GROUP 6_BQS552 COURSEWORK_AP2244A (1)

10.6.2 Road Construction

Figure 29; Road Deck Construction
Source: Itacus, 2009

The road construction is done simultaneously with tunnel construction.

10.7 Safety Procedures
Construction site safety not only minimises the risk of public injuries, but it also reduces the
risk of work-related injuries and accidents. According to OSHA, the construction industry
accounts for approximately a quarter of all work-related fatalities, with many more injuries that
do not result in death. The danger of these types of incidents is reduced when there are safety
procedures at construction sites (Ambegaonkar, 2020)

According to OSHA (2003), construction of underground tunnels, shafts, chambers,
and passageways is necessary but it is also categorized as hazardous activity. Underground
construction workers confront numerous hazards, including inadequate lighting, difficult or
limited entry and exit, the potential for exposure to air contaminants, and the threats of fire and
explosion. To overcome this hazard, there are some safety procedures that can be followed
by the construction team and workers.

50

The first safety procedure is controlling entry and exit of the site. In addition to
establishing a check-in or check-out procedure, the contractor must ensure that all
workstations at the construction site have safe access to and egress from all workstations to
protect employees from potential hazards such as being struck by excavators, haulage
machines, or other moving equipment.

Secondly, the safety procedure in this project is on handling the tunnel boring machine
(TBM). The tunnel boring machine requires a professional to handle it. A TBM is not a stand
alone piece of machinery. It can change the soil qualities right in front of the cutterhead with
its mechanical action by injecting grout and additives. The TBM can potentially over-excavate
or under-excavate the ground around the tunnel if it is operated incorrectly. Then, the TBM
also needs to be kept in good condition.

Last but not least, the safety procedure in this project is the requirements of good ventilation.
Fresh air must be given in sufficient quantities to all underground work locations to avoid
dangerous or damaging accumulations of dusts, fumes, mists, vapours, or gases. If natural
ventilation is unable to supply the required air quality because of insufficient air volume and
flow, the employer must provide mechanical ventilation to guarantee that each employee
working underground receives at least 200 cubic feet (5.7m3) of fresh air per minute.

10.8 Problem Occurred in Smart Tunnel Project and Steps Taken to Resolve Them
Every megaproject, such as the SMART tunnel, will undoubtedly encounter unintended
consequences. Even though it was built beneath Kuala Lumpur City, it still has certain
challenges, however they are not as severe as the environmental issues. So, the main issues
that have been discovered in the SMART tunnel project are the challenges to excavate the
tunnel, noise, confined space and vibration to the nearby building.

According to Kannapiran (2005), the excavation procedure is challenging because of
the enormous volume of limestone identified as highly irregular karstic structures. Limestone
is a sedimentary rock that is mostly composed of the mineral calcite which is calcium
carbonate (CaCo3). Over time, the earth's movement will lead limestone to turn into marbles.
The marble will then be fine to coarse grained recrystallized calcite and dolomite as a result
of the earth's metamorphism process, increasing the density and strength of the rock. It might
give an adequate strength to the tunnel, however when the excavation work started to involve,
the process was quite difficult due to the strength. Apart from that, during the construction
there was an existing groundwater, thus becoming the major setback to the construction. So,
in order to overcome this issue, the contractor opted to employ a slurry shield tunnel boring

51

machine for tunnel excavation and eliminate the existing groundwater. The use of the tunnel
boring machine could solve the problems caused by normal drilling and blasting. There were
also a few cut and fill methods used in several parts of the construction.

As for the SMART Tunnel project there are a number of complaints made regarding
the noise from the busy construction site especially where cut and fill methods are used. Even
though the cut and fill approach were only used in 5% of this job, there were still some issues
that arose. To address this problem, the SMART Management Team is looking into all the
possibilities by reducing the working hours so that there is only limited activity during night
time. Apart from that, the workers were highly exposed to the dangers, since they have to work
in a confined space. Working in a confined space is hazardous due to the hazards of
poisonous gasses, low oxygen levels, and fire. Other potential hazards include drowning or
asphyxiation from a different cause, such as dust, grain, or another pollutant. As a solution to
this issue, the SMART Management Team built ventilation or escape shafts at 1km intervals
throughout the tunnel. These will constantly renew the air and maintain the air quality within
the motorway section of the tunnel. The systems consist of a succession of shafts, each with
an exhaust and fresh air injector, to protect the ventilation system during floods. This permits
the fans to be situated outside the tunnel, resulting in a longitudinal flow between shafts that
allows the air in the tunnel to be continually replenished while also allowing the evacuation of
exhaust fumes or smoke in the case of a fire (Kannapiran 2005).

