs ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;Ifdtf ;an xg' k' 5{ . ;ª3\ Lo txdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb| g]kfnsf]
ljBfno txsf] kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf kf7o\ j|md;Da4 ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;:+ yf
xf] . o; s]Gb|n] /fHon] to u/]sf lzIffsf /fli6o« p2Z] onfO{ kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; / cGo ;Da4
ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng u/L ;Dafw] g ug{] sfod{ f ;xhtf kb| fg ub5{ . JolSt, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjJofkL
kl/jz] cgs' "n kf7\oj|md ljsf; u/L cGtlg{lxt k|ltefsf] k|:k'm6g ub{} c;n rl/q ePsf, gl} tsjfg\
;';:+ st[ , kl| t:kwL{ / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh, /f]huf/dn" s l;sfO Pjd\ /fli6o« lrGtgk|lt kl| ta4 gful/s
tof/ ug{df kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b|sf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xG5 . lzIff If]qsf dxŒjk0" f{ kIfx¿ lzIfs
ljsf;, lzIfs Joj:yfkg, l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk, kf7\ofGt/ ljm| ofsnfk, ljBfyL{ dN" ofªs\ g,
cg'udg tyf k[i7kf]if0f h:tf ;du| kIfx¿nfO{ kf7o\ j|mdn] kykb| z{g u/]sf] x'G5 . kf7\ojm| dsf]

24 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

u0' ffTdstf, ljm| ofzLntf / sfof{Gjogsf] ke| fjsfl/tfdf bz] sf] ;du| zl} Ifs u0' f:t/ e/ kg{] xbF' f
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bs| f] ;:+ yfut Ifdtfn] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf lgjfx{ ub5{ .

To;} u/L] lzIfs ljsf;;Da4 ultljlw ;~rfng ubf{ kf7o\ jm| dsf] efjgf / ddc{ g;' f/ xg' ;Sg] u/L
Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ xG' 5 . :yfgLo txdf ufpkF flnsf / gu/kflnsfx¿n] :yfgLo kf7\oj|md ljsf;
tyf sfof{Gjognufotsf dn" kf7\ojm| dnfO{ ljBfnox¿df sfofG{ jog ugs{ f nflu ;xhLs/0f ug{
;Ifdtf ljsf; u/s] f] xg' k' 5{ . kf7\ok:' tsnfO{ kd| 'v ;Gbe{ ;fduL| sf ¿kdf lnO{ :yfgLo tyf dV' o
kf7o\ jm| dsf cfwf/df l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ lzIfs ;Ifd xg' k' 5{ . ;ª\3Lo
zf;g Joj:yfcg's"nsf] ;:+ yfut ;/+ rgf lgdf0{ f Pjd\ Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ cl3 a9fpg'kg]{
cfjZostf 5 . o; ;DaGwdf lgDgfg;' f/sf r'gft} Lx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ M

 ;ª\3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 ;/+ rgf ljsf; u/L cfjZos hgzlSt
Joj:yfkg

 kf7\ojm| d k|afw] Ls/0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, dN" ofªs\ g, k[i7kf]if0f h:tf sfox{ ¿sf] ke| fjsfl/tf
 :yfgLo tyf k|bz] txdf kf7\oj|md;DaGwL sfo{ / ;dGjo
 ;dfj]zL kf7\oj|md, lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ g, ;fdfGo tyf Jofj;flos l;k, k|sfzg tyf

ljt/0f, cg;' Gwfg tyf kj| wg{ sfo{ h:tf ljifoIfq] df ;Ifdtfsf] ck]Iffs[t ljsf;
 ;:+ yfut Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu :jbz] L tyf ljbz] L ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo
 :yfgLo kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; Pjd\ sfofG{ jogsf lglDt :yfgLo txdf ;:+ yfut ;+oGq / bIf

hgzlStsf] Joj:yfkg
 ljBfno lZfIffsf] /fli6«o kf7o\ j|mdn] to u/]sf /fli6o« , txut, sIffut / ljifout p2]Zox¿

Pjd\ ljifout ;Ifdtfx¿ tyf kd| v' l;sfO If]qx¿ Jojl:yt ul/Psf] eP tfklg ljBfno tyf
sIffsf]7fdf kf7o\ jm| dsf] sfofG{ jog kIf

ljBfno lzIffnfO{ ke| fjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo, /f]huf/dn" s, cfw'lgs, j1} flgs, ;do;fk]If agfpg pko{'St
kIfx¿sf] ljZni] f0faf6 lgSof{]n ul/Psf ;d:of Pjd\ r'gft} Lx¿sf] plrt 9ª\un] ;Dafw] g ug{'
cfjZos 5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7\ojm| d kf| ¿k, @)&^ 25

kl/R5b] kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;sf ;4} flGts cfwf/ tyf gLlt
tLg

ljBfno lzIffsf] bl[ i6sf]0f, /fli6o« p2]Zo, txut ;Ifdtf / kf7ojm| d ;+/rgf lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/lznfsf
¿kdf o; kl/R5]bdf kf7o\ j|md;Da4 ;4} flGts cfwf/ tyf gLltx¿nfO{ k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

#=! kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;sf ;}4flGts cfwf/x¿

ljBfno lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt dxŒjk0" f{ kIfx¿ Pjd\ ltgn] l;hg{ f u/s] f d'2fsf] ;dfwfg / rg' ft} Lx¿sf]
;fdgf ug{] pkfo d"n l;4fGtx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf;, lgdf0{ f tyf sfof{Gjog ubf{ log}
l;4fGtx¿nfO{ dn" cfwf/sf ¿kdf cjnDag ug]{ u/L kf| ¿k ;+/lrt ePsfn] tkl;nsf l;4fGt o;
kf| ¿ksf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ M

#=!=! ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t kf7\ojm| d ljsf;

Jofjxfl/s tyf ;fdflhs hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] 1fg, l;k, kj| l[ Q / dN" osf] cfhg{ tyf
ltgnfO{ ko| f]u ug{] ;fdYon{ fO{ ;Ifdtf elgG5 . kf7o\ j|mdn] ljBfyLx{ ¿df lglZrt ;Ifdtfx¿sf]
ljsf; ug]{ ck]Iff u/s] f] x'G5 . o:tf ;Ifdtfx¿ ljBfno lzIffdf txut ¿kdf ljsf; ug{]
ul/G5 . ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t l;4fGtcg';f/ l;sfO pknlAwsf] lgwf{/0f, ljifoj:t'sf] rog, l;sfO
;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfksf] lgwf{/0f tyf dN" ofªs\ g k4lt / ljlw lglb{i6 ul/g] 5 . ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t
kf7\oj|mdcg;' f/ txut ;Ifdtf k|flKtkZrft\ ljBfyL{n] cfkm\gf] JolStut tyf ;fdflhs Jojxf/
Pjd\ kl/jltt{ ;Gbe;{ dt] df cfkm" nfO{ ;dfofh] g ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ug{]
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg;' f/ ;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 M

 ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ j|md ljsf; ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] pd]/, ljsf;sf] :t/, l;sfOsf] cj:yf, l;sfO
;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk / dN" ofª\sg;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL Jojxf/dv' L 1fg tyf l;k ljsf;nfO{
Wofg lbOg] 5 .

 ljifoj:t' rog ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] pd]/cg;' f/ cfkm\gf] hLjgdf s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{ ;S5g\
eGg] kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 .

 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfkn] ljBfyLd{ f jf:tljs ¿kdf lglbi{ 6 ;Ifdtf ljsf; / ljsl;t
;Ifdtfsf] Jofjxfl/s ko| fu] nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg] 5 .

 ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ gsf cfwf/df nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;s] g;ss] f] olsg u/L pkrf/fTds
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfngnfO{ kf| yldstf lbOg] 5 .

 ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf jm| ddf ljljw ks| f/sf dfkgof]Uo ;fwg ko| f]u u/L :ki6 ¿kdf olsg ug{
;lsg] ;Ifdtf to ul/g] 5 .

 lglb{i6 ;Ifdtfsf] kf| lKt / ltgsf] Jofjxfl/s pkofu] df sl] Gb|t ul/g] 5 .

