BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (AP224)
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UITM CAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK
COURSEWORK – SURFACE, SUBSURFACE WATER DRAINAGE
COURSES : CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV
CODE COURSES : BQS 552
PROGRAMME : AP224
CLASS : 4A
LECTURER’S NAME : DR SYED AHMAD QUSOIRI SYED ABDUL KARIM
SUBMISSION : 8th JULY 2022 / WEEK 13
PREPARED BY:
STUDENT’S NAME STUDENT ID
NURUL IZZATI BINTI ABDUL HALIM 2021606694
NORAZRINA BINTI AZRI 2021868358
NORIZATI HUSNA BINTI KAMARUDDIN 2021852842
WAN IZZATI SYAFIQAH BINTI WAN AZIZAN 2021491836
Table of Contents
CONTENT OF FIGURE.................................................................................................................... 4
CONTENT OF TABLE...................................................................................................................... 5
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 6
TASK 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 7
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................. 8
2.0 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Types of drainages ........................................................................................................ 8
2.1.1 Subsurface Drainage System .................................................................................... 8
2.1.1.1 Advantages of surface drainage system (Krishi Shiksha, 2013).................... 8
2.1.1.2 Disadvantages Subsurface Drainage (Riyo, 2019)........................................... 9
2.1.2 Surface Drainage Systems ........................................................................................ 9
2.1.2.1 Advantages surface water drainages (Sharaf Bidisha, 2019)......................... 9
2.1.2.2 Disadvantages surface water drainages (Riyo,2019) .................................... 10
2.1.3 Slope drainage system............................................................................................. 10
2.1.3.1 Advantages slop drainage (Alif Eja, 2014) ...................................................... 10
2.1.3.2 Disadvantages slop drainage (Alif Eja, 2014) ................................................. 11
2.1.4 Downspout and gutter systems .............................................................................. 11
2.1.4.1 Advantages downspout and gutter systems (PJ roofing, 2016) .................. 11
2.1.4.2 Disadvantages downspout and gutter systems (PJ roofing, 2016) ............. 12
3.0 SURFACE DRAINAGE ..................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Types available............................................................................................................. 12
3.1.1 Opens drains.......................................................................................................... 12
3.1.2 Humps and hollows .............................................................................................. 13
3.1.3 Levees..................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.4 Grassed waterways............................................................................................... 14
4.0 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE ............................................................................................. 15
4.1 Types Available ............................................................................................................ 15
4.1.1 Mole Drainage ........................................................................................................ 15
4.1.2 Pipe Drains............................................................................................................. 16
4.1.3 Deep Open Drains ................................................................................................. 17
4.1.4 Interceptor Drain ................................................................................................... 17
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4.0 MAJOR COMPONENTS................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Land Forming ............................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Field drains and field laterals ..................................................................................... 18
5.0 TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS .......................................................................... 19
6.0 MATERIAL USED ............................................................................................................. 20
6.1 Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage Pipes................................................................. 20
6.2 PVC Drainage Pipes..................................................................................................... 21
6.3 Concrete Drainage Pipes ............................................................................................ 22
6.4 Clay Drainage Pipes .................................................................................................... 23
6.5 Cast Iron Drainage Pipes ............................................................................................ 24
6.6 Copper Drainage Pipes ............................................................................................... 25
7.0 STANDARD GUIDELINES ............................................................................................... 26
8.0 PRINCIPLE OF GOOD DRAINAGE ................................................................................. 27
TASK 2 .................................................................................................................................... 29
9.0 CASE STUDY 1................................................................................................................. 30
9.1 Project Background......................................................................................................... 30
9.2 Parties Involved ............................................................................................................... 31
9.3 Type of Construction....................................................................................................... 32
9.4 Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 33
9.5 The Material Used ............................................................................................................ 34
9.5.1 Precast Concrete U drain......................................................................................... 34
9.5.2 Culvert ........................................................................................................................ 35
9.5.3 Wetland species ........................................................................................................ 35
9.6 Construction Process ..................................................................................................... 37
9.6.1 Construction of Engineered waterways................................................................. 37
9.6.2 Construction of Wetland. ......................................................................................... 38
9.7 Safety Procedures ........................................................................................................... 39
9.8 Problem Occurred and Step Taken ............................................................................... 40
9.8.1 Problem Occurred..................................................................................................... 40
9.8.2 Step Taken ................................................................................................................. 41
10.0 CASE STUDY 2............................................................................................................... 42
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10.1 Project Background....................................................................................................... 42
10.2 Parties Involved ............................................................................................................. 44
10.3 Type of Construction .................................................................................................... 45
10.4 Procedures ..................................................................................................................... 46
10.5 The Material Used .......................................................................................................... 46
10.5.1 Precast Concrete Segments (Single ring-shaped steel reinforced lining
segments) ........................................................................................................................... 46
10.5.2 Cement Grout For Soil Stabilization..................................................................... 47
10.6 Construction Process ................................................................................................... 48
10.6.1 Tunnelling Process................................................................................................. 48
10.6.2 Road Construction.................................................................................................. 50
10.7 Safety Procedures ..................................................................................................... 50
10.8 Problem Occurred in Smart Tunnel Project and Steps Taken to Resolve Them... 51
11.0 COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO LOCAL PROJECT STUDIES .................................. 53
12.0 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 58
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 59
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CONTENT OF FIGURE
Figure 1; Open Drains ......................................................................................................................12
Figure 2; Humps and hollow drainage ............................................................................................13
Figure 3; Levees.................................................................................................................................14
Figure 4; Grassed Waterways..........................................................................................................14
Figure 5; Subsurface water drainage ..............................................................................................15
Figure 6; Mole drainage ....................................................................................................................16
Figure 7; Pipe drains..........................................................................................................................16
Figure 8; Deep open drains after and before installation .............................................................17
Figure 9; Interceptor drain.................................................................................................................18
Figure 10; Corrugated polyethylene drainage pipe.......................................................................20
Figure 11; PVC Drainage Pipes.......................................................................................................21
Figure 12; Concrete Drainage Pipes...............................................................................................22
Figure 13; Clay Drainage Pipes .......................................................................................................23
Figure 14; Cast Iron Drainage Pipes...............................................................................................24
Figure 15; Copper Drainage Pipes ..................................................................................................25
Figure 16; Location of The Drainage Improvement Project in Melaka.......................................30
Figure 17; Existing Stormwater Drainage System ........................................................................31
Figure 18; Section View of Precast Concrete U Drain and Culvert............................................34
Figure 19; Schematic Diagram for Drainage System in this Project ..........................................37
Figure 20; The Flood Area and Area of The Drain........................................................................40
Figure 21; Stormwater Drainage System .......................................................................................41
Figure 22; SMART Tunnel Project...................................................................................................42
Figure 23; SMART Tunnel Sectional View.....................................................................................43
Figure 24; Three mode operation in SMART project....................................................................44
Figure 25; Precast Concrete Segments..........................................................................................46
Figure 26; Cement Grout Between Concrete Segment and Surrounding Rocks.....................47
Figure 27; Cut and cover method and Tunnelling Boring Machine(TBM) .................................48
Figure 28; Tunnel Lining Work Progress ........................................................................................49
Figure 29; Road Deck Construction ................................................................................................50
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CONTENT OF TABLE
Table 1; Advantages and disadvantages of corrugated pipe ......................................................21
Table 2; Advantages and disadvantages of PVC drainage pipes ..............................................21
Table 3; Advantages and disadvantages of concrete pipes........................................................23
Table 4; Advantages and disadvantages clay drainage pipe......................................................24
Table 5; Advantages and disadvantages of cast iron pipe ..........................................................25
Table 6; Type and Application of Copper Pipe ..............................................................................26
Table 7; Parties involved in Drainage Improvement in Melaka...................................................32
Table 8; Wetland Species .................................................................................................................36
Table 9; Parties Involved in SMART Project..................................................................................45
Table 10; Comparative Studies........................................................................................................53
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The evacuation of surface or subsurface water from a specified region is known as drainage.
