CA To The Point Book 2

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 17. NEST INITIATIVE The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) of the Confederation of Indian Industry launched a rating and certification initiative NEST. ABOUT NEST INITIATIVE DO YOU KNOW? Source: TH 18. E PRIME LAYER According to a research conducted at the Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Lab and PETRA III of Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron in Germany, a new mysterious layer called the E prime layer has formed on the outer part of the Earth's core. This happened because surface water penetrated deep into the planet, changing the composition of the outer region of the liquid metal core. OVERTIME DEVELOPMENT OF E PRIME LAYER • IGBC announced the IGBC Green Building Congress 2023 supported by the World Green Building Council scheduled to be held from November 23 on the theme — “Advancing Net Zero through decarbonization.” • The Tamil Nadu government will be the partner State for the Green Building congress 2023. • ‘IGBC Nest’ is a first-of-its-kind eco-friendly, self-developed framework and certification that aims to bring awareness and drive the individual owners to build a sustainable home with no or meagre additional cost. • It targets individual housing to control carbon emissions, aligning with the national goal of achieving net zero by 2070. • Importance: ‘Nest promotes widespread adoption of green building features among individual homeowners and the residential sector, aiming to reduce electricity consumption, water usage, and create healthier living spaces. • Tectonic Plates Transporting Water to Earth's Core: New research reveals a fascinating process where tectonic plates, carrying surface water, have been transporting it deep into the Earth's interior over billions of years. • As this water reaches the core-mantle boundary, located approximately 1,800 miles beneath the Earth's surface, it instigates significant chemical changes that directly influence the structure of the Earth's core. • Chemical Reactions and Structural Impact on Earth's Core: Observations by scientists highlight the chemical reactions occurring when subducted water interacts with core materials under high pressure. 46 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • This interaction results in the creation of a distinct layer in the outer core characterized by high hydrogen content and low silicon levels, forming a film-like structure. • Additionally, the process generates silica crystals that ascend into the mantle, causing compositional changes. • These alterations in the liquid metallic layer have potential implications, including reduced density and modified seismic characteristics. IMPORTANCE OF E PRIME LAYER 19. NIGHT SKY SANCTUARY IN LADAKH The Government of India recently announced the upcoming establishment of South East Asia's first Night Sky Sanctuary in Ladakh. This finding suggests a more intricate global water cycle than previously recognized. The altered core layer carries significant implications, shedding light on the interconnected geochemical processes that link surface water cycles with the deep metallic core. MAJOR TYPES OF DARK SKY PLACES The International Dark Sky Association, a U.S.- based non-profit, designates places as International Dark Sky Places, Parks, Sanctuaries and Reserves, depending on the criteria they meet: (a) Dark Sky Parks: These are conservation areas, publicly or privately owned, that implement effective outdoor lighting practices and offer programs centered around experiencing dark skies. (b) Dark Sky Sanctuaries: These are extremely remote and often the darkest places on Earth. They require stringent conservation measures due to their fragile state. (c) Dark Sky Reserves: These reserves have a defined dark "core" zone surrounded by populated areas. Policies are implemented to safeguard the darkness of the core zone while accommodating nearby communities. (d) Urban Night Sky Places: These urban sites strive to provide an authentic night time experience despite significant artificial light. Here focus is on creating environments where people can still appreciate the night sky. (e) Dark Sky Communities: Cities and towns recognized for their quality outdoor lighting ordinances and efforts to educate residents about the significance of preserving dark skies. 47 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM SIGNIFICANT POINTS RELATED TO NIGHT SKY SANCTUARY IN LADAKH • It will be located at Hanle village in Eastern Ladakh as a part of Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary. • It is being set up with the help of Indian Institute of Astrophysics Bengaluru, which is affiliated to the Department of Science & Technology, Govt of India. • Spread over 1,073 square kilometers, it is adjacent to the Indian Astronomical Observatory, the second-highest optical telescope in the world. • It will boost Astro-tourism in India and will be one of the world’s highest-located sites for optical, infra-red, and gamma-ray telescopes. LADAKH- A SUITABLE SITE FOR NIGHT SKY SANCTUARY 20. INDIAN OCEAN TUNA COMMISSION The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, GoI is organizing the 19th Working Party on Data Collection and Statistics of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). ABOUT MEMBERS • IOTC has 30 members (as of May 2023) including India, Pakistan, the UK, France etc. • The Agreement is open to any state that has coasts within the Indian Ocean region (or adjacent seas) as well as any state that fishes for tuna in the Indian Ocean region. • The agreement is also open to regional economic organizations. Source: IOTC • Ladakh's high elevation, cold desert terrain, and sparse population, situated at approximately 3,000 meters above sea level, create an ideal environment for astronomical observatories. • Also, the absence of extensive urban areas preserve the natural darkness in Ladakh and contributes to minimal Light Pollution, fostering ideal conditions for Night Sky Sanctuary. • IOTC is an intergovernmental organization responsible for the management of tuna and tuna-like species in the Indian Ocean. • Objectives: It promotes cooperation among its Contracting Parties (Members) and Cooperating Non-Contracting Parties in order to ensure the conservation and appropriate utilization of fish stocks and encouraging the sustainable development of fisheries. • Headquarters: Victoria, Seychelles 48 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 21. LOKTAK LAKE PROJECT The Manipur Government has raised concerns with the Centre regarding a hydro-electric modernization plan in Loktak Lake. SENGAI DEER LOKTAK LAKE • Keibul Lamjao National Park: A significant portion of Loktak Lake is designated as the Keibul Lamjao National Park. This park is the world’s only floating national park. ABOUT The project is seen as potentially harmful to the Sangai deer and the Keibul Lamjao Floating National Park. Source: IE • It is the flagship Manipur State Animal. • Distribution: Sangai is found nowhere in the world but in Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur. • IUCN status: Critically Endangered • Geographical Location: Loktak Lake is situated in the northeastern state of Manipur, India. It is the largest freshwater lake in the state and is located near the capital city, Imphal. • It holds cultural importance in Manipur and is often referred to as the “lifeline of Manipur”. • Ramsar Site: It is designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in 1990. • Montreux Record: Loktak was included in the Montreux Record in 1993 as a result of ecological problems such as deforestation in the catchment area, siltation, infestation of water hyacinth and paragrass, and pollution. 49 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. HORIZON EUROPE RESEARCH PROGRAMME The UK has rejoined the flagship Horizon Europe research programme, to the widespread relief of the scientific community. Along with Horizon Europe, the UK has joined Copernicus. Source: TH 2. NASA’S FIRST ASTEROID SAMPLES LAND ON EARTH NASA capsule carrying first asteroid samples from Bennu, the carbon-rich asteroid, lands on Earth. ABOUT: WHAT IS HORIZON EUROPE? Horizon Europe is the world’s largest transnational research and innovation programme. • It is open to EU member states and countries that associate to the programme, as the UK has now done after leaving it due to Brexit. • The funding supports international collaborations focused on a wide range of issues, from cancer and infectious diseases to the climate crisis, food security, artificial intelligence and robotics WHAT ABOUT COPERNICUS? Copernicus is the Earth observation component of the European Union’s Space programme, looking at our planet and its environment to benefit all European citizens. • It offers information services that draw from satellite Earth Observation and in-situ (non-space) data. • The European Commission manages the Programme. • It is implemented in partnership with the Member States, the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), EU Agencies and Mercator Océan. The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft released the sample from the Bennu asteroid in the Utah desert of the USA. • The sample containing pebbles and dust represent the biggest haul from beyond the moon that will help scientists to understand better about Earth and our solar system and help scientists to investigate how planets formed and how life began. • Because the materials of Bennu are so old, it may contain organic molecules similar to those that could have been involved with the start of life on Earth. • Japan, the only other country to bring back asteroid samples. • A sample from the Asteroid Ryugu, having a rich complement of organic molecules, delivered by Japan’s Hayabusa2 spacecraft. 50 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM BENNU ASTEROID: • It was discovered in 1999, likely broke off from a much larger carbon-rich asteroid about 700 million to 2 billion years ago. It has seen more than 4.5 billion years of history. • Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets, are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. • It likely formed in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter and has drifted much closer to Earth since then. • It is a small, near-Earth asteroid that passes close to Earth about every six years. • Bennu is expected to come dangerously close to Earth in 2182. • The data collected by Osiris-Rex will help with asteroid-deflection efforts. • After dropping off the sample, the Osiris-Rex spacecraft began a new mission as OSIRIS-APophis EXplorer (OSIRIS-APEX) and headed toward an encounter with the asteroid Apophis in 2029. Source: The Hindu 3. NASA-ISRO SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (NISAR) NISAR will enhance our understanding of how changes in Earth’s forest and wetland ecosystems affect the worldwide carbon cycle and contribute to climate change. ABOUT Source: Business Today • NISAR is a joint effort by NASA and ISRO, operating in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). • NISAR features both L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments, making it the first satellite to use two different radar frequencies. • SAR can operate day and night, penetrating clouds, and adverse weather conditions. • Mission Objectives: Monitoring Earth Changes: NISAR’s primary goal is to measure changes in Earth’s ecosystems, surfaces, and ice masses, offering insights into biomass, natural hazards, sea-level rise, and groundwater. • Global Observation: The satellite will globally monitor land and ice-covered areas with a 12-day revisit frequency in both ascending and descending passes. 