Lastly, the vibration from the construction and drilling of the tunnel are the problems
that arose during the SMART Tunnel construction process. One of the major difficulties is that
drilling beneath the city may cause considerable vibration to existing structures. In the case of
the SMART Tunnel Project, the tunnel alignment is designed to provide the least amount of
vibration to the surrounding area. There are precautions in place to limit vibration, particularly
by using the Slurry Shield Tunnel Boring Machine as the primary tool for drilling operations.
TBM machines, for example, are extremely valuable since they have little influence on soil
geology and groundwater sources.

52

11.0 COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO LOCAL PROJECT STUDIES

Table 10; Comparative Studies

CASE STUDY 1 COMPARISON CASE STUDY 2

Project Background
Drainage Improvement from Project’s Stormwater Management and Road

Maktab Perguruan Melayu Melaka Name Tunnel (SMART Tunnel) Project in

to Taman Peringgit Jaya, Melaka Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

June 2007 Started Date 25th November 2003

Stormwater management facilities Purpose New water route will alleviate the
are needed to counter the flooding city’s regular flash floods. A holding

faced by the population in this area pond, a bypass tunnel, and a

and to ensure clean discharge storage reservoir, excess rainwater

water to Sungai Melaka will be diverted away from the

existing water catchment. Other

than that is to relieve traffic
congestion at Kuala Lumpur’s

southern entrance.

Parties Involved

Pengarah Jabatan Pengairan dan Owner Government: Government of

Saliran Negeri Melaka Malaysia, Malaysian Highway

Authority (LLM) and Department of

Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia

(JPS)

Kejuruteraan Asas Jaya Sdn Bhd Contractor Private: Gamuda Berhad and MMC
Consultant Corporation Berhad
O & L Jurutera Perunding Sdn Bhd Gamuda Berhad and MMC
(Civil and Structural Engineer) Corporation Berhad
Aquarius Engineering Consultants Senior Project Manager: Gusztav
Sdn Bhd (Mechanical and Klados
Electrical Engineer)

53

J.B. Bergabung (Quantity

Surveyor)

Type of Construction

Surface Drainage Type Involved Subsurface Water Drainage

To change the old type of surface Method To build tunnel form

drainage system which is earth

surface drainage system into

precast concrete surface drainage

system

Wetland Other None

Construction

Construction of wetland is to act as Purpose Subsurface drainage is known as

sponges and overcome the grey the process of removing water that

water. has infiltrated into the soil in excess

of the quantity that can be held by

capillary forces against gravity.

1. Obtaining suitable data for the Procedures Pre-construction phase:
Procedures The planning work of the SMART
project is designed and constructed.
study's purposes.

2. Inspect the site and perform a

field investigation.

3. Defining the scope of work for Construction phase:
The tunnelling process will begin
any necessary storm water with the use of two Tunnel Boring
Machines (TBM). Need to handle
quality surveys and movement planning of the TBM
properly. Then, the upper road deck
engineering surveys, as well as and lower road deck will be
constructed.
monitoring the survey's

progress.

4. Analyze and assess the current

drainage system in order to

develop and build a thorough

drainage system that Post construction phase:
A surveyor must monitor the
incorporates essential SMART operation at the surface
and in the tunnel for roughly a
components of runoff quality, month, and after large storms in

quantity control, and

appropriate drainage.

54

5. Conduct hydrological and mode III operation. This activity is
contingent on a request from the
hydraulic analyses utilising JPS Malaysia, which will determine
whether or not the monitoring
appropriate techniques and mechanism is required. The
SMART Control Office in Kampung
procedures, including cutting- Berembang will oversee the
systems upkeep and functioning
edge modelling methods.