All plumbing on private or public land that conveys sewage, rainfall, and other liquid waste to
a place of disposal is considered a drainage system. So, basically in a simple word, drainage
systems consist of surface, subsurface water drainage and pipeworks. These three processes
need to be operated together purposely to fulfill the drainage system principal objective which
is to collect and eliminate waste matter in a systematic manner in order to keep a building
healthy. It is also intended to dispose of waste water as fast as possible while also keeping
gas from sewers and septic tanks away from residential areas. Aside from that, those systems
are critical in preventing flooding, which clearly causes harm to the surrounding environment
(Staydry, 2019). Thus, it is critical for the engineers to consider if the suggested drainage
design would have any negative impact on the neighbourhood. While for the community, they
should not misuse the drainage functions otherwise the drainage sytem would fail.
According to James Gallagher (2022), surface water drainage is simply the gathering
of rainfall on a property that escapes to surrounding drains before entering the sewage system
while the subsurface water drainage is the act of removing water that has infiltrated into the
soil in excess of the amount that capillary forces can hold against gravity. As for the pipeworks,
it is defined as any pipe used to divert water from one location to another (Fausey, 2005). To
acknowledge more on how these three elements function, this report will elaborate more on
the types, major components, typical construction process, materials used and standard
guidelines or procedure that were available in those elements. Apart from that to have a clear
view regarding this topic, we are going to investigate the project of Drainage Improvement
from Maktab Perguruan Melayu Melaka to Taman Peringgit Jaya, Melaka and SMART Tunnel.
So, from this case study, we will have a clear understanding on how the drainage systems
work and the challenges they need to face in order to make the project successful.
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TASK 1
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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Drainage is the removal of surface or subsurface water from a specific location. Drainage
systems encompass any plumbing on a private or public property that transports sewage,
rainfall, and other liquid waste to a place of disposal. According to School of PE (2017) the
primary goal of a drainage system is to collect and eliminate waste materials in a systematic
manner to maintain healthy conditions in a structure. Drainage systems are designed to
dispose of wastewater as fast as feasible and to avoid sewage and septic tank gases from
accessing residential areas. Effectively trapping and spreading runoff water is vital because
we need it to water our flora without drowning it (Nick Maier, 2021). Collecting water is also
utilized to regenerate an area's freshwater supply. The longer water remains on a surface, the
more sensitive it is to contaminants. The sorts of drainage systems will offer you a better
knowledge of their duties and how they operate together.
2.1 Types of drainages
2.1.1 Subsurface Drainage System
A French drain is another name for a subsurface drainage system. To eliminate surplus
water at the root level, subsurface drains are installed beneath the top layer of soil. Subsurface
drains necessitate the excavation of deep ditches and the installation of subterranean pipes,
as well as the erection of a huge collector drain to gather water from the pipes. Subsurface
drainage systems are meant to evacuate water quickly and prevent it from reaching or harming
the roadbed. It gradually lowers the water table in a certain area. The drains might be parallel
or perpendicular to the flow direction of ground water. Poorly drained lands are frequently
topographically placed in such a way that they may be farmed with little or no erosion risk
when drained. Many soils with poor drainage system are among the most productive soils on
the planet when appropriately drained.
2.1.1.1 Advantages of surface drainage system (Krishi Shiksha, 2013)
a) Soil aeration for optimum root growth and favourable soil microbes.
b) Extended growth season due to earlier feasible planting dates.
c) Less chance of negatively influencing soil tilth by tillage at high soil water levels.
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d) Enhancement of ground water problems because of tillage, planting, and harvesting
machine operation.
e) Elimination of harmful chemicals, like salts, that inhibit plant development in some soils.
f) Increased water storage capacity, resulting in reduced runoff and a reduced water
table after storms.
2.1.1.2 Disadvantages Subsurface Drainage (Riyo, 2019)
a) High initial and maintenance cost
b) Subsurface drainage systems can contribute to contamination issues.
c) Not effective to remove the water ponds due to surface sealing or shallow compact
layer.
d) Drain will discharge water if the soil has high nitrate concentrations.
2.1.2 Surface Drainage Systems
Sevenhuijsen’ (n.d.) define surface drainage, the oldest drainage practice as the
diversion or orderly evacuation of surplus water from the land surface via improved natural or
artificial channels, augmented when needed by shape and levelling of the landmass to such
channels. Surface drainage is most used on flat terrain when sluggish infiltration, limited
permeability, or restrictive layers in the profile hinder quick absorption of high-intensity rainfall.
By accelerating flow to an exit without generating siltation or soil erosion, the drainage system
is meant to avoid ponding and prevent extended saturation. Surface drainage advances are
strongly related to irrigation and erosion and sediment control developments since both
activities deal with same boundary circumstances in a variety of ways, albeit with distinct
purposes.
2.1.2.1 Advantages surface water drainages (Sharaf Bidisha, 2019)
a) No contemporary temporary technology is required to handle the erection; local
traditional knowledge suffices.
b) Less financial assistance.
c) The best method for short-term water supply.
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d) If the drainage system is further away, just use longer tubes.
e) Function efficiently at low filtering rates.
f) Minimal capital and no energy costs
2.1.2.2 Disadvantages surface water drainages (Riyo,2019)
a) Standing water can injure plants, mostly by limiting root respiration.
b) The slope of the soil has a signicant impact.
c) Erosions area common in the grooves.
d) Water is lost due to percolation
2.1.3 Slope drainage system
A slope drain is a drainage system that transports concentrated runoff from the top of
a hill to a sediment basin, ditch, or channel at the slope's base. Water collects above a
disturbed slope (cut or fill) and is channelled to a collecting point at the slope drain's entrance.
(School of PE, 2017). The slope drain prevents collected runoff from flowing across slopes
that are prone to erosion or slope failure. The slop drain discharge should be channelled into
a stabilised water course, riprap, or silt basin. Slope drainage is a crucial element of
guaranteeing a slope's future stability. CAN Engineer Certaint, 2022) clarify that, it lowers
groundwater levels and enables water to drain down without causing harm to the slope or
infrastructure below.
2.1.3.1 Advantages slop drainage (Alif Eja, 2014)
a) Construction costs are low.
b) Aids in the flow of rainwater during a rainy day; aids in the prevention of sediment.
c) Controls the flow and pace of rainwater
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2.1.3.2 Disadvantages slop drainage (Alif Eja, 2014)
a) Can be pricey due to the length of the drainage requiring more employees if the
construction distance is long.
b) Cannot withstand high volume rainfall level
c) Because slope drainage is made of concrete, it might break up if there is ground
movement.
2.1.4 Downspout and gutter systems
Downspouts and gutter systems are a structure's first line of defence against
stormwater oversaturation. It was frequently channelled through an aluminium extension,
hidden drainpipe, rain bucket, or other alternative. The goal is to divert water away from the
street or sidewalk and channel it to other drainage systems. Gutter drains or "underground
drains" are sometimes used to link them to an underground sewer system. When it comes to
drainage systems, different types frequently work together to remove water and direct it to a
proper location. The quicker water is evacuated from a structure or region where pooling is
possible, the better. Drainage systems are critical components of water conservation and
preservation. (Nick Maier, 2021)
2.1.4.1 Advantages downspout and gutter systems (PJ roofing, 2016)
a) Prevents staining erosion on the side of the house caused by splashing water over
time.
b) Maintaining proper water drainage
c) When there is too much moisture in the basement, mould can grow.
d) Reduce the amount of harm it can cause to your building’s structure.
e) By installing a proper gutter system and then caring for it with regular maintenance,
you should be able to move water off your roof quickly enough to avoid long-term
damage.
