The Encyclopedia of World Religions

INDEX 389

also specific figures, beliefs, and practices Counter-Reformation see Counter- Seicho-nole 167, 257
ofPure Land Buddhism Reformation Selassie, Hailc 4
self dcmal 28-29, 111
denominations of 284 lheGrcatSchism71,265 seppuku 329
purification, religious 285 history of 304-305 Scrvctus, Michael 60
Purim79, 112, 191,195, 285 Roman religion 143, 169, 305-306, Seventh-Day Adventists 233, 255, 281,
Puritanism 76, 167, 278, 2S2, 285-286 305-306
Pvthagorcans 99, 100 Rosh ha-Shanah 191, 194, 197 317-318
Rosicrucianism 306 sexuaUty and religion 318
Qabbalah see Kabbalah Riimi329 Seymour, Wilham 268
Quakers 76, 252. 286, 287-288 Rushdie, Salman 321 Shafi'i, Idris al- 330
Quetzalcoatl 36, 309 Shakers 318-319
Qur'an 155, 165, 177, 197, 233, 288-289, SabbataiTsevi231,233 shamanUm 5, 89, 103. 153-154, 166, 172,
Sabbath 121, 124, 194
299,321 sacraments 15, 33, 40, 73, 262, 282, 305, 204, 233, 245, 277, 319-320, 327

rabbi (rabbinate) 195, 196, 262. 275, 307-308 see also individual sacraments, Shankara see Sankara
290-291 e.g- Baptism; Confirmation Shavuotll8, 191, 194
Sacred and the Profane. The (EUadc) 164 Shema 274
Rabia 328 sacnfice 15,61, 66, 123. 225, 308-309 Shi'itc Islam 6, 35, 149, 169, 177, 179,

Raglan, FR, S. 157 in African religions 5 222, 320-321, 329, 330
Rama 291 in Aztec religion 36 histoAof 320
Ramadan 121, 122 in Confucianism 8 Nizari Ismaili commumtv 29-30,
Ramakrishna 161,291 in Greek religion 147 169,321
Ramakrishna Mission 353 in Inca religion 1 70
Ramanuja 51. 350, 352 ofIsaac2, 175, 309 Shmgon 334
Ramayanali, 110, 157, 291 sadhu 161, 309-310 Shinran 184, 220, 284
Rastalarianism 4 Shinto 8, 90, 181, 183,186,200,224,
Rcbekah 291-292 sadhvi 309-310
St. John the Divine, Nev^' York Cit>- 65 234, 239, 246, 280, 285, 297, 318,
redemption see salvation St Peters, Rome 64-65 322-323
Reformation, Protestant 71, 156. 169. 198. saints 233, 310
Sakyamuni 52, 54 adherents worldwide ix
212. 213, 262, 275, 281, 292-293 salat 310-311 historv of 322
Reformed churches 277-279, 286 SaJem witchcraft trials 286, 359
Refomi Judaism 122, 151, 194, 196,299 Sallekhana 329 Shiv: rSiva
reincarnation 5, 6, 124, 294 salvation 63, 72, 145, 281, 311 Shulhan .Anikh 150
Reiyukai 257 Siddhartha Gautama 52, 54-55, 57, 126,
rcUcs 234, 294-295 to Gnostics 120
Salvation Army 283. 311-312 211,221
religion samadhi 365 Sikhs and Sikhism 2-3, 45, 129, 137-138,
Samaritans 312
definition of 295-296 Samhain 150 236,245,252,323-324
stiidy of 296-298 samsara32, 156, 160,259,312-313 adherents worldwide ix
religious experience 297-299 samskaras 161 history of 323
Religious Freedom Restoration Act 77 sangha 237, 313
Rcntmciancs 161 Sankara51,237,313, 350 SimhatTorah 191, 195
Republic. The ( Plato) 294 Sankaracarya see Sankara Simons, Menno 228, 293
resurrection 6, 91, 189-190, 299-300 Santa Claus 76 sm 324-325
Revelation, book of 17, 19, 20,47, 91. 155. Santeria 3, 309,313-314
222, 300 Sarah(Sarai)2, 314 original 33,60,324
Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism 203, 366, Saraswati 143, 314 Sirach 357
367, 368 Satan 13,95-96,120,314 Sita 143
Rissho Kosei Kai 257 sati (widow burning) 122, 329 sitting meditation 101
rites of passage 5, 40, 42. 161. 174, Satumatia, Rtiman 79 Siva 27, 45, 50, 90, 210, 318, 325.
300-303, 302 see also individual rites of Saul (king of Israel] 245, 315
Saul, the aposUe see Paul, the apostle 325-326
passage Savonarola 102. 164 Sivaratii 158,326
Ritschl.Albrcchtll7 Schlcicrmacher, Fnedrich 278, 295 Skeptics 33
Schmidt, Wilhetai 16 slavery 3, 180, 282
rinial 303-304 Schneersohn, Rabbi Mcnachcm Mendel Small Catechism 214
Roberts. Oral 154 Smenkhkare 7
Robcrison, Pat42. 115 151.231 Smith, Joseph 13-14, 208, 209, 280, 353
Roman Catholicism 1, 27, 90, 94, 1 13, science and rehgion 315-316 Smith, W. Robertson 16
Science of Mind 255 Smith, William Robertson 346
119, 122, 123, 143, 145, 169, 171, Scientolog>- 316 Smyth, John 41
198, 210, 2 1 1, 224, 227. 233-234. Scopes trial 115. 117 Societ>' of Friends see Quakers
236. 237, 246, 262, 264, 271-272, Scorns, Duns 128, 224
279, 280, 285, 294, 304-305, 307, scripture 316-317 Society of Jesus see Jesuits
308, 309, 310, 318, 328, 346, 349, seated meditation 366, 368 Socrates 197
351,352,353 sects and cults, religious 88 Socn, Shaku 58
Soka Gakkai 58, 186, 257, 258, 326
adherents worldwide ix Sol InWctus 329
African Americans and 3 Solomon 186, 326-327
in the Amcncas 74-75, 304 Soto school of Zen Buddhisim 366
Soto Zen 101
soul, concepts of 327
Southern Baptist Convention 41
Southern Chnstian Leadership Conference 3
speaking in tongues 268, 269-270
Spencer, Herbert 117