6. Create concepts and standards

for the design of the solutions

for the proposed stormwater

management plan for the

client's approval.

7. Prepare as-built drawings.

8. Give a cost estimate for the

stormwater management

strategy's overall

implementation, which includes

site acquisition, planning, and

construction, as well as the

individual design alternatives

that are highly recommended.

9. Create tender documents that

satisfy all requirements for a

tender offer.

10. Construction supervision

is needed during the

construction time.

The Material Used

Precast Concrete U Drain Material 1 Precast Concrete Segments

• It is the solution for providing Benefit • Its construction can be arrange

effective and efficient storm properly by labelling and

water surface drainage in a numbering.

faster and smarter method.

• U-shaped drain can be install at

a slant.

• U-shaped can be supplied in

various sizes.

55

Precast Concrete Culvert Material 2 Cement Grout for Soil Stabilization
• It can serve as a bridge for Benefit • It can fill in the gap between the

vehicles to pass through. gap precast concrete segment
• It can be install beneath roads and the surrounding rock.
• It can improve structural
and highways for water integrity, prevent exfiltration and
crossing infiltration, or aid in heat
• Culvert can be resized to a disssipation.
larger than the old culvert size.

Wetland Species Material 3 None

• It act as natural sponges, Benefit None

trapping and gradually

releasing surface water, rain,

groundwater, and flood waters.

• It can reducing the rate the rate

and volume of surface-water

runoff caused by pavement and

buildings.

• Overcome the grey water

Safety Procedures

• The laying and maintaining Details • Control entry and exit of the site

drains are the jobs that require by establishing a check-in or

high safety standards check-out procedure.

• The excavation and trenching • Handle the tunnel boring

works need to hire a machine (TBM) by a

professional operator to handle professional and keep it in good

excavation machinery like condition.

dragline excavators, bulldozers • The requirements of good

or scrapers. ventilation which is fresh air

• Get inform the worker about the must be given in sufficient

animals and insect bites and quantities to all underground

wear a suitable cloths and tools work locations to avoid

to work on site. dangerous or damaging

accumulations of dusts, fumes,

mists, vapours, or gases.

56

Problem Occurred and Step Taken

• The areas dense with Problems • To excavate the tunnel, noise,

development and housing confined space and vibration to

• The flood last more than two the nearby building.

hours and the infrastructure • The excavation procedure has

can no longer withstand the an enormous volume of

increasing runoff before the limestone identified as highly

upgrading executed. irregular karstic structures.

• Lack of maintenance for the • The earth's movement will lead

existing drainage system limestone to turn into marbles.

• During the construction there

was an existing groundwater,

thus becoming the major

setback to the construction.

• The Stormwater Management Solutions • The contractor opted to employ

Plan is made as a framework of a slurry shield tunnel boring

the action machine for tunnel excavation

and eliminate the existing

groundwater.

• Reduce the working hours so

that there is only limited activity

during night time.

• The SMART Management Team

built ventilation or escape shafts

at 1km intervals throughout the

tunnel.

• The tunnel alignment is

designed to provide the least

amount of vibration to the

surrounding area.

57

12.0 CONCLUSION
Surface and subsurface water and pipe works are the components that are classified as
drainage systems. To be clear, drainage is the removal of surface or subsurface water from a
defined area. Drainage systems are any plumbing on private or public property that transport
sewage, rainwater, and other liquid waste to a location for disposal. To achieve the drainage
system's main goal, which is to collect and eliminate waste matter in a systematic manner in
order to maintain a building's health, all three components must be intentionally run in
conjunction. Additionally, the drainage system is aiming to prevent flooding, which can harm
the environment around it.

Based on the two case studies, we understand that both case studies are aiming to
prevent flooding from occurring in the surrounding environment. We discovered that two of
components in drainage systems which are surface water drainage and subsurface water
drainage are used in this project. The first case study that entitled as “Drainage Improvement
from Maktab Perguruan Melayu Melaka to Taman Peringgit Jaya, Melaka” is using surface
water drainage system while the second case study that entitled as “Stormwater Management
and Road Tunnel (SMART Tunnel) Project in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia” was used subsurface
water drainage system.

