CA To The Point Book 2

PU OC M NI G MAGAZINES CURRENT MALUKA IAS AFFAIRS Prelims2024 TOTHEPOINT Sept.2023-Nov.2023 Dec.2023 -Feb.2024 March2024 -April2024 99101-33084 www.malukaias.com

TO THE POINT – CURRENT AFFAIRS (SEPT 2023 – NOV 2023) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1) AGRICULTURE 1. RUBBER 2. WORLD COFFEE CONFERENCE 3. GOAN CASHEW GETS GI TAG 4. PINK BOLLWORM 5. NATIONAL TURMERIC BOARD (NTB) 6. WORLD FOOD INDIA 2023 7. LADAKH SEA BUCKTHORN AND KERALA ONATTUKARA SESAME 8. INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER COUNCIL 1-7 2) ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY 1. RED SAND BOA 2. RODENT-CATCHING GLUE TRAPS 3. UMIAM LAKE 4. LEOPARD STERILISATION 5. SAMUDRA PRAHARI 6. SHRINKING LION NUMBERS IN AFRICA 7. STUMP-TAILED MACAQUES 8. AMERICAN BULLY XL DOGS 9. NILGIRI TAHR 10. FISH MINT 11. CONOCARPUS PLANTS 12. BOLSON TORTOISE 13. RHINOCEROSES 14. ARABIAN WOLF AND ARABIAN LEOPARD 15. TILAPIA PARVOVIRUS 16. BHARAT STAGE EMISSION STANDARDS 17. LEMRU ELEPHANT CORRIDOR 18. ANTARCTIC KRILL 19. HYDRILLA 20. PAINTBRUSH SWIFT BUTTERFLY 21. TORTOISE TRAFFICKING NETWORK 22. PLATYPUS 23. GANGES RIVER DOLPHINS 24. BADIS LIMAAKUMI 25. AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN 26. ARMAGEDDON REEDTAIL 27. ASIATIC WILD DOG (DHOLE) 28. PYGMY HOG 29. CHIMAERAS 30. ZAGLOSSUS ATTENBOROUGHI 31. JAGUARS 32. GHOL FISH 33. STURGEON 34. INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL 8-33 3) GEOGRAPHY 1. IDUKKI DAM 2. INTELLIGENT WATER BODY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM-TAMARA 3. NARMADA RIVER 4. HUNGA TONGA-HUNGA HA'APAI VOLCANO 5. GALACTIC TIDES 6. KAOBAL GALI-MUSHKOH VALLEY 7. TRADABLE GREEN CREDIT 34-49

8. RAFAH BORDER 9. KÁRMÁN LINE 10. NORTH KOEL RESERVOIR PROJECT 11. GAZA STRIP 12. CHAKRAVAT-2023 13. BATAGAIKA CRATER 14. THE KEN-BETWA LINK PROJECT 15. LAKE TITICACA 16. MOUNT ETNA 17. NEST INITIATIVE 18. E PRIME LAYER 19. NIGHT SKY SANCTUARY IN LADAKH 20. INDIAN OCEAN TUNA COMMISSION 21. LOKTAK LAKE PROJECT 4) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. HORIZON EUROPE RESEARCH PROGRAMME 2. NASA’S FIRST ASTEROID SAMPLES LAND ON EARTH 3. NASA-ISRO SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (NISAR) 4. COGNITIVE COMPUTING 5. THALLIUM 6. EUCLID MISSION FOR DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY 7. GAMMA-RAY BURST 8. FREEMARTINS 9. NASA’S DEEP SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS (DSOC) 10. JUICE MISSION 11. CHINA’S ‘NEAR-SPACE COMMAND’ 12. NASA’S PSYCHE MISSION 50-57 5) ECONOMY 1. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 2. PM GATISHAKTI NATIONAL MASTER PLAN FOR MULTI-MODAL CONNECTIVITY 3. VIABILITY GAP FUNDING SCHEME FOR BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 4. NEW PAYMENT OPTIONS BY NPCI 5. MANDATORY HALLMARKING 6. EDUCATION TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP PARTNERSHIP 7. AATMANIRBHAR BHARAT ROZGAR YOJANA 8. GREEN NUDGES 9. DELHI-MEERUT RRTS CORRIDOR 10. PROXY ADVISORY FIRMS 11. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT AND PASSING OFF 12. ICHAMATI RIVER 13. ENERGY EFFICIENCY SERVICES LIMITED (EESL) 14. BLUE FLAG CERTIFICATION 15. NATIONAL EFFICIENT COOKING PROGRAMME 16. TRAFFIC COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS (TCAS): KAVACH 17. INTERNATIONAL CONTAINER TRANSHIPMENT PORT (ICTP) 18. SOCIAL BONDS 58-72 6) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) 2. ISLAND OF LAMPEDUSA 3. WOMEN 20 SUMMIT 2023 4. ‘NATO PLUS FIVE’ STATUS 5. JEDDAH 6. PAPUA NEW GUINEA 7. UN APPROVED MULTINATIONAL SECURITY MISSION IN HAITI 73-82

8. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 9. WHO ARE PALESTINIANS? 10. INDIA-JAPAN FUND 11. INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION 12. OPERATION AJAY 13. ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) 7) POLITY 1. SARNA RELIGIOUS CODE FOR TRIBALS 2. SAKHAROV PRIZE FOR FREEDOM OF THOUGHT 3. CREATION OF NEW DISTRICTS 4. ADVOCATE-ON-RECORD SYSTEM 5. e-FIR 6. LEGAL LITERACY AND LEGAL AWARENESS PROGRAM (LLLAP) 7. MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE TREATY (MLAT) 8. INDIRA GANDHI PEACE PRIZE 83-88 8) GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 1. FILM AND TELEVISION INSTITUTE OF INDIA (FTII) 2. RETAILER SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 3. WHITE CANE DAY 4. INDIASKILLS 2023-24 5. MISSION MAHILA SARATHI 6. PRADHAN MANTRI ANUSUCHIT JAATI ABHUYDAY YOJANA (PM- AJAY) 7. AGNI INITIATIVE 8. FIRST WHO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE GLOBAL SUMMIT 2023 9. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) 10. VAGUS NERVE 11. SCRUB TYPHUS 12. NIPAH VIRUS 13. EGYPT’S “GOLD TIER” STATUS TOWARDS ELIMINATING HEPATITIS C 14. HAEMOGLOBIN 15. MONKEYPOX VIRUS 16. NATIONAL TEACHERS' AWARD 2023 17. NISHTHA (NATIONAL INITIATIVE FOR SCHOOL HEADS TEACHERS’ HOLISTIC ADVANCEMENT) 18. MALAVIYA MISSION 19. VIDYA SAMIKSHA KENDRAS 20. PM SCHOOLS FOR RISING INDIA (PM SHRI) 21. SAMMAKKA SARAKKA CENTRAL TRIBAL UNIVERSITY 22. SATHEE PORTAL 23. POSHAN ABHIYAAN 89-106 9) INTERNAL SECURITY 1. VARUNA-23 2. ORGANISED CRIME AND CORRUPTION REPORTING PROJECT (OCCRP) 3. DHANUSH GUNS 4. INDIA’S AIRCRAFT CARRIERS 5. EXERCISE YUDH ABHYAS-23 6. FIVE EYES ALLIANCE 7. INDIA-INDONESIA-AUSTRALIA TRILATERAL MARITIME EXERCISE 8. NUCLEAR BRIEFCASE 9. OPERATION CHAKRA II 10. PROJECT UDBHAV 11. EXERCISE HARIMAU SHAKTI 2023 12. INDO-TIBETAN BORDER POLICE (ITBP) 13. PROJECT VEER GATHA 3.0 107-119

14. BHARAT NCX 2023 15. MiG-21 16. OPERATION ‘NANHE FARISTEY’ 17. NIRBHAY CRUISE MISSILE 18. EXERCISE MITRA SHAKTI 19. EXERCISE VAJRA PRAHAR 20. NATIONAL CADET CORPS (NCC) 21. IN-USN SALVAGE AND EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL EXERCISE – SALVEX 10) ART AND CULTURE 1. BOTTLENECK IN HUMAN EVOLUTION 2. WEST BENGAL ADOPTS POILA BAISAKH AS STATE FOUNDATION DAY 3. ROSH HASHANAH 4. GOND ART 5. PURI TEMPLE RATNA BHANDAR 6. MERI MAATI, MERA DESH CAMPAIGN 7. VAJRA MUSHTI KALAGA 8. TOTO LANGUAGE 9. BEKAL FORT 10. WAGH NAKH 11. SARASWATI SAMMAN 12. UNESCO CREATIVE CITIES NETWORK (UCCN) 13. BRITISH ACADEMY BOOK PRIZE 14. AMARNATH YATRA 15. CHHATH PUJA 16. GURU TEGH BAHADUR 17. BOOKER PRIZE 2023 18. ODISHA’S BALI JATRA 19. KALBELIA DANCE 20. LACHIT BORPHUKAN 120-134 11) MISCELLANEOUS 1. RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARD 2. 2023 SASTRA RAMANUJAN PRIZE 3. PRADHAN MANTRI RASHTRIYA BAL PURASKAR 4. FIVE SPORTS INCLUDED IN LOS ANGELES 2028 OLYMPICS 5. ROHINI NAYYAR PRIZE 2023 6. TIMED OUT RULE 7. FIDE GRAND SWISS OPEN 8. GLYPHOSATE 135-140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM AGRICULTURE 1. RUBBER The Rubber Board, in partnership with the Central government and the Automotive Tyre Manufacturers' Association, is spearheading a project to increase the area dedicated to natural rubber in the Northeastern States, excluding Sikkim but including West Bengal. Tyre manufacturers, the primary consumers of rubber, have committed ₹1,000 crore to this five-year project that started in 2021. CURRENT RUBBER LANDSCAPE IN INDIA GROWING CONDITIONS • Tropical climate with annual rainfall of 2000 – 4500 mm is suited for cultivation. • It requires deep and lateritic fertile soil with an acidic pH of 4.5 to 6.0 and highly deficient in available phosphorus. • Minimum and maximum temperature should be ranged from 25 to 34°C with 80% relative humidity is ideal for cultivation. • Regions prone to heavy winds should be avoided. • Bright sunshine amounting to about 2000 hours per annum at the rate of 6 hours per day through all the months. RUBBER PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION RUBBER DISTRIBUTION MAJOR APPLICATIONS • Tyre Manufacturing: Rubber is a key component in tire production due to its excellent grip and wear resistance. • Automotive Parts: Used in seals, gaskets, hoses, and various components for vehicles. • Natural rubber is a versatile and essential raw material derived from the latex or milky sap of certain plant species, primarily the rubber tree, scientifically known as Hevea brasiliensis. • This latex contains a complex mixture of organic compounds, with the primary component being a polymer called polyisoprene. India is currently the world’s fifth largest producer of natural rubber while it also remains the second biggest consumer of the material globally. (About 40% of India’s total natural rubber consumption is currently met through imports). 1 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • Footwear: Commonly used in shoe soles for its cushioning and slip-resistant properties. • Industrial Products: Found in conveyor belts, hoses, and machinery components. • Medical Devices: Used in gloves, syringe plungers, and medical equipment. • Consumer Goods: Used in products like balloons, erasers, and household gloves. • Sporting Goods: Found in items like tennis balls, golf balls, and protective gear. RUBBER BOARD 2. WORLD COFFEE CONFERENCE The World Coffee Conference (WCC) & Expo 2023 arrived for the first time in Asia in the Indian city of Bengaluru. The 5th edition of the WCC was organized by the International Coffee Organization (ICO) in collaboration with the Coffee Board of India, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Government of India, and the Government of Karnataka. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WORLD COFFEE CONFERENCE 2023 THEME FOR 2023 THE MASCOT FOR WCC 2023 • The Rubber Board is a statutory organization constituted under Section (4) of the Rubber Act, 1947 and functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. • The Board is headed by a Chairman appointed by the Central Government and has 28 members representing various interests of the natural rubber industry. • The Board’s headquarters is located at Kottayam in Kerala. • The Board is responsible for the development of the rubber industry in the country by assisting and encouraging research, development, extension and training activities related to rubber. • Sustainability through Circular Economy and Regenerative Agriculture. • Biodiversity Ambassadors of the WCC 2023: • From the coffee farms of India, 5 flora and 5 fauna ambassadors for the conference and expo. • Coffee Swami, the official mascot of the 5th WCC, seamlessly connects Indian tradition with contemporary appeal. 2 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM INTERNATIONAL COFFEE ORGANIZATION (ICO) THE COFFEE BOARD OF INDIA • It is a statutory organization that was constituted under the Coffee Act, 1942. • It functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, GoI. • The Board comprises 33 Members including the Chairperson, who is the Chief Executive and it functions from Bangalore. • The Board mainly focuses its activities in the areas of research, extension, development, market intelligence, external & internal promotion for coffee. 3. GOAN CASHEW GETS GI TAG Recently, Goan cashew (kernel) got the Geographical Indication (GI) tag where recognition is hailed as a great opportunity for the cashew industry in the state and “a milestone towards Swayampurna Goa mission”. KEY FACTS OF CASHEW Cashew is one of the most important plantation crops in India as it brings in considerable foreign exchange earnings. In the state of Goa, it occupies the largest area among horticultural crops. Soil and climate ● Well-drained deep sandy loam soils are the best for growing cashew. Heavy clay soils are not suitable, as cashew does not withstand water logging. In general, all soils from sandy to laterite are well suited for this crop. Rainfall ● Cashew is very well adapted to Indian coastal areas under conditions with relative humidity in the range of 60 to 95% and annual precipitation in the range of 2000 to 3500 mm. Temperature ● Hot humid conditions with temperature in the range of 20 to 380C are suitable for cashew cultivation. Extreme low temperature and frost are not conducive to raise cashew plantations. Major Producers ● As per National Horticulture Board, Maharashtra is the leading producer of cashew nuts followed by Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Gujarat in 2021-2022. GOAN CASHEW • The ICO, founded in 1963 with the support of the United Nations and following the approval of the first International Coffee Agreement in 1962, serves as a pivotal intergovernmental entity for coffee exporting and importing. • The ICO proudly represents 93% of the world's coffee production and 63% of its consumption. • The organization seeks to fortify and foster the global coffee sector's sustainable growth within a market-based framework, ensuring benefits for all stakeholders along the Global Coffee Value Chain (G-CVC). Cashew was native to northeast Brazil in Latin America and Goan Cashew was introduced to Goa by the Portuguese in the 16th century (1570). Initially used for afforestation and soil