51 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 4. COGNITIVE COMPUTING According to IMARC Group’s latest report, the global cognitive computing market size reached US$ 32.8 Billion in 2022. ABOUT COGNITIVE COMPUTING Source: ET 5. THALLIUM Recently, Thallium Poisoning has been in news due to its use by an agricultural scientist to kill her husband & in-laws. ABOUT THALLIUM • Applications: Despite its toxicity, thallium has been used in various applications such as a component in low-temperature thermometers, high-temperature superconductors, and as a contrast agent in medical imaging. Source: Times of India 6. EUCLID MISSION FOR DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY The Euclid mission by the European Space Agency (ESA) launched in July 2023, to study dark matter and dark energy has shared its initial five science images which include pictures of expansive galaxy clusters, detailed shots of two nearby galaxies, a nebula, and a gravitationally connected group of stars known as a globular cluster. • It is systems that learn at scale, reason with purpose, and interact with humans naturally. • It is a mixture of computer science and cognitive science, i.e., the understanding of the human brain and how it works. • It is the third era of computing and now cognitive computing has attracted considerable attention in both academia and industry. • By means of self-teaching algorithms that use data mining, visual recognition, and natural language processing, the computer is able to solve problems and thereby optimize human processes. • The goal of cognitive computing is to simulate human thought processes in a computerized model. • Some examples of personal assistants that use cognitive computing are Alexa, Siri, Google assistant, and Cortana. • Thallium is a chemical element with the symbol “Tl” and atomic number 81. • It is a relatively rare and highly toxic metal. • Globally known as the ‘poisoner’s poison’, Thallium is tasteless & odorless. • Physical State: It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is solid at room temperature. • Toxicity: Thallium and its compounds are highly toxic to humans and other living organisms. Ingestion or inhalation of even small amounts of thallium can be lethal. It leads to the development of nervous and gastrointestinal disorders as well as rapid hair loss. 52 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM EUCLID MISSION VARIOUS FINDINGS BY EUCLID’S MISSION The Perseus Cluster: A Glimpse into Cosmic Depths: • Euclid's lens focused on the Perseus Cluster, capturing 1,000 galaxies and over 100,000 more in the background, some situated 10 billion lightyears away. • The mapping of special attributes and characteristics of these galaxies will help unravel the role of dark matter in shaping the universe. Spiral Galaxy IC 342: Euclid's Infrared Revelation: • Euclid's infrared capabilities provided valuable insights into the stars of IC 342, a spiral galaxy akin to the Milky Way useful for understanding galaxies with structures similar to our own. Irregular Dwarf Galaxy NGC 6822: Galactic Building Blocks: • Irregularly-shaped and small galaxies like NGC 6822 play a crucial role as the building blocks for larger galaxies. • Studying them sheds light on the formation of galactic structures. Globular Cluster NGC 6397 and the Horsehead Nebula: • NGC 6397 is a nearly globe-shaped globular cluster about 7,800 LYs away. • The mission showcased the Horsehead Nebula, aiming to uncover unseen Jupiter-mass planets in their early stages of development. 7. GAMMA-RAY BURST Earth’s ionosphere experienced a significant disturbance due to an intense gamma-ray burst (GRB) from a distant exploding star. ABOUT • ESA's Euclid mission is a space telescope designed to explore the composition and evolution of the dark Universe. • Euclid will explore how the Universe has expanded and how structure has formed over cosmic history, revealing more about the role of gravity and the nature of dark energy and dark matter. • Launch Vehicle: SpaceX Falcon 9 • Destination: Sun-Earth Lagrange point 2 • GRBs are intense and extremely energetic flashes of gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation. • Cause: GRBs are believed to be associated with catastrophic events like the massive stars collapse, supernovae, or the merger of compact objects like neutron stars or black holes. • Types: long-duration bursts, associated with the collapse of massive stars, and short-duration bursts, associated with the merger of compact objects. • Intensity: GRBs release an enormous amount of energy in a short period, often outshining the entire galaxies for a brief moment. 53 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM IMPACT ON EARTH Source: TH 8. FREEMARTINS While classifying the sexes, biological variations have been recorded in both humans and animals. ABOUT IMPLICATION REASON BEHIND THE PHENOMENON • The key reason is the exchange of blood between the male and the female foetuses during gestation. • Genetically, freemartinism is attributed to the sharing of cells carrying the Y chromosome from the male twin with the female twin. • This chromosome initiates male reproductive organ development in male fetuses, leading to incomplete development of the female reproductive system in female fetuses exposed to male hormones. • The end result is that the freemartin has an underdeveloped or non-functional reproductive tract. Source: TH 9. NASA’S DEEP SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS (DSOC) NASA’s Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) experiment has successfully transmitted data via laser to and from beyond the Moon for the first time. • In animal husbandry, cattle that are born exhibiting characteristics of both sexes are called freemartins. • Freemartins are sterile female cattle that result from the twinning of a male and a female within the same uterus. • This phenomenon occurs in approximately 90% of such twin pregnancies in cattle. In agricultural settings, because freemartins can’t reproduce, farmers often identify them through physical and/or behavioral traits and cut them from the breeding herd to improve reproductive efficiency. 54 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ABOUT • It is configured to send high-bandwidth test data to Earth during its two-year technology demonstration as Psyche travels to the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. • NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California manages both DSOC and Psyche. PSYCHE SPACECRAFT Source: TOI 10. JUICE MISSION European Space Agency’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) probe will use “double gravity assist” to propel itself towards Jupiter. ABOUT • NASA’s DSOC experiment has beamed a near-infrared laser encoded with test data from nearly 10 million miles to the Hale Telescope in San, California. This is the farthest-ever demonstration of optical communications. • It has the potential to revolutionize spacecraft communication. It was attached to the recently launched Psyche spacecraft. • Psyche is a NASA mission to study a metal-rich asteroid with the same name, located in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. • The mission was launched in 2023. • This is NASA’s first mission to study an asteroid that has more metal than rock or ice. • Launch vehicle: Ariane 5. • It is the first large-class mission in the ESA Cosmic Visions 2015-2025 program. • It will help astrobiologists understand how habitable worlds might emerge around gas giant planets. • It will provide the detailed maps of Jupiter’s moons (Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa) surfaces. 55 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM Source: WION 11. CHINA’S ‘NEAR-SPACE COMMAND’ China has established the world’s first ‘near-space command,’ equipped with powerful hypersonic weapons (speed atleast Mach 5). ABOUT Source: Firstpost 12. NASA’S PSYCHE MISSION Recently, NASA’s Psyche mission sends signals to Earth from 16 million kilometres away. ABOUT DO YOU KNOW? Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. Double gravity assist: It is a gravity assist maneuver which involves using the gravitational pull of two celestial bodies to alter the trajectory and speed of a spacecraft. • In 2019, the US created the Space Force to handle threats in space. • Near Space refers to the area in Earth’s atmosphere, approximately 20 to 100 Kms from the Earth’s surface, known as the mesosphere. • The Near-Space Command will primarily consist of hypersonic weapons. • The Command will have spy balloons, solar-powered longendurance drones & equipment. CHINA’S VIEW As space is the next battleground, dominating nearspace will provide China with an edge in future wars. China aims to develop a comprehensive advantage over its competitors in this near-space domain. CHALLENGES Maintaining Near Space equipment is challenging due to the thin atmosphere. • The goal of the Psyche mission is to reach a special metal-rich asteroid named psyche that is orbiting the Sun between Jupiter and Mars. • The uniqueness of asteroid Psyche is that it appears to be the exposed nickel-iron core of an early planet, one of the building blocks of our solar system. • The mission is led by Arizona State University. 56 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory is responsible for mission management, operations and navigation. • The spacecraft has a payload that includes an imager, magnetometer, and a gamma-ray spectrometer. • The key enabler for the mission is a cutting-edge technology called Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC), which utilises high-bandwidth lasers or optical communications. Source: IE 57 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ECONOMY 1. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Recently, the 2023 Regional Cooperation and Integration (RCI) Conference was organized by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) at Tbilisi, Georgia where India showcased its PM Gatishakti National Master Plan. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK • As of 31st December 2022, ADB's five largest shareholders are Japan and the US (each with 15.6% of total shares), China (6.4%), India (6.3%), and Australia (5.8%). • It is headquartered in Manila, Philippines. ABOUT ADB CONFERENCE Theme • Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration through Economic Corridor Development (ECD). Objective • Explore ways to integrate spatial transformation/area-centric approach with the ECD and strengthen regional cooperation through a broader approach. • Knowledge sharing on application of the ECD framework and operational guidelines for investable projects. Participation • The conference saw participation from more than 30 member countries. India’s Role • At the RCI Conference, India offered its indigenously developed GIS-based technology though knowledge sharing to ADB and South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) countries for enhancing socio-economic planning and regional cooperation. 2. PM GATISHAKTI NATIONAL MASTER PLAN FOR MULTI-MODAL CONNECTIVITY • The GatiShakti scheme subsumed Rs. 110 lakh crore National Infrastructure Pipeline launched in 2019. • ADB is a regional development bank established in 1966 with the objective of promoting social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. • It has 68 members; 49 are from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside. India is a founding member. • ADB assists its members and partners by providing loans, technical assistance, grants, and equity investments to promote social and economic development. • It is a made in India initiative for integrated planning of multimodal infrastructure connectivity, enhancing logistics efficiency through a comprehensive 'whole-of-government' approach. • PM GatiShakti principles bring socio-economic area-based development as part of regional connectivity. • PM GatiShakti was launched in October 2021. • The GatiShakti scheme subsumed Rs. 110 lakh crore National Infrastructure Pipeline launched in 2019. 