26 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b|

 sfo{dn" s l;ksf] k|flKt, glthfd'vL kl| tkmn / Jojxf/pGd'v 1fg, l;k tyf clejl[ Q ljsf; ug{]
dn" et" p2Z] osf ;fy ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7o\ j|md ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t l;4fGtcg'¿k ljsf; ul/g]
5.

#=!=@ ;jfª{ \uL0f afnljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg¿' k kf7o\ j|md ljsf;

afndgfl] j1fg / afnljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ug'{kb5{ . kf7\ojm| dn] afnaflnsfx¿sf]
zf/Ll/s, afl} 4s, cfWoflTds, gl} ts, ;fdflhs, ;+ju] fTds / ;f+:sl[ ts kIfsf] ljsf; ub{} pgLx¿nfO{
lhDdj] f/L af]w ug,]{ cj;/ / cg'ejx¿ xfl;n x'g] cj:yf l;hg{ f ug{] 5 . kf7\oj|mdn] cfwf/e"t
hLjgf]kofu] L l;k, gful/s r]tgf, ;fdflhs / af}l4s hfgsf/L, nf]stflGqs dN" o, nª} \lus ;dfgtf, dfgj
clwsf/, ;dfj]zLs/0f h:tf dxŒjk0" f{ ljifo If]qx¿df cg'ej xfl;n ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ 5 . ljZj
ahf/df k|lt:kwL{, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] 1fg ePsf, ;d"xdf sfd ug{ ;Sg,] ljljwtfnfO{ ;Ddfg
ug{] / ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf l;h{gfTds cleJolSt l;k ePsf hgzlSt tof/ ug{]tkm{ kf7\ojm| d sl] Gb|t xg' ]
5 . kf7o\ j|mdsf ljifoj:t'n] l;sfOsf cjwf/0ff Pjd\ k|ljm| ofx¿ d"No / dfGotf hfGgsf nflu l;Sg]
(Learning to know), ugs{ f nflu l;Sg] (Learning to do), aGgsf nflu l;Sg] (Learning to be),
ldn/] a:g l;Sg] (Learning to live together) h:tf kIfx¿ ;d]6\g] 5 . ;jf{ªu\ L0f afnljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ffcg¿' k kf7o\ j|md ljsf; ug]{ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7\oj|md ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Daf]wg
ul/g] 5 M

 afnljsf; tyf afndgf]lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7\oj:t' 5gf6] ul/g] 5 .
 zf/Ll/s, af}l4s, ;j+ ]ufTds / ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg u/L kf7\ojm| ddf l;sfO

pknlAw tyf kf7o\ j:t' Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .
 cfw'lgs ;dfhn] ckI] ff u/s] f] gful/sdf xg' 'kg{] ;Ifdtfx¿nfO{ kf7\ojm| d ljsf; ubf{ pRr

k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
 ;dfnf]rgfTds l;k, l;h{gfTds l;k tyf hLjgf]kofu] L l;kx¿sf] ;Gtl' nt ¿kdf ljsf; x'g]

cj;/ kb| fg ul/g] 5 .
 dfgj clwsf/, nf]stflGqs cfr/0f, ;dfj]lztf, n}ªl\ us Pjd\ ckfª\utf;DaGwL ljifoj:t'sf]

;dfofh] g u/L ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf ;xofu] ug{ cfjZos bIftf ljsf;nfO{ kf| yldstf k|bfg
ul/g] 5 .
 afnsl] Gb|t, afnd}qL, nª} \lusdq} L, ;dfjz] L l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/L kf7o\ j|md tyf kf7\oj:ts' f]
ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

#=!=# afnsl] Gb|t ljsf;fTds k4ltcg'¿k kf7\ojm| d ljsf;

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; afnsl] Gb|t ljsf;fTds k4ltcg'¿k ul/g] 5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljsf; l;sfO
ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ;Dej xG' 5 . l;sfOsf afx\o tŒj, sIffsf]7fsf l;sfO k|ljlw, l;sfO jftfj/0f,

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7o\ j|md k|f¿k, @)&^ 27

lzIf0fsf] dfWod efiff, ;fdflhs, ;f:+ s[lts, cflys{ ki[ 7el" dh:tf kIfn] klg afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO
tyf ;Ifdtf k|flKtdf c;/ kfb{5g\ . ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, rfxgf, cfjZostf ljsf;sf] ultcg'¿k
ljifoj:t' tyf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ kf7o\ j|mdsf] ljsf;, ljifoj:ts' f] rog,
lzIf0f ljlw tyf dN" ofªs\ g kl| jlwsf] ;/+ rgf lgdf0{ f ubf{ afnsl] Gb|t k4lt cjnDag ul/g] 5 . ljz]if
cfjZostf ePsf ;d"xsf afnaflnsfsf nflu j}slNks Joj:yf u/L l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|ljm| of tyf
dN" ofª\sg k4lt nlrnf] agfOg] 5 .

#=!=$ PsLst[ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7\ojm| d ljsf;

ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\ojm| d ljzi] f u/L kf| /lDes sIffx¿df PsLs[t l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ljsf; ul/g]
5 . ljifout ky[ s klxrfgnfO{ dfq Wofg glbO{ ;dli6ut l;sfO pknlAwsf] Joj:yfkg u/L PsLst[
¿kdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb5{ . kf7\oj|mddf ljljwtfoS' t ljifoj:t'nfO{ PsLst[
u//] ljifoj:t'sf] rog, PsLs[t 9frF fdf kf7\ojm| dsf ;dli6ut l;sfO pknlAwx¿ Jojl:yt ul/g]
5 . PsLs[t kf7\oj|mdn] 1fg / l;ksf,] 1fg / l;sfO k|ljm| ofsf], ;+1fgfTds (Cognitive) / k|efjL
(Affective) If]qsf], 1fg / cfr/0fsf], ljBfnoleqsf] l;sfO / ljBfyLs{ f] jf:tljs hLjgsf], km/s
ljifoIfq] x¿sf] Pjd\ cGt/;DalGwt l;sfO Ifq] x¿nufotsf] PsLs/0fdf hf8] lbg] 5 . l;sfOsf kd| v'
Ifq] x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg;' f/ ;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 M

 kf| /lDes afnlzIffsf] kf7\ojm| d PsLst[ l;4Gtsf cfwf/df ljsf; ul/g] 5 eg] sIff ! b]lv
sIff # ;Ddsf] kf7\ojm| d klg ljifout klxrfg xg' ] u/L PsLst[ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ljsf; u/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .

 cfwf/et" tx sIff $ bl] v * ;Dd kf7o\ jm| dsf ljifj:t'nfO{ cGt/;DalGwt ug]{ l;4fGtnfO{ ljrf/
u/L kf7o\ j|mdsf] sfofG{ jog ul/g] 5 .

 ed" 08nLo dfu / kl| jlwn] o'St ;dfhsf nflu cfjZos 1fg tyf l;k, kl/jltt{ ;dfhcg';f/sf
1fg tyf l;k, /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/jz] n] l;hg{ f u/s] f ;d:of / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{
cTofjZos 1fg tyf l;kx¿ klxrfg u/L kf7\ojm| d ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

 ljZj kl/jz] sf] dfu / Jojl:yt hLjgzn} Lsf nflu cTofjZos ljifo If]qx¿, hLjgfk] of]uL
tyf Jojxf/sz' n l;k, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f, ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ;dtfdn" s ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ 1fg tyf l;knfO{ kf7\oj|mdsf ldNbf ljifoIf]qx¿df PsLs[t u/L kf7o\ j|md ljsf;
ul/g] 5 .