conservation, its economic value became known a century later. Cashew production grew from a cottage industry to a major contributor to Goa's economy, mainly due to its demand in the US. 3 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 4. PINK BOLLWORM The cotton crop in North India is under the threat of pink bollworm (PBW) attacks. ABOUT PINK BOLLWORM (PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA) ● It cuts through the lint and stains it in the process, resulting in a loss of quality. ● It is considered possibly the most destructive pest on cotton worldwide. ● It is native to Asia and now recorded in nearly all the cotton-growing countries of the world. ● The Indian government introduced the genetically modified pest-resistant cotton variety Bt Cotton (Bollgard II seed) to provide resistance against the American bollworm, pink bollworm, and spotted bollworm. ● However, the pink bollworm has developed resistance to Bt cotton over time. Source: DTE 5. NATIONAL TURMERIC BOARD (NTB) The Centre recently notified the constitution of the National Turmeric Board, a long-standing demand of turmeric farmers across the country. Turmeric crop (Curcuma longa) Turmeric is a perennial flowering plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae. Native Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Soil and climate A friable well drained red loamy soil in wet or garden lands under tropical conditions is ideal. Annual rainfall It can be grown in regions receiving an annual rainfall of 1500 mm or more. Temperatures between 20 and 30 °C. Varieties Co 1, BSR 1, Roma, Swarna, Sudarshana, Suguna, Sugandham, BSR 2, Ranga, Rashmi, Rajendra Sonia, Krishna, Suroma, Alleppey finger turmeric (AFT), IISR Prabha, IISR Prathiba, IISR Alleppey Supreme and IISR Kedaram. It is a worm that destroys parts of the developing cotton fruit, such as the square (flower bud) and the boll (rounded sac of seeds with cotton fibres). Adult worms are thin grey moths that lay eggs on buds, flowers, and bolls. The larvae hatch from the eggs and burrow into the bolls to feed on the seeds. 4 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM PRODUCTION: India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric in the world. The largest producing states of Turmeric are Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the year 2022-23, an area of 3.24 lakh hectares was under turmeric cultivation in India with a production of 11.61 lakh tonnes [over 75% of global turmeric production]. India has 62% share of world trade in turmeric. About the NTB Mandate: The Board will focus on the development and growth of turmeric and turmeric products in the country. COMPOSITION: The Board will have a Chairperson, who will be appointed by the Centre. A secretary will be appointed to the Board by the Commerce Ministry. Select national/State institutions involved in research, representatives of turmeric farmers and exporters will also be members in the board. It will have members from the Ministry of AYUSH, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Commerce & Industry and senior State Government representatives from three states on a rotational basis. The Ministry of Commerce will be the nodal department providing funds and infrastructure for the NTB, which will look into increased demand, usage, production, research, market linkage, exports and so on. Source: TH 6. WORLD FOOD INDIA 2023 The second edition of 'World Food India 2023' was inaugurated recently in New Delhi, where the Prime Minister of India provided Seed Capital Assistance to over one lakh Self Help Group (SHG) members. The Ministry of Food Processing Industries launched the first edition of World Food India in 2017. FOCUS PILLARS: • Shree Anna (Millets): Leveraging India’s Super Food for the World Millets can enhance food security, nutrition security, and sustainability in the face of global challenges such as climate change, population growth, and malnutrition. • The United Nations has declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets (IYM 2023). • Exponential Food Processing: Positioning India as the Global Hub • To achieve this vision, India intends to boost its enablers that can support and accelerate its food processing industry. WHAT IS WORLD FOOD INDIA 2023? World Food India 2023 is a gateway to the Indian food economy, facilitating partnerships between Indian and foreign investors. It will be a one-of-a-kind gathering of manufacturers, producers, food processors, investors, policymakers, and organisations from across the global food ecosystem. MASCOT: MillInd (a probot) is the Mascot for World Food India 2023. 5 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • One of the key enablers is Financing Agri Food Value Chains and also Providing adequate and affordable credit to the food processing sector, especially to the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). 7. LADAKH SEA BUCKTHORN AND KERALA ONATTUKARA SESAME Recently, the Geographical Indication (GI) Registry, operating under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, has awarded the GI tag to the Department of Industries & Commerce, Ladakh, for 'Ladakh Sea Buckthorn'. What are the Key Facts About the Sea Buckthorn? Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae L) a shrub which produces an orange yellow coloured edible berry is sour in taste but rich in vitamins, especially Vitamin C. Ladakh Sea Buckthorn is a vital crop in Union Territory Ladakh, with 90% of its production originating from the region. In India, it is found above the tree line in the Himalayan region, generally in dry areas such as the cold deserts of Ladakh and Spiti. It is also popularly known as 'Wonder Plant', “Ladakh Gold”, “Golden Bush” or “Gold Mine”. It is a soil-binding plant which prevents soilerosion, checks siltation in rivers and helps preserve floral biodiversity. What are the Key Facts About the Onattukara Sesame? Onattukara sesame is a type of sesame grown in Kerala, India. Onattukara sesame and its oil are famous for its unique health benefits. The OVA plans to increase the area under sesame cultivation from 600 hectares to 2,000 hectares. Also, the high content of unsaturated fat makes it beneficial for heart patients. Relatively higher antioxidant content in Onattukara sesame helps in fighting the free radicals, which destroy the body cells. Traditional ayurvedic doctors in the region have used Onattukara sesame oil for treating rheumatism (umbrella term that refers to arthritis and several other conditions that affect the joints, tendons, and muscle) and skin protection since the 18th century. This recognition follows the previously granted GI tags for Ladakh Apricot (Raktsey Karpo), Ladakh Pashmina, and Ladakhi Wood Carving. In another region, the Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), the registered owner of the GI-tagged Onattukara sesame in Kerala, is actively working to expand the cultivation of this unique sesame variety. 6 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 8. INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER COUNCIL The 59th session of the International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC), the governing body of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), recently concluded with significant decisions shaping the future of sustainable tropical forest management and the trade of sustainably produced tropical timber. MEMBERS: It has 75 countries, including India. Its members manage about 80% of the world's tropical forests and are responsible for 90% of the global tropical timber trade. FUNCTIONS: ITTO develops internationally agreed policy guidelines and norms to encourage SFM and sustainable tropical timber industries and trade. Assists tropical member countries to adapt such guidelines and norms to local circumstances and to implement them in the field through projects and other activities. Collects, analyzes, and disseminates data on the production and trade of tropical timber. Promotes sustainable tropical timber supply chains. HEADQUARTERS: Yokohama, Japan. What are the Key Outcomes of the 59th session of the ITTC? • The countries agreed to endorse eight projects related to sustainable forest management and related objectives. • The session also approved and adopted a budget of USD 7.1 million for the coming financial year 2024-25. • The council also approved a trial measure that will allow ineligible members to submit project proposals and concept notes. • Members who have fallen behind on their financial contributions and are thus ineligible will be allowed to submit one project and concept note for every two years of arrears paid. • The Council also adopted the work programme for 2024-25, which emphasizes collaboration with the members of Collaborative Partnership on Forests and other partners for effective implementation. What is the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)? • The ITTO is an intergovernmental organization promoting the sustainable management and conservation of tropical forests and the expansion and diversification of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests. • ITTO was established under the International Tropical Timber Agreement 1983 (ITTA 1983), negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. • It is governed by ITTC, a group that meets at least once a year to discuss a wide-ranging agenda aimed at promoting sustainable tropical forest management (SFM) and the trade of sustainably produced tropical timber 7 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY 1. RED SAND BOA Recently, a report by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)-India titled 'Illegal Trade of Red Sand Boa in India 2016-2021' has exposed the trade of red sand boa. This alarming revelation underscores the pressing concern about the illegal trade of Red Sand Boas and the urgency for conservation efforts. SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS OF THE REPORT • The report documents a total of 172 incidents of seizures involving red sand boas between 2016 and 2021, revealing the alarming extent of illegal trade. • Illegal trade spans 18 Indian states, 1 Union Territory, and 87 districts; Maharashtra and UP record the highest incidents. • Maharashtra dominates with 59 cases, including urban areas like Pune, Thane, Mumbai Suburban. • Uttar Pradesh closely follows 33 incidents, often near Nepal's border in districts like Bahraich, and Lakhimpur-Kheri. • Social media, especially YouTube, aids illegal trade, with 200 sales-promoting videos in 2021. • The report's findings underscore the urgent need for conservation efforts to prevent the further decline of the red sand boa population and protect India's biodiversity. RED SAND BOA (ERYX JOHNII) Distribution Found in the whole of India excluding North-east states and North-Bengal; also not found in Indian islands. Status IUCN Red List: Near Threatened CITES: Appendix II Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972: Schedule IV Threats Expansion of human settlements and activities. Demand upsurge in pet trade, as well as for use in black magic. Poached for perceived medicinal benefits. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY (WCS)-INDIA • WCS-India is a Section 25 (association having objects to promote commerce, art, science, religion, charity or any other useful purpose and not having any profit motive) non-profit organization in India, demonstrates a strong commitment to conservation. • It operates in full compliance with Indian regulations, emphasizing its dedication to preserving the country's natural environment and its rich biodiversity. • Commonly called the Indian Sand Boa, it is a nonvenomous species and is primarily reddish-brown and thick-set snake that grows to an average length of 75 cm. • Unlike most snakes, the tail is almost as thick as the body and gives the reptile the appearance of being "doubleheaded". • The Red Sand Boa is the largest of the sand boas in the world. Nocturnal and spends the majority of its time under the ground. 8 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 2. RODENT-CATCHING GLUE TRAPS Arunachal Pradesh has prohibited the manufacturing, sale, and use of glue traps for catching rats and mice after the appeal from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), India. ABOUT Source: TH 3. UMIAM LAKE The Meghalaya High Court heard a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) on the cleanliness of the Umiam Lake. UMIAM LAKE Source: TOI 4. LEOPARD STERILISATION Recently, the Maharashtra Government has decided to sterilize Leopards for the sustainable management of population for leopards in the State. Gujarat's forest department has also proposed sterilization of leopards, especially in and around Gir National Park. • In its appeal, PETA India requested to take immediate steps to implement the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) directions against glue traps. • Similar circulars have been issued in States such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and West Bengal. • The use of glue traps is a punishable offence under Section 11 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960. A bird can damage its wings and feathers if it gets stuck in a glue trap. • It is also a violation of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, which prohibits the ‘hunting’ of protected indigenous species. ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA (AWBI) • It is a statutory and advisory body for the Government of India, advising on animal welfare laws, and promotes animal welfare. • It was established in 1962 under Section 4 of the PCA Act, 1960. • HQ in Ballabgarh in Faridabad District of Haryana. • It is one of the biggest artificial lakes in Meghalaya that is situated about 15 km from Shillong. • It is more easily recognised as Bara Pani, and covers an area of about 220 sq km. • The surrounding Sylvan Hills and green Khasi pines add to the majesty of this vast lake. • It was created by damming the Umiam River in the early 1960s. 9 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM STERILIZING LEOPARDS NEED • In 2019-20 alone, Maharashtra saw 58 human deaths due to leopards—over half the 97 casualties in 2010-18. • Maharashtra has decided to sterilize leopards as a response to the increasing leopard-human conflicts, rising leopard population, and the need to protect both leopards and human communities. • The proposed sterilization program aims to address these challenges while complying with environmental conservation laws and regulations. CONCERNS • Concerns about the sterilization of leopards include doubts about its effectiveness, the need for comprehensive scientific research, veterinary skill development, potential stress on leopards, challenges with traditional methods, and alternative contraception options. • There is also an emphasis on addressing conflicts and gaining community support for conservation efforts. LEOPARDS (PANTHERA PARDUS) • Melanism is a common occurrence in leopards, wherein the entire skin of the animal is black in colour, including its spots. • A melanistic leopard is often called black panther and mistakenly thought to be a different species. THREATS CONSERVATION STATUS Poaching for the illegal trade of skins and body parts. Habitat loss and fragmentation Human-Leopard conflict IUCN Red List: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix-I Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule-I 5. SAMUDRA PRAHARI The Indian Coast Guard Ship Samudra Prahari, a specialized Pollution Control Vessel, has embarked on an overseas deployment to ASEAN countries from 11th September 2023 to 14th October, 2023. The initiative was announced during the ASEAN Defence Minister Meeting Plus meeting in Cambodia in November 2022. HABITAT • It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in small parts of Western and Central Asia, on the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. • The Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is a leopard widely distributed on the Indian subcontinent. • The leopard is the smallest of the Big Cats (Of genus Panthera namely the Tiger, Lion, Jaguar, Leopard, and Snow Leopard), and known for its ability to adapt in a variety of habitats. • A nocturnal animal, the leopard hunts by night. • It feeds on smaller species of herbivores found in its range, such as the chital, hog deer and wild boar. 10 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM During this deployment, the ship is scheduled to make port calls in Bangkok (Thailand), Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), and Jakarta(Indonesia). SAMUDRA PRAHARI • The ship is also equipped with a Chetak Helicopter in Pollution Response configuration. • It also possesses the ability for unmanned machinery operation. NOTE: An oil spill is the human-induced release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons into the environment, primarily in marine areas. While the term typically refers to spills in oceans or coastal waters, it can also encompass spills on land. INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES RELATED TO MARINE POLLUTION • UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 calls signatory states to develop a legal framework to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment by dumping. India is a signatory to UNCLOS. • The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) calls for prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. India is a signatory to MARPOL. • The London Convention and London Protocol, adopted in 1972 and 1996 respectively, aim to prevent marine pollution from the dumping of wastes into the ocean. They entered into force in 1975 and 2006, respectively. India is not a participant in either of them. • The India-Norway Marine Pollution Initiative: India and Norway are committed to share experiences and competence, and collaborate on efforts to develop clean and healthy oceans, sustainable use of ocean resources and growth in the blue economy. Source: TH 6. SHRINKING LION NUMBERS IN AFRICA The Study by Journal Nature Communications highlighted the concerns with respect to the population of Lions lying well below the carrying capacity across 62 geographic locations of African countries which also have socio-economic connotation to that. The Lion Population was estimated to be between 20,000 and 25,000 in number and may be declining, as per the study. • The Indian Coast Guard Ship Samudra Prahari boasts state-of-the-art pollution response. It was commissioned at Mumbai on October 9, 2010. MAJOR FEATURES • The vessel is equipped with advanced pollution control gear, including Hi-Sprint Booms, river booms, skimmers, side sweeping arms, and storage facilities for oil spill containment and recovery within the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone. • The ship is also equipped with a Chetak Helicopter in Pollution Response configuration. • It also possesses the ability for unmanned machinery operation. ACTIVITIES: As part of an overseas exchange program, the ship has embarked 13 National Cadet Corps cadets to participate in "Puneet Sagar Abhiyan," an international outreach program focused on beach clean-ups and similar activities in coordination with partner nations. 11 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY • Across 62 geographic locations of Africa, around 41.9% of the regions had less than 50 lions and 10 of them reported to have around 50-100 population of Lions. • Only seven geographic locations across Africa were reported to have more than 1000 lion populations. • The lions face other threats such as poaching for prey, indiscriminate killing due to human-lion conflict, bushmeat and others, which are evidently found in eastern and southern Africa. • Bushmeat poaching with snares led to local extinction of lions in Nsumbu National Park in Zambia and Limpopo National Park in Mozambique, which are two major national parks related to conservation of lions. • The research observed that southern African countries such as Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia have recorded an increase of population by 12% between 1993 and 2014. • But the remaining lion habitats have seen a decline by 60%, especially in west and central Africa. LION (PANTHERA LEO) ROLE IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM THREATS Poaching, genetic inbreeding arising from a single population inhabiting one place, diseases such as plague, canine distemper or a natural disaster. CONSERVATION STATUS IUCN Red List: Vulnerable Asiatic Lion - Endangered. CITES: Appendix I for populations of India, all other populations are included in Appendix II. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I STATUS IN INDIA India is home to the majestic Asiatic Lion, who inhabit the protected territory of Sasan-Gir National Park (Gujarat). The lion population escalated from 523 to 674 individuals between the years 2015 and 2020. WORLD POPULATION As per the estimates by IUCN, the population of lions is estimated to be around 23000 to 39000 overall, mostly spread across the Saharan Countries. • The lion is divided into two subspecies: the African lion (Panthera leo leo) and the Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica). • Asiatic lions are slightly smaller than African lions. • The most striking morphological character, which is always seen in Asiatic lions, and rarely in African lions, is a longitudinal fold of skin running along its belly. 12 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM INDIA’S CONSERVATION EFFORTS FOR LIONS • Project Lion: The program has been launched for the conservation of the Asiatic Lion, whose last remaining wild population is in Gujarat’s Asiatic Lion Landscape. • Asiatic Lion Conservation Project: The project envisages scientific management with the involvement of communities in coordination with multi-sectoral agencies for disease control and veterinary care for overall conservation of Asiatic lion. 7. STUMP-TAILED MACAQUES Some Stump-Tailed Macaques have been brought to the Delhi zoo from Mizoram. ABOUT STUMP-TAILED MACAQUES (MACACA ARCTOIDES) • Protection Status: It is listed under Appendix II in CITES. • India lists it as schedule II under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. • They are listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List of species. 8. AMERICAN BULLY XL DOGS UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said American bully XL dogs would be banned by the end of the year after a series of serious attacks, in some cases fatal, in recent years. Bully XL will be the first breed to be put on the prohibited list under the UK’s Dangerous Dogs Act since the law was implemented in 1991. The Act is applicable in England, Wales and Scotland. ABOUT THE AMERICAN BULLY XL • Also called the bear macaque, it is a primate species. • Primarily frugivorous, they however also feed on many types of vegetation and small animals. • Habitat and Distribution: The natural habitat consists of subtropical and tropical broadleaf evergreen forest. • It is found in South Asia. • Distributed in north eastern India, Myanmar, and China and Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia. • Found in parts of Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. • Protection Status: It is listed under Appendix II in CITES. • It has a heavy bone structure and a stocky, muscular body. • Fully grown adult males can weigh more than 57 kg and grow to 53cm in height. • It is the largest of four types of American Bully: standard, pocket, classic and XL. • It is believed to be developed in the 1990s and bred from a number of breeds including the American pit bull terrier, which was banned in the UK in 1991. OTHER DOG BREEDS BANNED IN THE UK • When the Dangerous Dogs Act, which prohibits any dog that is “dangerously out of control”, was introduced, four breeds were banned. • They were pit bull terriers, Japanese tosa, dogo Argentinos, and fila Brasileiro dogs. 13 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM THE SITUATION IN INDIA • There is no law in India that explicitly bans a breed. • However, in 2022, the Municipal Corporation of Gurugram (MCG) ordered a ban on pet dogs of 11 foreign breeds. • These were American pit bull terriers, dogo Argentino, rottweiler, Neapolitan mastiff, boerboel, presa canario, wolf dog, bandog, American bulldog, fila Brasileiro and cane corso. • The Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation also approved a proposal banning the domestication of three breeds of dogs – pit bull, rottweiler, and dogo Argentino. 9. NILGIRI TAHR Tamil Nadu is working on a standardized protocol to count the population of the Nilgiri Tahr. ABOUT THREAT • Historically, the Nilgiri Tahr was known to inhabit a large portion of the Western Ghats. But today it remains restricted to a few scattered patches in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. • It has become locally extinct in around 14% of its traditional shola forest-grassland habitat. • Anthropogenic pressures: The species is facing habitat loss due to rampant deforestation, hydroelectric projects in Nilgiri tahr habitat, and monoculture plantations, occasional hunting for its meat and skin etc. • Natural causes: Spread of invasive plants such as wattles, pines, and eucalyptus in the grasslands; forest fires; highly fragmented populations are some reasons for their dwindling population. • Lumpy skin disease has also been observed in the animal. • Nilgiri tahr is endemic to the Western ghats and locally known as ‘Varaiaadu. It is the State animal of Tamil Nadu. • The Nilgiri tahr is the only mountain ungulate in southern India amongst the 12 species present in India. • It is also mentioned in the Tamil Sangam literature dating back to 2,000 years. The late Mesolithic (10,000-4,000 BC) paintings highlight the significance of the Tahr in folklore, culture and life. CONSERVATION STATUS • The population of Nilgiri Tahr has been estimated at 3,122 individuals in the wild as per a report released by WWF India in 2015. • IUCN status: Endangered • The species is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972. 