58 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • It is a Geographic Information System (GIS) data-based digital platform with over 1400 data layers and 50+ tools. • It provides visual representation of trunk and utility infrastructure, land use, existing structures, soil quality, habitation, tourism sites, forest sensitive areas etc. • The initiative is also being implemented to enhance connectivity with regional partners as well. Some of the suitable examples are: (a) The Indo-Nepal Haldia Access Controlled Corridor project (eastern Indian states and Nepal) (b) Regional Waterways Grid (RWG) project for multimodal connectivity to growth centres and border points. 3. VIABILITY GAP FUNDING SCHEME FOR BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the Scheme for Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for the development of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), aiming to boost the adoption of renewable energy sources. Battery storage, or BESS, are devices that enable energy from renewables, like solar and wind, to be stored and then released when the power is needed most. VGF SCHEME FOR BATTERY STORAGE • To ensure the benefits of the scheme reach consumers, a minimum of 85% of the BESS project capacity will be made available to Distribution Companies (Discoms). • This strategic move enhances renewable energy integration into the grid, minimizes waste, optimizes transmission network usage, and reduces the necessity for expensive infrastructure upgrades. Source: TH Note: VGF, a financial mechanism, bridges the gap between infrastructure project costs and economic viability. It is utilized for projects deemed financially unattractive to private investors due to reasons like high capital costs, low revenue potential, or extended gestation periods. • The government offers up to 40% capital cost support through VGF to significantly reduce battery storage system expenses, enhancing economic viability. • The scheme is strategically designed to harness the potential of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to provide clean, reliable, and affordable electricity to citizens. • To ensure the benefits of the scheme reach consumers, a minimum of 85% of the BESS project capacity will be made available to Distribution Companies (Discoms). IMPORTANCE • The Government of India renews its commitment to clean energy with the BESS Scheme, a significant step promoting renewable energy and battery storage adoption. • This initiative aims to create a brighter and greener future for all citizens, aligning with global sustainability goals. 59 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 4. NEW PAYMENT OPTIONS BY NPCI The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced the launch of the products by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) at the Global Fintech Festival. ABOUT Credit Line on UPI • This product enables customers to access pre-sanctioned credit lines from banks through UPI, promoting financial inclusion and innovation. UPI LITE X • Under this, users can now both send and receive money offline even in areas with poor connectivity. UPI LITE payments are faster and require less processing time. UPI Tap & Pay facility • Alongside traditional scan and pay, it lets customers to simply tap Near Field Communication (NFC)-enabled QR codes at merchant locations for swift payments. Hello! UPIConversational Payments on UPI • It will enable users to make voice-enabled UPI payments via apps, telecom calls, and IoT devices in Hindi and English, with more regional languages to come. BillPay ConnectConversational Bill Payments • Bharat Bill pay has introduced a nationalised number for Bill Payments. With this, Customers can fetch and pay their bills by sending a simple message or by giving a missed call, even without smartphones or mobile data access. Voice Assisted Bill Payments facility is also available. GLOBAL FINTECH FESTIVAL (GFF) 2023 NATIONAL PAYMENTS CORPORATION OF INDIA (NPCI) • It is an umbrella organization for operating retail payments and settlement systems in India, established by RBI and Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) in 2008 under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007. • It has been incorporated as a “Not for Profit” Company under the provisions of Section 25 of Companies Act 1956 (now Section 8 of Companies Act 2013), with an intention to provide infrastructure to the entire Banking system in India for physical as well as electronic payment and settlement systems. Source: Live Mint • This event is being organized through the collaborative efforts of the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI), the Payments Council of India (PCI) and the Fintech Convergence Council (FCC). • Its main objective is to provide a uniform platform for leaders in the fintech sector to come together and build a roadmap for the future of industry. • The theme for GFF 2023 is ‘Global Collaboration for a Responsible Financial Ecosystem’. 60 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 5. MANDATORY HALLMARKING The third phase of the mandatory hallmarking vide Hallmarking of Gold Jewellery and Gold Artifacts (Third Amendment) Order, 2023 comes into force from September 8, 2023. HALLMARKING THIRD PHASE OF MANDATORY HALLMARKING SIGNIFICANCE • Hallmark certification guarantees the quality and purity of gold jewelry. If a hallmarked item's purity is lower than marked, the buyer is entitled to compensation under BIS Rules 2018. • Hallmarking helps protect consumers and enhance their confidence in buying gold jewellery with traceability and quality assurance. Source: PIB • The third phase of the mandatory hallmarking will cover an additional 55 new districts under the mandatory hallmarking system. • Implementation: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has been successful in implementation of Mandatory Hallmarking in districts of the country. • It is the National Standard Body of India established under the BIS Act 2016. • BIS Care App: To verify a hallmarked gold jewellery item, consumers can use the BIS CARE app, which allows them to check the authenticity of the item by entering its HUID (Hallmark Unique Identification) number. • The app provides information about the jeweller who got the article hallmarked, their registration number, purity of the article, type of article as well as details of the hallmarking centre that tests and hallmarks the article. 61 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 6. EDUCATION TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP PARTNERSHIP A 3-year partnership “Education to Entrepreneurship: Empowering a generation of students, educators and entrepreneurs” between the Ministry of Education, Ministry Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and Meta was launched recently. ABOUT Source: PIB 7. AATMANIRBHAR BHARAT ROZGAR YOJANA The Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana (ABRY) has surpassed its initial employment generation targets, demonstrating its effectiveness in promoting job creation and aiding the recovery efforts amidst the Covid-19 pandemic. AATMANIRBHAR BHARAT ROZGAR YOJANA (ABRY) ABOUT & AIM • The scheme specifically aimed to incentivize the employment of individuals, including those who had lost their jobs due to the pandemic. • It covered both employees and employer contributions, equivalent to 24% of earnings, for businesses employing up to 1000 workers. • For larger firms with over 1000 employees, the scheme covered only the employee's EPF payments, equivalent to 12% of salaries. • Guided by the tenets of New Education Policy, META’s partnerships with NIESBUD (Ministry of Skill Development), CBSE & AICTE (Ministry of Education) will catalyse infinite possibilities for equipping the population with critical digital skills and empowering micro entrepreneurs and small businesses. • The initiative launched in pursuance of the vision of making India a skill capital of the world and transforming our Amrit Peedhi into new-age problem solvers and entrepreneurs. • Under the partnership with NIESBUD, 5 lakh entrepreneurs will get access to digital marketing skills by Meta over the next 3 years. • Under the partnership with NIESBUD, 5 lakh entrepreneurs will get access to digital marketing skills by Meta over the next 3 years. • Budding and existing entrepreneurs will be trained in digital marketing skills using Meta platforms in 7 regional languages to begin with. • The partnership will take Digital Skilling to the grassroots. It will build capacities of students, youth, workforce & micro-entrepreneurs, with futuristic technologies. • Thus, it brings the partnership together between the two most important sectors of the workforce, education and skilling. • The ABRY came into effect on October 1, 2020, with the primary goal of stimulating the creation of new job opportunities. • It achieved this by offering financial assistance to employers of enterprises registered with the Employees' Provident Fund Organization (EPFO). 62 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM Source: TH 8. GREEN NUDGES Study suggests, A ‘green nudge’ cut single-use plastic waste in China. GREEN NUDGES Criticism Nudges have been criticized in the past for being manipulative: they are not always transparent and can sometimes bank on ignorance or lack of awareness in people to work. Recent Research A collaboration with a Chinese online food delivery platform revealed that setting "no disposable cutlery" as the default choice, coupled with rewarding customers using "green points," resulted in a 648% surge in no-cutlery orders. This approach holds substantial environmental benefits. DO GREEN NUDGES WORK IN INDIA? Source: TH ACHIEVEMENTS As of July 31, 2023, the ABRY exceeded its initial employment generation target by enrolling approximately 7.58 million new employees. SIGNIFICANCE The initiative has played a significant role in reviving the job market, contributing to the broader economic recovery during the pandemic. • Green nudges are gentle persuasions to influence environment-friendly behavior in people. • In behavioural economics, nudges are interventions that influence people’s choices to make certain decisions without restricting the choices available to them. PURPOSE • The green nudges were a result of Chinese regulations that prohibited online food delivery platforms from including SUCs in orders unless explicitly requested. • In early 2020, China announced ambitious plans to phase out single-use plastics from the country, beginning with a country-wide ban on singleuse straws by the end of the year. • Plastic bags would first be banned in the major cities, followed by a ban in all cities and towns. China plans to reduce the consumption of single-use plastic items in the restaurant industry by 30%. • Zomato, an online food delivery platform in India that occupies over 50% of market share in the space, also has similar nudges on its app. • While the company says that the option to skip cutlery was always available on its platform, it changed the default selection to “no-cutlery” in August 2021. • “Zomato’s no-cutlery initiative was designed to reduce not just plastic but overall material waste. 63 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 9. DELHI-MEERUT RRTS CORRIDOR The maiden voyage of India’s first regional train service, the Delhi-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS), also known as RapidX, is set to begin on a 17-kilometer stretch. DELHI-MEERUT RRTS FUNDING The project has been constructed at a cost of ₹30,274 crore. The Asian Development Bank, New Development Bank and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank have also funded this project. SPEED The RRTS is different from the Metro rail. It has an operational speed of 160 kilometers per hour against the Metro’s speed of 80 kph. FACILITIES The RRTS trains feature several commuter-centric facilities such as overhead luggage racks, Wi-Fi, mobile and laptop charging facility at every seat. Each train will have one premium class car with wider seats, more legroom, and coat hangers. The trains will also come equipped with a vending machine facility. The first phase covering 17 kilometers will cover five stations- Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai and the Duhai Depot. These RRTS stations will be integrated with various metro lines, airports and bus stands, wherever possible. Source: TH 10. PROXY ADVISORY FIRMS Proxy advisory firms oppose Anant Ambani’s appointment on Reliance Industries Limited board. ABOUT PROXY ADVISORY FIRMS The RRTS is developed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC), a joint venture of the Government of India and governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. INFRASTRUCTURE The construction of the corridor began in 2019.The total length of the DelhiMeerut corridor is 82 kilometers which will be covered in just an hour. It comprises 24 stations. It will be completed by 2025. Independent organizations offer research, analysis, and recommendations to institutional investors on corporate governance matters and voting decisions for shareholder meetings, including annual general meetings (AGMs) and special meetings. They aim to provide impartial and expert advice to help institutional investors exercise their voting rights effectively and align their investments with their goals, values, and fiduciary duties. 