#=!=% ;dfjz] L l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ubf{ ;dfjz] L l;4fGtnfO{ k0" f{ ¿kdf cªu\ Lsf/ ul/g] 5 . o;sf
nflu ;a} txsf] kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7o\ j:t' lgwf/{ 0f ubf{ of] l;4fGt cTofjZos dflgg] 5 . ;dfj]zL
lzIffn] ;a} vfn] afnaflnsfx¿ -ckfª\utf ePsf, blnt tyf ljkGg, cfly{s ¿kdf sdhf]/, dlxnf,

28 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

cflbjf;L, ul/aLsf] /v] fdl' g /x]sf cflb_ sf] ljljw l;sfO rfxgfsf] ;Dafw] g ug{] 5 . ;dfjz] L]
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7\oj|md ljsf; ubf{ lgDglnlvt kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 M

 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;sf j|mddf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] cge' j, rfxgf / d"No dfGotfnfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/g] 5 .

 ljzi] ftM dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zLnufot pTkLl8t ju{ tyf ul/aLsf] /]vfdl' g k/s] f,
sl7g ef}uf]lns kl/j]zdf /x]sf, ljleGg dfte[ fiff ePsf / ckfªu\ tf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf]
z}lIfs cfjZostf ;Dafw] g x'g] u/L kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7\o;fduL| ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

 ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljzi] f Wofg lbg], ljBfnosf] sfot{ flnsfnfO{ nrstf
k|bfg ug{,] ljBfyL{sf] rfxgfcg¿' k lzIf0f ug,{] kf7o\ jm| dsf] :yfgLos/0f ug]{, cfjZostfd'vL
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ug]{ l;4fGtx¿nfO{ j|mdzM sfofG{ jogdf NofOg] 5 .

#=!=^ :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t kf7\oj|md ljsf;

d'ns' sf] ;ª3\ Lo ;/+ rgfcg'sn" zf;sLo :j¿k / ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L :yfgLo cfjZostfdf
cfwfl/t kf7o\ j|md lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb5{ . ljBfno kf7o\ j|mddf dfte[ fiff, :yfgLo 1fg,
l;k, k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg tyf P]ltxfl;s / ;f:+ sl[ ts kIfnfO{ ;dfof]hg -cgs' n" g_ ubf{ :yfgLo
cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t cWoognfO{ k7gkf7gsf] dxŒjk0" f{ Ifq] sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5 . :yfgLo
cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t kf7\ojm| d lgdf0{ f ug]{ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg';f/
;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 M

 :yfgLo cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/L :yfgLo txdf kf7o\ j|md tyf kf7\ok:' ts ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 /fli6o« kf7o\ j|mdsf] 9frF fsf cfwf/df kf7\oj|mdsf] :yfgLo txdf cgs' n" g u/L :yfgLo kf7o\ j|md

tyf kf7o\ k:' ts ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 :yfgLo kf7o\ jm| ddf cfjZostfg;' f/ ljifoj:t'x¿ kl/dfhg{ tyf l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfkg ug]{

sfo{ :yfgLo txaf6 ul/g] 5 .
 :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ j|md lgdf{0f tyf sfofG{ jog ubf{ afns]lGb|t, :yfgLo

cfjZostfdv' L xg' ] u/L nrstf k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
 /fli6«o kf7o\ jm| dsf] ;/+ rgfleq /xL :yfgLo kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu kf| ljlws

tyf Joj:yfksLo ¿kdf :yfgLo txnfO{ ;Ifd / lhDd]jf/ agfOg] 5 .
 :yfgLo kf7\ojm| d sfof{Gjog, ljBfnosf] jflif{s sfo{j|md, sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg tyf zI} fl0fs

ljlwsf ;DaGwdf ljBfno lhDdj] f/ x'g] 5 .
 :yfgLo kf7o\ j|mdsf] ljsf; tyf :jLs[lt kb| z] jf :yfgLo txdf /xg] kf7o\ j|md;Da4 ;+/rgfaf6

xg' ] 5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿k, @)&^ 29

#=!=& ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf cfwfl/t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;

;r" gf, ;~rf/ tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlwnfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\ojm| ddf ljlzi6 :yfg lbgk' b5{ .
kf7o\ jm| ddf ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf cfwl' gs kl| jlwoS' t lzIffnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug'{ ljBdfg ed" 08nLs/0fsf]
o'udf cTofjZos xG' 5 . cfwl' gs ou' df ed" 08nLs/0f, kl| jwLs/0f / ;LdfljxLgtf xFb' } uPsf]
kl/kI|] odf ;r" gf ;~rf/ tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pkofu] n] 1fg tyf l;k cfh{gdf cfpg ;Sg]
r'gft} LnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . lbgfgl' bg a9b\ } uPsf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] pkofu] ug{
;Sg] 1fg, l;k tyf bIftf ljsf; u/L kl| jlwo'St >d ahf/df ;xh ¿kdf vkt x'g ;Sg] hgzlSt
ljsf; ug{ ljBfno txb]lv g} ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fduL|
ljsf;nfO{ hf8] lbOg] 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ lzIffdf ;dfofh] g ug]{ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg;' f/ ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 M

 ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwnfO{ ljBfno lzIffdf z}lIfs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ljifo, ljifoj:t' /
dfWod bj' } ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ u/L kf7o\ j|md ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

 ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljBfno lzIffsf kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|L
ljsf; Pjd\ ltgsf] ljBt' Lo kl| tsf] pknAwtfnfO{ hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

 l8lh6n ;fIf/tf, k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu cGt/lj|mofTds ljBt' Lo ;fduL|
ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| j|mofnfO{ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t agfpg cTofjZos l;sfO jftfj/0f ljsf;nfO{
kf| yldstf lbOg] 5 .

#=!=* hLjgfk] ofu] L tyf sfok{ |lt cled'v kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;

kf7\oj|mddf hLjgfk] ofu] L l;ksf] :yfg ;'lglZrt ug{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ jo} lSts / Jofjxfl/s
kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ kb| fg ul/g] 5 . ljBfno kf7\ojm| ddf ke| fjsf/L
;~rf/ tyf cGt/jo} lSts ;DaGw, lg0f{o tyf ;dfnf]rgfTds ;fr] fO, cfTdJoj:yfkg / lg0fo{ lng]
Ifdtf h:tf Jojxf/sz' n l;kx¿ (Soft skills) nfO{ :yfg lbOg] 5 . hLjgfk] of]uL tyf sfok{ |lt
cledv' kf7\ojm| d ljsf; ug{] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7\ojm| d ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 M

 cfwf/e"t txsf k|f/lDes sIffx¿af6 g} kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|Ldf hLjgf]kofu] L tyf
Jojxf/s'zn l;ksf] ;dfofh] g u/L kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|L ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

 cfwf/e"t l;k / >d Pjd\ /fh] uf/Lsf nflu cTofjZos l;ksf] juL{s/0f u/L cfwf/et" l;k
;fwf/0f wf/tkm{ / >d tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu cTofjZos l;k k|fljlws wf/sf] kf7o\ j|mddf
;dfof]hg u/L kf7\ojm| dnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .

 cfwf/e"t l;k tyf >d tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfjZos l;kdf cfwfl/t l;sfO tyf k7g ;fduL|
ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

30 kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

 sfok{ l| t cledv' kf7o\ jm| d lgdf0{ f ubf{ /fh] uf/L / :j/fh] uf/LnfO{ hf8] lbOg] 5 .
 >dkl| t ;Ddfg ug,{] cfTdlge/{ xg' ,] ;xofu] L tyf ;lxi0f' agfpg] sfod{ f kf7o\ jm| dn] hf8] lbg] 5 .
 kl/of]hgf sfo{, sfo{If]qdf cjnfs] g / sfd u//] l;Sg,] ;fd'bflos sfo{ h:tf ultljlwdf ;n+ Ug

u/fO{ Jofj;flos l;k ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg] 5 .
 Jojxf/sz' n l;k (Soft Skills) / Jofj;flos l;k (TEVT Hard Skills) sf] sfofG{ jog ubf{ lghL Ifq] ,

>d ahf/nufotsf lgsfox¿;uF ;femb] f/L sfod u/L cflys{ , kf| ljlws tyf zl} Ifs ka| Gw ugt{] km{
ljzi] f Wofg lbOg] 5 .
 ;fwf/0f ljBfnox¿df klg lglZrt lsl;dsf kf| ljlws tyf Jofj;flos ljifox¿ ;dfjz] ug{
;Sg] u/L kf7o\ jm| d ;/+ rgf tof/ ul/g] 5 . o;af6 ljBfyLs{ f rfxgf, ljBfnosf] Ifdtf / :yfgLo
cfjZostfcg;' f/ kf| ljlws tyf Jofj;flos ljifox¿ cWofkg ug]{ cj;/ ldNg] 5 .