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2.1.4.2 Disadvantages downspout and gutter systems (PJ roofing, 2016)
a) When it rains heavily, there may be an overflow.
b) The sewer tanks can only hold so much water before becoming unsanitary and unsafe.
c) All the faecal matter containing urine and water will rise to the surface and flow.
3.0 SURFACE DRAINAGE
3.1 Types available
Surface water drainage is the process of removing surplus water from the land's surface. The
ground surface is sometimes sculpted or graded to generate slope toward the channels.
Basically, surface water drainage consists of four types which are open drains, humps and
hollows, leeves and grassed waterways (Akshay Dashore, 2021). Each of these types have
different characteristics and functions according to their design.
3.1.1 Opens drains
So, on the basis dimensions, open drains can be of three types which are shallow, medium
depth and large. Shallow open drains are used to channel water away from a large area of
land and towards a larger drain or stream. It can be dug up to a depth of 300mm and is made
with the aid of a hand shovel. Next, as for the medium depth, it is generally V-shaped and flat
at the bottom, with a high enough gradient to allow water to flow swiftly through while for the
large open drainage, it can be several meters deep and broad, are built by dragline excavators,
bulldozers, or scrapers and can evacuate large quantities of water.
Figure 1; Open Drains
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3.1.2 Humps and hollows
Furthermore, humps and hollows, the second form of surface water drainage, is a method in
which a surface is structured into parallel humps divided by hollows. It permits excess moisture
to flow into the hollows of the humped forms, which also serve as shallow surface drains.
According to Akshay Dashore (2021), this sort of surface drainage is excellent for situations
where tile or mole drainage is impossible due to insufficient soil depth or fall. Humps and
hollows provide a succession of lateral surface drains that assist water flow into headland
drains. The size of the drain may be calculated using formulas that take into account the
amount of water that has to be eliminated. Depending on how quickly the water needs to be
evacuated, the distance between the humps can range from 10 to 20 meters. The slower the
rate of water discharge, the larger the distance between the humps.
Figure 2; Humps and hollow drainage
3.1.3 Levees
Further, levees are a system in which surface channels are generally formed on land with a
gradient in such a way that the dirt removed to produce these channels forms a levee on the
downslope. This prevents surface runoff from gaining too much velocity as it flows down a
slope and damages the ground. The banks or levees must match the contours of the slope to
allow water to flow down gently and avoid landslides in the roadway below. For slopes with a
gradient of five to twelve degrees, such levees should be spaced 30 to 50 meters apart. With
a total length of less than 400 meters, each levee may serve an area of around 3 hectares. If
a grass cover is not established promptly after constructing a levee, the canal will swiftly erode.
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Figure 3; Levees
3.1.4 Grassed waterways
Lastly, the types available for surface water drainage are grassed waterways. A grassed
waterway is usually relatively shallow, with a width of only a few meters. These may be used
to control drain outflows down slopes and hence avoid erosion at a minimal cost. The vertical
and horizontal parts of the canal must be proportioned in a 1:4 ratio. A thick stretch of grass
is a need for such a watercourse. The size and design of the canal will be influenced by the
amount of water to be evacuated as well as the slope's steepness. The river should be wider
the steeper the slope. The waterway's bottom should be horizontal to provide for uniform
distribution of the water. It is critical that such rivers not be built in erosion-prone locations,
otherwise they will fail.
Figure 4; Grassed Waterways
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4.0 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
4.1 Types Available
Subsurface water drainage system used to control the water table. The water table refers to
the depth which water has flooded the ground. The subsurface water drainage system
controlled it with stop, gather and transmit surplus ground water to an appropriate and suitable
outlet based on it surrounding. (Unknown, n.d.) This subsurface drainage removes the water
from the rootzone even after a heavy rain to avoid the water gathered in the ground and reduce
soil strength.
Figure 5; Subsurface water drainage
The removal excess which is subsurface drainage will allow the water go through it to the
nearest outlet. This process is important to avoid the load on the ground like buildings, cars,
lorry and human in dangerous situation that can cause an accident due to natural disaster.
There are many types of subsurface water drainage in Malaysia, but it will first consider the
main function and shape of the earth’s surface where you want to install subsurface drainage.
4.1.1 Mole Drainage
Mole drainage type is to be apply only for very specific conditions. (Riyo, 2021) In the part of
soil profile with a particular clay concentration, the mole plough’s operation creates a mole
channel. Additionally, the mole channel’s immediate soil profile is cracked by the plough,
allowing water to enter it. A more advanced drainage system than open drains is a mole drain.
(Mole Drainage Systems, 2022) When water arrives from the ground surface, mole drains
remove it rather than draining the groundwater.
This mole drainage systems are classified into three different types. (Types of subsurface
drainage systems, 2022) The first one is mole drains. In heavy soils when a clay subsoil which
is between 400 and 600cm, inhibits ground water from moving lower, mole drains are installed.
This type of mole drains is not suitable to be use for clay types with dispersive or slaking
tendencies in soils and soils that are permeable because they include a lot of sand or loam.
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The second type of mole drainage systems is mole drains over collector pipe systems. (Types
of subsurface drainage systems, 2022) In soil where it is impossible for moles to grow that
can reach the outfall, this technique is used. Stones, pockets of sand, uneven terrain, and
excessive distances to the outfall are example of this.
The third type is gravel mole drains. This type usually uses when subsurface pipes are not
appropriate and where mole drains are extremely short-lived. An open channel or leg hole
filled with small-diameter gravel or cleaned sand is called a gravel mole drain. But, this type
of mole drain is rarely used because it requires a big cost to install. It is really pricey due to
the volume of backfill and close proximity.
Figure 6; Mole drainage
4.1.2 Pipe Drains
This type of drains is very simple. It is because, when buried pipelines with apertures that
allow soil water to enter are known as pipe drains. (Types of subsurface drainage systems,
2022) The water is transported via pipes to a collecting drain. It is also suitable for field drains.
Typically, machines dig ditches for them. Drainage water enters clay and concrete pipes,
generally 30cm length and 5 to 10 cm in diameter through the joints.
Figure 7; Pipe drains
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4.1.3 Deep Open Drains
This type of subsurface drainage system allows the water from the rootzone of trees or plants
flowed away to a deep open drain. This system, its installation makes the machinery is difficult
to be use.
Figure 8; Deep open drains after and before installation
A deep drain is a conduit that is between one and three metres deep. The groundwater from
flat, poorly drained land is captured and transported by the drain, which is dug down to a depth
that is sufficient to intercept the watertable. Deep drains make it possible to restore land that
has been flooded or impacted by salinity or salt while allowing agriculture to continue in
sections that are threatened by increasing water levels. (Coles, June 2006)
4.1.4 Interceptor Drain
The purpose of an interceptor drains, often referred to a curtain drain as well. The function is
to redirect and remove surface and subsurface water from permeable soil as it runs over an
impermeable soil layer. (Interceptor Drain, 2016) To stop the flow of subsurface water moving
downward, these drains are placed at the base of slopes where the gradient changes, typically
where a steeper slope meets the flats. (Types of subsurface drainage systems, 2022) The
water is often forced to the surface at the change in slope because the soil types on the slope
are frequently more absorbent than those of the flats.
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Figure 9; Interceptor drain
4.0 MAJOR COMPONENTS
4.1 Land Forming
According to Schwab et al. (2005) there are two major components in surface water drainage
which are land forming and field drains and field laterals. To begin, in surface drainage, land
formation is a wider phrase than land grading, which is described as the act of modifying the
natural topography to manage the transport of water onto or from the land surface. Land
formation includes a number of techniques such as irrigation leveling, land grading or shape
for irrigation, drainage, and water conservation, and shallow field ditches that may be
traversed with farm machinery. Grading work for erosion management, such as contour
benching or earthwork for parallel terracing, is included in land formation.