14 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM CONSERVATION INITIATIVES Project Nilgiri Tahr • Tamil Nadu government in 2022 launched the initiative for the conservation of the Nilgiri Tahr. The project is to be implemented from 2022 to 2027. • The project aims to enhance understanding of Nilgiri Tahr population via surveys and radio telemetry studies, reintroduce them to their historical habitat, address immediate threats, and raise public awareness about the species. • ‘Nilgiri Tahr Day’ on October 7 will be celebrated in honor of E.R.C. Davidar, who was responsible for pioneering one of the first studies of the species in 1975. WWF India’s Nilgiri Tahr conservation initiative • WWF India initiated its conservation work on Nilgiri tahr in 2008. In 2012, an assessment was carried out on Nilgiri tahr’s status in the Western Ghats. • WWF India published a report on the comprehensive study of the Nilgiri tahr population and its habitat in the hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in 2015. Source: TH 10. FISH MINT Recently, researchers from Taiwan probed the benefits of the herb Fish Mint on mice. FISH MINT • Indian scenario: In India, fish mint is used across the northeastern states, where people know the herb by different names. In Meghalaya, it is called ja mardoh, in Manipur, it is called tokning-khok and in Assam it is called masunduri. • Medicinal Usage: It is used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, as well as in Ayurveda and Siddha to fight fever, heart ailments, respiratory diseases and kidney problems. Other health benefits of fish mint include its ability to reduce body weight, epididymal fat, insulin resistance, plasma and liver lipids. Source: DTE • Names: Houttuynia cordata is a herbal plant and is also known as fish mint, fish leaf, rainbow plant, chameleon plant, heart leaf, fish wort, or Chinese lizard tail. • Genus and Family: Houttuynia cordata is one of two species in the genus Houttuynia (the other being H. emeiensis). It is called chameleon plant because of the herb’s membership of the Saururaceae or lizard-tail family of plants. • Distribution: It is believed to be a native of Southeast Asia. It grows easily in moist soils and is resistant to flooding. 15 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 11. CONOCARPUS PLANTS The Gujarat government has banned the planting of ornamental Conocarpus trees “in forest or nonforest areas”, citing their “adverse impacts on environment and human health”. ABOUT SIMILAR CASES VILAYATI KIKAR (PROSOPIS JULIFLORA) EUCALYPTUS • The quality of forest habitats had been lost due to the cultivation of alien plants such as acacia, mangium and eucalyptus in forest tracts for commercial purposes. Source: IE Conocarpus, a fast-growing exotic mangrove species, was once favored for boosting green cover in Gujarat, but it has been banned in both Gujarat and Telangana. CHALLENGES WITH CONOCARPUS • Trees of this species flower in winter and spread pollen in nearby areas. It is learnt that this is causing diseases like cold, cough, asthma, allergy etc. • This species has deep-rooted growth, causing damage to telecommunication lines, drainage systems, and freshwater systems. Additionally, Conocarpus leaves are unpalatable to herbivores. • In 2018, the Delhi government cleared the capital’s green lungs, the Central Ridge, of the Vilayati Kikar after years of appeals and court cases by activists. • It is not native to Delhi, and was brought to the city in the 1930s by the British. • The fast-growing tree thrives arid conditions, rapidly increasing green cover of an area, and be used as firewood. However, it also kills off competition. • Within a decade, it had taken over the Ridge, killing the native trees like acacia, dhak, kadamb, amaltas, flame-of-the-forest. • Along with the trees disappeared the fauna — birds, butterflies, leopards, porcupines and jackals. • It also depletes the water table of the area it is planted in. • In Kerala’s case too, it was the British who introduced the Eucalyptus tree to Munnar, so its wood could be used as fuel in tea plantation boilers. • The state forest department stopped the cultivation of acacia and eucalyptus in forest tracts in 2018. • A study by The Wildlife Institute of India-Dehradun on mananimal conflict had found that foreign invasive plants had reduced the availability of fodder in forests, forcing animals to foray into settlements and farmlands. 16 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 12. BOLSON TORTOISE Biologists are in process to protect North America’s largest and rarest Bolson Tortoise species. BOLSON TORTOISES (GOPHERUS FLAVOMARGINATUS) • Brumation, unique to reptiles and amphibians, involves a deep sleep characterized by decreased activity, lowered body temperature, and reduced heart, metabolic, and respiratory rates. • These species can go upto a year without drinking water. They use their bladder as a reservoir for freshwater. • Habitat and Distribution • They are exclusively found in the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahulia and Durango. • Their habitat is a semi-hot desert climate with winter temperatures around 2.8°C and summer temperatures ranging to 36.3°C. • The Bolson Tortoise inhabits a small area of Bolsón de Mapimí in the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico. The Mapimí Biosphere Reserve was created to protect this species. Threats • Habitat destruction through activities like agriculture development, cattle grazing, plowing, etc. Importance • They play a significant role as ecosystem engineers by digging large burrows to thermoregulate through periods of extreme hot and cold. • In the summer they emerge out to eat and drink. Conservatio n Status • IUCN Status: Critically Endangered Source: TH 13. RHINOCEROSES World Rhino Day is celebrated on September 22 every year. RHINOCEROSES • Also known as Mexican Tortoise or yellow margined Tortoise, it is the largest and rarest land reptile, as well as the rarest of the six Gopherus species native to North America. FEATURES • The Adult males are generally smaller than females in this species. • They are cold blooded and don’t hibernate but go into the sleepy state called Brumation during colder months. • Brumation, unique to reptiles and amphibians, involves a deep sleep characterized by decreased activity, lowered body temperature, and reduced heart, metabolic, and respiratory rates. • These species can go upto a year without drinking water. They use their bladder as a reservoir for freshwater. • Rhinoceroses are large, herbivorous mammals identified by their characteristic horned snouts. • The word “rhinoceros” comes from the Greek “rhino” (nose) and “ceros” (horn). • There are five species of rhino; some have two horns, while others have one. 17 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION THREATS CONSERVATION STATUS • White rhinos and black rhinos live in the grasslands and floodplains of eastern and southern Africa. • Greater one-horned rhinos can be found in the swamps and rain forests of northern India and southern Nepal. • Sumatran and Javan rhinos are found only in small areas of Malaysian and Indonesian swamps and rainforests. • Habitat loss and fragmentation • Poaching (especially for their horns and hide) • Reducing population density • Decreasing genetic diversity • Javan Rhinos: Critically Endangered • Sumatran rhinos: Critically Endangered • Black rhinos: Critically Endangered • White rhinos: Near Threatened • Greater One-Horned Rhinos: Vulnerable 14. ARABIAN WOLF AND ARABIAN LEOPARD At present times, both the Arabian wolf and Arabian leopard are critically endangered, with the leopard having lost 98% of its historical range and is believed to be extinct in its northern range, including the Negev and Judaean deserts. Dhib and Nimr: Dhib and Nimr are the Arabic terms for the two animals (wolf and leopard respectively). ARABIAN WOLVES (CANIS LUPUS ARABS) • They are known to "suppress" populations of smaller canids like jackals and foxes, helping to regulate the ecosystem in the Negev Desert. • These wolves are a crucial part of the desert ecosystem and contribute to maintaining herbivore populations and consuming carrion, which underscores their ecological importance. ARABIAN LEOPARDS (PANTHERA PARDUS NIMR) • It is a subspecies of the gray wolf. It holds the distinction of being the world's smallest wolf, making it a unique and significant part of the region's wildlife. • Geographical Spread: These wolves are native to the Arabian Peninsula, including the Negev Desert in southern Israel and parts of the Middle East. SIGNIFICANCE • In the Negev Desert and Arava Valley of southern Israel, they thrive as a resilient apex predator, crucial for the region's ecology, and welladapted to arid environments with limited productivity. • This is another iconic but critically endangered species native to the Arabian Peninsula. These leopards were historically found in various parts of the Arabian Peninsula, including the Negev and Judaean deserts. GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD • Regrettably, the Arabian leopard faces a dire situation in these regions. A 2023 study revealed a significant loss of its historical range, leading to highly isolated and fragmented populations. • In the Negev and Judaean deserts, this species is considered extinct in its entire northern range. 18 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM CONSERVATION EFFORTS FOR BOTH ARABIAN WOLVES AND LEOPARDS PRESENT SCENARIO OF THESE TWO ANIMALS • Moreover, the ongoing conflicts in the region, such as those between Israel and Palestine, could further complicate conservation efforts for the Arabian leopard. • The response of large carnivores like leopards to armed conflicts can vary, and cooperation between different sectors is essential for successful conservation. • Conservation efforts could potentially serve as a means to build bridges between human groups in conflict, promoting the shared conservation of natural heritage. 15. TILAPIA PARVOVIRUS India has witnessed its first encounter with Tilapia Parvovirus (TiPV), in Tamil Nadu causing a significant impact on the country's aquaculture. This virus has been reported in farm-bred tilapia, a freshwater fish species, and has raised concerns due to its high mortality rates. TILAPIA PARVOVIRUS • In laboratory settings, it has led to 100% mortality, highlighting its devastating impact. • TiPV is a viral pathogen that primarily affects tilapia. • It belongs to the Parvoviridae family, known for its small, nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA viruses. EMERGENCE AND IMPACT • First reported in China in 2019 and Thailand in 2021. India is the third country to report the occurrence of TiPV. • TiPV has caused mortality rates ranging from 30% to 50% on fish farms. • In laboratory settings, it has led to 100% mortality, highlighting its devastating impact. 19 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM CONSEQUENCES OF TiPV OUTBREAK TILAPIA FARMING IN INDIA • Tilapia farming is carried out in various parts of the country, particularly in Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. • The introduction of different tilapia species, including Nile tilapia and Mozambique tilapia, has led to diverse farming practices. • Nile tilapia, introduced in the 1970s, is favored for its larger size and scale of cultivation. • Mozambique tilapia, referred to as "Jilabi" in Tamil, was introduced to Indian freshwater bodies in the 1950s. • Mozambique Tilapia is known for its adaptability to low-oxygen levels in water. It can survive in a variety of aquatic environments. • In 1970, the Indian government approved the import of Oreochromis niloticus and red hybrid tilapia species due to their rapid growth and high market demand, enabling better control in aquaculture. 