`The construction of a subsurface water drainage system in the SMART Tunnel project
is unique because it is built as a tunnel. The purpose of the tunnel is to distribute the future
water capacity in case of high volume of rain intensity in the Kuala Lumpur city. The tunnel
was also built to avoid traffic congestion. Aside from that, we discovered a way to reduce the
impact of floods which is by constructing wetland. This can be seen in the first case study. The
wetland can reduce the impact of floods because the wetlands act as natural sponges,
trapping and gradually releasing the floods.

To conclude, the effects of water damage can be mitigated with an effective drainage
system. The decision usually boils down to whether the drain will be prefabricated or built on
site. Other than that, the decision to build the drainage system is influenced by the type of land
and the amount of money available.

58

REFERENCES

Ajay Pipes. (2019, September 23). What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of PVC
Pipes?
https://issuu.com/ajaypipes/docs/what_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_p
vc_p#:~:text=The%20Disadvantages%20of%20PVC%20Pipes,used%20for%20hot%2
0water%20piping.

Alif Eja. (2014, May 30). Advantages and Disadvantages of Slope Drainage.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/227113651/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Slope-
Drainage

Akshay Dashore (2021) What are the types of surface water drainage systems? Available at
https://theconstructor.org/environmental-engg/what-types-surface-drainage-
systems/40357/. (Accessed: 20 June 2022)

Ambegaonkar, R. (2020), The Importance of Safety on Construction Sites. Available at:
https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/the-importance-of-safety-on-construction-sites
(Accessed: 6 June 2022)

Azizan, M.F., Amin, M.A.H.M., Rosli, M.Z.M., and Yusoff, M.A.R.M (2015) The construction
method for surface water drainage (housing). Available at
https://www.slideshare.net/adibramli/the-construction-method-for-surface-drainage-
housing (Accessed: 22 June 2022)

CAN Engineer Certainty. (2022, June 22). Slope Drainage. https://www.can.ltd.uk/technical-
information/slope-drainage

Ceresana. (2018, November 9). Great advantages of PVC sewage pipes, new market study
concludes. PVC Pipes. https://pvc4pipes.com/2018/11/09/great-advantages-pvc-
sewage-pipes-new-market-study-concludes/

Daniel Eden. (2015). Reinforced Concrete Pipe. Foley Company.
https://www.foleyproducts.com/precast-pipe-products/reinforced-concrete-pipe/

Fausey, N.R. (2005) DRAINAGE, SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE, Encyclopedia of Soils in
Environment, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00352-0, pp. 409-413

59

Gary Sprague. (2020, July 28). The Differences Between Copper Pipe Types, Explained. Bob
Villa. https://www.bobvila.com/articles/copper-pipe-types/

Itacus (2009) The Smart Project in Malaysia. Available at: https://about.ita-aites.org/wg-
committees/itacus/downloads/569/the-smart-project-in-malaysia (Accessed: 10 June
2022).

Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia (2014) Standard Specification For Building Works 2014, JKR
20800-0183-14. Available at https://tender.selangor.my/uploads/ (Accessed: 18 June
2022)

Kamis, A., Setan, H. and Fung, P. L. C. (2007) ‘The Applications of Surveying Techniques In
Kuala Lumpur Smart Tunnel Project’ Persada Johor International Convention Centre, 5-
7 November, Johor Bharu MALAYSIA.

Korey. (2020, December). White Solid PVC vs. Black Corrugated Pipe for French Drain
Installation. Commercial Industry Supply. https://www.commercial-industrial-
supply.com/resource-center/white-solid-pvc-vs-black-corrugated-pipe-french-drain-
installation/

Kumar, R. (2005) A Study and Evaluation on SMART Project, Malaysia. [Bachelor of
Engineering (Civil Engineering)]. University of Southern Queensland Faculty of
Engineering and Surveying

Krishi Shiksha. (2013, September 16). Design of Subsurface Drainage Systems. Moodle.
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=9

Miles Hubert. (2021, July 28). Can Gutters Drain into Sewer? The Pros and Cons of Drainage.
https://homeinspectioninsider.com/can-gutters-drain-into-sewer-the-pros-and-cons-of-
drainage/

60

mlblevins. (2011, July). Different Types of Drainage Pipes. Home Quick.
https://homequicks.com/different-types-of-drainage-pipes

Mr.Rooter. (2017, June 1). Clay Sewer Pipes and the Problems They Present. Mr Rooter
Plumbing.