390 THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD RELIGIONS

Spinoza, Baruch 138 Torah 46-17, 46, 150. 239-240, 267, 345. Watts, Isaac 83
spirit possession 327-328 345-346 Weber, Max 279, 356
spiritualism 255, 256, 327 Wcslcv, Charles 245, 356
totemism 16, 104, 346 Weslei, John 14, 114,231,232,268,275,
adherents worldwide ix Trent, Council of 213, 293, 304, 346
Spring and Autumn Annab 69 tricksters 79, 167, 346-347 356-357
Staxhawk 142 Trinit>- 190, 347 WhcaUcv', Paul 23
stnicturalism 210 Tsunesaburo, Makiguchi 326 When Bad Tlnngs Happen to Good PeopU
stupas 294, 328 Turner, Viaor 303
Sufism 90, 233, 328-329 Tutankhamen 7 ( Kushner) 341
suicide and religion 329 Tvlor, Edward Bumen 16, 102, 104, 117, WhirUng dervishes 90, 329
Sukltot 118, 191,194 White, Ellen Harmon 316-317
295 Wiescl, EUc 164, 341
Summa Thiologica (Aquinas) 21 WiUiam of Ockham 128
sun and religion, the 329 u Wdliams, Roger 286
Sunni Islam 149, 169, 177, 179,329-330 Winti3
Supreme Coun decisions, US. 10, 77, 165, ulama 330 wisdom literattire 357-358
Umar 320 Wisdom of Solomon 357, 358
309 Underbill, Eveh-n 248 witchcraft 4, 96, 152, 174, 358-359
Unification Church, Christian 204 Wodziwob 135, 172
DSuzuki, T. 58, 367 women in the clerg>' 83, 122, 196, 215,
United Church of Christ 83
Swaggart, Jimmv 269 Umted Methodist Church 231 290-291 see also feminism
sweat lodge 330-331 unit\' 255 Worid Council of Churches 282
Snidlcr, Leonard 98 untouchables ( Dalits) 63, 64 World Meisianity 257
s\'mbolism inrclig]on331 Upanishads 32, 51, 124, 159, 161. 273, worship 359-361
s^Tiagogucs 25, 26, 195, 331-332 Wotan 361
348, 350 sec also Vedanta Wovoka 135, 172
uboo 104, 105, 263, 333 Uthman 320 Writings, the (Ketuvim) 46, 46. 91
Tai Chi 339 B.i<-iP«207,337
Talmud 150, 165, 333-334 Vajravana ("Diamond Vehicle") 55, 334,
Tantnsm 59, 103, 159, 166,205,211,318. Xenophanes 139, 296
335 Xerxes (Persian emperor) 112, 370
334-336, 362, 363
histor>'of 334 Valdcs, Peter (Waldo) 355 Yama 362
vantra 335, 362
Taoism 6, 14, 69, 76, 99, 154, 207-208, Valentinus 136 "Yigdal" 299
236, 237, 253, 328, 337-339, 338, 363 yin-yang theory 69, 168, 362-363, 363
in China 69 Van Braght. Thicleman 1-222 yoga 148, 161, 201, 220, 248, 363-365,
histo^^of337 Van Gennep, Arnold 300-301
364
Tao tc ching 69, 207, 336-337, 337, 338 Varitncs of Religious Expcrimcc, Th: James) Yom Kippur91, 121, 122, 191, 194
Tara339 ( Young, Brigham 208
Tathagata 339
Tauler, Johannes 102 282 Zaradiustra 11 1, 281, 309,366, 370
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 117 zazen 101,366,368
temples 25, 26 vama s>-stem 63-64, 160 Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
Ten Commandments 86, 117, 340, 346 Vaticari Councils 349
Tendai Buddhism 211 lPirsig)58
Tenjur 344 First 305, 349 Zen Buddhism 27, 54, 69, 99, 101, 184,
Tcnochtitlin 36
Tenrikvo 90, 186, 256, 340 Sccond98, 305, 349 275, 337. 366-368 sec also specific fig-
Veda 159, 173, 348, 349-350 ures, beliefs, and practices ofZen
Thales'l47 Vedanta 348, 350 sec also Upanishads Buddhism
theodicy' 340-341 Vcdanu Hinduism 32, 159, 248, 316, 350
Theodosius (Roman emperor) 71 m America 58, 367, 368
thcolog>- 341-343 Vedanta Socict\- 161-62, 353
Theosophical Society 57 Rinzai school of 203. 366, 367, 368
theosophv 137, 343 Venus (Aphrodite) 3, 142, 147, 170, Soto school of 366
Thcravada Buddhism 49, 54, 55, 57, 97. Zend .Vesu 368, 370
350-351 Zeus 124. 142. 145. 147. 368-369, 369
258-259, 273 ziggurats 37
Vietnamese religion 351 Ziomsm 151. 194.231,369-370
Thirt\--ninc Arucles 14 zodiac 30, JO
Thomas, gospel of 143-144 Virgil 110,351 Zoroastnanisra 5, 20, 96, 111,116, 123,
Thor 343 sirgin birth 223, 351-352 155, 156, 196, 236, 238, 265, 280,
Vishnu 45, 50, 124, 210. 352-353 311, 341, 366, 368, 370-371
Thorcau, Henr^' Da«d 161, 201 \Tsions43. 121.133, 172,353 history of 370
Tibetan Buddhism 43. 220. 227, 246. 334, Zwingli, Huidrich 292
visualization 227
339, 344-345
Tibetan religion 93, 224, 343-345 Vivekananda 161, 353
T'ien-t'ai Buddhism 69
TUak, B, G. 44 Voltaire 295, 341
Tillich, Paul 1 19, 234, 295, 342 von Zinzendorf, Nikolaus 357
Tishah Be'Av 191 Voodoo 3, 327. 353-354, 353
Titus (Roman emperor) 331
TUloc36 w