16. BHARAT STAGE EMISSION STANDARDS The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) announced that From November 1, only electric, CNG, and BS-VI-compliant diesel buses will be allowed to operate between Delhi and parts of the National Capital Region that fall in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. ABOUT BHARAT STAGE (BS) EMISSION STANDARDS • They are regulatory guidelines established by the Indian government to regulate the emissions produced by motor vehicles, ensuring they meet specific environmental standards. • The emission standards, mandatory for vehicles in India, currently require adherence to the BS-VI version for all newly sold and registered vehicles. • The formulation and enforcement of these standards, along with the associated timelines, fall under the jurisdiction of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), which operates under the MoEFCC. • These BS norms are closely aligned with the European Emission Standards, commonly referred to as Euro norms. • The standards, starting in 2000 with 'India 2000' (equivalent to Euro-1), were subsequently named BS-II, BS-III, and BSIV. • A significant decision was made by the government to leap directly from BS-IV to BSVI, bypassing BS-V. This move was prompted by the lengthy transition period observed during the shift from BS-III to BS-IV. TILAPIA FISH • Tilapia is a freshwater fish species that is widely cultured and consumed in India. It belongs to the family Cichlidae under the order Perciformes. • These fish are native to Africa and have gained popularity as a widely cultivated and harvested food source. 20 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM SIGNIFICANCE Air Quality Improvement Motor vehicles, including cars, contribute to one-third of air pollution. BS standards mitigate harmful emissions, improving air quality, e.g., by reducing Particulate Matter (PM) concentration. Health Protection Cleaner air helps safeguard public health from respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Global Alignment Harmonizes Indian regulations with international automotive standards. Technology Innovation Encourages the development of cleaner, fuel-efficient technologies. Fuel Efficiency Stricter standards promote reduced fuel consumption and cost savings. Economic Growth Fosters manufacturing and export opportunities for eco-friendly vehicles. Legal Framework Holds automakers accountable and ensures compliance. Sustainability Supports long-term environmental and sustainability goals. Source: The Hindu 17. LEMRU ELEPHANT CORRIDOR Chhattisgarh’s request to de-notify coal mines falling under Lemru Elephant Corridor is accepted by the MoEFCC. ABOUT THE LEMRU ELEPHANT RESERVE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESERVE • Elephants are found in five divisions of the state. North Chhattisgarh alone is home to over 240 elephants. More than 150 elephants have died in the state over the last 20 years. ELEPHANTS • Lemru is one of two elephant reserves (the other is Badalkhol Tamorpingla) and is part of the Hasdeo Aranya forests in Korba district of Chhattisgarh. • It is planned to prevent human-animal conflict in the region, with elephants moving into Chhattisgarh from Odisha and Jharkhand. • The reserve is part of an elephant corridor that connects Lemru (Korba), Badalkhol (Jashpur), Tamorpingla (Surguja). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESERVE • Elephants are found in five divisions of the state. North Chhattisgarh alone is home to over 240 elephants. More than 150 elephants have died in the state over the last 20 years. • Elephants are the largest land mammals and keystone species on earth. • Their nomadic behavior – the daily and seasonal migrations they make through their home ranges – is immensely important to the environment. 21 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM TWO TYPES Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus indicus) • They inhabit dry to wet forest and grassland habitats in 13 range countries spanning South and Southeast Asia. • IUCN Status: ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. • Listed in the Appendix I of the Convention of the Migratory species (CMS). African Elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) • Two subspecies (the Savanna or bush and the Forest elephant) • IUCN STATUS: (a) African forest elephant: Critically Endangered (b) African savanna elephant: Endangered Source: PIB 18. ANTARCTIC KRILL Antarctic krill in the Antarctic ecosystem are at risk due to declining sea ice. ABOUT ANTARCTIC KRILL (EUPHASIA SUPERBA) Habitat & Destruction • Habitat includes open ocean areas as well as more coastal locations. • Live exclusively in the Southern Ocean and have a very wide distribution over a range of habitats. Threats • Victims of the combined effects of ocean warming and loss of sea ice, and they are further threatened by ocean acidification and increasing interest in the krill fishery. Conservation Status • Listed as Least Concern (IUCN Red List of Threatened species ) • Krill fishery has been regulated by the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) since the 1980s. • Krill is a general term used to describe about 86 species of crustaceans found in open oceans. They belong to the group of crustaceans called euphausiids. • Antarctic krill is one of 5 species of krill that lives in the Southern Ocean, south of the Antarctic convergence. • Antarctic krill (and other krill species) are bioluminescent, meaning they produce light. • It feeds on phytoplankton, which absorb CO2. • It is a key species, supporting populations of penguins, seals, whales and other marine life. 22 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 19. HYDRILLA Hydrilla has been found in Michigan, US, for the first time. ABOUT HYDRILLA (HYDRILLA VRTICILLATA) 20. PAINTBRUSH SWIFT BUTTERFLY The paintbrush swift butterfly has been photographed and documented for the first time in Himachal Pradesh’s Chamba district. The State supports around 430 butterfly species or about 25% of the total number of butterfly species found in India. ABOUT PAINTBRUSH SWIFT BUTTERFLY ((BAORIS FARRI) Threats • Habitat loss and scarcity of larval host plants are major causes of the decline in the butterfly population. • An increase in pesticide use, deforestation, and climate change. Suggestions • Establishment of butterfly parks and conservation reserves in the State. • Butterfly rearing or breeding centres should also be established. • Creating awareness on the importance of butterflies. 21. TORTOISE TRAFFICKING NETWORK Recently a study titled ‘From pets to plates’ claims that Chennai is the highest-ranked node in the tortoise and hard-shell turtle trafficking network fuelling the global pet trade. • It is called water thyme, and is a submersed perennial herb. • It is an invasive aquatic plant known for its rapid growth and harmful effects on ecosystems. • It has several ways of reproducing, allowing it to spread rapidly, outcompete native plants and quickly form dense single-species infestations. • Habitat and Distribution: It can thrive in both low- and highquality waters and has been found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs, wetlands, ponds and streams. • Native to: Parts of Asia, Africa, and Australia. • Treatable with herbicide, this persistent plant is challenging to eliminate due to tubers and turions lasting for years in sediment, and it can regenerate from small fragments. • It is a butterfly species of the Hesperiidae family and is rare in the western Himalayas. • It was first described by lepidopterist Frederic Moore, more than 145 years ago, from the eastern Himalayas. • Habitat distribution is common in northeast, central and south India, and rare in Uttarakhand. • The species’ larvae feed on bamboo and some other grass species. 23 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ABOUT The first-of-its-kind study compared the supply networks of tortoise or hard-shell turtles and soft-shell turtles based on 78 and 64 seizures, respectively, reported in the media during 2013 to 2019. SIGNIFICANT HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY • Tortoise or hard-shell turtles from India are traded to more places globally and through a wider trafficking network than soft-shell turtles. • The former is mostly traded as pets while the latter for meat, primarily within the country. • The trade network for pet turtles was also observed to be more organised than that for soft-shell turtles sold for meat. • Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh, Agra, and two districts of West Bengal — North 24 Parganas and Howrah — close to the India-Bangladesh border also rank high after Chennai. • The "Asian turtle crisis" refers to the dire situation of tortoises and freshwater turtles (TFTs) in Asia, where rampant habitat destruction and illegal harvesting have severely impacted wild populations. • The study found that the tortoise and hardshell turtle network had a larger geographical scale with more international trafficking links than the soft-shell turtle network. • Illegally traded tortoises and hard-shell turtles often transported by air suggest corruption at entry and exit points. • Insufficient training, awareness, and functional scanning equipment among enforcement authorities at entry/exit points may facilitate illegal wildlife trafficking. SOFT-SHELL TURTLE • The Indian Softshell turtle, also called the Ganges Softshell Turtle, inhabits freshwater in the Ganges, Indus, and Mahanadi rivers in northern and eastern India. TORTOISE OR HARD-SHELL TURTLES • Tortoises are found from southern North America to southern South America, around the Mediterranean basin, across Eurasia to Southeast Asia, in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and some Pacific islands. Source: TH • Softshells include some of the world’s largest freshwater turtles, though many can adapt to living in highly brackish areas. • Members of this family occur in Africa, Asia, and North America, with extinct species known from Australia. • Softshell turtles lack the typical hard, bony carapace and large scales (scutes) found in other turtle species; their shell is more leather-like. • The shell in tortoises is generally hard, and like other members of the suborder Cryptodira, they retract their necks and heads directly backward into the shell to protect them. • Tortoises are generally considered to be strict herbivores, feeding on grasses, weeds, leafy greens, flowers, and some fruits. However, hunting and eating of birds has been observed on occasion. 24 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 22. PLATYPUS Recent research sheds light on a troubling situation related to water-dwelling animal, Platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), following the 2019–20 Black Summer bushfires in eastern Australia. Despite their aquatic habitat, platypus populations are dwindling in the post-fire environment. This study delves into the implications for the conservation of these unique creatures. Environmental DNA (eDNA) was used to detect platypus presence in the study. ABOUT • Male platypuses possess a venomous spur on their ankles, a unique trait used primarily during the breeding season. Though not lethal, the venom can induce severe pain and swelling in humans. Habitat & Distribution • Platypuses inhabit freshwater systems across a wide range of Australian landscapes. • Found in tropical rainforest lowlands, northern Queensland plateaus, and cold, high-altitude areas like Tasmania and the Australian Alps. Seasonality & Behavior • Platypuses are active year-round, with a preference for twilight and nighttime activity. • Platypuses spend much of their time in burrows along riverbanks or in rocky crevices and stream debris. Feeding Habits • Platypuses primarily feed at night on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates. • They feed on insect larvae, shrimps, swimming beetles, water bugs, tadpoles, worms, and more. • Larger prey is taken individually and consumed after floating on the water surface. Predators & Threats • Predators include crocodiles, goannas, carpet pythons, eagles, and large native fish. • Land-based predators like foxes, dogs, and dingoes may pose a threat. • Ectoparasites, tick species, and fungal infections can also affect platypuses. Conservation Status IUCN Red List: Near Threatened ENVIRONMENTAL DNA (eDNA) • Platypuses, exclusive to Australia, feature a streamlined body and a flat, fur-covered tail for effective thermal insulation. • They possess webbed feet for swimming and electroreceptors in their bills to find food in rivers and streams. • Platypuses, along with echidnas, belong to monotremes—a distinct order of egg-laying mammals. • Male platypuses possess a venomous spur on their ankles, a unique trait used primarily during the breeding season. Though not lethal, the venom can induce severe pain and swelling in humans. 