64 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM IMPORTANCE OF PROXY ADVISORY FIRMS These firms play a crucial role in assisting institutional investors in making informed decisions on issues such as: EVALUATION They evaluate the qualifications and independence of board members, assess potential conflicts of interest, and make recommendations on whether shareholders should vote for or against their election. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION They analyze executive pay packages and provide recommendations on whether shareholders should approve them, considering factors like performance and alignment with shareholder interests. SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS They assess shareholder proposals on various topics, including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues, and advise investors on how to vote. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS They evaluate proposed mergers, acquisitions, and other corporate transactions, providing recommendations on whether shareholders should approve or reject these deals. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES These firms often weigh in on issues related to environmental sustainability, social responsibility, and other ESG concerns. PROXY CONTESTS They offer guidance on contested board elections, where multiple parties compete for control of a company’s board. CRITICISM They have faced some criticism and regulatory scrutiny over potential conflicts of interest and the influence they wield over corporate governance decisions. Source: IE 11. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT AND PASSING OFF The Delhi High Court recently garnered attention by summoning Instagram account People of India (POI) in a copyright infringement suit filed by Humans of Bombay (HOB). • This dispute stems from significant similarities in their storytelling methods, with HOB asserting that POI copied their content. • This case emphasizes substantial legal concepts including copyright infringement, injunctions, and passing off. COPYRIGHT: Copyright refers to the legal protection provided to creators of literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, as well as producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. • The Copyright Act of 1957 aims to safeguard these creative works as the intellectual property of their creators. • In addition to the act, the Copyright (Amendment) Rules 2021, are brought into effect to bring the copyrights in line with other relevant laws • Unlike the case with patents, copyright protects the expressions and not the ideas. • Copyright owners have the right to take legal action against infringers, including seeking remedies such as injunctions, damages, and accounts. 65 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: PASSING OFF: In the Cadila Healthcare Limited vs. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited case, 2001 the Supreme Court ruled that passing off is a form of unfair trade competition through which one party attempts to benefit from the reputation established by another in a particular trade or business. • Passing off involves the misrepresentation or deception of consumers regarding the nature, character, or performance of goods or services associated with rival traders. • To establish a claim of passing off, there must be some form of deception or harm to the goodwill and reputation of the original owner. 12. ICHAMATI RIVER The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways has started work to revive the Ichamati River. The government has declared a part of 63 km of the Ichhamati River as a National Waterway and marked it as Waterway number 44. INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA (IWAI) ABOUT INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT (IWT) India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters, and creeks. It has about 14,500 km of navigable waterways which comprise rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc. It occurs when a copyrighted work is used without authorization, particularly if a substantial part of the work is reproduced. • In HOB's case, the court observed "substantial imitation" between HOB and POI, but the degree of what is considered "substantial" can vary. • It often hinges on the quality rather than the quantity of the copied content. Even copying a catchy phrase from another work can constitute infringement. 66 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ABOUT ICHAMATI RIVER: Ichhamati River is a transboundary river that flows through West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh. Source: PIB 13. ENERGY EFFICIENCY SERVICES LIMITED (EESL) Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), will set up an e-commerce portal that will exclusively feature electric appliances with the highest efficiency ratings. ABOUT STAR RATINGS OF EESL • Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) is a joint venture of PSUs under the Ministry of Power, which was set up by the government to facilitate energy efficiency projects and to work as an Energy Service Company. • The EESL is affiliated to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) that has for years run a ‘star-rating’ system for electric appliances with the highest-rated appliances having ‘5 stars.’ • The BEE has made this rating mandatory for 15 appliances and voluntary for 20 appliances for 2023. • However, the agency includes or excludes appliances from the list as it deems necessary from time to time. • The BEE claims that its rating system, over the years, has prevented 300 million tonnes of CO2. • Appliances with more stars are usually more expensive than those with fewer stars. OTHER NAME Also known as Ichamathi River ORIGIN It is one of the bifurcations of river Mathabhanga and originates at Mahjdia village in the Nadia district of West Bengal. ICHAMATI RIVER IS NOW IN THREE PARTS The longer part flows from the Mathabhanga River, then it joins the Kalindi River and then in North-24 Parganas and Debhata in Satkhira District. TRIBUTARIES Ichhamati River and its tributaries form a large oxbow lake complex in North 24- Paraganas district near Bangaon. SIGNIFICANCE: • This river is the inspiration for many poems and songs. • It also serves as a source of irrigation for the farmers living along its banks. 67 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ABOUT Source: TH 14. BLUE FLAG CERTIFICATION Blue flags awarded to eight Cape Town beaches. ABOUT IMPORTANCE • Blue Flag certification serves as a symbol of high environmental and safety standards for beaches and marinas. • It attracts tourists and visitors who are environmentally conscious and prefer cleaner and safer destinations. • Blue Flag beaches and marinas are more likely to have excellent water quality, making them safe for swimming and other recreational activities. • Local communities and businesses often benefit from increased tourism and economic opportunities associated with Blue Flag certification. • The program also raises awareness about environmental issues and encourages community involvement in conservation efforts. • Blue Flag helps in preserving the natural beauty of coastal areas and ensuring their long-term sustainability. Source: N24 The objective of this exercise would be to “create demand” and encourage consumers to opt for electric cookers, fans, refrigerators and other devices that were rated “five star and above”. • The portal would initially be for businesses to trade among themselves and later be expanded too wider. • Improving energy efficiency is a key plank of India’s energy-security strategy. India has committed to double its energy efficiency by 2030 from 2.2% to 4%. • Blue Flag is one of the world’s most recognized voluntary awards for beaches, marinas, and sustainable tourism boats. • Certification by: Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), non-profit organization based in Denmark. • In order to qualify for the Blue Flag, a series of 33 stringent criteria divided into 4 major heads, namely: (a) Environmental education and information (b) Bathing water quality (c) Environmental management (d) Conservation and safety services in the beaches 68 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 15. NATIONAL EFFICIENT COOKING PROGRAMME Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) launched the National Efficient Cooking Program (NECP). ABOUT BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC COOKING Source: PIB DO YOU KNOW? The Energy Efficient Fans Program (EEFP) was launched and it focuses on deploying energy-efficient BLDC fans, with the goal of distributing 1 crore ceiling fans. • Ministry: Ministry for Power and New & Renewable Energy • To promote affordable and energy-efficient induction cookers • NECP is a subset of the Clean Cooking Scheme. • It focuses on Non-Solar/Electricity-based Induction Cookstoves, aligning with the Go- electric initiative by the Ministry of Power. • It introduces induction-based cook-stoves that offer cost advantages of 25-30% over traditional cooking methods. • Deploying 20 lakh (2 million) energy-efficient induction cook stoves across India, it seeks to reduce the environmental impact of cooking methods, resulting in cleaner air and improved health. EESL has partnered with Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) for the large-scale deployment of induction cooktops. • EESL has partnered with Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) for the large-scale deployment of induction cooktops. • The program is expected to accelerate the adoption of modern electric cooking devices in Indian households. 