#=!=( ;xeflutfdn" s kf7\oj|md ljsf;

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; k|lj|mofnfO{ ;xeflutfdn" s agfOgk' 5{ . kf7\oj|md ljsf;sf kl| jm| ofdf cleefjs,
lzIfsnufot ljleGg ;/fs] f/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOg] 5 . kf7\oj|mdnfO{ n}ªl\ usd}qL, afnsl] Gbt|
/ ;dfjz] L agfpg ;DalGwt lj1 tyf ;fdb' fonfO{ ;dt] ;xefuL u/fOg] 5 . kf7o\ k':ts / cGo
zI} fl0fs ;fdu|L lgdf0{ f kl| jm| of klg oxL ljlwdf cfwfl/t xg' ] 5 .

;xeflutfdn" s l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7\ojm| d ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg;' f/ ;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 M

 kf7\oj|mdsf] kf| ¿k tof/ ug],{ n]Vg] tyf kg' /jnf]sg ug]{ sfo{ ;femb] f/x¿sf] ;xeflutfaf6 ul/g]
5.

 kf7\ojm| d lgdf{0f k|ljm| ofx¿df :yfgLo ;db' fo, ljBfyL,{ cleefjs / lzIfsx¿nufot ;Dk"0f{
;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOg] 5 .

 kf7o\ ;fdu|L ljsf; ug]{ jm| ddf ljBfno txsf ofU] o lzIfs tyf ljifo;Da4 lj1x¿nfO{ kf| yldstf lbOg]
5.

 ;8\3Lo txaf6 kf| Kt kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, bz] sf] lzIffsf] b/" bl[ i6 / Wo]osf] kl/lwleq /xL :yfgLo
txaf6 kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|L ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] 5 .

#=!=!) nlrnf]kgf / ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ j|md ljsf;

ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7o\ jm| d ;a}sf] cfjZostf ;Dafw] g ug{] vfnsf] x'gk' b{5 . kf7ojm| d l;sf?sf
ljljw cfjZostf k"/f ug{] vfnsf] ePdf dfq ljBdfg zl} Ifs IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
kf7\ojm| d th'{df ubf{ kf7o\ j:t', l;sfO ljlw Pjd\ k|ljm| of / ;do ;ad} f nlrnfk] gf xg' ' h?/L 5 .
;fy} kf7\oj|mdn] l;sf?sf ljljwtfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{ ;Sgk' b5{ . km/s km/s eflifs, ;fdflhs,
;f:+ sl[ ts, efu} fl] ns, n}ª\lus kl/j]zaf6 sIffsf7] fdf cfpg] ljBfyL{x¿sf l;sfO Ifdtf, cfjZostf,

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^ 31

?lr, pTk/|] 0ffsf] tx, pd/] nufotsf kIfx¿df klg ljljwtf x'G5g\ . kf7\oj|md ljsf; ubf{ nlrnf]kgf
/ ljljwtfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 M

 ljBdfg cf}krfl/s k4ltsf ;fy} cgf}krfl/s, vn' f tyf b"/ lzIff k4ltnfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f
kl| j|mofdf cfa4 ul/g] 5 .

 l;sf?sf] JolStut ?lr, cfjZostf / IfdtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] u/L kf7\ojm| d ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 kf7\oj|md ljsf; ubf{ l;sf?sf] eflifs, ;fdflhs, ;f:+ s[lts, efu} fl] ns, n}ª\lus ljljwtfnufot

l;sfO Ifdtfut ljljwtfÙ j}olSts :jtGqtf Pjd\ ;fdl" xs hLjg k4ltnfO{ Vofn ul/g] 5 .
 kf7\ojm| d tyf l;sfO ;fduL| ljsf; ubf{ ;a} ks| f/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostf, l;sfO

rfxgf, l;sfOsf] ult;d]t bl[ i6ut u/L kf7o\ jm| ddf nrstf / ljljwtf sfod ul/g] 5 .

#=!=!! gk] fnL d"No / dfGotf tyf k"jL{o 1fgdf cfwfl/t kf7\ojm| d ljsf;

kf7\ojm| d gk] fnL dN" o / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t xg' 'kb{5 . ljBfno kf7o\ jm| ddf kj" Lo{ jfª\dosf c;n
kIfnfO{ ;dfjz] u//] Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfkdf pkof]u ul/g] 5 . xfd|f
cfg} lsl;dsf ljlzi6 ;:+ sl[ t, dN" o tyf dfGotf, k/Dk/f, snf, ;f}Gbo,{ cfbz{ h:tf jl} zi6o\ x¿sf]
;/+ If0f tyf k|jwg{ ul/g] 5 . cgz' f;g, lzi6frf/, ;bfrf/, zflGt, clx;+ f h:tf ;fje{ fd} dfgjf]lrt
;bu\ '0f clej[l¢ ug{ kf7\ojm| d sl] Gb|t xg' ] 5 . g]kfnL dN" o / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ j|md ljsf; ug]{
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7\ojm| d ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 M

 g]kfnL d"No, dfGotf, cfbz,{ j}lzi6\o, snf, ;:+ s[lt cflbsf] ljsf; tyf ;/+ If0fnfO{ pRr
kf| yldstf lbOg] 5 .

 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; ubf{ gk] fnnfO{ dfof ug{, gk] fnL uf/} jk|lt ;Ddfg ug{, /fli6o« tf tyf /fli6«o
PstfnfO{ ;j+ wg{ ug{ cfjZos 1fg tyf l;k ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .

 dfgjLo dN" o, ;fdflhs ;lxi0ft' f, ;fdflhs ;x;DaGw, efOrf/f, g}lts cfbz{, ljZjaGwT' j h:tf
dN" ox¿sf] k|jw{gdf hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

 zflGt, ;xgzLntf, k/fk] sf/, Ifdf, ;bfrf/, clx:+ ffh:tf kj" L{o dfGotfnfO{ k:' tfGt/0f ug{
cfjZos 1fg, l;k / cfr/0f ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

 /fli6«o lrGtgdv' L hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{]tkm{ ljz]if kf| yldstf lbOg] 5 .
 bz] sf] e"ufn] , Oltxf;, snfsf}zn tyf ljlzi6tfsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ w{gdf Wofg lbOg] 5 .
 g]kfnL ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf d"No / dfGotfnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos 1fg tyf l;k

ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 ;+:st[ efiff tyf ;flxTonufot k"jL{o bzg{ df cfa4 axk' IfLo hLjgfk] ofu] L lrGtgnfO{ ljBfno

lzIffdf ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
 :yfgLo 1fg, l;k tyf k|ljlw cflbsf] ljsf; tyf :t/fG] glt ug{]tkm{ ljzi] f hf8] lbOg] 5 .