25 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 23. GANGES RIVER DOLPHINS A recent scientific publication titled "Rescuing Ganges river dolphins from irrigation canals in Uttar Pradesh, 2013-2020" has elucidated the comprehensive endeavors focused on the rescue and relocation of Gangetic river dolphins from precarious situations within the irrigation canals of the Ganga-Ghagra basin. GANGA RIVER DOLPHIN (PLATANISTA GANGETICA) FEATURES • The Ganges river dolphin can only live in freshwater and is essentially blind. They hunt by emitting ultrasonic sounds, which bounces off of fish and other prey, enabling them to “see” an image in their mind. • They are frequently found alone or in small groups, and generally a mother and calf travel together. • Females are larger than males and give birth once every two to three years to only one calf. • Being a mammal, the Ganges river dolphin cannot breathe in water and must surface every 30-120 seconds. • Because of the sound it produces when breathing, the animal is popularly referred to as 'Susu'. • The Ganga River Dolphin, also known as the “Tiger of the Ganges” was officially discovered in 1801. • Habitat: Ganges river dolphins historically distributed in major river systems (Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu) of India, Nepal and Bangladesh. According to the recent study in the Ganga River Basin, the species recorded from the main stream of Ganga River followed by the tributaries, Ghagra, Kosi, Gandak, Chambal, Rupnarayan, and Yamuna. MAJOR THREATS: • Unintentional killing through entanglement in fishing gear. • Poaching for dolphin oil, used as fish attractant and for medicinal purposes. • Habitat destruction due to development projects (e.g. water extraction and the construction of barrages, high dams and embankments), pollution (industrial waste and pesticides, municipal sewage discharge and noise from vessel traffic). PROTECTION STATUS: • IUCN: Endangered • Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I • CITES: Appendix I • Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix 1 26 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • 19 Gangetic river dolphins were rescued from irrigation canals in the Ganga-Ghagra basin in Uttar Pradesh between 2013 and 2020. 24. BADIS LIMAAKUMI Scientists have recently discovered a new fish species’ Badis limaakumi’ from the Milak river, Nagaland. ABOUT BADIS LIMAAKUMI • It belongs to the family of Badidae, a small freshwater fish found in streams with slow or moderate water flow. • It is also known as chameleon fish for their ability to change colour. • Distribution: Apart from channels of rivers, the edible fish are found in ditches and stagnant water bodies across India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand and Myanmar. 25. AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN The carcasses of 120 river dolphins have been found floating in a tributary of the Amazon River. ABOUT AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN (INIA GEOFFRENSIS) MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT • Dams and barrages have severely impacted dolphin habitat, pushing them into irrigation canals, risking injury or death. • Over 70% of entrapments happen postmonsoon or in peak winter, while the remaining 30% are rescued in peak summer when water levels decrease and minimal flow is maintained. • 19 Gangetic river dolphins were rescued from irrigation canals in the Ganga-Ghagra basin in Uttar Pradesh between 2013 and 2020. • It has been named after Limaakum, assistant professor and head of the zoology department at Fazl Ali College, Nagaland. • It has a distinct opercular blotch at the base of its opercular spine (a bone series that serves as a facial support structure and a protective covering for the gills). • It is also known as the pink river dolphin or boto, and lives only in freshwater. • Habitat and Distribution: It is found throughout much of the Amazon and Orinoco river basins in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela. • It is a relatively abundant freshwater cetacean with an estimated population in the tens of thousands. • IUCN Red List status: Endangered 27 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 26. ARMAGEDDON REEDTAIL A new damselfly species, ‘Armageddon reedtail’ has been discovered in Kerala’s southern Western Ghats. ABOUT ARMAGEDDON REEDTAIL ( PROTOSTICTA ARMAGEDDONIA) 27. ASIATIC WILD DOG (DHOLE) The activity of the Asiatic wild dog in Assam’s Manas National Park showed the highest temporal overlap with the leopard. ABOUT ASIATIC WILD DOG (DHOLE) Distribution • It has a large distribution range south and central Asia and Russia. • In India, the species inhabits the southern part of the Indo-Gangetic plains, Eastern and Western Ghats and most parts of North-Eastern India • It also occurs in some parts of Ladakh and Kashmir. Threats • Loss of prey base, habitat loss and transformation. • Vulnerable to multiple disease threats from domestic dogs. Protection Status • IUCN Red list status: Endangered • It is included in CITES – Appendix II Source: TH DAMSELFLY • Damselfly is any of a group of predatory, aerial insects that are in the order Odonata. • Damselflies are found mainly near shallow, freshwater habitats and are graceful fliers with slender bodies and long, filmy, net-veined wings. • Researchers named the insect ‘Armageddon reedtail’ to draw attention to the global decline of insect populations due to rampant habitat loss and climate change. • Its only habitat is primary montane streams, where it thrives beneath dense canopy cover. • The term ‘ecological armageddon’ is used to describe the devastating decline of insect populations around the world. • This phenomenon, also called insect apocalypse, affects entire ecosystems because insects pollinate, cycle nutrients and provide food for other animals. • Physical features: They are large carnivores that resemble a small wolf or a domestic dog in size; however, unlike dogs they have a rust-red to brown coat and the ears are rounded with fur. • Habitat Ecology: They inhabit a variety of habitat types that include primary, secondary and degraded forms of tropical dry and moist deciduous forests, evergreen and semievergreen forests, dry-thorn forests, scrublands etc. In India, the species inhabits tropical dry and moist deciduous forest supporting adequate prey base. It is the only endangered wild pack-living canid in the tropical Indian forests. 28 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 28. PYGMY HOG Recently, eighteen captive-bred pygmy hogs were released in western Assam’s Manas National Park and Tiger Reserve. PYGMY HOG (PORCULA SALVANIA) • Distribution: The only known population of pygmy hogs resides in Manas National Park in Assam, India. It is an indicator species. Its presence reflects the health of its primary habitat, the tall, wet grasslands of the region. PYGMY HOG CONSERVATION PROGRAM (PHCP) • The PHCP is a collaboration among Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust of UK, Assam Forest Department, Wild Pig Specialist Group of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Union Environment Ministry. • The PHCP target is to reintroduce 60 pygmy hogs in Manas National Park, by 2025. • It is being implemented by NGOs Aaranyak and EcoSystems India. Source: TH 29. CHIMAERAS In a recent landmark study, scientists reported successfully generating a live infant chimeric monkey of the species Long-tailed macaques. CHIMAERAS A genetic Chimaera is a single organism composed of cells of more than one distinct genotype (or genetic makeup). CHIMERISM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM • Genus: It is the rarest species of pig in the world today, and is the only species in the genus Porcula. It is also the smallest species of pig. • Description: The skin of the pygmy hog is a grayish-brown color, and its coat consists of blackish-brown bristles. • Habitat: They live in the wet high grasslands at the foothills of the Himalayas. CONSERVATION STATUS IUCN status: Critically Endangered. || WildLife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I || CITES: Appendix I 29 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM NATURAL CHIMAERAS AMONG HUMANS • It occurs when the genetic material in one cell changes and gives rise to a clonal population of cells different from all the other cells. • The fusion of two fertilized zygotes early in the embryonic stage can also lead to a condition in which two genetic makeups coexist in a single individual. • Chimerism can also result from twin or multiple pregnancies evolving into a single fetus or a twin fetus being absorbed into a singleton. • There is a phenomenon called microchimerism, in which traces of the fetus’s genetic material are observed in mothers’ tissues many years after childbirth, resulting in two different genetic materials in a single person. • Solid organ transplants in humans create individuals with two distinct genetic makeups. The donor organs carry a genetic composition distinct from the recipient's other tissues, leading to chimerism. LONG-TAILED MACAQUES (MACACA FASCICULARIS) Source: TH 30. ZAGLOSSUS ATTENBOROUGHI An elusive echidna feared extinct after disappearing for six decades has been rediscovered in a remote part of Indonesia. ABOUT ZAGLOSSUS ATTENBOROUGHI • Habitat and Distribution: It is found in tropical montane forest, probably from lowland to montane elevations. It lives in Cyclops Mountains in extreme northern Papua Province, Indonesia. They are the last vestiges of an ancient animal line. • Protection status: IUCN Red List status: Listed as Critically Endangered. • Listed on Appendix II of CITES. • Habitat and Distribution: It is widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia. In India it is found on Nicobar Islands which include Little Nicobar, Great Nicobar and Katchall Islands. • IUCN status: Endangered • It is a kind of long-beaked echidna named for famed British naturalist David Attenborough. • Echidnas are nocturnal and shy, making them difficult to find at the best of times. • It had last been seen in 1961. • It is a member of the monotremes — an egg-laying group that separated from the rest of the mammal. 30 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 31. JAGUARS Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) have come together to combat the illegal trade of jaguar parts. ABOUT JAGUARS (PANTHERA ONCA) 32. GHOL FISH Gujarat recently declared the black-spotted croaker (Protonibea Diacanthus), locally known as the Ghol fish, as the state fish. The decision was based on various factors, emphasizing its uniqueness, economic value, and the need for conservation. KEY FACTS ABOUT GHOL FISH • Its meat is exported to European and Middle-Eastern countries, while the dried air bladder is in high demand, especially in China. • A kilogram of ghol can fetch between Rs 5,000 to Rs 15,000 in Gujarat. • The dried air bladder, considered the costliest part, can reach amounts as high as Rs 25,000 a kilogram in the export market. • They are mighty cats most easily recognized by the bold rosettes generously spotted across their tawny-colored coats. • It is the third biggest cat in the world after the tiger and the lion and is the largest cat in the Americas. • Unlike domestic cats, jaguars embrace water and thrive in wet environments, often swimming in lakes, rivers, and wetlands. • They are confident swimmers, known to cross large rivers. • Jaguars are nocturnal as well as diurnal big cats. • Habitat and Distribution: They are distributed from Mexico to Argentina across 18 countries, and Brazil holds around half of the wild jaguars in the world. Their habitats include wet and dry forests, savannahs, and shrublands. • Protection status: IUCN Red list status: listed as Near Threatened. • Included on CITES Appendix I. • Geographical Distribution: The ghol fish is primarily found in the Indo-Pacific region. • Its habitat spans from the Persian Gulf to the expansive waters of the Pacific Ocean. • Economic Significance: The ghol fish has a substantial market demand in China and other Asian countries. • Ghol fish is also known as ‘Sea Gold’ for its high market value. 