69 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 16. TRAFFIC COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS (TCAS): KAVACH East Coast Railway officials indicated that the indigenously developed TCAS called ‘Kavach,’ was not installed on the route where the Visakhapatnam-Palasa and Visakhapatnam-Rayagada trains collided. TCAS – KAVACH COMPONENTS • In the Kavach set-up, the railway stations along the route where this tech is sanctioned to be deployed are provided with three components. • Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in the tracks. RFID tech uses radio waves to identify people or objects. • It uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and read information contained in a wireless device from a distance without making physical contact or requiring a line of sight. • The locomotive, which is the driver’s cabin, is provided with RFID readers, computer, and brake interface equipment. • Radio infrastructure which are towers and modems are installed at railway stations. Functioning • The three components of Kavach on rail tracks, locomotives and at railway stations are communicating with each other to monitor train movements, and transmit signals ahead to locomotives. Their function is not affected by visual interferences like hilly geography or haze. • Locomotives communicate directly with each other, sharing location and track ID information when on the same line. Antennas on the locomotives connect with towers at railway stations, issuing warnings to the driver via the monitor. Present Status • Deploying Kavach costs ₹50 lakh per kilometre for the Indian Railways. • Current Kavach coverage includes the 1,400 km stretch in South Central Railway and 200 to 250 km routes from Delhi to Mumbai and Delhi to Kolkata where it is still under testing in patches, installed in 100 kms here and there, not in continuous sections and not operational. Source: TH • Kavach is a cab signaling train control system with anti-collision features. • Simply put, it plays the role of a watchdog over the existing signaling system. • It was developed over a period of 10 years, starting in 2012, by the Indian Railways Research Designs and Standards Organization (RDSO). • Kavach is designed to give out warnings to the loco pilot in case he does not notice the ‘red signal,’ and instead of stopping, is going to overshoot the signal. • After giving warnings on the locopilot’s display, if the pilot does not slow down below 15 kilometres per hour, the Kavach system automatically applies brakes to bring the train to a halt. 70 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 17. INTERNATIONAL CONTAINER TRANSHIPMENT PORT (ICTP) The Minister for Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW) recently inspected the location of the planned International Container Transhipment Port (ICTP) on Galathea Bay, Great Nicobar Island. MORE ABOUT THE NEWS The project is being developed on the basis of investment from both the government and the Public Private Partner (PPP) concessionaire. TRANSSHIPMENT PORT SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT Geo-Strategic • The islands play a crucial role in maritime security due to their strategic positioning within the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). • Improved infrastructure and connectivity will empower India to bolster its military and naval capabilities in the region. Economic Benefits • This initiative aims to diminish inefficiencies in Indian trade logistics, addressing the significant cost, approximately 14 percent of the GDP. Consequently, it will enhance the country’s export competitiveness and open avenues for India to emerge as a major hub for container traffic trade between Asia-Africa and Asia-US/Europe. Humanitarian Aid & Disaster Relief • India has the potential to utilize these facilities for providing assistance during humanitarian crises and offering relief in the aftermath of disasters. Source: PIB • A transshipment hub serves as a location where cargo or containers are transferred from one ship to another for onward transportation to their ultimate destination. • Unlike a traditional port where goods are unloaded and transported to the interior of the country via rail, road, or air, a transshipment hub facilitates the direct transfer of cargo between ships, streamlining the shipping process. 71 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 18. SOCIAL BONDS The first social bonds in Indian Rupees with a "AAA" rating have been released by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). In order to finance and refinance projects that promise energy efficiency, such as green buildings, energy storage, and smart grids, NABARD has launched a Sustainability Bond Framework. ABOUT Source: TH FIRST SOCIAL BOND • The Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC) in Maharashtra’s Pune, and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2020 co-created India’s inaugural Social Impact Bond (SIB). • This is the first externally certified AAA-rated INR social bond in the country. • The bonds, issued privately to eligible institutional investors, are set to be listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) on September 29, 2023. • They have to be held for a period of five years with coupon payments taking place yearly. • The face value of each bond is ₹1 lakh. • These bonds have been given the highest AAA rating by CRISIL Ltd and ICRA Ltd. 72 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) leaders have decided to deny Myanmar the opportunity to assume the rotating leadership of their regional bloc in 2026. This decision comes as a setback to Myanmar's ruling generals, who have been seeking international recognition after seizing power violently in 2021. Philippines agreed to take over the regional bloc’s chairmanship in 2026 at the ASEAN summit hosted by Indonesia. ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) ISSUES • Since the military takeover in Myanmar, security forces have been accused of killing approximately 4,000 civilians and arresting over 24,000 others. • Myanmar’s economy has collapsed with nearly half of the population now living below the poverty line. • Despite clear legal obligations for the military to protect civilians in the conduct of hostilities, there has been consistent disregard for the related rules of international law. REASONS FOR MYANMAR'S EXCLUSION FROM THE ASEAN LEADERSHIP • ASEAN diplomats have suggested that Myanmar's exclusion is related to ongoing civil strife within the country. • Additionally, there are concerns that ASEAN's relations with the United States and the European Union, among other international actors, might be negatively impacted due to their non-recognition of Myanmar's military-led government. • It is a regional grouping that promotes economic, political, and security cooperation. • It was established in August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the founding members of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. • Its chairmanship rotates annually, based on the alphabetical order of the English names of Member States. • In 2022, the estimated total GDP of all ASEAN states amounted to approximately USD 3.66 trillion. • Commodity trade between India and ASEAN region has reached 98.39 billion in the period April 2021- February 2022. India’s main trading ties are with Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand. MEMBERS ASEAN brings together ten Southeast Asian states – Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam – into one organization. BACKGROUND • In 2021, the Myanmar Army ousted Aung San Suu Kyi's democratically elected government, leading to widespread condemnation and calls for her immediate release from detention. • Western governments, led by the US, have been vocal in their opposition to the military-led government in Myanmar. 73 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 2. ISLAND OF LAMPEDUSA European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen recently visited the Italian island of Lampedusa, which is struggling with a surge in migrant arrivals. ABOUT • The socio-economic situation in Tunisia is spiraling with high inflation and a lack of jobs, crippling both Tunisians and foreigners living there. Source: TH 3. WOMEN 20 SUMMIT 2023 Recently, as a part of India’s G20 Presidency, the Women 20 (W20) Summit with the theme 'WomenLed Development- Transform, Thrive and Transcend' held in Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu. The summit aimed to celebrate the power of women empowerment and address key issues related to economic empowerment, trade and investment, and care economy. W20 • It influences the G20 agenda and promotes gender-sensitive approaches to various global challenges. • Lampedusa, which is closer to North Africa than the Italian mainland, has long been targeted by people smugglers. With Tunisia now the main launching pad for Europe, the island today is receiving around 70% of all migrants arriving in Italy. • The boats arriving in Lampedusa from Tunisia are citizens of various African nations, including Ivory Coast, Guinea, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Mali and Tunisians. • There are also a growing number of people from neighboring Libya. These include citizens of Egypt, Eritrea and Sudan, where the ongoing conflict between rival military leaders has already displaced more than 4 million people. • W20, formed in 2015 as a G20 initiative, aims to promote gender equity and women's empowerment. • First W20 Summit was held during Turkey’s G20 Presidency in 2015. • The group seeks to mainstream gender considerations into G20 discussions and translate them into policies and commitments. COMPOSITION • W20 comprises a transnational network of delegates. • Delegates represent non-government women's organizations, civil society, female entrepreneurs, businesses, and think tanks. • The network spans across G20 member states. • W20 India Presidency: W20 India assumed the presidency from W20 Indonesia on December 12, 2022. 74 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM SIGNIFICANT POINTS OF THE W20 SUMMIT • Discussions on breaking the invisible barriers and biases that prevent women from reaching higher positions and leadership roles in various fields were held. • Government initiatives such as Self Help Groups (SHGs), PM Mudra Scheme and GeM portal which allow women access to market and finance are highlighted. • Gender disparities in economic participation are highlighted as women often face inequalities in accessing economic opportunities, including financial resources, markets, and trade networks. • Participants have discussed systemic barriers, such as lack of access to credit, limited property rights, and discriminatory practices, which hinder women's economic empowerment. • Celebration of strength, resilience, and progress in women's empowerment was witnessed. Source: PIB 4. ‘NATO PLUS FIVE’ STATUS Recently, the US Congress Committee recommended introducing legislation to give India ‘NATO plus five’ defence status. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) • Collective Defence: According to Article 5, NATO works on the principle of collective defence, where an attack on any NATO member is considered an attack on all NATO members, So far, Article 5 has been invoked once – in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001. • Members: It comprises 31 member states – two North American countries (USA and Canada) 28 European countries and one eurasian country (Turkey). Finland became the 31st member in 2023. CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP OF NATO • Under NATO’s “open door policy” based on Article 10, membership at present is open to only European nations. • These countries must fulfill certain criteria such as “a functioning democracy based on a market economy; fair treatment of minorities; a commitment to resolve conflicts peacefully; and making military contribution to NATO operations. • New members are admitted with the unanimous consent of all members. • NATO, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance. • Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium • It was established by 12 countries from Europe and North America with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as Washington Treaty) in 1949 in Washington, D.C to provide collective security against the Soviet Union attack in the aftermath of World War II. 75 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM INDIA’S STAND • India refused to join NATO and stated that joining this Western alliance is not in India’s favour. Reference: TH 5. JEDDAH Saudi Arabia hosted a conference for peace talks on the Russia-Ukraine war in the Red Sea port city of Jeddah. ABOUT JEDDAH • From the 7th century AD it was established as a major port for Indian Ocean trade routes, channeling goods to Mecca. • It was also the gateway for Muslim pilgrims to Mecca who arrived by sea. NATO PLUS FIVE • NATO Plus, currently NATO Plus 5, is a security arrangement that brings together NATO and five aligned nations – Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Israel and South Korea – to boost defence cooperation and intelligence ties. BENEFIT TO INDIA • Including India in NATO Plus security arrangements would facilitate seamless intelligence sharing between these countries and India would