Advanced-grammar-in-use-Martin-Hewings

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IS II ~ 0 52 1 B291 4 Advanced Gra mma r In t:,e w i,h . n, we"
Adva n"ed Gra mma r in t:se
I S B~ 0 .H l ,l n92 2 Adva'Kcd Gr3mma r in L'.., with Cll Rom
Advan,'ed Gram ma r in t:se Cll [{" m
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Advanced

Grammar

in Use A self-study
reference
and practice
book for
advanced
learners of
English

with answers

SECOND

EDITI ON

Martin Hewings

'iliPU CAM BR I D G E
U~ IVER SIT Y PIl ESS

Contents

Than h " ,

1" 'he "ude'" ,on,

T" 'he ,."",h., IX

T ".~.
I Prnm' <o,";n"o". . ...1 p......n' .. mrl< I II

2 I'rcwn' m Ill;"""'" and prnonl ..mplr III

3 P... " ",pi.: a nd p....w", ptrl....1

" P." """""",- """ p..., "mpk
S Pa.. pnk..1 ...d 1'<''' .. mplr
pnf"",6 ~l
"Oflltn llO", an d ptn<'n l prrlfi1

7 P. .. pt<in1 , onion P' " ","",-1 a Dd P'" ,'0<\1;0010'"

8 PTnrn, a nd ~. h IM': _

1k p.,.,.

, lIill . nd be ..... 1<>

10 I'tncn' ..mpl.. and I'f'C"""IC «_on"",,' f.... 1M fut .

I I Futu.... """"""""" and N._ p.d....' 4"".." )

12 Ik In • mfim..""

1J 00:"" ,"'an of ,.Ik,,,,,.t.- II>< I.- _
I ' n.. future _ 0 f...., .... p_

......I.d> -.I _,--.wi.

e-.Ii wuId. I>< <lIhk In a nd b< a/k>.. n11O

\I.,lh \\',ll ..ould anJ UW<! ,..

I"' and _hoc poouhr.hr,

11 '10 and loa. , IllOC l lO

1" S ' l. ..... ~ n«d '0 and ' h,o.< '0

211 ~ -.r:ht 10 an.l " ad hm...

""_'ft.1.PI~"'ll 'vrl>o. IlWOl. ',"

21 Li nk,"fI ,nt>.: p poa<................".,.. II'" ..".

21 fof ... n,. p.a",,'< " ,""'-... t II

l i Fonn"'lt J"" "" """nll.'ft ll t: , ....b • ""II ow ....infi ,,"i.'

2" u.i"", 1-';''''

li R'l"'m n,. wIlh 1"''''''' ..-b., Ie; id .h••.••

nc""16 "'h-<l"""O'" wi'h .. bo h..m hid., aDd who.c

P S ."." "" q......t1"...; 'I ....,,""'; 'I , » ·lth thal-daon.n

\nt- compkm~~lJh()": ..-1>"1 (u/l"".. ,....1>.

18 Verb>, oI>,c.:t> .nd CiOffi!'k..... n!>

1'J V..-h + ' ....0 ohin~•
.JO Verb . '; n~ for m' and ,nhn",,,,, ( II

31 V..-b. 'In~ for m, ond ",hn1l''''' (21

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NUll TO STU llY, USE THE STUDY GUIllE ON PAGE 240 '"

Reporting
.\2 Reporting people', wor d, an d 'hought<

.n Reportiog , talement" tha, -da,,''''

.\4 Ve,h + wh-d ano<
35 Tense ~ hoi~e '" repon ,ng
,16 [{epor'ing o(fe", 'UI\I;eSl'On" orders, ,ntent'o"" ef<,
37 I\-!<"bl verb- in 'epon ;nl;

,n3g [{epo,t;ng what people sa}' U>Lng noum and adie .., ive,

.1 9 Should tha, ·d au,.., , he p'e",nl m hiunn ive

Noun,
40 Agreemenl between ' Uhl"'" . nd ve, h (1 )
41 !\j;ree",enl be,ween ' uhl«-l .nd ve,h (2)
42 !\j;ree",e nr be,w..,n ' uhj"", .nd ve,b (3)
43 Co mpound no un, . nd nOun ph,..e,