32 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

#=!=!@ l;sfOsf kd| v' Ifq] x¿sf] Joj:yfkg

kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f ubf{ l;sfOsf k|dv' If]qnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . l;sfOsf If]qsf
¿kdf s] s:tf ljifoj:t' /flvgk' b5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf /fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o cEof;nfO{ x]bf{ efiff
-dft[efiff, /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6«o_, ul0ft, ;fdflhs cWoog, Oltxf;, eu" fn] , ;flxTo, dN" odf cfwfl/t
lzIff, l;hg{ fTds snf, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s, hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f, ;r" gf
tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw, :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t k;] f / Joj;fo h:tf l;sfOsf Ifq] x¿ k|d'v
dflgG5g\ . ;~rf/ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] l;k, ;xsfo{ l;k, l;h{gfTds ;fr] fO l;k, ;fdflhs
tyf cGt/j}olSts l;k, ljZj gful/s l;k, kf| ljlws ;fIf/tf l;k, :jJoj:yfkgsf l;k cflb ljBfno
txsf afnaflnsfx¿df ljsf; u/fpg clt cfjZos x'G5 . l;sfOsf k|d'v Ifq] x¿sf] Joj:yfkg
ug{] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 M

 ljifout klxrfgeGbf klg gjLg 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] dfucg;' f/ l;sfOsf If]qx¿ klxrfg
u/L kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

 :yfgLo 1fg tyf l;k, gjLg 1fg / lj1fg tyf kl| jlwsf] pRrtd pkof]u ug{ cTofjZos l;k
tyf Ifdtf xfl;n xg' ] lsl;dn] l;sfOsf Ifq] x¿ klxrfg u/L kf7o\ jm| dsf] Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5 .

 cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf b]zn] u/s] f k|lta4tfx¿, ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lzIff Ifq] x¿df cjnDag ul/Psf
l;sfOsf If]q tyf 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh / kl| jlwn] o'St >d ahf/;d]tsf cfwf/df l;sfOsf
Ifq] x¿ Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5 .

 l;sfOsf Ifq] x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ kj" L{o dfGotf / /fli6o« jl} zi6\onfO{ Wofg lbOg] 5 .
 ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] clwstd pkofu] ug{ cTofjZos l;k ljsf;nfO{ kf| yldstf lbO{

l;sfOsf If]qx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5 .
 jftfj/0fLo ;Gtn' g / lbuf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffcg';f/ l;sfOsf If]qx¿ Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5 .

#=!=!# z}lIfs u0' f:t/ dfgssf] ;l' glZrttfdf cfwfl/t kf7\ojm| d ljsf;

ljBfno lzIffdf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;l' glZrt ug{sf nflu /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6o« cg'ej tyf
cEof;;dt] sf cfwf/df ljBfno lzIff;DaGwL /fli6«o u'0f:t/ dfgs tyf dfkb08 tof/ ug{'kb{5 .
/fli6o« kf7o\ j|md vfsfadfl] hd kf7\oj|md tyf kf7o\ ;fduL| , l;sfO ;xhLs/0f, lzIfssf] of]Uotf tyf
;Ifdtf, sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg / dN" ofªs\ g;DaGwL dfkb08 ljsf; u/L sfofG{ jogdf NofOg] 5 .
zl} Ifs u0' f:t/ dfgssf] ;l' glZrttfdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ug{] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
ubf{ lgDgfg;' f/sf kIfx¿df ;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 M

 kf7o\ j|md tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|L tof/ ubf{ u0' f:t/ dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dflgg] 5 .
 /fli6o« u0' f:t/ dfgs tyf dfkb08sf cfwf/df k|bz] tyf :yfgLo txn] ;dt] dfgs tyf dfkb08

tof/ u/L kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 ultljlw ;~rfng ugk{' g{] 5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7o\ j|md k|f¿k, @)&^ 33

 dfusf] l;hg{ f ug,{] cfjZostf klxrfg ug,{] ofh] gf agfpg,] sfofG{ jog ug]{ tyf u0' f:t/ dfkb08
;l' glZrt ug{] lhDdj] f/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] xg' ] 5 .

 u0' f:t/sf] ;l' glZrttfsf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u/} ;/sf/L lgsfo;uF ;xofu] / ;femb] f/Lsf] ljsf;
ul/g] 5 .

 ljBfyL{ sl] Gbt| l;sfO ljlwdf hf8] lbbF } ljBfno lzIffsf] u0' f:t/df ;w' f/ Nofpg Gog" td zl} Ifs
jftfj/0fsf dfkb08x¿ sfofG{ jogdf NofOg] 5 .

#=!=!$ vfh] tyf cg;' Gwfgdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;

vfh] tyf cg;' GwfgnfO{ kf7\oj|md ljsf; Pjd\ ;w' f/sf] cleGg cªu\ sf ¿kdf ljsf; ugk'{ 5{ .
kl/jltt{ ;do, gjLgtd 1fg tyf l;k, ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw / e"d08nLs/0fsf] ke| fjnfO{
oyf]lrt dfqfdf ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 . lg/Gt/ ¿kdf gofF gofF cg';Gwfg u/L kf7\oj|mddf ;fdlos
kl/jtg{ , kl/dfhg{ Pjd\ kl/:sf/ ul/g] 5 . vfh] tyf cg;' Gwfgdf cfwfl/t kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; ug]{
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf7\oj|md ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg;' f/ ;Dafw] g ul/g] 5 M
 ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf, ?lr cflbsf] vf]hL u/L l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ u/L

kf7o\ j|md tyf kf7o\ ;fduL| ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 vf]h tyf cg;' Gwfg, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg h:tf ljm| ofsnfknfO{ z}Ifl0fs ljm| ofsnfksf] cleGg

cª\usf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 pkrf/fTds tyf ;w' f/fTds l;sfOsf cj;/ k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
 kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f, kf7\ojm| d;Da4 ;fduL| lgdf0{ f / ltgsf] ke| fjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf vfh] tyf

cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk kf7o\ j|md;Da4 ultljlwsf] dxŒjk0" f{ cª\u x'g] 5 .
 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfknfO{ sfo{d"ns tyf cg;' Gwfgdf cfwfl/t agfpg lzIfsnfO{ pSt

sfo{sf nflu pTkl]| /t ul/g] 5 .
 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfknfO,{ vf]hdn" s, cGt/lj|mofTds, k|jtg{ fTds x'g] u/L ;~rfng

ug{df hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

#=@ ljBfno lzIffsf] Kff7o\ jm| d;DaGwL gLlt

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿kn] cfwf/et" / dfWolds txsf] ;du| kIfnfO{ ;d6] \g] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf, cGt/fl{ i6o« cEof;, /fli6o« cfjZostf, cfly{s ;fdflhs :j¿knufot
cfjlws ljsf; ofh] gf ;fy} lzIff;DaGwL ljsf; ofh] gf tyf sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ bl[ i6ut ubf{ ljBfno
lzIffsf] kf7\ojm| d;Da4 gLlt b]xfoadf]lhd x'g] 5g\ M

34 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

#=@=! kf7o\ jm| d :j¿k

ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdsf] :j¿k lgDgcg';f/ xg' ] 5 M

 /fli6«o kf7\ojm| d kf| ¿k / /fli6«o of]Uotf kf| ¿klar ;fd~h:o sfod ul/g] 5 .
 cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff # ;Dd PsLs[t kf7o\ jm| d 9frF f cjnDag ug{] gLlt lnOg] 5 .
 dfWolds txsf] sIff ( bl] v !@ ;Dd PsnkyLo kf7o\ jm| d :yflkt ug{] gLlt cjnDag ul/g] 5 .
 cGt/fl{ i6«o cEof; / /fli6o« cge' j;dt] sf cfwf/df cIf/fª\sg kåltcg¿' k ljBfyLs{ f] l;sfO