Wach, Joachim 295
Waldcnsians 174,355

Waldo (Peter Valdcs) 355
WaUace.A R. 117
War Cry, The 311
Warithuddin Muhammad 180, 181
water and religion 355-356







The Encyclopedia of World Religions

Religion is one of the most important areas of iiuman life. Yet it is often difficult
to obtain information on tiiis broad and diverse subject tliat is not only accessible
and interesting to young adult readers but also rigorously objective and impartial.

Geared specifically toward students. The Encyclopedia of World Religions con-
tains nearly 500 entries, providing accurate, unbiased information on all the

—world's religious traditions from prehistoric times to the present. Comprehensive

coverage includes:

Religion of the ancient Greeks, Romans, Celts, Mayans, and Aztecs
The major religions practiced around the world today, including
Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism
Religions practiced within the United States
Religions of contemporary indigenous peoples
Key leaders and thinkers, such as Lao-tzu, Jesus Christ, John Calvin,
*, Gobind Singh, and Confucius
Symbols and ideas, including angels, soul, death, and justice
Major theorists, such as Emile Durkheim, Mircea Eliade, James
George Frazer, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Bronislaw Malinowski
Terms and definitions, including animism, dynamism, fiinctionalism,
and totemism.

Extensively cross-referenced to allow for a deeper and more thorough understand-
ing of each topic, the encyclopedia also features dozens of photographs, drawings,
maps, tables, and charts that enrich and clarify the text. The topical outline at the
end of the volume, which organizes all the entries under main headings for quick
and easy reference, further helps make this an indispensable source for all students.

Robert S. Ellwood is professor of religion at the University of Southern California
in Los Angeles.

Gregory D. Alles chairs the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at
Western Maryland College in Westminster, Maryland.

Cover design by Dorothy Wachtenheim
Cover images C PhotoDisc, Inc.

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