Article•. deferm,,,,,,, ""d qua"t,lie"
44 M a n an d one

4-' Alan . lhe and 'w, ' rf,d e (1 )

46 AI. n. lhe an d >e m . ,,'d. (2)
47 AI. n, lhe a" d >e m " Iid e 0 1
48 Some and a ny
49 No , none (of) and not . ny
SO M lICb (o fl, ma ny 1of) . 101 0f, 101' lofl, el<.
.1'1 All {ofI, .. bole, ",.ry, eac h
.1' 2 h ... lin le. I""" fewer

RelJ'i~e d"use, and ,,,her type. of dau,"
$.I Itela' ;ve pronou n'
.14 O'her ,dal, ve words: ..10""" when. wherm }" e".
5.1' P,e p",i, io", 11l rel."ve dau..,
% O,he, way' of . ddinl; ",fo,,,,a,io n to no un ph , (1) : add "i ,m,,1 noun pb..,." erc
-'7 0,10.. way' of adding ",formalio " to no un pb ra (2): prepo"""" .1 ph .."" , <I•.
.\ 8 Part i"ple dause' wi' h . dver bi.1 ",e.n"'g 0 1
.W Parti..,p~ dau.., ".-'tb ad verbi.1 me.n 'nl; 121

Pro"",."S, ,,,h>ri,u,i,,,, and lea~",g o"t word,

I,·""60 Rellexi.. prono un" he" elf. hi", ,,,lf, ,he",.. et~.

6 1 O ne an d one.
62 So a nd no, .. ' ub-mute' lor da u"" , <1:<.
(,.1 0<, ' 0 ; ,u< b
64 M ore on leaVIng " ut wo,d, after a uxiliary 'e, b-
6.1 l ",..ing ou' "'_in fini'ive<

" If VOU ARE NOT SURE WHIOI UNITS YOU NEW TO STUOY, USE THE STU DY GUIDE ON PAGE 240

Adre<l"~' and ad.wb.

66 Po, j,M," "f ad,"e" ....

67 G"d,hlc,n<! non -l\..d,h l" adl""" '" ( I)

68 G..d.hlc . nd non·l\..d. h l" . J I"" " .... (2)

,oo69 P,<t;,;'pk 'd."e, i..... " ""I"", nd aJj""" ...

70 Ad,c."{,wn . ,... in~ni'i"•.inK. ,ha ,·du-< h_da"..,

71 AJjc."{...... . nd .d.er'"

72 Adj...."{'.n.nd ad"",..., """pa,,,..,,.nd "'pc' I.""., 10,....

7l ComPO"".' ph' a"" and d .."""

74 Po.iIlO of ad (I)

75 """ino 01 ad." (1)

76 Ad 1 pL.",. d" ""'. ,nd,~nll" I,"!".......,.. a nd \lID<
n Dqrtt ad.erb- and f ~• •d........

7K Com"""" ad........ and .'.... po'n' a.h"m.

,w,.....tn.B d........ •"J "',.......

79 Ad• ....n..1do of 11 m<

!IO G,vtng ,.,."""" bn:auv. <t<:..; .... and w llh
ol,,,K1 Pu'JIO>" and
in oN... '0. "" b ' 0. <t".

82 Com.....: ..,hou~.nd ,'-~; ..... ' hoootth!if; wh~.,. ..hil" and ..........,...

83 If (l l lor w«<, '0wi.
84 If (2 )

85 If I w... ., you.-;

116 IL.. - and " if and w .....hn- ; <to.:.

- 1"""'_87 ConMetmtt ode a """,~.., and ho<tw..... wnI<n<:n
gg PT<po... of and " .... " ...

~ Iktw and . ''''''''It

"0 P"'POO" """ of lim<
9 1 Ta lk"'lt . houc n.... pn"'..

92 ",""powl""" .her • .,m.