Nick Maier. (2021, April 19). Understanding the Types of Drainage System. Abt Drains.
https://abtdrains.com/understanding-the-types-of-drainage-systems/

Nikhil Jp. (2014, November 11). Drainage system.
https://www.slideshare.net/nikhiljp44/drainage-system-41419235

OKA Corporation Bhd. (2018). OKA precast concrete pipe.
http://www.oka.com.my/index.asp?LanguagesID=1&TitleReferenceID=1568&Company
ID=29

OSHA (2003), Underground Construction (Tunneling), Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.

PJ roofing. (2016, August 11). The Benefits of Gutters and Downspouts.
https://pjsroofing.com/the-benefits-of-gutters-and-
downspouts/#:~:text=By%20having%20a%20good%20gutter,the%20care%20of%20yo
ur%20house.

Ritzema, H. (2014). UNESCO-IHE MSc Programme Land and Water Development for Food
Security Main Drainage Systems 1.

Riyo. (2019a, March 29). 5 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Subsurface Drainage Systems.

1001artificialplants.Com. https://www.1001artificialplants.com/2019/03/29/5-

advantages-and-disadvantages-of-subsurface-drainage-systems/

Riyo. (2019b, March 29). 8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Irrigation Systems.
1001 Artificial Plants.

61

Robert Bouchal. (n.d.). Advantages of Cast Iron Pipe Lining. New England Pipe Restoration
Trenchless Technology. Retrieved June 12, 2022, from https://nepipe.com/advantages-
of-cast-iron-pipe-lining/

School of PE. (2017, August 10). Basic Types of Residential Drainage Systems.
https://www.schoolofpe.com/blog/2017/08/basic-types-of-residential-drainage-
systems.html

Schwab, G.O., Fangmeier, D.D., Elliot, W.J. and Frevert, R.K. (2005). Surface Drainage and
Land Forming. Fourth Edition, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd., Singapore, pp. 245-
264.
Sevenhuijsen’, R. J. (n.d.). 20 Surface Drainage Systems.

Sharaf Bidisha. (2019, May 12). Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Irrigation. Civil

Engineering. https://civiltoday.com/water-resource-engineering/irrigation/287-

advantages-and-disadvantages-surface-irrigation

Staydry (2019) Importance of Drainage Systems. Available at
https://staydrywaterproofing.com/importance-of-draining-systems/. (Accessed: 20 June
2022)

Trenclesspedia (n.d.) Segmental Concrete Tunnel Liners. Available at:
https://www.trenchlesspedia.com/definition/2953/segmental-concrete-tunnel-liners
(Accessed: 10 June 2022).

Trenclesspedia (n.d.) Tunnel Grouting Systems. Available at:

https://www.trenchlesspedia.com/definition/2906/tunnel-grouting-systems (Accessed:

10 June 2022).

VideRime. (2018, April 15). Advantages and disadvantages of concrete pipes. VideRime

Online Learning. https://viderime.com/civil-engineering/environmental-

engineering/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-concrete-

62

pipes/#:~:text=The%20main%20disadvantage%20is%20that,which%20may%20result
%20in%20corrosion
Way Point Inspection. (2020, October). Cast Iron Drains – Sewer Plumbing Problems & Costs.
https://waypointinspection.com/cast-iron-drains/
Whitt Inspections. (2021, June 27). Cast Iron Plumbing - The Advantages and Disadvantages.
https://www.whittinspections.com/home-inspections/cast-iron-plumbing/
Wikipedia (n.d.) SMART Tunnel. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART_Tunnel
(Accessed: 6 June 2022).

63