4.2 Field drains and field laterals
As for the second component which are field drains and field laterals, it is functioning to prevent
ponding in low spots. Surface runoff from fields must be collected and carried by field drains
and field laterals to the area's drainage outlet to avoid ponding. A field surface drain is a
shallow graded canal that collects water inside a field and generally has a relatively level slope.
A lateral field is the main ditch for the surrounding field or farmland. Water enters field laterals
by row drains, field drains, and, in some cases, field surfaces (Schwab et al 2005).
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5.0 TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Surface water drainage is commonly used at home, so this construction process of drainage
will be focused on the installation that was held at home compound. In the first step of the
construction process, a site surveyor will mark out points and establish a Temporary Bench
Mark (TBM) level. The engineer's construction detail drawing will be used to position the points.
After inspecting the construction site, a site clearance will be held to remove all vegetation and
stumps that will interfere with the construction process. When the site is clear, the excavation
work will begin in accordance with the drawing and specifications. The excavation is purposely
to set out the drain with a depth of 1425mm and width 1200mm (Azizan et al. 2015).
Further, before laying the concrete, the installation of formwork needs to be carried out
purposely to form the shape of the concrete. To prevent formwork from collapsing, full support
for the structure is required. Next after the formwork installation is done, we move on to the
sand blinding construction. The purpose of constructing the sand blinding is to serve as a
drainage cover. The installation must follow the specifications that have been outlined in the
contract. Then, before laying the concrete, we need to install the reinforcement. Commonly,
the type and size of the reinforcement used is Y10. After that, concrete grade 20 is usually
used in the surface water drainage works. Typically, in any home compound the u-drain is
commonly applied. So, after the process of reinforcement installation the work of laying the u-
drain needs to be done. To provide additional protection for the u-drain, a concrete mass
should be laid around it. The U-drain will be protected from cracking or breaking with this
concrete mass layer.
Upon the completion of laying drainage, the PVC weep hole need to be installed. PVC
weep holes are typically 230mm x 230mm x 300mm in dimension. It's placed every 3 meters
along the drainage to allow subsurface water to flow into the drain. To cover the drainage from
any foreign material into the drainage and will blockage the flow of water a concrete cover
made from reinforced concrete for drainage is needed afterward. Aside from the concrete
cover, a drain trap is required every 3 meters to prevent water from above from flowing into
the drain. Finally, for the last stage of surface water drainage installation, backfill the drainage
and compact the sides (Azizan, et al. 2015).
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6.0 MATERIAL USED
There are numbers of different materials that can be used for drainage systems; and below
are several of pipe’s materials that can be bought in the market.
6.1 Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage Pipes
Figure 10; Corrugated polyethylene drainage pipe
Corrugated drainage pipes appropriate for municipal and industrial wastewater,
sanitary sewer, and storm water control using gravity and low-pressure sewerage and
drainage. This pipe is sturdy, long-lasting, and cost-effective drainage solutions. Polyethylene
is also a chemically inert material that is both corrosive and abrasion resistant. These drainage
pipes have withstood some of the worst environmental conditions and adverse weather
situations. Corrugated polyethylene makes up over 90% of drainage pipes.(mlblevins, 2011).
Korey (2020) also added that this corrugated pipe is typically used for any gravity flow
water management including all work-related storm drainage, subsurface drainage, sanitary
sewers, leachate collection, and water detention. Superior hydraulic efficiency is provided by
the smooth inner wall of corrugated sewage pipes. The corrugated outer wall increases ring
rigidity while remaining lightweight for convenient transport and installation. As in the
corrugated sewer pipe systems, a push fit socket and rubber ring offer a watertight seal
junction. Corrugated pipes have the advantages and the disadvantages of using it in pipework,
it is summarized by Korey (2020) as below.
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Table 1; Advantages and disadvantages of corrugated pipe
Advantage Disadvantage
Cheaper than other type of pipe Can be easily damaged due to its thin, soft,
and flexible walls
Easy to use, store and transport as it is Roots can easily grow into the pipe and
lightweight causing clogged
It is flexible and bendable Sediment and debris can accumulate in the
pipe that slowing the water flow
6.2 PVC Drainage Pipes
Figure 11; PVC Drainage Pipes
Pipelines composed of aluminium, concrete, cast iron, copper, or steel are rapidly
being replaced with plastic pipes that increasingly popular due to their light weight and
resilience to corrosion and chemicals. The relevance of specific application locations varies
greatly depending on the pipe type and material. Sewage disposal, potable water supply, and
cable protection are the three most important PVC pipe uses. PVC pipe manufacturers' overall
output is expected to rise by 3.7 percent each year through 2025 (Ceresana, 2018). Pro and
cons of using PVC drainage pipes summarized as table below based on Ajay Pipes (2019)
Table 2; Advantages and disadvantages of PVC drainage pipes
Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap to transport May fail due to certain cleaning chemicals or
solvents poured
Easy to assemble with cutting and solvents It can’t handle near boiling temperature
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Lightweight and durable It can be deformed and leak on exposure if
the water is too hot
Lower labour cost of installing the PVC pipe Not directly compatible with CPVC pipe
It can resist many acidic, basic and corrosive React differently to various solvents and
substance chemicals
Smooth surface inside the pipe makes it less Not suggestable to mix and match this with
noisy CPVC due to different durability
6.3 Concrete Drainage Pipes
Figure 12; Concrete Drainage Pipes
Modern reinforced concrete pipe is designed and produced using cutting-edge
technology, resulting in a high-strength, resilient, and dependable product that is expected to
last well over 100 years. When delivered to your jobsite, reinforced concrete pipe, unlike
flexible products, is rigid and designed to provide a structure and a culvert. By eliminating
critical backfill requirements required in flexible products, the supplied structure and proven
origins of reinforced concrete pipe decrease liability on both the design engineer and the
contractor. It is suit for the application of storm sewer, culverts, underground detention and
retention systems, and sanitary sewer Daniel Eden (2015).
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Table 3; Advantages and disadvantages of concrete pipes
Advantages (OKA Corporation Bhd, 2018) Disadvantages (VideRime, 2018)
Easily installed without any sophisticated Heavyweight
Offer flexibility in certain degree of turning Higher cost of transportation due to needed
radius of plant and machineries to handling it
Durable to continuous exposure to hydrogen Easily corroded at the crown creating small
sulphide and chemical corrosion holes
The pipe is under controlled factory Deterioration by sulphate due to the outside
environment soil water
6.4 Clay Drainage Pipes
Figure 13; Clay Drainage Pipes
The design and construction of Vitrified Clay Drainage Systems has evolved and
improved over the last 50 years to produce a contemporary, sustainable solution. Clay has
grown lighter, stronger, and simpler to use, and it is prepared in accordance both British and
European standards, ensuring continuous quality and dependability for specifiers and
installers alike(wavin, n.d.). Modern vitrified clay sewage pipes are air dried for 24 hours before
being burned in a kiln for 50 hours, resulting in a ceramic-like final product. which is sometimes
known as terra cotta, is more durable and fits together more firmly than earlier clay plumbing.
It is still utilised in public sewage systems today. Modern constructions include encased the
clay pipes in concrete to prevent root incursion and ground shifting damage (Mr.Rooter, 2017).
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Table 4; Advantages and disadvantages clay drainage pipe
Advantages Disadvantages
Environmentally friendly with organic Hard to work with and difficult to be
ingredients transported
Unaffected by acids and last for thousands Susceptible to root intrusion and leaks due
of years to low tensile strength.
6.5 Cast Iron Drainage Pipes
Figure 14; Cast Iron Drainage Pipes
Prior to the 1970s, cast iron drains were extensively used. Cast iron was believed to
have a 50-year lifespan at the time, but with many slab-on-grade buildings, the life can be as
little as 25 years. Finally, cast iron drainpipes are nearing the end of their useful life. From
within, cast iron erodes resulting constant rust and deterioration due to water flow and
chemicals. But appealingly from the outside, the pipe may appear to be in great shape.