93 ~ .."",• • lIer no"....
~ T...... and rh....,.""",d ..erb-: word and."

~1I!l' '"fomul"'"

'is 110«<' ~ ,....... Wb. ne.
~ 11 •.• 11)

'17 I•••• (2 )

'HI FOOl" "!\' i,-d a..,," and ..ha,...I. ..,,"
9"1 In ...,., (II

100 1" 0" II I

Gram ' .....'cw 201

Glo. " 11 9

If YO'J ARE NOT SURE WlliCH UNITS YOU NEEO TO STlJOY. USlTHE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 240 •

i\ rP'",••h ~ 1 I'n . i rb form. 224 116
i\Pf'tnoJl ~ 2
i\Pf'tnoJ; ~ } 1\.0, .. 01"" '" forms 225
tJ~otl'" ,.h~, pc<>pl.'h"'k or wlu""", h~,.""d
i\Pf'<1'dI~ <4 1..<'lI:~I~r ..... 1>s 21 1

"'~dy Gu.... 2<40 2711
K~ 10 E..",ion H l
K'1' k> Addi ,i< ...al ••«<no:s

""'" II> Sludy Il~io.k 28 1

J r><k~ 282

.i If YOU ARE NOT SUAE WH ICH UNITS YOU NEED 10 STUOY USE T STUOY GUll)( ON PAGE 2<40

Thanks

""I' li,,,I l\I"tn ..·........k,.hk by .....ny I""'rk In wril1ntt.I>< Nit"," al Ad"""c~d G,,,"'.....

", V and , hn t mt1....~. ,"",II <,(,11 he-......., ,n ,h" II<'W nl"...... In "" 1..•• 1 ",'ou1<1 I,k. to

,Iwlk J•.annt \.I.cu rt", . 1 C.m~ l: ' " . Pr.... and m,- ~oIlt.l': and otu<k<lr- ,n 1M

f~"" for Irwtrn.a""lal ",...1,.", Un" <Of l"nwn-o,.,- oI llorm'''ld>a .

for ,hn _ Nil ...... I h••• hnon """,,11y lucky on , uppon I h••• r""n~ from . "U"' ..... oj

kncw.lnjgnt>lo. proln.1olOlUl. and ~ pt<>plt• .' h rpe' h.ad Itu,drd "'. prot<Ct '0

.nnpWflllll w"h , .....u ..........rattrmnlt d VUI d,pkwTw.-,. Ako., c..m!>nd(tt t:",~ ,.

rr....... I ..ould Llt.o rNnk Knry .\b~...n1, X.n' '>no<1 Taylor, Je'an Uud.on . and ....

T (>rain of I'tftnno.-.. nu.mal .., .ad by ~, Olatkn, Fu E. .

" :.lIon,.c..rmoru C.....,.., ~'ll..... Can... Parad, k " lu rd I.n Thnr ."Om"''''''' .

iau.lu..ohk ,n http'....... loITYN.nddarif"h.. panotrlwbook.

'l'hanJ<••I> '"I~.n Ma n ,n. R..... P""...~II 100 L.... S",,,h for .... I• •••".,,"'" and '0 " .......
On.1lJI for.h.nr "~,or. nn 'M fin,.h,N prod ....... I ,,·oul..l aho kk, 10 rlunl< Camb,idjlt l:n;.""",.,

".... f...I""'·mll .... au:.... lo ,tot c...mbrid~. r.......... _ al Corru..

A o ~r n.l ••a.; " .he> u~ Ih. ~"• •.111''''' n. m. ,u~"o'" on bow '.

ough, Imp.",,"', and.~ tu .. hftn ..ry u..iul ;o P'<f"""lt . hi, ~ ~ "ion- Th onk you

for ...,ng ,II. I>clOk .n.J ,. k,ng Ih. lroubk 10 ..."'. '0 m•.

vii

WIl" II>< h oo k i~ for
T he b"ok i, io,<oJed fOT aJvao,~ "uJ nl" of Eo~h,h , h i, wrifleo mdlnll' os a .d f-"",ly b<~)k,
but mighl al,o be u>eJ io d a" with a teach...