pknlAw k|df0fLs/0f ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu kf7\oj|md ;/+ rgfdf g} kf7o\ 306f ;d6] L ;f]xLadf]lhd
k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . o;sf nflu Ps kf7\o306f a/fa/ #@ sfo{306f (Working
hour) x'g] 5 . sIff Psb]lv tLg;Ddsf k|To]s sIffsf nflu jflif{s @^ kf7o\ 306f / sIff
rf/bl] v bz;Ddsf nflu kT| os] sIffsf nflu jflifs{ #@ kf7\o306fsf] ljifoj:t' x'g] 5 . To;}
u/L sIff !! / !@ kT| os] df jflifs{ sDtLdf @& b]lv a9Ldf #@ kf7o\ 306fsf] ljifoj:t' xg' ] 5 .
 ljBfyLs{ f cfjZostf / ;]t' kf7\of+z (Bridge Course) sf ¿kdf ljBfnon] dfWolds lzIffdf
cfjZostfcg;' f/ kf7\oj|md ;+/rgfdf Joj:yf ePsf Pl] R5s ljifox¿dWo] s'g} Ps ljifonfO{ yk
ljifosf] ¿kdf k7gkf7g ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] 5 .
 o; k|f¿kdf lglb{i6 kf7\ojm| d ;+/rgfadf]lhd sIffut ¿kdf /xs] f ljifox¿sf] ljifout
;Ifdtf;lxtsf] kf7\ojm| d ljsf; u/L /fli6«o kf7\ojm| d ljsf; tyf dN" ofªs\ g kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t
u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] 5 .
 dfWolds txsf] sIff !! / !@ sf] kf7o\ j|md ;+/rgfdf clgjfo{ / ljBfyLs{ f] ?lr, Ifdtf
/ ljBfnosf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df P]lR5s ljifox¿ 5gf6] x'g] 5g\ . 5gf6] df cfwfl/t
ljifox¿nfO{ pkNnf] txsf] cWoog tyf /f]huf/Lsf Ifq] df bIftf kb| fg ug]{ u/L ;d"xLs[t ul/g]
5.
 ljBfno lzIffsf] sg' } wf/sf] sIff jf tx k/" f u/k] l5 s'g} ljBfyLn{ ] csf{] wf/tkm{sf] s'g} sIffdf
egf{ x'g rfx]df b'j} wf/tkm{sf dfh} 'bf kf7\oj|mdsf] tn' gf u/L ;]t' kf7\ojm| d (Bridge course) sf]
cWoog cfjZos ePdf ;f;] dt] sf] ;l' glZrttf xg' ] u/L /fli6«o kf7\ojm| d ljsf; tyf dN" ofª\sg
kl/ifb\n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
 ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ l;sfOsf] clwstd cj;/ k|bfg ug{ pgLx¿sf] ljljw Ifdtf tyf ems' fjnfO{
bl[ i6ut u/L kf7o\ jm| dnfO{ ljljwLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

#=@=@ ;ª\3, k|bz] / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kf7o\ j|md;Da4 clwsf/ If]qsf] afF8kmfF8

;ª3\ , kb| z] / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 clwsf/ If]qsf] af8F kmfF8 lgDgcg;' f/ xg' ] 5 M

 /fli6o« kf7o\ j|md k|f¿k ljsf;, ljifout kf7o\ jm| d tyf kf7\ok':tsf] dfkb08 ljsf; / kf7\ojm| dsf]
vfsf tyf gdg' f kf7o\ k:' ts ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{ ;ª3\ n] ug{] 5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d k|f¿k, @)&^ 35

 /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿ksf] dfu{bz{g / ljifout dfkb08 tyf vfsfleq /xL kf7o\ k:' ts ljsf;
ug{] sfo{ k|b]zn] ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

 /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d kf| ¿ksf] dfu{bz{g / vfsfleq /xL :yfgLo txn] :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{ ;Dafw] g
ug{] u/L :yfgLo kf7\ojm| d tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf; ug{] 5 . cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff * ;Ddsf]
kf7\ojm| d ;+/rgfdf ;dl] 6Psf] dfte[ fiff÷:yfgLo ljifosf] kf7\oj|md, kf7o\ k:' ts Pjd\ kf7o\ ;fduL|
ljsf; ;DalGwt :yfGfLo txn] ug]{ 5 .

 dfWolds txsf] sIff (—!@ sf] kf7o\ j|md ;/+ rgfdf plNnlvt ;d"x tyf ljifox¿sf] ;r" Lcg;' f/
xg' ] u/L Pl] R5s ljifox¿ :yfgLo txsf] ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0fdf ljBfnon] 5gf]6 ug]{ 5 .

 dfte[ fiffdf lzIff kfpg] cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;DalGwt afnaflnsfsf cleefjs /
ljBfnosf] k/fdzd{ f dft[efiffdf k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf :yfgLo txn] ug]{ 5 .

 ljBfnodf k7gkf7g x'g] :jLs[t kf7o\ k:' tssf] ;l' gZrttf :yfgLo txn] ug{] 5 .
 ljsl;t dfkb08sf cfwf/df kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;, sfofG{ jog kl| jm| of / k|ltkmn;d]tsf] n]vfhfv] fsf

nflu ;ª\3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf lzIff;Da4 lgsfox¿ lhDd]jf/ xg' ] 5g\ .
 sIff * df :yfgLo txn,] sIff !) df kb| ]zn] / sIff !! tyf !@ df ;ª\3n] ljBfno txsf]

;fj{hlgs k/LIff ;~rfng tyf k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ 5 .

#=@=# ljBfno txsf] kf7o\ ;fdu|L / k7gkf7gsf] efiff

ljBfno txsf] kf7o\ ;fduL| / k7gkf7gsf] efiffsf] Joj:yf lgDgcg';f/ xg' ] 5 M

 ljBfno lzIffsf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| j|mofsf nflu cfwf/e"t txdf dfWod efiff dfte[ fiff jf
gk] fnL efiff xg' ] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog / dfgjdN" o÷rfl/lqs lzIffnufot gk] fnL snf, ;:+ sl[ t
/ dfl} ns klxrfgdn" s ljifoj:tx' ¿afxs] cGo ljifosf nflu eg] cª\u]h| LnfO{ klg dfWod efiff
agfpg ;lsg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g] 5 . dfWolds txdf eg] g]kfnL jf cª\u|h] L dfWod efiff
x'g] 5 t/ ;fdflhs cWoog / dfgjdN" o÷rfl/lqs lzIffnufot gk] fnL snf, ;:+ sl[ t / dfl} ns
klxrfgdn" s ljifoj:tx' ¿sf] k7gkf7gsf nflu kf7o\ ;fduL| / dfWod gk] fnL efiff xg' ] 5 .

 dft[efiffdf l;Sg kfpg] afn clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljBfno txdf dfte[ fiffnfO{ ljifo /
l;sfOsf] dfWod efiffsf ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

 ljBfno txdf efiff ljifosf] kf7\o;fduL| / k7gkf7g ;DalGwt efiffdf g} xg' ] 5 .
 ;+:st[ tyf k/Dk/fut wf/tkms{ f zf:qLo ljifox¿sf] kf7o\ ;fdu|L / k7gkf7gsf] dfWod

;DalGwt efiff xg' ] 5 . wfld{s ks| [ltsf ljifox¿sf] k7gkf7g ;DalGwt wfld{s uG| y n]lvPsf]
efiffdf g} ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
 u}/g]kfnL gful/ssf] xsdf gk] fnL ljifosf] ;6\6f cGo s'g} efiffsf] ljifo cWoog ug{] cj;/
kb| fg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

36 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|

 ljbz] df a;f]jf; ug{] gk] fnL dft[efifL afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pkofu] xg' ] gk] fnL efiffsf l;sfO
;fduL| ljsf; ub{} nlug] 5 .

#=@=$ ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ / dfgs lgwf{/0f

ljBfno lzIffsf] u0' f:t/ / dfgs lgwf{/0f lgDgcg';f/ xg' ] 5 M

 /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6o« cg'ej tyf cEof;;dt] sf cfwf/df ljBfno lzIff;DaGwL /fli6«o u0' f:t/
dfgs tyf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/g] 5 . /fli6o« kf7\ojm| d vfsfadf]lhd kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|L,
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f, lzIfssf] of]Uotf tyf ;Ifdtf, sIffsf7] f Joj:yfkg / dN" ofª\sg;DaGwL
dfkb08 ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] 5 .

 ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ sfod u/L ;Ifd hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« u0' f:t/
dfgs (Quality standard) tof/ ul/g] 5 .

 ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug{ sIff * df :yfgLo tx:t/Lo, !) df k|b]z:t/Lo / !!
tyf !@ df /fli6«o:t/df ;fj{hlgs k/LIff ;~rfng u/L kf| Kt glthfsf cfwf/df lzIfs /
ljBfnonfO{ kf| T] ;fxg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

 /fli6o« u0' f:t/ dfgssf cfwf/df kb| z] , :yfgLo tx tyf ljBfnon] cfcfgf] z}lIfs u0' f:t/
dfgs (Quality benchmark) to u/L kf7\oj|md tyf kf7o\ jm| d;Da4 ultljlwx¿ :jtGq ¿kdf
;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . u0' f:t/ dfgssf cfwf/df ljBfnonfO{ yk ;xof]u sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng
ul/g] 5 . ;fy} ljBfno :jod\nfO{ klg o;sf nflu a9L lhDdj] f/ agfOg] 5 .

 kf7o\ jm| d, kf7\o;fdu|L;DaGwL u'0f:t/ dfkb08 tof/ u/L ;f]xLcg;' f/ ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 kf7\ojm| d sfofG{ jogsf] ke| fjsf/L nv] fhfv] f, l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfksf] Jofjxfl/s kIfsf]

olsg ug{ sIffsf7] fdf k|ToIf ;xefuL eO{ ki[ 7kfi] f0f k|fKt ul/g] 5 .

#=@=% kf7\ok:' ts tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|L ljsf;, pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f

ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7o\ k:' ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf;, pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf lgDgcg';f/
xg' ] 5 M

 ljBfno lzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ kf7\ok:' tssf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ub{} ljBfyLd{ }qL kf7\ok':ts ljsf;
u/L /ªu\ Lg kf7o\ k:' tssf] ljsf;df hf8] lbOg] 5 .

 ljBfyLs{ f] ?lr, Ifdtf, l;sfOsf] ult, kf7o\ k:' tssf] ;j;{ n' etfnfO{ ;dt] Wofg lbO{ /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d
kf| ¿ksf] vfsfleq /xL axk' f7o\ k:' ts ljsf; Pjd\ ko| fu] ug{] gLlt ckgfOg] 5 .

 kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] /fli6o« kf7o\ j|md kf| ¿kcg;' f/ gd'gf kf7\ok:' ts ljsf; u/L db' 0| fLo kl| t
(Print Ready Copy -PRC) tof/ kfg{] 5 .

 ljBfno lzIffsf kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] 5kfO tyf ljt/0f sfon{ fO{ Jojl:yt agfpg hgs lzIff
;fduL| sG] b| lnld68] sf] sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ yk ;b' [9Ls/0f ul/g] 5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\ojm| d k|f¿k, @)&^ 37

 ljBfno lzIffsf kf7o\ k:' tsx¿sf] ljsf;, pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f sfon{ fO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg vn' f
kl| t:kwfs{ f cfwf/df lghL Ifq] sf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] tyf lgodg ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/g] 5 .

 /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf dN" ofªs\ g kl/ifbs\ f] dfub{ zg{ df kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] bn| ] lghL tyf
u/} ;/sf/L Ifq] åf/f ljsl;t kf7o\ ;fduL| nfO{ cfjZostfcg;' f/ dN" ofªs\ g u/L ;r" Lst[ ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

 kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] bn| ] kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] :t/Lotf, u0' f:t/ Pjd\ ;fGble{stfsf] k/LIf0f u/L
ax'kf7o\ k':ts k|ofu] df Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] 5 .

 :yfgLo txsf] k/fdz{ / cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xofu] df ljBfno :jodn\ ] dft[efiff / :yfgLo
ljifosf kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

 kf7o\ k':ts;DaGwL :ki6 gLltut Joj:yfsf nflu /fli6o« k':ts gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf
NofOg] 5 .

 ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 gdg' f kf7o\ k':ts ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
 k|f/lDes sIffdf sfo{k:' ts (Work book) k|ofu] df hf8] lbOg] 5 .
 kf7\oj|md, kf7o\ k':ts tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|L ljsf;, 5kfO tyf ljt/0f;DaGwL lgb{l] zsfx¿df

;d;fdlos kl/jtg{ u/L sfofG{ jogdf NofOg] 5 .

#=@=^ lzIfs Joj:yfkg

o; kf7o\ j|md k|f¿kcg';f/sf kf7\oj|md sfofG{ jogsf nflu lzIfs 5gf6] / Joj:yfkg lgDgcg';f/sf
dfub{ z{g ;d]tdf cfwfl/t xg' k' g]{ 5 M

 ljBfno lzIffsf] u0' f:t/ kj| w{gsf nflu lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/fOg] 5 .
 ljBfno lzIffsf] u0' f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu ljBdfg cWofkg cgd' lt kqsf] Joj:yfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 u/L

sfofG{ jog ub}{ nlug] 5 . u0' f:t/Lo lzIfs tof/L tyf ljt/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 . ljleGg
txsf lzIfssf nflu cfjZos Gog" td ofU] otfsf] kg' /jnfs] g ul/g] 5 .
 lzIfssf] k;] fut ljsf;nfO{ :t/Lo, ko| f]udv' L, dN" odf cfwfl/t, u0' fdf cfwfl/t, dfudf cfwfl/t
/ cGt/ljifo ;DaGw :yflkt x'g] u/L Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .
 ljlzi6 ofU] otf kf| Kt ug{] bIf hgzlStnfO{ lzIf0f k;] fdf cfsif0{ f ug{ ljzi] f Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
 ljBfnodf cWofkg ug{] ;a} tx / sIffsf lzIfsx¿df lgDgfg;' f/sf ;Ifdtf ;l' glZrt ul/g] 5 M
 ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg (Content Knowledge)
 l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf tf}/tl/sf;DaGwL 1fg (Pedagogical Knowledge)
 afnaflnsf÷l;sf?;DaGwL 1fg (Knowledge about Children/ Learners)
 l;sfO jftfj/0f tyf sIff Joj:yfkg (Learning Environment and Classroom

Management )

38 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b|

 ;~rf/ tyf ;xsfo{ (Communication and Collaboration)

 lg/Gt/ l;sfO / k];fut ljsf; (Continuous Learning and Professional Development)

 sfgg' L cfwf/ tyf k];fut cfrf/ ;l+ xtf (Legal Bases and Professional Conduct)

 ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw (Information and Communication Technology)

#=@=& l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk / ;fdu|L

ljBfno lzIffdf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk / ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf lgDgcg;' f/ x'g] 5 M

 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ ljBfyLs{ l] Gbt| / afnd}qL lzIf0f ljlwsf] ko| fu] nfO{
hf8] lbOg] 5 .

 ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfdf ofh] gf lgdf0{ f, kl/ofh] gf sfo{, Ifq] e|d0f, ;d:of ;dfwfg, vf]hdf
cfwfl/t cWoog, kj| tg{ dv' L lzIf0f k4ltnfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf ljlwsf ¿kdf sfofG{ jogdf
NofOg] 5 .

 ;a} k|sf/sf l;sfO cfjZostf / rfxgf -ckfª\utf ePsf, czSt, c;xfo, sdhf/] cflb_ ePsf
ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;d6] \g] u/L sIffdf ;dfjz] L l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| j|mof ckgfOg] 5 .

 vfh] dv' L, cGt/ljm| ofTds tyf kj| tg{ fTds l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfngdf hf8] lbOg] 5 .
 :yfgLo jftfj/0f -;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:sl[ ts_ df kl/ofh] gfdv' L l;sfO ;xhLs/0f

ljm| ofsnfknfO{ kf| yldstf lbOg] 5 .
 k|of]ufTds sfo{ (Practical work) ;~rfngnfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfksf] cleGg cª\usf

¿kdf :yflkt ul/g] 5 .
 ;fdb' flos sfo{, 36gf cWoog, cjnf]sg cflbsf dfWodaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ vfnsf l;sfO

;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
 k|Tos] ljifosf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfkdf l;sfOnfO{ Joj;fod"ns tyf /fh] uf/d"ns 1fg,

l;k Pjd\ bIftf;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg] ultljlw ;dfjz] u/L >dkl| t ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf;
ug]{ lj|mofsnfk ;~rfngdf k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
 zI} fl0fs ;fduL| lgdf{0f / ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .
 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk, z}Ifl0fs ;fduL| sf] lgdf0{ f / k|of]udf ;dfj]zL gLltsf] cjnDag
ul/g] 5 .
 Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf ljifox¿sf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ :yfgLo ;db' fodf
;~rflnt ljleGg k|sf/sf k];f, Joj;fo / kl| jlw;uF ;DalGwt sfoj{ |mdx¿;uF ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
u/L Jofjxfl/s Pjd\ cy{k"0f{ agfOg] 5 .
 cltl/St÷;xlj|mofsnfknfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk;Fu cfa4 u/L ljBfyLs{ f] rf}tkmL{
ljsf;df Wofg lbOg] 5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^ 39

 ljzi] f cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfkdf ePsf] sl7gfO sd u/L kf7o\ jm| dn]
lglbi{ 6 u/s] f l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/fpg cfjZostfg;' f/ yk ;xofu] kb| fg ul/g] 5 .

 kf7o\ jm| d sfofG{ jogsf nflu cfjZos jflifs{ sfol{ bg÷sfo3{ 06f gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns cjl:ylt Pjd\
cGt/fl{ i6o« cEof;;dt] sf cfwf/df Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .

 ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ ;j] f tyf ;/;Nnfx k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L ljBfno cfPsf, cfpg g;ss] f / zl} Ifs
;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfjZostfg;' f/ k/fdz{ ;j] f kb| fg ul/g] 5 .

 clwsf/df cfwfl/t l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfksf nflu ljm| ofsnfksf] 5gf6] / ko| fu] df afndq} L,
nª} l\ usdq} L, ckfªu\ tfdq} L Pjd\ jftfj/0fdq} L kIfx¿sf] ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ kf| yldstf lbOg] 5 .

 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfksf] 5gf6] / ko| fu] df l;sf?sf] ;ljm| o ;xeflutf u/fpg] gLlt cjnDag
ul/g] 5 .

 ljBt' Lo ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwdf cfwfl/t ;fduL| ljsf;df hf8] lbOg] 5 .
 l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos kg{] Gog" td ;fduL| ljBfnodf clgjfo{ /xgk' g{] Joj:yfnfO{

sfofG{ jogdf NofOg] 5 .

#=@=* v'nf l;sfO tyf j}slNks lzIff

ljBfno lzIffdf v'nf l;sfO tyf js} lNks lzIff Joj:yf lgDgcg';f/ x'g] 5 M
 cgfk} rfl/s ¿kaf6 lzIff xfl;n u/s] f t/ k|fdf0fLs/0f x'g g;ss] f / cf}krfl/s ljBfno lzIffdf

;dfjz] xg' OR5s' JolStnfO{ pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf] k|df0fLs/0f u/L lglbi{ 6 cf}krfl/s
lzIffleqsf] sIffdf kj| z] ug{ kfpg] cj;/ v'nf ul/g] 5 .
 ljljw sf/0faf6 z}lIfs cj;/ k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf ljBfno pd/] ;dx" sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
v'nf lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/L cf}krfl/s lzIff;/xs} ljBfno lzIff lng kfpg] ;+:yfut ljsf; u/L
sfoj{ m| dnfO{ ofh] gfa4 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
 v'nf lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7o\ ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|af6 xg' ] 5 . o;sf]
:jLs[lt /fli6o« kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; tyf dN" ofª\sg kl/ifba\ f6 x'g] 5 .
 vn' f lzIff k4ltcg;' f/ l;sfO ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿n] ;fwf/0f lzIffsf tf]lsPsf tx / sIffsf
cf}krfl/s k/LIffdf ;xefuL xg' k' g{] 5 .
 v'nf tyf js} lNks lzIffsf nflu ;dt] ;fwf/0f wf/tkms{ f] kf7\ojm| d ;+/rgf nfu' xg' ] 5 . o:tf]
lzIff ;~rfngsf nflu ljifout kf7o\ j|mdnfO{ lglbi{ 6 p2Z] o tyf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n xg' ] u/L
ljBfyL{sf] pd]/ / kj" { cg'ej;d]t ;d6] L nlrnf] (Flexible) agfpg ;lsg] 5 . o;/L ;dfof]lht
kf7\oj|mdcGtut{ cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿n] d"n kf7\oj|mdsf nflu lgwfl{ /t k/LIff k4ltcg';f/ g}
k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ 5 / ;fx] L Joj:yfcg;' f/ g} k|df0fLs/0f ul/g] 5 .

40 kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

 ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] ko| f]udfkmt{ :jl;sfO ;fduL| x¿ ljsf; u/L v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfOnfO{
Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .

 k/Dk/fut zl} Ifs k4lt u?' s'n, u'Daf, db;f{, dG' wd' cflbnfO{ lzIffsf] d"n k|jfxdf NofO{
js} lNks lzIffnfO{ yk Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .

 v'nf tyf j}slNks lzIff k4ltaf6 tx k"/f u/s] f ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] ;dfg tx ;/x
dfGotf kb| fg xg' ] gLlt cjnDag u/L Ps wf/af6 csf{] wf/df hfg] :jtGqtf k|bfg ul/g] 5 .

 vn' f tyf js} lNks lzIffcGtu{ t cfwf/et" tx tyf dfWolds tx -sIff !), !! / !@_ sf]
cGTodf lnOg] k/LIffsf nflu ;fwf/0f txs} k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

 ljBfno lzIff;Da4 kf7o\ j|md tyf kf7o\ ;fduL| -k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIff, cgf}krfl/s,
vn' f tyf j}slNks lzIff_ ljsf; tyf :jLsl[ tdf Psåf/ k4lt ckgfO{ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gba| f6
ljleGg lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo x'g] 5 .

 cf}krfl/s lzIffdf kj| z] ug{ rfxg] ljBfyLn{ fO{ pkoS' t dN" ofª\sg k|ljm| ofaf6 /fli6«o lzIffsf]
dn" wf/df Nofpg /fli6o« ofU] otf kf| ¿kn] Joj:yf u/c] g;' f/ of]Uotf k/LIf0f ul/g] 5 .

 ljBfno txsf] z}lIfs p2Z] o k|flKtsf nflu ;~rfng xg' ] cgfk} rfl/s / v'nf tyf js} lNks
lzIffsf nflu ljifout kf7\ojm| dn] lglbi{ 6 u/]sf ;Ifdtf tyf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n x'g] u/L
;dsIfL kf7o\ jm| d ;/+ rgf nfu' ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;ks| f/sf] lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu nlrnf] l;sfO
;xhLs/0f k|ljm| of cjnDag ul/g] 5 .

 v'nf l;sfO tyf js} lNks lzIff k4ltdfkm{t ;~rfng x'g] ljBfno lzIffsf] sfo{j|mdsf] l;sfO
;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ ;Dks{ sIff tyf cfw'lgs ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿sf] ko| fu]
ul/g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /l] 8of,] 6]lnlehg tyf s]annfOgx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{] u/L sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug{
;lsg] 5 .

 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgoldt ljBfnoaf6 v'nf ljBfno / vn' f ljBfnoaf6 lgoldt ljBfnodf kj| ]z
ug]{ cj;/ kb| fg ul/g] 5 .

 v'nf l;sfO tyf j}slNks lzIff Ifq] df sfo/{ t ;a} vfnsf hgzlSt kf| ljlws, lzIfs, kl| zIfs,
Joj:yfks tyf gLlt lgdf{tfdf cfjZos 1fg tyf l;ksf] ljsf; u/L sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L
¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] agfpg tflnd tyf cWoogsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

#=@=( /f]huf/ / :j/fh] uf/d'vL lzIff

ljBfno lzIffnfO{ /fh] uf/ / :j/fh] uf/dv' L agfpg lgDgcg;' f/sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 M

 ljBfno lzIffdf /fh] uf/ / :j/fh] uf/dv' L hgzlSt pTkfbg ugt{] km{ ljzi] f Wofg lbOg] 5 . ;ª3\ Lo
;/sf/sf cnfjf kb| z] / :yfgLo tx, ;/sf/L tyf u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yf, ;db' fodf cfwfl/t l;k ljsf;

ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6o« kf7\ojm| d kf| ¿k, @)&^ 41