access the latest military technology without much of a time lag. • It would build upon the US and India’s close partnership to strengthen global security and deter the aggression of China across the IndoPacific region. • • It is Saudi Arabia’s port city situated on the eastern shore of the Red Sea. • It is situated on the maritime trade route connecting the Mediterranean with India, the Arabian Peninsula and southeast Asia. 76 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 6. PAPUA NEW GUINEA Indian Naval Ships Sahyadri and Kolkata arrived at Port Moresby for enhancing maritime partnership and cooperation with Papua New Guinea. ABOUT PAPUA NEW GUINEA 7. UN APPROVED MULTINATIONAL SECURITY MISSION IN HAITI Recently, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has approved the Multinational Security Mission (MSS), led by Kenya, to restore security, protect critical infrastructure and control spiraling violence in Haiti. HAITI • It is the world’s first independent Black-led republic. • The nation underwent about two centuries of Spanish colonial rule and more than a century of French rule. UN SENDING A MULTINATIONAL SECURITY MISSION TO HAITI HAITI'S PLEA FOR URGENT HELP • Haiti faced escalating gang violence, causing chaos and suffering throughout the country. A group of gangs known as "G9 and Family" disrupted the main fuel port and the Capital city Port-au-Prince, leading to a nationwide crisis. • This has resulted in widespread killings of nearly 2,800 people, between October 2022 and June 2023. • Papua New Guinea, an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. • Capital: Port Moresby • It shares a land-border with Indonesia and its other near neighbors are Australia and Solomon Islands. • It occupies the eastern half of New Guinea and includes numerous offshore islands. • Major River: Sepik river • Due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire, Papua New Guinea has several volcanoes and is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. • It is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. Haiti occupies the western one-third of the island of Hispaniola. • The Dominican Republic borders Haiti on the eastern side of the island. Haiti’s neighbours include Jamaica to the west and Cuba to the northwest. • Official Languages: French, Haitian Creole. • Major Mountain Ranges: Massif de la Selle, Massif du Nord. 77 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • Human rights groups report increased sexual violence and crimes against women, alongside mass looting and house burnings, resulting in the displacement of around 200,000 people. Nearly half the population requires humanitarian aid. • The Haitian Prime Minister reached out to the international community, seeking specialized armed forces to counter the gangs and their backers. MULTINATIONAL SECURITY MISSION: ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES • The mission aims to provide operational support to the Haitian National Police, enhance security conditions, protect vital infrastructure, and facilitate the conduct of elections. • The force will have the authority to make arrests in coordination with Haitian police. 8. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW The bombing of Hospital in Gaza has pushed countries around the world to label Israel’s recent aggressions as a “war crime”, and a “violation of international humanitarian law”. WAR CRIME • According to the United Nations, no single document in international law codifies all war crimes. Lists of what may count as a war crime can be found in various branches of international law: humanitarian, criminal and customary law. • According to the UN, a war crime occurs during armed conflict and is a breach of the Geneva Conventions and a violation of international humanitarian law also known as the “law of war”. GENEVA CONVENTION • International humanitarian law, particularly in times of war, is dictated primarily by the Geneva Conventions which Israel has ratified. • Its four central conventions were formed by a series of treaties that took place between 1864 and 1949, with the first one being a shield for the sick and wounded in the armed forces. • The Fourth Geneva Convention, established in 1949, was the first to call for the overall protection of people who do not take part in any hostilities – be it children, patients or healthy adult men. • The 1949 Geneva Conventions have been ratified by all Member States of the United Nations, while the Additional Protocols and other international humanitarian law treaties have not yet reached the same level of acceptance. • India ratified the Geneva Convention in 1950, becoming the 5th country globally and the first in the region to do so. Additionally, India ratified Protocol III but has not signed Additional Protocols I and II. 78 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM Source: TH 9. WHO ARE PALESTINIANS? The Israel-Palestine Conflict is one of the world’s longest-running conflicts. HISTORICAL PALESTINE • It is made up of the current Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. It is referred to as the State of Palestine and the modern parts of Israel. • Both of these territories were captured by Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967. • In ancient times, Palestine was part of the region of Canaan, which was made up of the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel. • This has resulted in constant political conflict, land seizures, and even war. Still to this day, Israel and Palestine continue their dispute over the land. NAME DERIVATION WHO ARE PALESTINIANS? HAGUE CONVENTIONS • The Hague Conventions address the conduct of warfare and allow for reciprocity toward an enemy party. • The Hague Conventions adopted in 1899 and 1907 focus on the prohibition to warring parties to use certain means and methods of warfare. • They are binding on even non-ratifying states as a part of international customary law. ROME STATUTE • The Rome Statute is a treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC), the body responsible for investigating and prosecuting Geneva Convention violations such as attacks on hospitals and historical monuments. • The term “Palestine” is derived from the Greek word Philistia, which refers to the ancient state of the Philistines. • In Arabic it was referred to as “Filasteen” and in Hindi is “Filisteen”. • Another term that is used to describe this region of the Middle East is “Levant,” which is an area generally defined as encompassing modern-day Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. • The Palestinian people are Arabs who live and have lived in a certain geographical region in the Middle East. • Location: Palestine is used to refer to the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River and various adjoining lands. 79 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM Source: IE 10. INDIA-JAPAN FUND The National Investment and Infrastructure Fund has entered into a collaboration with Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) to unveil India-Japan Fund. The fund will have JBIC and Government of India as anchor investors. ABOUT THE FUND • This is NIIF’s bilateral fund, with the Indian Government contributing 49% of the target corpus and JBIC 51%. • The fund will be managed by NIIF Limited (NIIFL), and JBIC IG (a subsidiary of JBIC) will support NIIFL in promoting Japanese investments in India. Source: PIB 11. INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION Sri Lanka is set to take over the chairmanship of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) during the 23rd Council of Ministers' Meeting scheduled for 11th October, 2023, in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It will hold the chairmanship of the association from 2023 to 2025. Bangladesh held the chairmanship from November 2021 - November 2023. INDIAN OCEAN As the third largest ocean woven together by trade routes, commands control of major sea-lanes carrying half of the world’s container ships, one third of the world’s bulk cargo traffic and two thirds of the world’s oil shipments, the Indian Ocean remains an important lifeline to international trade and transport. • The IJF will prioritize investments in initiatives related to environmental sustainability and strategies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, while also working to boost Japanese investments in India. • This joint venture highlights a significant aspect of cooperation between the two nations in an area of mutual importance, namely, climate and the environment. 80 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION MEMBERS Currently, IORA has 23 Member States and 11 Dialogue Partners. • Members: Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. • Dialogue Partners: China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. • Secretariat: Mauritius. SIX PRIORITY AND TWO FOCUS AREAS 12. OPERATION AJAY India has launched Operation Ajay, a major operation to evacuate Indian citizens who wish to return from conflict-hit Israel. • The vision for IORA originated during a visit by the then President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela of South Africa to India in 1995, where he said: “the natural urge of the facts of history and geography should broaden itself to include the concept of an Indian Ocean rim for socio-economic cooperation.” • It underpinned the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative in March 1995 and the creation of the IORA (then known as the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation) in March 1997. 81 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ABOUT Source: TH 13. ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting was recently held in the United States. ABOUT THE ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) • Focus: The grouping’s focus is on economies, rather than countries, which is why Hong Kong and Taiwan, which China claims as its own, participate separately. • Theme (2023): “Creating a Resilient and Sustainable Future for All” for APEC 2023. Members • The current members of the grouping are Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong (which the APEC website refers to as Hong Kong, China), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Indonesia, China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Canada, the United States, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand and Chinese Taipei (Taiwan). India’s Position • India is not a member of APEC. • India had made a request to join the grouping in 1991. • While a majority of members are in favor of India’s inclusion, some have opposed it, citing the country’s record on economic reforms and claiming that it has’ protectionist instincts’. • Another reason for India not being included in the grouping was a membership freeze, which was in force since 1997 but was not extended in 2012. Source: FE • Under this, all those Indians who have registered themselves to return to India will be boarding a special flight. • According to the Indian Mission in Tel Aviv, there are around 18,000 Indians in the country. • Formed in 1989, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation grouping has 21 members. • APEC accounts for about 62% of global GDP and almost half of global trade. • It operates on the basis of non-binding commitments with decisions reached by consensus and commitments undertaken on a voluntary basis. 