Rainwater can infiltrate your plumbing drainage system through vent stacks over time. Ground
movement, Adjacent tree growth and excessive moisture in the ground also can affect this
cast iron pipes (Way Point Inspection, 2020)
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Table 5; Advantages and disadvantages of cast iron pipe
Advantage (Robert Bouchal, n.d.) Disadvantage (Whitt Inspections, 2021)
Fire resistant and does not emit gas in high Corrosion happens inside of the pipe where
temperature people can’t see through outside
Sound proofing pipe which reduces vibration Heavyweight that leas to sinking in the
and noises between pipe and plumbing ground and ground cracking
fixtures
Cost effective choices and requiring a Messy repairs process, need to remove slab
minimal effort in places to replace or repair the pipe itself
High strength and durability which make it The sewer is backup into homes that leads
does not deflect under heavy loads to water damage and unsanitary water
condition that affected consumer’s health
condition
6.6 Copper Drainage Pipes
Figure 15; Copper Drainage Pipes
Copper pipes have been used in building for decades and often used for domestic
water and drainage systems. However, these pipes are being replaced with PVC or plastic
since copper is now rather costly and rusts with time. Furthermore, these pipes cannot
withstand freezing temperatures and are liable to rupture if the water inside them freezes. As
a result, they are rarely employed as part of drainage systems nowadays (mlblevins, 2011).
Gary Sprague (2020) said that there are four (4) types of copper pipes available in the market
and the summarize of each type and its best application is in the table below.
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Table 6; Type and Application of Copper Pipe
Type Application Description
Type K Copper Pipe
Underground water main Thickest walls and high durability
Type L Copper Pipe
Type M Copper Pipe lines
Copper DWV Pipe Interior water lines Durable and heat resistance
Domestic water lines. Lighter, less rigid, and easy to work
with
Drain and vent systems of Thin wall with only resist 15 psi
older houses maximum pressure
7.0 STANDARD GUIDELINES
According to Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia (2014), every building, as well as every hard
surface within its curtilage, must be designed and constructed with a surface water drainage
system that ensures the safe disposal of surface water without endangering the building or
the health and safety of those in or around it, as well as facilities for the separation and removal
of silt, grit, and pollutants. The surface drains must be built with consideration for both
operation and simplicity of maintenance, and a suitable gradient must be supplied to allow
self-cleaning flow. When the gradient proposed is impractical or exceeds the completed level,
the Contractor must submit their proposal to the S.O. for approval. Apart from that, all drain
side walls surpassing 1.0 m in height must have reinforced concrete struts, and open drains
wider than 1.5 m must have railings.
Next, the types of the surface water drainage are already shown in the drawings.
Basically, there are two types of surface water drainage available which are unlined or lined
using cast in situ concrete, precast or porous concrete drain sections or stone pitching. Unless
otherwise stated by the S.O., the Contractor shall resort to authorized designs for the location,
scope, and construction details of unlined drains as shown on the Drawing. Fill slopes must
not be steeper than 1:2 (V:H) while cut drain sides cannot be steeper than 1:1.5 (V:H). In order
to prevent soil erosion, surface water must be discharged to a stable outlet. Regarding the
lined drains, they must be made of materials that have been verified to be durable, structurally
sound, and to have good jointing systems.
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Further, if the lined drains are used it shall be constructed in three types which are
cast-in-situ-concrete drains, precast concrete drains and cascade drains. As for the cast-in-
situ-concrete drains and precast concrete drains the grade of concrete that they have to used
is G25P while for the cascade drains, concrete grade G15P is required. If the concrete grade
is discovered to be of a lower grade in cast in situ concrete drains, the S.O. should require the
Contractor to undertake the rectification work according to the desired correct technique.
Following that, in the case of precast concrete drains, the S.O. must have access to the casting
yards where the proprietary precast concrete products are used. The S.O. must get a copy of
the manufacturer's test certificate. Finally, the cascade drains must be built from precast
concrete drain units and set stepping over a 150 mm thick bed of mass concrete of Grade 15P
as illustrated on the drawings or as authorized by the S.O (Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia,
2014).
8.0 PRINCIPLE OF GOOD DRAINAGE
Rainfall induced surfaces water must be drained as soon as possible out of the development
area to avoid flash flood. Although significant flooding incidences in the country are caused by
severe rainfalls that exceed the design standards of drainage systems, poor drainage systems
are frequently linked to flash floods. (Sivaa.T.R, 2022)
There are few principles of good drainage to be followed. First is the materials ought
to be strong and durable enough. Second is the drain diameter should be as narrow as
possible. As for soil drains, it should be minimum until 100mm diameter. As for surface water
drainage, minimum is 75mm diameter. Third principle is as much as practicable, drains should
be installed in straight runs.
Fourth is drains need to be installed with a gradient that will make them effective. Fifth
is to stop air from entering the structure, every drain intake needs to be sealed. In many cases,
the sanitary fitting itself provides the trap seal. Each drain run should have a rodding access
at the beginning or head of the flow. Next principle is if a change in direction or grade makes
it difficult to easily clean the drain, inspection chambers must also be installed here. However,
access is needed if the size of the drain pipe changes.
Besides, the arrangement of junctions between drains must be such that incoming
drains join at an oblique angle to the main flow. Next, if possible, avoid drains under structures,
if not, they must be secured to maintain watertightness and guard against damage. Other than
that, drains must be backfilled with concrete up to the level of the foundation’s underside if
they are within 1m of the foundation to a building’s walls and below the foundation level.
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To be add other principle is drains that are farther than 1 metre from foundations are
backfilled with concrete to a depth equivalent to that distance minus 150 millimetres. Last
principle to be mention is when practical, a drain’s invert level should be at least 450mm to
prevent damage from ground movement and 700mm to accommodate traffic. The invert level
is the bore of the drain’s lowest level. To conclude, drainage system is important to have a
smooth waterflow either from the surface or subsurface.
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TASK 2
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9.0 CASE STUDY 1
9.1 Project Background
Figure 16; Location of The Drainage Improvement Project in Melaka
Source: Zakaria et. Al, 2015
The first case study that we chose is titled as “Drainage Improvement from Maktab Perguruan
Melayu Melaka to Taman Peringgit Jaya, Melaka”. The project covers a 133.5-hectare
catchment area that surrounded by Melaka's Institut Perguruan Perempuan Melayu (IPPM)
and some housing estates and communities, such as Kampung Durian Daun Dalam,
Kampung Mata Kucing, Taman Peringgit Jaya, and Taman Seri Cempaka. The main drain
that passes through the catchment area evolved from an earth drain upstream to a concrete
drain in the Institute Perguruan's premises, then back to an earth drain before being
discharged into Sungai Melaka was the old drainage system in this area.
The project was started in response to the recurrent flash flood in the residential areas.
The flash floods occur in most portions of the residential areas as a result of undersized local
drains and culverts, low platform level in the area, tidal effects and lack of maintenance for the
existing drainage system caused by bushes, sludge, and debris. The floods linger for more
than two hours on average, and the current facilities can no longer handle the increased runoff.
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Furthermore, the input of grey water from existing residential areas has degraded the water
quality in the existing water body. Therefore, stormwater management facilities are needed to
counter the flooding faced by the population in this area and to ensure clean discharge water
to Sungai Melaka. The Stormwater Management Facilities to be constructed are for an area
alongside the main drain which often faces flooding problems.