How the book i, orgaoised
Ther e are 100 uoit, io the l><w,k . Each ooe I,w>ks at a pa" icul...... 01 ~ramm... S""", ""tioos
within each uo it fuc u, 00 the pa rticul" u>e ol a gcammarical pa" "'o, 'u,h os wi/I he + .ing (.,
in w,/lbe tr,,,,rlling ). O the" explore gcammarical cootra, t" , u, h as whet ....r 10 u'" would or
used to to repo" past e.en", or wheo we u'" ex cept or e",ep t {or. The 100 uoit> are gro uped
uoJ.,. a numbe r o f h. adlng,. .uc h as Tm u. and The future, You ca n lioJ J eta il> 01 this in t....
COOleO" pag.e;"

Each u" it o;<"" i" , of two pag... 0 0 t.... left haoJ pa~e a re cxplaoa""ns doJ example" 00 ,he
right ar. practic'e rei..... The lene.. next to each e..rci", ,huw you which >e<.1 'oo, " f the left
hand pa ~. l'OU n J TO understan d to do that exerei,. . The G rammar Rev,ew pre,. ots exampl..
anJ .. planalion, on are as of gramma r rhat you are likely to have "uJied alreadl' at earlier
"a~•• o f I.arning Engli' h, Altho,,!;h rerm. t<> de""ibe grammar have 1>«0 kept to a minimum
"'m' h..e be.n ind oded, and y"U ca n lind expla"a, ion, of ,....... term, in the GI"'>ary. fou,
Appemlie., tell you al>o ", pa", i....rb form, . b.,ie' '1u",ion form., '1u"",ion, and irregula r
verb•. A oumber of AJditioo. 1Exereise••re i",-'Iuded f", fu" her pTaCliee of paTtieular atea,. You
cao uS<' rlx- Study (;u ide f<> help you J " ide wh ich uoit> 10 "udy .od which .re.. of grammar to
revise io , .... Gcammar R..-iew. You cao ch"k your a",we" '0 ,.... prderi" e" re'..... Add"io ",,1
Exetc i",. and Study G o,J e in the l(ey. The l(ey ai,,, o;<>mmeots 00 ,,,,,,,, of , .... ao,wel"';. 1" ....Ip
you lind the infor mati"" l'OU need the re i, an InJ ex at , he back "f the b,~>k,

How to use the book
It "nOl n"e'-ary ,,, work thro ugh ,he uoi" in order. If you know what ~rammar I""nl> you
have difficulty with, go ' tra' gh" o ,he unit>, hd' deal with Ihem, U'In~ ,he ('.oorent> <>T Index 10
help you lind the reieva", unit. If yo u th iok that it wou ld be u,efu l,o rev,,~ more basi.
info,mat io" bef" .. you read , h. ref...nce material in a unit anJ J o th~ exere'i,.., man~' units
hHe links ar rhe I>onom o f the , eferro",e page poiOling you ", Ihe ,ec,ion " f rhe Gramma r
R<1iiew where l'OU can lind Ihi,. In ,,,me units you will al", lind links I" the Gramma r Rniew

in the expl.na,i"n,; for eumple ' I"" GR :TIl r.

Ii",.y"u edn u>< , he uoi" 10 a number of W'y' , You migitl >rudy rite explanation aold . xamples

d" ,he e" ete"'" <>n ,he opl""i re p.~e, check yo ur a o,we" ,n , he key, .nd Ihen I(~ )k .gain at rhe
.-planation, if you made .ny mi. ,ak",. [I you IU" w.nr f<> pracri", dn drea 01 gram mar you
think yo u alreaJy know, yo u could do the exerei",. li" , .nd , hen "udy the e"pla od" on, lor
any you got wrong , You mighl of " )Ill'" ,i mpll' use the I>ook as. reference b<~)k w"hout J oing
rhe exetci.., .