82 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM POLITY 1. SARNA RELIGIOUS CODE FOR TRIBALS Jharkhand Chief Minister wrote a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi seeking recognition of Sarna religious code for tribals. SARNA RELIGION FOR TRIBALS • The followers are largely concentrated in the tribal belt states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam. • Seeking Sarna code as a separate religious code in the next Census has been a long-standing demand of tribal groups. In 2021, the Jharkhand Assembly had unanimously passed a resolution for ‘Sarna’ code. HOW RECOGNITION WILL HELP? • Recognition as a separate religious community will enable better protection of their language and history. • In the absence of such a safeguard, many in the community have in recent times converted to Christianity to seek the benefits of reservation as a minority. NEED FOR RECOGNITION Source: TH • Followers of Sarna faith regard themselves as belonging to a distinct religious group, and are nature worshippers. • The holy grail of the Sarna faith is “Jal (water), Jungle (forest), Zameen (land)” and its followers pray to the trees and hills while believing in protecting the forest areas. • Believers of Sarna faith do not practice idol worship, nor do they adhere to the concept of the Varna system, heaven-hell, etc. 83 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 2. SAKHAROV PRIZE FOR FREEDOM OF THOUGHT Iran’s MahsaAmini Awarded ‘Sakharov Freedom Prize’ of 2023. SAKHAROV PRIZE FOR FREEDOM OF THOUGHT • Sakharov was a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. • Last year, the European Parliament awarded the prize to the brave people of Ukraine, represented by their President, elected leaders, and civil society. Source: TOI 3. CREATION OF NEW DISTRICTS Rajasthan Chief Minister announced the formation of three new districts – Malpura, Sujangarh and Kuchaman – taking the total number of districts to 53. While Malpura will be carved out of the existing Tonk district, Sujangarh will be created from Churu and Kuchaman from Nagaur. PROCESS OF CREATING NEW DISTRICTS The power to create new districts or alter or abolish existing districts rests with the State governments. • Process: This can either be done through an executive order or by passing a law in the State Assembly. Many States prefer the executive route by simply issuing a notification in the official gazette. • Reason: States argue that smaller districts lead to better administration and governance. • The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought is awarded each year by the European Parliament. • It was set up in 1988 to honor individuals and organisations defending human rights and fundamental freedoms. • It is named in honour of Soviet physicist and political dissident Andrei Sakharov and the prize money is 50 000 Euros. ABOUT • Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) have awarded the 2023 ‘Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought’ to JinaMahsaAmini and the Woman, Life, Freedom Movement in Iran. • The award ceremony is scheduled for December 13. 84 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DISTRICTS IN INDIA Past Trends • The number of districts in the country has been going up steadily over the years. The 2001 Census recorded 593 districts, which went up to 640 in 2011. India currently has more than 775 districts. Highest Number of Districts • Uttar Pradesh has the most districts (75) in the country, followed by Madhya Pradesh (52). Lowest Number of Districts • Among states, Goa has only 2 districts. Among Union Territories, Ladakh has 2 districts and Chandigarh and Lakshadweep have one each. Source: TH 4. ADVOCATE-ON-RECORD SYSTEM SC called for a “comprehensive plan” for reforming and improving the AoR system. ABOUT RULES GOVERNING THE AOR SYSTEM • Article 145 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the authority to create rules and regulate its own procedures for hearing cases. • The Supreme Court Rules, 2013 outline specific eligibility criteria and a rigorous examination that an advocate must clear to become an AoR. • The AoR system in India is somewhat based on the British practice of barristers and solicitors, with AoRs serving as the equivalent of solicitors. • Barristers typically argue cases in court, while solicitors handle cases from clients. • Senior advocates in India are designated by the Court and have a distinct gown. They cannot directly solicit clients and are typically briefed by other lawyers, such as AoRs. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Training Minimum one year training with a court-approved AoR, before taking the AoR examination. Experience The advocate must have at least four years of legal practice before starting the training. An AoR is a lawyer who is qualified to represent clients in the Supreme Court of India. Only AoRs have the authority to file cases directly before the Supreme Court. 85 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM Examination 3 hour test covering subjects such as Practice and Procedure, Drafting, Professional Ethics, and Leading Cases. To pass, the advocate needs to score a minimum of 60% (240 out of 400) with at least 50% in each subject. Source: IE 5. e-FIR The Law Commission of India recommended that “in cases where the accused is not known, registration of an e-FIR should be allowed for all cognizable offences”. Where an accused is known, e-FIRs may be allowed for offenses punishable up to three years under the Indian Penal Code (IPC). COGNIZABLE AND NON-COGNIZABLE OFFENCES • Cognizable offences case means a case in which a police officer can arrest the accused without warrant. • Non-cognizable offences case means a case in which a police officer has no authority to arrest without warrant. ABOUT Source: TH 6. LEGAL LITERACY AND LEGAL AWARENESS PROGRAM (LLLAP) The Legal Literacy and Legal Awareness Program (LLLAP) of the Department of Justice reaches more than 6 lakh people through 14 implementing agencies under the DISHA scheme. ABOUT LEGAL LITERACY AND LEGAL AWARENESS PROGRAM (LLLAP) • e-FIR is obtaining information/complaint through electronic means using a common national portal or state portals. • Verification of e-FIR needs to be done with OTP received on complainant phone and uploading valid Id like Aadhaar. • It needs to be signed by the complainant physically within three days to convert the complaint into an actual FIR. • Since 2012, the Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India has been implementing the Access to Justice Scheme in North Eastern States including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and in UT of Jammu & Kashmir. • Major focus of these programs are on Legal Empowerment of community, dissemination of simplified Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials in local languages and dialects and capacity development of Panchayati Raj Functionaries and Village Chiefs on formal justice delivery system. 86 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM OBJECTIVES • Aims to empower the poor and disadvantaged sections of society to seek and demand justice services. • To improve the institutional capacities of key justice service providers to enable them to effectively serve the poor and disadvantaged. • Use of Technology for enhanced delivery of legal literacy, its Knowledge Products and implementation of Innovative and Holistic ideas. • Mainstreaming legal literacy through building and forging partnerships across Ministries and allied Departments, Institutions, Schools etc. • Developing Indicators to measure Legal Literacy and Legal Awareness in India. • Duration: DoJ has formulated a scheme on Access to Justice named ‘Designing Innovating Solutions and Holistic Access to Justice (DISHA)’ to be implemented during the period of 2021 to 2026. • DISHA aims to merge different Access to Justice (North East& Jammu and Kashmir) programs being implemented by DoJ while simultaneously upscaling them to all India level. • One of the key objectives of DISHA is implementation of Pan India Legal Literacy and Legal Awareness Program. Source: PIB 7. MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE TREATY (MLAT) India has requested evidence from the US authorities under the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) in connection with a recent attack on the Indian Consulate in San Francisco. NIC PORTAL MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE TREATY (MLAT) SIGNIFICANCE • MLATs are used to send a formal request for investigation in foreign countries for: a) collection of evidence, b) examination of witnesses and c) execution of orders of attachment and confiscation of assets. • Through MLAT countries cooperate with one another in order to provide and obtain formal assistance in the prevention, suppression, investigation and prosecution of crime to ensure that the criminals do not escape or sabotage the due process of law for want of evidence available in different countries. Source: TOI • In India, the National Informatics Centre (NIC) has developed an online portal for ‘Mutual Legal Assistance In Criminal Matters With Foreign Countries’ (MLAT), under Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. • The core service of this portal is to handle & smoothen request handling process of Mutual Legal Assistance & Letter Rogatory. • MLAT is an agreement between two or more countries for the purpose of gathering and exchanging information in an effort to enforce public or criminal laws. • As on date, the Central Government has entered into bilateral MLATs/Agreements in criminal matters with around 40 countries. 87 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 8. INDIRA GANDHI PEACE PRIZE The Indian Medical Association and the Trained Nurses Association of India were jointly awarded the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development 2022. INDIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (IMA) • It was established in 1928, in Madras (now Chennai) during the 22nd annual conference of the Indian Medical Congress. • The primary mission of the IMA is to promote the science and art of medicine and the betterment of public health. TRAINED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (TNAI) INDIRA GANDHI PRIZE FOR PEACE, DISARMAMENT, AND DEVELOPMENT Source: The Hindu • It was founded in 1908, in the city of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, during the first All India Nurses’ Conference. Lady Willingdon, the then Viceroy’s wife, inaugurated the association. • It aims to maintain the highest standards of nursing practice, education, and research. 88 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 1. FILM AND TELEVISION INSTITUTE OF INDIA (FTII) The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) has appointed actor R Madhavan as the President of the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) Society and chairperson of the governing council. ABOUT FILM AND TELEVISION INSTITUTE OF INDIA (FTII) • It is also a member of International Liaison Centre of Schools of Cinema and Television (CILECT), an organization of world’s leading schools of film and television. Source: IE 2. RETAILER SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ‘Skill India Mission’ partners with Coca-Cola India to launch the Super Power Retailer Skill Development Program. ABOUT IMPORTANCE • It aims to empower retailers and provide them with training to expand their businesses and enhance consumer experiences. • It can play a pivotal role in strengthening India’s economy by skilling, reskilling, and upskilling the retailers. • It aims to provide 14 hours of quality retail training through the Skill India Digital Portal to 1.40 crore retailers of the country. • It aims to enable a retail ecosystem that will exceed customer expectations, embrace the Future of Work, and provide exponential growth to the industry. • The program is aimed to empower the retailer community in the states of Odisha and Uttar Pradesh, and is being piloted in the state of Odisha. • The program aims to upskill retailers across key states over three years. • It is the premier training facility for acting, filmmaking, video editing, direction, and production. • It is an autonomous body under the Union MIB. • It was founded in 1960 and is officially recognized under the Societies Registration Act of 1860. • It is located in Pune, Maharashtra, in the premises of the former Prabhat Film studios. • The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), working under the aegis of the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, announced a partnership with Coca-Cola India to launch the Super Power Retailer Program under the Skill India Mission. • Skill India Mission aimed at enhancing the employability of the youth by providing them with skill training, by offering various programs to improve vocational skills and make individuals more jobready. 