Figure 17; Existing Stormwater Drainage System
Source: Zakaria et. Al, 2015
Other than that, this project was suggested with the primary goal of serving as a model
and showcase for the use of MSMA in urban stormwater management and flood protection
projects in Malaysia. It was also intended to investigate the hydraulic and hydrologic features,
as well as the water quality conditions, of an urbanised drainage system that was subjected
to flood and tidal influences. Engineered waterway, culvert resizing and created wetland are
among the components of this project. After the project is completed, measures have been
taken to ensure that flooding does not occur again. The development of a built wetland is
predicted to improve water quality even more. This project started in June 2007 and completed
in December 2007.
9.2 Parties Involved
Many professionals are involved in the construction of a building such as architects, designers,
quantity surveyors, engineers, contractors, and subcontractors and all of them collaborate
together to fulfill the needs of the client. These construction specialists are assembled for a
specific construction project and then dispersed after that project is completed. All
professionals involved need to take their responsibilities well to make sure that the project can
be completed on time. In this project, the role and parties involved are shown in Table 7.
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Table 7; Parties involved in Drainage Improvement in Melaka
Role Parties
Owner Pengarah Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
Negeri Melaka
Contractor Kejuruteraan Asas Jaya Sdn Bhd
Civil and Structural engineer O & L Jurutera Perunding Sdn Bhd
Mechanical and Electrical Engineer Aquarius Engineering Consultants Sdn Bhd
Quantity Surveyor J.B. Bergabung
9.3 Type of Construction
The type of construction in this “Drainage Improvement from Maktab Perguruan Melayu
Melaka to Taman Peringgit Jaya, Melaka” project is surface water drainage. Surface water
drainage is the collection of rainwater on a property that escapes to surrounding drains and
eventually enters the sewer system. A proper surface drainage system shapes and moulds
the land into a watershed that can convey runoff into a structured drainage system consisting
of trench drains, catch basins, and storm sewers.
In this project, the requirement is to change the old type of surface drainage system
which is earth surface drainage system into precast concrete surface drainage system. The
main problem of this project is when flooding occurs because of an overwhelming amount of
surface water that has not been drained away. This is also due to a large amount of rain in a
short period of time, an ineffective or obsolete drainage system, ground impermeability or
saturation, or a malfunction such as a burst water main, among other things. Therefore, it is
important to make sure the earth surface water drainage system has proper maintenance but
unfortunately there is no proper maintenance happening in this project. Construction of
wetland also there in this project as to act as sponges and overcome the grey water.
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The precast concrete surface drainage system also called Engineered Waterway and
the wetland will be constructed by the contractor of Kejuruteraan Asas Jaya Sdn. Bhd. The
construction process of this precast concrete surface drainage system and wetland will be
discussed in the next section in this report.
9.4 Procedures
Construction project procedures can be also known as construction project management.
Construction project management can be defined as the direction, regulation, and supervision
of a project from conception to completion. The ultimate goal of construction project
management is to meet all of the client's requirements for a functional and cost-effective
project. Same goes to this project, there are a few procedures that need to be followed by all
construction teams.
1. Obtaining suitable data for the study's purposes.
2. Inspect the site and perform a field investigation.
3. Defining the scope of work for any necessary storm water quality surveys and
engineering surveys, as well as monitoring the survey's progress.
4. Analyze and assess the current drainage system in order to develop and build a
thorough drainage system that incorporates essential components of runoff quality,
quantity control, and appropriate drainage.
5. Conduct hydrological and hydraulic analyses utilising appropriate techniques and
procedures, including cutting-edge modelling methods.
6. Create concepts and standards for the design of the solutions for the proposed
stormwater management plan for the client's approval.
7. Prepare as-built drawings.
8. Give a cost estimate for the stormwater management strategy's overall implementation,
which includes site acquisition, planning, and construction, as well as the individual
design alternatives that are highly recommended.
9. Create tender documents that satisfy all requirements for a tender offer.
10. Construction supervision is needed during the construction time.
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9.5 The Material Used
Figure 18; Section View of Precast Concrete U Drain and Culvert
Source: Zakaria et. Al, 2015
9.5.1 Precast Concrete U drain
Precast concrete U drain is used to construct the engineered waterway. There are a
few benefits of using precast concrete U drain. Precast concrete U drain is the solution for
providing effective and efficient storm water surface drainage in a faster and smarter method.
When the road is at a slant, our U-shaped drain can be installed in the same slant. Water
generally flows through its own hydraulic gradient even when the road is kept at the same
level. Other than that, precast concrete U drain can be supplied in various sizes.
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9.5.2 Culvert
A culvert is a tunnel that runs beneath a road or railway and carries a stream. Culverts
serve as a bridge for vehicles to pass through. They are usually found in natural water flows
and are used as a bridge or a current flow controller. Because the water flow cannot be
abstracted by the road embankment, culverts are installed beneath roads and highways for
water crossing. The culvert will be surrounded by the soil (The Constructor, n.d.). The material
of the culvert used in this project is a precast concrete culvert. The type of culvert used is
bridge culvert. Bridge culverts are provided on canals or rivers and also used as road bridges
for vehicles. A foundation is placed beneath the ground surface for these culverts. A series of
culverts is installed, followed by the installation of a pavement surface on top of the culverts.
These culverts are usually rectangular in shape and can be used in place of box culverts if an
artificial floor is not required. In this project, the culvert will be resized to a larger than the old
culvert size.
9.5.3 Wetland species
Wetlands act as natural sponges, trapping and gradually releasing surface water, rain,
snowmelt, groundwater, and flood waters. Flood waters are also slowed and distributed more
slowly throughout the floodplain by trees, root mats, and other wetland vegetation. Flood
heights are reduced and erosion is reduced as a result of the combined water storage and
braking action. Wetlands within and downstream of urban areas are especially important for
reducing the rate and volume of surface-water runoff caused by pavement and buildings.
Wetlands' water-holding capability aids in flood management and prevents crop water logging
(EPA n.d.). Other than that, the wetland species will overcome the grey water.
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Table 8; Wetland Species
No. Zone Hydrologic Species Functions
Condition
● Reduces the amount of
1 Low 0.3 - 0.6m BWL Lepironia articulata suspended solids and
chemical contaminants.
swamp (Purun)
● Biodegrades organic
contaminants in water
L2ow 0.3 - 0.6m BWL Scirpus grossus ● Reduces the amount of
swamp (Rumput menderong) suspended solids and
chemical contaminants.
● Biodegrades organic
contaminants in water
L3ow 0.3 - 0.6m BWL Typha augustifolia ● Reduces the amount of
swamp (Banat) suspended solids and
chemical contaminants.
● Biodegrades organic
contaminants in water
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9.6 Construction Process
Figure 19; Schematic Diagram for Drainage System in this Project
Source: Zakaria et. Al, 2015
This drainage system includes several works which are engineered waterway by constructing
the V-shape drain and resizing the old culverts and constructing the wetland. Figure 19 above
shows four types of construction works. Type 1, Type 2,Type 3 and Type 4 are for construction
of engineered waterways and there is construction of wetland beside the engineered
waterways at Type 3.
9.6.1 Construction of Engineered waterways.
a. The site survey surveyor will continue setting out points and establishing a Temporary
Bench Mark (TBM) level on the basis of the engineer's construction detail plan.
b. Site clearance will remove all of the vegetation and stumps that will disturb the
construction process.
c. Excavation of drainage according to drawing specifications need to be carried out then
setting out for drain after excavation has been done.
d. The drainage will be covered by sand blinding or compacted sand. The specifications
are included in the drawing.
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e. Based on the drawing, precast U drain is used for this type of drainage. Precast
concrete U drain will be laid on the sand blinding. Precast concrete U drain is strong
enough for demanding works.
f. Concrete mass needs to be laid surrounding the precast concrete U drain for the
protection purpose. With this concrete mass layer it will prevent the precast concrete
U drain from cracking or broken.
g. Concrete covers that are made of reinforced concrete will be used to cover the
drainage from any foreign material into the drainage and will blockage the flow of water.
h. Backfill the drainage and compact the sides.