Vtll

To the teacher

AJ,'~ naJ G,,,m,,,,,, m Uu ..... "'flUrn." ~1f·.(uJy gramma' b"o k bu. ,.ach...., mijl,hl .lso

§nd """"lul l,,, .upplcmcn""II 'ot '''1'1'''"'''1\ ,fltLr d ."mom lu.:hing.

T~ t..~,k w,lI proNhly II< m..... ......h.1 1m •.1'0",10<1 10,,1 « ".len" In. rtfn.n"" a nd pro"-.",,,.

~ Gra mma' Rn lCW "". ...1. , n., b. d , "I ,,,," l><...k ... ....!e ren q-.on ly <ttIi"" which p''''''''IS
.n., wnoboo.." kno wkJl';< on' nurn"', of
" f lI.ammar. Th i. w,lI he "",lui foo- ...U<lcn.. wi.h '0

.""'... a p.rtKuLa • • ~. boot,,« mov,,,,,,,," to 1M mon .J•• ncN mo,...,.I," ,he umn.
."c...S o .tt<mp( h• • """" m.<k to n.ok< ,Il< un,"
d,n~ to " .. tl of J,fh.ully. I" ..... J rou should

..Ira uni.... ,..." • ..., ",It..", 10 ,hr .,lld.... , hal you .r. foll......i"ll ",j<1> ,our "'OOent" 0' "

panicul•• diffiwltin ..i,...

llnt- .... mo."y way. in whl<h y"" m'llhl ..... tho hook .."h . d;..... You might, 10. cumplt.

~ llor UpbnollOl'1' on tho Ion h.and p_ 01. unll, and the u."'i.... for d .."",,,,,m
.......,.,.1."....pr~ or .ct .hom ..
m......1for ...-11 '''00,. Ah n.U1~ly. you mogl" W3n' fO

hc&an w,. h,~ ......,.... 3nd rd.... fO'~ Jef. h.anol P"1lit onl y w .....J..n.. art' ha~,nr; probkm...

You <:oukl also .... p.>nk.",lar un•• or IVOUpo of un'" (, ,,,,h u ,,,,- on "met... or"fbr {tI,......

for ...If... udy if onoli...J....I .. uolm'. art' h.aw"'!t olli~"'lIion..

n.r... .. a ... ci ...deL,.......J h ....,~............ of whor;h can boe .,....J 10 p..md., p...ai<... of

lVatnm..:lt poont< frum a numhtr <Ii ol.ttcnn< ""....

'" ·d~ ...l,,,,,,,. 0/ Ad""""N G,..-". '" V... .. al... awalla...... I. hn no kty and ........
l.....n.n ~ I'kk< '0 ""'" If wlIb ,~" .....1m...

Advaoced E"9Ii~ Grammar in U!>(' Srtond Edition

1/ you h.an al",aoly """,.I ,~ fiN ...l,n" n ci Ad.",,,,,,,, G,..", " .. V you..-in ott..,..,.

....10< d'la~ In , h.. """ ...lm"". Thor """'" N.oc ...u 0/ lVa r ha Mn ....,....l oul

01,,,, ...,n 10'0 a ...,ir........, ,"",,"'" .. ,boe ~k , caill ol, ~ G ramma, R..v "' I 01 tho

rtfco<noor J'IliIn h.a~ br..n .1, _ ,ub.ran"ally. anol so """ """. h.a"" bttn

aoIJN. ..t"" of II.. ..~' po.j\n h.a~ ...."'<'Iy """ .....rei Of many """ q~oon..

Thor hook is "","' a.a' Lobl< .."b or wir....... ' CD-RO M. On , '" CO· RO..t you " ';0 find

I'"'""'" ..-...,..... on d of ,'" unol. lol,1tnC'nr iron> ,,,,- ,n hook ). -0......, a..., aka hundf'C'<h,

oI'nI '1......ion .. and ,.... un ma.... y<>Uf .....n ,nil. Thor CO-RO M can aka bt b<>ut;hr
><p.>rardy.

I

Advanced
Grammar

in Use