89 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • It aims to provide training to small and micro retailers, equipping them with the knowledge and skills needed to better understand consumer behaviors and their preferences. 3. WHITE CANE DAY The Department of Empowerment of persons with disabilities under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, observed White Cane Day. ABOUT Source: PIB 4. INDIASKILLS 2023-24 Recently, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship has launched IndiaSkills 2023-24 and commended the World Skills Competition (WSC) 2022 winners. ABOUT • World White Cane Day is celebrated every year on October 15. The day is observed to promote accessibility and inclusion for people with disabilities and to increase public awareness of the rules of conduct for the blind. • For visually impaired people, the white cane represents independence and mobility. It helps a visually impaired person move around freely and completes daily tasks. • IndiaSkills 2023-24 is a skill development competition which aims to foster and enhance the skills of individuals in various domains, preparing them for national and international skill competitions. • IndiaSkills is the precursor to the WorldSkills competition. Participants who will excel in IndiaSkills at the national level will take part in the global event WorldSkills. 90 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM INDIA’S PERFORMANCE IN WSC 2022 • India participated in 50 skills and secured its best-ever ranking, 11th position, with 2 Silver Medals, 3 Bronze Medals and 13 Medallions for Excellence. • The participation included a diverse range of skills such as hotel receptionist, mechatronics, Mobile Robotics, Water Technology, bakery, web technologies, and more. • Indian competitors were selected through the IndiaSkills Competition 2021 and were trained under WorldSkills India Experts and trainers. 5. MISSION MAHILA SARATHI Recently, the Chief minister of UP launched Mission Mahila Sarathi in Ayodhya under the Mission Shakti Abhiyan and flagged off 51 ordinary buses. MISSION SHAKTI ABHIYAN • Launched by the government of Uttar Pradesh (UP), India, with the aim of promoting women’s empowerment and ensuring their safety and well-being. • It aims to raise awareness about women’s rights and educate them about legal provisions and support mechanisms available to them. • The government also launched a “Shakti App” to provide women with a quick and accessible means to seek help and report incidents of harassment or violence. • It aims to provide legal aid and support to women who faced legal challenges related to issues such as domestic violence, harassment, or property rights. ABOUT MISSION MAHILA SARATHI Source: Indian Express WORLD SKILLS COMPETITION • The WorldSkills Competition, organized by WorldSkills International is held biennially and involves 86 member countries. • These competitions serve as a benchmark for high performance and offer an objective means to evaluate vocational excellence. • The 51 buses introduced during the launch of the mission will be operated exclusively by women as drivers and conductors. • It will encourage more women empowerment, safety and progress, as a larger objective of umbrella Mission Shakti Abhiyan. 91 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 6. PRADHAN MANTRI ANUSUCHIT JAATI ABHUYDAY YOJANA (PM- AJAY) Merger of three Centrally Sponsored Schemes into the Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhuyday Yojana (PM- AJAY). ABOUT COMPONENTS OF THE SCHEME Adarsh Gram Development of SC dominated villages. These villages would have all such infrastructure facilities and its residents will have access to all such basic services that are necessary for a dignified living, creating thereby an environment in which everyone is enabled to utilise his/her potential to the fullest. Grants-in-aid For District/State-level Projects for those selected under Adarsh Gram component, construction of Hostels/Residential schools, and Comprehensive Livelihood Projects. The main objectives of this component are: (a) To increase the income of the target population by way of comprehensive livelihood projects. (b) Improve socio-economic developmental indicators by ensuring adequate infrastructure in the SC dominated villages. (c) Increase literacy and encourage enrolment of SCs in schools by providing residential schools where required. Construction /Repair of Hostels It is one of the means to enable and encourage students belonging to Scheduled Castes (SC) to attain quality education. Source: PIB • Schemes like Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY), Special Central Assistance to Scheduled Castes Sub Plan (SCA to SCSP) and Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana (BJRCY) are merged into the Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhuyday Yojana (PM- AJAY). • Objectives: It aims to reduce poverty of the Scheduled Caste communities by generation of additional employment opportunities through Skill development, income generating schemes to improve socio-economic developmental indicators by ensuring adequate infrastructure and requisite services in the SC dominated villages. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA • The Scheduled Castes persons living below the poverty lines. • The villages having 50% or more SC population are eligible for grants under the Scheme for infrastructure development. SCHEME COVERAGE • The scheme is implemented throughout the India, except: States: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya & Mizoram UTs: A & N Islands, Dadra Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Ladakh & Lakshadweep. 92 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM 7. AGNI INITIATIVE The Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Sciences (CCRAS) under the Ministry of Ayush launched the Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative (AGNI). OBJECTIVES OF AGNI • Capacity Building: Training in research methods and good clinical practices for interested practitioners. • Research and Mainstreaming: Undertake research for mainstreaming pragmatic practices through scientific validation and evidence-based appraisal. Source: PIB 8. FIRST WHO TRADITIONAL MEDICINE GLOBAL SUMMIT 2023 Recently the two day WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit 2023 was held at Gandhinagar, Gujarat. ABOUT OUTCOME OF GUJARAT DECLARATION • The declaration reaffirmed global commitments towards indigenous knowledge, biodiversity and traditional, complementary and integrative medicine (TCIM). • Accelerate the production, regulation, and formal utilization of scientifically proven TCIM products and practices. • Promote standardized TCIM documentation through accelerated use of WHO ICD-11 for integrating evidence and data collection within routine health information systems. • Establish a global network of TCIM reference clinical centers that can routinely undertake standardized data collection and monitoring based on WHO ICD-11 coding of the implementation. • Platform for Ayurveda Practitioners: AGNI provides a platform for Ayurveda practitioners to report innovative practices and experiences in various disease conditions. • Promoting Evidence-Based Practice: Aims to promote the culture of evidence-based practice among Ayurveda practitioners. • Database Creation: To document successful therapeutic regimens for various disease conditions, involving single drugs, formulations, and procedures. • The World Health Organization (WHO) has released the outcome document of first WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit 2023 in the form of “Gujarat Declaration”. • The declaration will focus on the integration of traditional medicines in national health systems and help unlock the power of traditional medicine through science. 93 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM • Appropriate development and application of digital health technologies, and AI to advance digital health resources on TCIM for people’s health and well-being. • Promote actions at all levels to safeguard, restore, and sustainably manage biodiversity, ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits from its resources, genetic material, and Indigenous knowledge. • Fully recognize, respect and protect the rights of Indigenous Peoples, as provided in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Source: PIB 9. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) Various studies and reports reveal Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) as an increasingly common health issue among modern Indian women. One in five women in India grapples with PCOS, with 60% of those seeking infertility treatments doing so due to PCOS-related problems. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) • These eggs in future take the form of cysts inside the ovaries, but the increment of the male hormones (androgen) produces the follicular cysts in the ovary every month. • Causes: Genetic predisposition, often marked by a family history of diabetes or obesity, exposed to environments that encourage neither a healthy diet nor regular exercise and are stress-laden. • Prevention: Encouraging exercise, stress management, better lifestyle and diet. Source: TH 10. VAGUS NERVE Research has indicated a link between vagus nerve dysfunction and long COVID. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • PCOS is a multifactorial endocrine disorder, a prevalent hormonal condition in women of reproductive age, typically begins in adolescence, impacting the ovaries and causing chronic anovulation. • Symptoms: Irregular periods, hirsutism, weight gain are the common symptoms of PCOS. • Woman with PCOD experience ovaries producing underdeveloped eggs. • It is responsible for relaxing and resting the body after a bout of activity and for a number of vital functions including heart rate, blood pressure and digestion. • It also plays a role in the immune system. 94 / 140

AMALUKA IASA TO THE POINT CURRENT AFFAIRS 2024 MALUKA IAS | 9910133084 | WWW.MALUKAIAS.COM ABOUT THE VAGUS NERVE RELATED RESEARCH • Researchers are increasingly looking at ways through which stimulation of the vagus nerve may potentially help with various health conditions. • Some treatments are already in existence, for instance, an implantable vagus nerve stimulator is used to treat epilepsy and depression (that does not respond to conventional treatment), by stimulating areas of the brain that lead to seizures and affect moods. • Vagus nerve stimulation is also being studied for other diseases and disorders such as migraines, polycystic ovary syndrome, alcoholism, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis and gut disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn’s disease. [Brain activity in a patient before, top row, and after vagus nerve stimulation] VAGUS NERVE’S CONNECTION TO LONG COVID • They’re actually a pair of nerves, one on each side, that run from brainstem, through the neck, to chest and stomach. • They are the longest cranial nerves, going from brain to large intestine, fulfilling their meaning (‘vagus’ in Latin means ‘wandering’) by passing through, or connecting with neck, heart, lungs, abdomen and digestive tract – all important parts. • They are a major component of the parasympathetic nervous system, comprising 75% of its nerve fibers, and are the 10th cranial nerves out of 12. • They work bi-directionally, allowing the brain and body to communicate with each other. • A study found that those with Post-Covid-19 Condition (PCC) or long COVID were more likely to have vagus nerve-related symptoms, compared to those who had recovered from COVID-19 and those not infected, indicating that vagus nerve dysfunction could have a role in the pathophysiology of PCC. 95 / 140