9.6.2 Construction of Wetland.
a. This project began with clearing and grubbing of vegetation and debris on the site to
make room for the project.
b. Two water control structures were installed on this site where the lower water control
structure near the outlet to control the water level and the wetland and secondly is the
upper water control structure that can be used to divert water around the wetland until
the vegetation is established.
c. Once vegetation is established, the upper structure will be kept open, allowing water
to flow into the wetland. The lower water control structure, responsible for controlling
water levels in the wetland, included the installation of a solid outlet pipe onto the berm.
d. Anti seep collars will be installed above and below the structure to prevent water from
finding its way along the pipe. An animal guard was installed at the end of the pipe to
prevent wildlife from making a home in the pipe and blocking the flow.
e. Once the main tile line was rerouted and the structures installed, the serious
earthmoving began. The shallow water area on this site will start to be constructed by
creating the berm through excavation work and compacting the earthfill.
f. The berm was then constructed above the core trench in shallow lifts. Each lift was
compacted with a sheep's foot roller. This method helps ensure that the soil is well
compacted and the finished berm will not settle too much.
g. To complete the grading and shaping of the site, six inches of topsoil were brought
back in as a medium for growing plants.
h. Once the topsoil was in place, the site was seeded and mulched with straw. The straw
holds the soil in place and creates a favorable environment for seeds to germinate and
take hold. The seed will grow and turn into plants.
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9.7 Safety Procedures
Any construction project must have a safety protocol in place to safeguard the safety of
employees, other staff, and visitors such as contractors, quantity surveyors, event clients, and
people in the surrounding region. As for surface drainage system construction, the laying and
maintaining drains are the jobs that require high safety standards. Appropriate safety codes
and including procedures for working in restricted areas should be followed to obtain the good
installation of stormwater drainage.
Next, the safety procedures need to be followed during surface drainage system
construction is excavation and trenching works. It is necessary to hire a professional operator
to handle excavation machinery like dragline excavators, bulldozers, or scrapers and are
capable of evacuating large volumes of water. One of the main reasons to hire expert
machinery movers is to ensure high levels of safety. Moving large, heavy items is tough, and
doing it with persons who are uneducated and inexperienced considerably increases the
danger of injury. Experts in machine moving will conduct the relevant risk assessments and
ensure that everything is done to reduce the danger of any mishaps resulting in injuries or
damage to your machinery or other assets. Other than to avoid any injuries, it is important to
hire professional operators to get the good excavation and trenching depth that stated in the
specification.
Other than that, the safety procedures need to be followed during surface drainage
system construction regarding animals and insect bites. The project site is surrounded by
underbrush, grass, and wetlands. The possibility of encountering wildlife is moderate to high,
and all Site personnel will be informed of this during the initial safety briefing. Workers on the
job site and subcontractors will be warned to avoid wildlife and report any encounters. The
workers can avoid walking through brush, woods, or grassy areas. If the workers must walk
through these areas, try to avoid coming into contact with the plants. The workers can also
wear light coloured clothing to make ticks more visible. Put on long-sleeved shirts and tuck
their pants into their socks.
39
9.8 Problem Occurred and Step Taken
9.8.1 Problem Occurred
This local case study that covers a catchment area of 133.5 ha is included, which includes the
Institut Perguruan Perempuan Melayu (IPPM) Melaka. Housing estates and villages surround
this area, including Kampung Durian Daun Dalam, Kampung Mata Kucing, Taman Peringgit
Jaya, and Taman Seri Cempaka. The primary drain that passed through the catchment area
emerged from an earth drain upstream to a concrete drain in the institute Perguruan's
compound, after which back through an earth drain before being discharged to Sungai Melaka.
This situation and the route of drainage give the bad result afterward. The main problems here
is the flood which typically last more than two hours, and the infrastructure can no longer
withstand the increasing runoff before the upgrading executed. Flash floods occur in most
parts of the study area due to tidal effects and a lack of maintenance for the existing drainage
system caused by shrubs, sludge, and rubbish. Furthermore, undersized local drains and
culverts, low platform level, and the contribution of grey water from existing residential areas
have caused degradation of water quality in the existing water body, and thus stormwater
management facilities are required to mitigate flooding and ensure clean discharge water to
Sungai Melaka.
Figure 20; The Flood Area and Area of The Drain
40
9.8.2 Step Taken
Based on the problem that occurred through the used period of the old drainage,
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia had took the initiative to upgrade the drainage
construction. The case study is the step taken to overcoming and catering all the problem
stated above. It provides control structure against excessive sediments and floatable
rubbish by constructing stormwater collection and conveyance systems also developing
stormwater asset inventory system. This is where Stormwater Management Plan (SMP) is
made as a framework of the action. SMP provide direction for stormwater management
within a catchment and/or sub-catchments and identifying sustainable stormwater
programs and solutions which can be implemented as a cooperative approach by
stormwater managers and the stakeholders.
Incorporating integrated stormwater management approaches, which shall include
drainage system plans, longitudinal sections, detailed drawings of proposed structures and
stormwater performance improvement devices, supporting hydrological and hydraulic data
and estimations, and other details as required to adequately define the components of the
Master Plan and the basis of its analysis and concept design. When all the requirements
are fulfilled, the, the quality of the work could be achieved as the foreseen problems and
incidents had been forecast in the planning stage. As in the construction stage of the
stormwater inventory system, the quality of work done need to be control so that the
outcome will get better over time and the life cycle could be stretched.
Figure 21; Stormwater Drainage System
41
10.0 CASE STUDY 2
10.1 Project Background
The second case study that we chose is titled as “Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel
(SMART Tunnel) Project in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia”. This project was initiated by the Former
Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahatir Mohammad as part of the Malaysian Development Plan. The
project is being carried out as a cooperative venture between the government and the private
sector. The Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia and the Malaysian Highway
Authority are the government sectors while MMC Berhad and GAMUDA Berhad are the private
sectors that are engaged in this project. The SMART Tunnel construction began on 25
November 2003 and cost around 2.5 billion ringgit Malaysia.
Figure 22; SMART Tunnel Project
Source: Wikipedia
This project is located in Kuala Lumpur which is Malaysia's capital and largest city.
Kuala Lumpur was formed in 1857 by tin miners near the two major rivers which are the Klang
and Gombak rivers and because of this Kuala Lumpur has started to evolve into a metropolitan
city with a network of wide roadways and commuter rail systems that connect the tall office
buildings, hotels, and shopping centres until now. However, the rapid development of the city
and surrounding area resulted in increased runoff during rainstorms and gradual canalisation
of the rivers with some restricted sections. This led to frequent floods in the metropolitan city
42
as a result of the current drainage system's inability to cope with the annual rainwater inflow.
In addition, the city is located in a valley which makes the drainage system more critical for
channelling water to a nearby creek.
As a result of numerous studies conducted, the existing Tun Perak Bridge near the
corner of Masjid Jamek exacerbates the situation, causing flash floods to occur almost every
time heavy rain falls in the city. To overcome this issue, a new water route is required to
alleviate the city's regular flash floods. The SMART Project was the answer to the problem.
Through a holding pond, a bypass tunnel, and a storage reservoir, excess rainwater will be
diverted away from the existing water catchment area of the Klang River before being released
back into the Klang River. This is one of the best methods for resolving the problem because
the existing rivers could not handle the high volume of water during a major rain. The
stormwater tunnel will be built with a length of 9.7km and the diameter is 13.2m.
Figure 23; SMART Tunnel Sectional View
Source: SMART Management Team, 2005
Next, not only the aim to overcome the frequent flooding in the city, this SMART Project
also aims to relieve traffic congestion at Kuala Lumpur's southern entrance. About 3 kilometres
of the tunnel will be dual-use, serving as both a stormwater management and a road tunnel.