31 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 33. STURGEON Illegal sale of sturgeon is rampant in the lower Danube region, according to a report released by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). ABOUT SIGNIFICANCE Source: DTE 34. INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL An MDF (Medium-Density Fibreboard) board plant located at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh has been certified as a Green Building by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). THE INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (IGBC) CONSERVATION: IUCN Red List: Near Threatened. NOTE: Gujarat is one of the leading states in fisheries production in India, with a rich diversity of marine and inland fish species. • In the year 2021-22, Gujarat recorded a total fish production of 8.74 lakh tonnes. • Poaching incidents were recorded in Romania, Bulgaria and Ukraine despite a complete ban on fishing and trading of wild sturgeon species. • Distribution: Found mostly in the freshwater bodies of North America and along its eastern coast. They are also found in the rivers and inland seas of southern Russia and Ukraine. • Threats: Sturgeons are caught for their flesh, sold fresh, pickled, or smoked. The inner lining of their swim bladder is used to produce gelatin. • IUCN Status: Critically Endangered Since 1998, international trade in all species of sturgeons has been regulated under CITES. • IGBC is a part of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and was formed in the year 2001. • The vision of the council is, “To enable a sustainable built environment for all and facilitate India to be one of the global leaders in the sustainable built environment by 2025”. • The council offers various services which include developing new green building rating programs, certification services and green building training programs. 32 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM BENEFITS OF IGBC-CERTIFIED PROJECTS Conservation of water IGBC-Certified buildings save 30-50% of water through techniques like rainwater harvesting, water metering, and efficient irrigation management. Waste management system IGBC mandates waste treatment systems within its boundaries, collecting and recycling disposables and organic waste. Excellent daylighting IGBC-certified projects are built in a way to let ample amount of natural sunlight inside the house. Conservation of scarce natural resources Green buildings are largely made by using sustainable raw materials that can either be reused or recycled at any time. Lower energy bills These buildings help save 15-20% on electricity bills due to their maximum usage of natural light. Source: Businessline 33 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM GEOGRAPHY 1. IDUKKI DAM Major security breach reported from Idukki dam. ABOUT PERIYAR RIVER Source: TH 2. INTELLIGENT WATER BODY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM-TAMARA The Technology Development Board (TDB) has introduced a project called “Development and Commercialization of Intelligent Water Body Management System (IWMS)-TAMARA. ABOUT THE PROJECT • It is a double curvature Arch dam constructed across the Periyar River in a narrow gorge between two granite hills locally known as Kuravan and Kurathi in Mariyapuram village in Idukki District in Kerala, India. • It is one of the highest arch dams in Asia and third tallest arch dam. • The dam stands between the two mountains – Kuravanmala and Kurathimala. • The Periyar River is the longest river in the state of Kerala. It is also known as ‘Lifeline of Kerala’ as it is one of the few perennial rivers in the state. • It originates from Sivagiri Hills of Western Ghats and flows through Periyar National Park and reaches the Periyar Lake and then the water flows into Vembanad Lake and finally into Arabian Sea. • Major Tributaries: Muthirapuzha, Mullayar, Cheruthoni, Perinjankutti and Edamala rivers. • This project is in line with AMRUT 2.0 mission which has the specific goal of preserving water bodies and promoting a circular water economy, aligning with the principles of Blue Economy. • It is a smart aeration system with sensors and IoT-based technology to manage water quality. • It not only improves wastewater but also ensures that water bodies and aquaculture ponds stay clean and healthy. 34 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM THIS SYSTEM COMPRISES OF SEVERAL KEY ELEMENTS SIGNIFICANT TERMS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD-DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (TDB-DST) It is a statutory organization that supports technical advancements, economic development, and environmental preservation initiatives. Source: PIB 3. NARMADA RIVER Narmada and other rivers have caused widespread flooding in Gujarat and cut off various villages from the mainstream in the southern and central regions of the State. The water level of the Narmada is beyond the danger mark and the India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued red and orange alerts in parts of Gujarat. Narmada River’s major dam is Sardar Sarovar Dam, which is one of the important reasons behind the rising levels. MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS OF NARMADA RIVER TRIBUTARIES The term “blue economy” focuses on protecting the health of marine ecosystems while using ocean resources sustainably. The term ‘Circular water Economy’, is a strategy focused on preserving and effectively utilizing water resources in order to reduce waste and advance sustainability. The predominant tributaries from the right are – Hiran, Tendori, Barna, Kolar, Man, Uri, Hatni, and Orsang. The predominant left tributaries are – Burner, Banjar, Sher, Shakkar, Dudhi, Tawa, Ganjal, Chhota Tawa, Kundi, Goi, and Karjan. DAMS on the river: Omkareshwar and Maheshwar dams. • Also known as Rewa, it serves as a traditional boundary between North and South India. • It is 1,312 km west of its origin from the Amarkantak peak of Maikal mountain. It flows into the Gulf of Khambhat. • It drains a large area in Madhya Pradesh besides some areas in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. • It is a West flowing river of the peninsular region flowing through a rift valley between the Vindhya Range on the north and the Satpura Range on the south. 35 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM VARIOUS COLOR-CODED ALERTS ISSUED BY THE IMD Green (All is well) No advisory is issued. Yellow (Be Aware) It indicates severely bad weather spanning across several days. It also suggests that the weather could change for the worse, causing disruption in day-to-day activities. Orange/Amber (Be prepared) The orange alert is issued as a warning of extremely bad weather with the potential of disruption in commute with road and rail closures, and interruption of power supply. Red (Take Action) When the extremely bad weather conditions are certainly going to disrupt travel and power and have significant risk to life, the red alert is issued. SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT • The Sardar Sarovar project is the Gravity dam on Narmada River crossing Gujarat. • Gravity dam is constructed of concrete or stone designed to transfer the entire water load downward. • It is primarily meant for large scale irrigation and Hydroelectric multi-purpose projects. • The Project was conceived in 1979 majorly for the purposes of Agricultural and Mitigating power Crisis in the state. • The Hydro electric Power generated would be shared between the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra, whereas the irrigation benefits can be utilized by Gujarat and Rajasthan. 4. HUNGA TONGA-HUNGA HA'APAI VOLCANO The Year 2023 has recorded unprecedented temperatures. Scientists believe one of the reasons for this may be an underwater volcanic eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai in the South Pacific in 2022. ABOUT HUNGA TONGA-HUNGA HA'APAI VOLCANO • It is an undersea Volcano consisting of two small uninhabited islands, Hunga-Ha’apai and HungaTonga. • The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano is in the western South Pacific Ocean, west of the main inhabited islands in the Kingdom of Tonga. • It is one of 12 confirmed submarine volcanoes along the Tofua Arc, a segment of the larger Tonga-Kermadec volcanic arc. • The Tonga-Kermadec arc formed as a result of subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Indo-Australian Plate. 36 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM IMPACT ON EARTH’S TEMPERATURE • Massive volcanic eruptions typically decrease temperatures by emitting large quantities of sulfur dioxide. This gas forms sulfate aerosols, reflecting sunlight and causing a temporary cooling of Earth's surface, known as Sun dimming. • However, the Tonga eruption had another effect as it occurred underwater. The eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai in 2022 produced a plume 58 km high, and produced the biggest ever atmospheric explosion. • The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption is peculiar because, in addition to causing the largest increase in stratospheric aerosol in decades, it also injected vast amounts of water vapor into the stratosphere. • Water vapor is a natural greenhouse gas that absorbs solar radiation and traps heat in the atmosphere. • The aerosol and water vapor impact the climate system in opposing ways, but several studies have proposed that, due to its larger and more persistent water vapor plume, the eruption could have a temporary net surface warming effect. PREVIOUS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IMPACT ON THE WORLD CLIMATE TYPES OF VOLCANOES • In general, Volcanoes can be divided on the basis of Type of Eruption & Periodicity of Eruption. Based on Type of Eruption (The nature of the eruption mainly depends on the viscosity of the magma) • Basic: The basic magma are dark coloured like basalt, rich in iron and magnesium but poor in silica. They travel far and generate broad shield volcanoes. • Acidic: These are light-coloured, of low density, and have a high percentage of silica and therefore it makes a familiar cone volcano shape. Based on frequency of Eruption • Active volcanoes: They erupt frequently and are mostly located around the Ring of Fire. E.g.: Mount Stromboli is an active volcano and it produces so many gas clouds that it is called the Lighthouse of the Mediterranean. • Dormant Volcano: These are not extinct but have not erupted in recent history. The dormant volcanoes may erupt in future. E.g: Mount Kilimanjaro, located in Tanzania, also the highest mountain in Africa, is known to be a dormant Volcano. • Extinct or inactive volcanoes have not worked in the distant geological past. • In most cases the crater of the Volcano is filled with water making it a lake. E.g.: Deccan Traps, India. 37 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM CONCLUSION 5. GALACTIC TIDES Researchers have observed the Andromeda galaxy is heading towards the Milky Way and found tidal streams near its edges. ABOUT GALACTIC TIDES • Understanding galactic tides is crucial to understand the complex dynamics and evolution of galaxies over cosmological time in astronomy. • Tidal streams (Galactic tides) near the edges of Andromeda, the closest galaxy to the Milky Way, could be signatures of dwarf galaxies. • The Andromeda galaxy is heading towards the Milky Way at 110 km/s and will collide in four billion years. EFFECTS OF GALACTIC TIDES • Galactic tides create two arms in the galaxy, just as the Moon creates two tides on opposite sides of the Earth. • These tides influence various aspects of a galaxy’s evolution, and can reshape a galaxy structure by creating tidal tails and bridges, promoting star formation, and disrupting smaller star systems. • These include galactic collisions, the destruction of dwarf and satellite galaxies, and the tidal effects on the Oort cloud. • Disrupting the orbits of stars, leading to long-term changes in galactic structure. THE OORT CLOUD Source: TH • Any number of phenomena can sway global temperatures, from El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean to wildfires in Siberia. • The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption may nudge the temperature past 1.5°C of warming, but that doesn’t mean the Paris Agreement has failed yet; the event demonstrated how close the world is to its agreed-upon tipping point. • These are the tidal forces experienced by objects affected by the gravitational field of galaxies, such as the Milky Way. • These are caused by gravitational forces within a galaxy, arising in the interactions between celestial objects such as stars and gas clouds. • When two large galaxies collide or come close, powerful tidal forces are exerted, leading to visually striking displays of galactic tidal behavior. The Oort Cloud, the farthest region in our solar system, may house billions or trillions of objects. Even its closest objects are much farther from the Sun than the outer edges of the Kuiper Belt. It is a vast shell enveloping the solar system, likely extending over a radius of more than a light-year. 38 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 6. KAOBAL GALI-MUSHKOH VALLEY Kaobal Gali-Mushkoh Valley, once the battlefield of the Kargil war, has been opened up for tourists. ABOUT Source: TH 7. TRADABLE GREEN CREDIT The Government has introduced a program where an individual or entity can earn green credit and trade it on a dedicated exchange. GREEN CREDIT PROGRAM Green Credit refers to a unit of an incentive provided