There will be two decks in the tunnel. The upper deck served two 3.35m wide traffic lanes and
an emergency lane for traffic heading south, while the lower deck did the same for traffic
flowing north. The tunnel only has enough room for cars. This section of the tunnel begins at
the Kampung Pandan roundabout and terminates near the Istana Road junction on the Kuala
Lumpur-Seremban Highway.
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Figure 24; Three mode operation in SMART project
Source: SMART Management Team, 2005
Figure 22 above shows the SMART Tunnel’s three mode operation which are mode I,
mode II, and mode III. The mode I, is normal conditions where there is no storm or flood water
is diverted into the system. Next, mode II will be activated when there is moderate storm and
flood water will be channelled into the bypass tunnel in the motorway's lower channel. Lastly,
mode III will be activated during a big storm and the highway is blocked to traffic. Enough time
will be set aside to let the final vehicle to evacuate the highway before the floodgates are
opened to allow floodwater to pour through. In this case, the entire cross section of the tunnel
can be used to store and divert water. The motorway will be reopened to traffic within 48 hours
after the closure.
10.2 Parties Involved
The term "construction team" refers to people who are responsible for the project's physical
construction rather than those who are responsible for its conceptualization, planning, and
design, such as the architect and structural engineer. The construction team will be made up
of members of the project team who will be responsible for physically constructing what the
design team has defined in its documentation and requirements. The construction team may
be subjected to periodic checks and inspections by members of the design team throughout
the project to ensure that the construction is on track to meet the specifications and client
44
expectations. The same can be said about the implementation of the SMART Tunnel project,
which demanded meticulous attention to detail since it is the first multi-purpose tunnel in the
world. Table 9 below is showing the parties involved in SMART Tunnel project:
Table 9; Parties Involved in SMART Project
Role Parties
Developers (Public-private partnership) Government: Government of Malaysia,
Malaysian Highway Authority (LLM) and
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia (JPS)
Private: Gamuda Berhad and MMC
Corporation Berhad
Construction teams (local) Gamuda Berhad and MMC Corporation
Berhad
Specialized engineering consultant (overseas) Senior Project Manager: Gusztav Klados
10.3 Type of Construction
The type of construction in this “Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART Tunnel)
Project in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia” project is subsurface water drainage. Subsurface drainage
is known as the process of removing water that has infiltrated into the soil in excess of the
quantity that can be held by capillary forces against gravity.
In this project, the main requirement is to overcome the frequent flooding in Kuala
Lumpur city. The subsurface water drainage is done but it is in the tunnel form. Normally the
tunnel is used as a typical solution for design difficulties in places like existing towns with a lot
of barriers or heritage paths, in nature like mountain areas, crossing the channel or the ocean,
and other basic obstructions. However, the design of the tunnel can be upgraded according
to time and needs. This can be proved by this SMART Tunnel project. We clearly see that the
tunnel can be designed in a variety of more than one function.
45
10.4 Procedures
According to Kamis et. al (2007), the procedures in the SMART Tunnel project were divided
into three phases consisting of pre-construction phase, during construction phase and post
construction phase. During the pre-construction phase, the planning work of the SMART
project is designed and constructed. The purposes of the pre-construction phase are to get
the maximum physical data and economy aspect as this project is very costly. There were five
parts in the pre-construction phase which are geological study, reconnaissance, detail survey,
right of way (ROW) definition, and Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) calibration. As Kuala Lumpur
sits on karstic limestone and has a high groundwater table, it is important to do all the five
parts in the pre-construction phase.
Next, the construction of the SMART Tunnel will start during the construction phase. The
tunnelling process will begin with the use of two Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM). Need to
handle movement planning of the TBM properly. Then, the upper road deck and lower road
deck will be constructed. Lastly, the last phase which is the post construction phase. During
this phase, a surveyor must monitor the SMART operation at the surface and in the tunnel for
roughly a month, and after large storms in mode III operation. This activity is contingent on a
request from the JPS Malaysia, which will determine whether or not the monitoring mechanism
is required. The SMART Control Office in Kampung Berembang will oversee the systems
upkeep and functioning.
10.5 The Material Used
10.5.1 Precast Concrete Segments (Single ring-shaped steel reinforced lining segments)
Figure 25; Precast Concrete Segments
Source: Itacus, 2019
46
The requirements for the concrete mix are the first step in making a concrete tunnel liner
segment. Not only is it crucial to choose the right sort of concrete and reinforcing fibre, but it's
also critical to prepare for and manage the amount of water that will be utilised in the process.
The concrete should be moist enough to go into moulds but dry enough to harden to the proper
consistency. Then, molds are heated to specific temperatures and for a predetermined amount
of time to create each segment. After drying, quality control testing determines whether a
segment is ready for use. For database control, completed segments are labelled and
numbered. After all, the precast concrete segment will be placed during the digging process
by using the tunnelling boring machine.
10.5.2 Cement Grout For Soil Stabilization
Figure 26; Cement Grout Between Concrete Segment and Surrounding Rocks
Source: Google Image
Tunnel grouting systems are used to fill in the gap between the precast concrete segment and
the surrounding rock. The use of a grouting system can be used to improve structural integrity,
prevent exfiltration and infiltration, or aid in heat dissipation. Some grouting methods are used
before drilling to stabilize the soil. The cement grout will be injected through the shield of the
TBM machine that provides a 15cm gap between the tunnel lining and ground soil.
47
10.6 Construction Process
10.6.1 Tunnelling Process
Figure 27; Cut and cover method and Tunnelling Boring Machine(TBM)
Source: Itacus, 2009
The tunnelling process in the SMART Tunnel project is done by using the Cut and
Cover method and the Tunnelling Boring Machine (TBM). The Cut & Cover method is used in
5% while TBM is used in 95%. The cut and cover method were utilised in the early stages of
tunnelling and then followed by TBM. There are two TBM machines that are used which are
Tuah TBM and Gemilang TBM. Tuah TBM will follow Tun Razak Road and Desa Pandan
Road north while the Gemilang TBM will follow Chan Sow Lin Road and the KL-Seremban
Highway south. The main principle behind these methods is to excavate the ground along the
tunnel's route, build the tunnel, then bury it by backfilling the route with earth and compaction
material like sand or quarry dust.
SMART Tunnel uses precast tunnel lining segments in its tunnel lining construction.
The lining is installed at the same time as the drilling. One of the most significant advantages
of employing the TBM machine as a drilling instrument. Following the completion of the
drilling work by the TBM machine, the tunnel lining work is completed utilising the same rails
as the TBM machine's movement rail. The rail allows for easy transport of the tunnel lining
into the tunnel, and installation work continues while the drilling continues. As the segments
were being joined, a single ring-shaped steel reinforced lining segment was employed as the
mould to support one segment to the other segments. The lining will be lifted and placed at
the installation area using a crane controlled by a remote.
48
The side jacks will act as stabilisers for the TBM machine while it drills the tunnel. The
TBM machine's shield creates a 15-centimeter gap between the tunnel lining and the ground
dirt, which will be injected with a unique cement grout. This is critical since there is no support
between the TBM and the ground soil as it advances. While the tunnel lining is being
completed, this gap permits the tunnel to be strengthened with cement grout. The cement
grout is critical because it prevents water from seeping into the tunnel construction site. If
water seeps into the tunnel, it will produce a massive collapse because the water pressure
from the ground water flow will force through.
The tunnel lining is built after the surrounding soil has been modified with the spray of
cement material. When tunnel lining work advances, ring joints and parallel joints are used as
support. During the fabrication and installation of the tunnel linings, a neoprene band cycles
into the groove and seals the linings. Tunnel lining is sealed by putting two segments together
and squeezing the seal profiles together. The shield's tunnelling jacks apply the necessary
force to the ring joints, which is expected to be around 5600 tonnes.
Figure 28; Tunnel Lining Work Progress
Source: Herrenknecht, 2005
49
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