for a specified activity; delivering a positive impact on the environment. • A Green Credit program is being launched at the national level to leverage a competitive market-based approach for green credit for incentivizing environmental actions of various stakeholders. This program is a follow-up action of the ‘LiFE’- (Lifestyle for Environment) campaign. • The high-altitude passes of the Gurez valley, in north Kashmir is set to connect with the Mushkoh valley, in Kargil’s Drass Sector, Ladakh, the site of the Kargil war in 1999. • A 130-km road has been opened up for tourists. Kaobal Gali, the highest pass at a height of 4,166.9 meters in Gurez, connects the two valleys. • The road connecting the two valleys is being maintained under Beacon (by the Border Roads Organization) and at present is a fair-weather road. GUREZ VALLEY • It is close to the Line of Control (LoC) in north Kashmir, situated at about 2,400 meters above sea level. • It is also home to ibex, musk deer and marmots, Himalayan brown bear and snow leopard. The Kishanganga River flows through the valley. • It is one of few habitations in Kashmir where villages with only log houses exist, with no intervention of urban concrete materials. MUSHKOH VALLEY • The Mushkoh Valley is situated in Dras, Ladakh. • It is home to boisterous wild tulip flowers and endangered Himalayan yew. 39 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM HOW TO AVAIL GREEN CREDIT? • REGISTRATION OF THE ACTIVITY: The applicant needs to register the activity with the Administrator electronically through a website to avail green credit. The activity will then be verified by a designated agency and based on its report the Administrator shall grant the applicant a certificate of green credit. • CALCULATION OF GREEN CREDIT: Calculation in respect of any activity undertaken shall be based on equivalence of resource requirement, parity of scale, scope, size, and other relevant parameters required to achieve the desired environmental outcome. • A Green Credit Registry will also be included. The Administrator will establish and maintain a trading platform. OBJECTIVES OF THE INITIATIVE • The initiative encourages industries, companies, and other entities to meet their existing or other obligations, under any law that is in force for the time being and encourages other persons and entities to undertake voluntary environmental measures by generating or buying green credit. • The programme will incentivize environmentally positive actions through a market-based mechanism and generate green credit, which shall be tradable and made available for trading on a domestic market platform. • However, the green credit generated or procured to fulfill any obligation, in compliance with any law, that is in force for the time being shall not be tradeable. Source: TH 8. RAFAH BORDER The Rafah border crossing between Egypt and Gaza has opened to provide aid flow to Palestinians in the territory, under an Israeli siege. WHY IS RAFAH IMPORTANT TO GAZA? Source: IE 9. KÁRMÁN LINE Recently, the Kármán Line was seen in the news. ABOUT KÁRMÁN LINE It is located at 100 km above sea level, it is an imaginary line that demarcates the earth’s atmosphere from space. Though not all scientists and spacefarers accept it, a majority of countries and space organisations recognise this boundary between earth sky and space. LOCATION Rafah border is located on the Gaza–Egypt border, which was recognized by the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty. It is controlled by Egypt. SIGNIFICANCE The Rafah Border Crossing or Rafah Crossing Point is the sole crossing point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip. 40 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM It was established in the 1960s by a record-keeping body called Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Within a short distance on either side of the line, there is no significant difference in the pressure or the composition of air. The earth’s gravity continues to exert its pull here. Even the earth’s atmosphere doesn’t end here. NEED AND PURPOSE Source: TH 10. NORTH KOEL RESERVOIR PROJECT The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has recently given its approval to complete the balance works of North Koel Reservoir Project. THE NORTH KOEL RIVER: The North Koel river is a tributary of Son, which, in turn, is a tributary of the Ganga. ORIGIN Chulha Pani, Chhota Nagpur plateau, Jharkhand MOUTH It meets Son in Haidernagar block of Palamu, travelling a distance of 260 km. TRIBUTARIES Auranga, Amanat and Burha River. ABOUT: North Koel Reservoir Project is an inter-State major irrigation project with command area lying in the two States of Bihar and Jharkhand. On completion of the balance works, the project would provide additional annual irrigation to 42,301 ha in the four drought prone districts of Jharkhand and Bihar. The project comprises a dam on North Koel river near Kutku village (Latehar, Jharkhand), a barrage 96 km downstream of the dam at Mohammadganj ( Palamu, Jharkhand), Right Main Canal (RMC) and Left Main Canal (LMC) taking off from the barrage. ISSUE WITH THE PROJECT: There is an apprehension that water accumulated in the dam would threaten the Betla National Park and Palamu Tiger Reserve. Source: PIB The Kármán Line was established to regulate airspace. It marks, roughly, the altitude beyond which a traditional aircraft can’t fly. • Any aircraft flying beyond it needs a propulsion system to pull away from the earth’s tug. • It also acts as a legal reference that separates airspace that a country can claim to own from space itself, which is governed like international waters. 41 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 11. GAZA STRIP The recent escalation of conflict between Israel and Hamas militants has thrust the Gaza Strip into the global spotlight. Amidst this turmoil, Israel's defense minister, declared a "complete siege" of the Gaza Strip, cutting off essential resources. This move has highlighted the long-standing and contentious issue of the Gaza blockade, which has been in place since 2007. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Six-Day War of 1967 resulted in Israel capturing Gaza from Egypt and initiating its military occupation of the region. Israel withdrew its settlements from Gaza in 2005, but this period also saw intermittent blockades on the movement of people and goods. In 2007, after Hamas assumed power in Gaza, Israel and Egypt enforced a permanent blockade, justifying it as necessary for security. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported that the blockade has severely impacted Gaza's economy, resulting in high unemployment, food insecurity, and aid dependency. ABOUT: RELATED BORDER AREAS: • Gaza is encircled by walls on three sides, and its western border is controlled by Israel, restricting access by sea. • Three functional border crossings exist - Karem Abu Salem Crossing and Erez Crossing controlled by Israel, and Rafah Crossing controlled by Egypt. • These crossings have been sealed in response to recent hostilities. The Gaza Strip is situated in the eastern Mediterranean basin, sharing borders with Egypt in the southwest and Israel to the north and east. To the west, it is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea. • It is one of the most densely populated areas globally, with over 2 million residents living in a tiny area. • The term "open air prison" has been widely used by academics, activists, and journalists to characterize the conditions in Gaza. 42 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 12. CHAKRAVAT-2023 The Indian Navy hosted the Annual Joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise— "CHAKRAVAT-2023” at Goa. ABOUT: ABOUT THE 2023 EDITION: AJHE-23, planned over three days, includes a seminar, a Table-Top Exercise, and a Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration. The exercise witnessed participation from various national agencies. LOGO The Logo for this year’s exercise depicts crests and logos of all participating agencies and flags of all nations subsumed into one single entity. Source: PIB 13. BATAGAIKA CRATER The Batagaika crater is expanding at an alarming rate due to the thawing of the permafrost. ABOUT BATAGAIKA CRATER • It is situated in Russia’s Far East. • It is located in the Sakha Republic and reaches depths of up to 100 metres. • It is the world’s largest one kilometre-long permafrost crater. • It began forming in the 1960s after deforestation led to the melting of the underground permafrost, causing the land to sink. 14. THE KEN-BETWA LINK PROJECT The Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) recently secured final forest clearance after a significant government push. While the forest clearance is secured, the project's wildlife clearance remains under scrutiny at the Supreme Court of India. The project requires two key forest clearance conditions to be met: realigning its canal and shifting proposed powerhouses away from forest land, both with potential environmental implications. • It is the multi-agency annual exercise initiated in 2015 which involves the participation of all three Indian Armed Forces, paramilitary forces, as well as several other organisations. • The exercise has been conducted by the Indian Army, Indian Navy (IN) and Indian Air Force (IAF) in rotation since 2016. The last edition of the exercise was conducted at Agra by IAF. • Indian Armed Forces have been frequently called upon to render assistance to our friends and partners in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), thereby, strengthening the need and resolve to be the ‘First Responder’ in the region. 43 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM PHASES OF THE PROJECT: The project has two phases, with mainly four components. PHASE I will involve one of the components — the Daudhan Dam complex and its subsidiary units such as the Low-Level Tunnel, High-Level Tunnel, Ken-Betwa Link Canal and powerhouses. PHASE II will involve three components: the Lower Orr Dam across the Orr River, a tributary of the Betwa, the Bina Complex Project, and the Kotha Barrage. SIGNIFICANCE: • It will not only accelerate water conservation by the construction of a multipurpose dam but will also produce 103 MW of hydropower and will supply drinking water to 62 lakh people. • The linking canal will flow through Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh and Jhansi districts, with the project expected to irrigate 6.3 lakh hectares of land every year. CONCERNS: Wildlife conservation concerns like passing of the project through the critical tiger habitat of Panna Tiger Reserve, the project is stuck in for the approval from National Green Tribunal (NGT). Source: DTE What are Ken and Betwa Rivers? Ken and Betwa rivers originate in MP and are the tributaries of Yamuna. Ken meets with Yamuna near Banda district of Uttar Pradesh and Betwa joins Yamuna in Hamirpur district of UP. • Rajghat, Paricha and Matatila dams are over Betwa river. • Ken River passes through Panna tiger reserve. What is the Ken-Betwa River Link Project? The KBLP is the first project under the National Perspective Plan for the interlinking of rivers, which aims to transfer surplus water from one river basin to another to address water scarcity and enhance irrigation. The KBLP involves transferring water from the Ken River in Madhya Pradesh to the Betwa River in Uttar Pradesh, both of which are tributaries of the Yamuna River. 44 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 15. LAKE TITICACA Experts say that Lake Titicaca is shrinking due to climate change. ABOUT LAKE TITICACA Source: TH 16. MOUNT ETNA Mount Etna, Europe’s most active volcano and one of the largest in the world, has been erupting frequently since February 2023, sending plumes of ash and fountains of lava into the sky. KEY FACTS ABOUT MOUNT ETNA • Lake Titicaca is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. • Lake Titicaca lies between Andean ranges in a vast basin that comprises most of the Altiplano (High Plateau) of the northern Andes. • It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. • Mount Etna is a stratovolcano, which means it is composed of layers of lava, ash, and rocks that have accumulated over thousands of years of eruptions. • It is located on the east coast of Sicily, an island in the Mediterranean Sea that belongs to Italy. • It stands about 3,300 metres above sea level and covers an area of about 1,200 square kilometres. • Mount Etna has four summit craters and hundreds of lateral vents that can produce different types of eruptions, such as explosive, effusive, or mixed. • Mount Etna has been erupting almost continuously since 1500 BC, making it one of the most active volcanoes in the world. 45 / 140