Economics 1st Paper

GBPGmwm cix¶vi cÖkcœ Î I
DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb

01 XvKv †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 0 9

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

[we. `ª. : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤úY~ © fivU Ki|]

1. g~ja‡bi MwZkxjZv n‡jv− 10. wbg LvRbv cwigv‡ci m~Î †KvbwU? 21. Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
K TR − TC L TR − TVC
K g~ja‡bi †hvMvb L g~ja‡bi Pvwn`v M TR − AC N TR − AVC K mÂq L wewb‡qvM

2. M g~jab MVb N g~jab ¯’vbvši— 11. NNP Gi cY~ ©iƒc †KvbwU? M †hvMvb N g~jab
†Kvb DcKiYwU Drcv`b Kvh©µg Z`viwK K‡i?
K f‚wg L kÖg K New National Product 22. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i †KvbwU fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z

M msMVb N g~jab L Net National Product i. MR  MC
M Nominal National Product ii. AR = MR
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : N Natural National Product
iii. P > MC
12. Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

P, AC, MC, AR, MR K 2 †_‡K AmsL¨ L 2 †_‡K 50 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

M MC AC M 2 †_‡K 30 N 2 †_‡K 20  wb‡Pi QKwU j¶ Ki Ges 23 I 24bs cÖ‡kœi
F DËi `vI :
13. Mo e¨q (AC) = cvÖ wšK— e¨q (MC) n‡e hLb− kÖ‡gi cwigvY †gvU Drcv`b cÖvwš—K Drcv`b
H K AC †iLv wb¤œMvgx L MC †iLv wb¤œMvgx
G

E AR Q M AC me©wb¤œ N MC me©wb¤œ 1 GKK 12 GKK 12 GKK
MR
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 14 I 15bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI :
O 2016 m‡bi A I B †`‡ki A_©bxwZ m¤úwK©Z

3. DcwiD³ DÏxc‡K fvimvg¨ we›`y †KvbwU? wewfbœ Z_¨ wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jv− 2 GKK 20 GKK GKK
K E we›`y L F we›`y 3 GKK GKK 6 GKK
M G we›`y N H we›`y
23. LvwjN‡i †gvU Drcv`b I cÖvwš—K Drcv`b h_vµ‡g
4. Mo e¨q †iLv M we›`y‡Z ¯úk© Ki‡j− †`k †fvM wewb‡qvM miKvwi e¨q wbU ißvwb RbmsL¨v
i. ¯^vfvweK gby vdv AwR©Z n‡e K 32, 18 L 26, 8
ii. A¯^vfvweK gybvdv AwR©Z n‡e (C) (I) (G) (X−M) M 8, 26 N 2, 6

iii. gby vdvi aib AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e A 1000 500 300 200 5.5 †KvwU 24. DcwiD³ DÏxc‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. †gvU Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o
B 1200 700 300 −200 5 †KvwU

K i L i I iii M ii I iii N iii 14. A I B †`‡ki GNP h_vµ‡g− ii. Mo Drcv`b me©`v w¯’i _v‡K

5. wdkv‡ii wewbgq mgxKiY Abyhvqx− K 1800, 1800 L 2000, 2000 iii. cÖvwšK— Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb

K P = T L P = MV M 2000, 1800 N 1800, 2000 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
MV T 15. `ywU †`‡ki †¶‡Î K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii

M P = M+ V N P = T i. A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v GKB iKg 25. †KvbwU cwieZ©bkxj e¨q?
T + ii. B †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v A †`‡ki †P‡q fv‡jv
M V iii. B †`‡ki ißvwb Avg`vwbi †P‡q Kg 26. K ¯’vqx Kg©Pvixi †eZb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 27.
6. †KvbwU evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FYcÎ? K i L ii M ii I iii N i I iii L evwo fvov
7. K †PK L e¨vsK †bvU †Kvb evRv‡ii Pvwn`v †iLv f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj? 
M †µwWU KvW© N †WweU KvW© K GK‡PwUqv M `xN©‡gqvw` g~ja‡bi my`
 L Awj‡Mvcwj
ÒLvRbv n‡”Q GKwU `xN©‡gqvw` aviYvÓ− M GKwUqvg~jK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv N kÖ‡gi gRywi
Dw³wU Kvi? N cY~ © cÖwZ‡hvwMZv cÖK…Z gRywi wbY©‡qi m~Î †KvbwU?
K †WwfW wiKv‡W©v L cj m¨vg‡y qjmb 16. K WP L WP
M wW. m¨vj‡fUi N wR. w÷Mjvi DÏxcKwU c‡o 17 I 18bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : M PW N W+P
 avb
wP‡Î GKwU †`‡ki kÖgevRv‡ii Ae¯’v †`Lv‡bv eybb hš¿ (Weaving machine) †Kvb ai‡bi g~jab?
n‡jv, Gi wfwˇZ 8 I 9bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI :
K N~Y©vqgvb g~jab L wbgw¾Z g~jab

cÉK‡Z gRywi M fvmgvb g~jab N e¨w³MZ g~jab

SL wb‡Pi m~wPwU j¶ Ki Ges 28 I 29 bs cÖ‡kœi

DËi `vI :

( )W L A `vg (P) Pvwn`v (Q)
P 2K
E N D 10 UvKv 50 GKK
( )W N0 DL
P0 C 5 UvKv 50 GKK

( )W S wbGqvM N O cvU 28. DcwiD³ DÏxc‡K `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`vi
P1 w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Kxiƒc?
B K m¤ú~Y© Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK L Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK
O

8. †`kwUi kÖgevRv‡ii fvimvg¨ we›`y †KvbwU? 17. av‡bi Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡j cv‡Ui Drcv`b KZ?
KO L AB M OA N OB
K K we›`y L L we›`y M GKK w¯’wZ¯’vcK N w¯’wZ¯’vcK
M E we›`y N N we›`y 18. wP‡Îi †Kvb we›`ywU m¤ú‡`i AcY~ © e¨envi
wb‡`©k K‡i? 29. DÏxcK †_‡K Aw¼Z Pvwn`v †iLvwU n‡e
( )9. W KA LB MC ND
P 2 gRywi nv‡i− K evg †_‡K Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx
19. msL¨vMZ Dc‡hvM we‡kl­ ‡Yi cÖe³v †K?
i. kÖ‡gi NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡e L evg †_‡K Wv‡b EaŸ©Mvgx
K Avi. wR. wW. G‡jb L cj m¨vg‡y qjmb
ii. †eKviZ¡ m„wó n‡e M gvk©vj N †Rfbm M j¤^ A‡¶i mgvš—ivj

iii. cÖK…Z gRywi n«vm cv‡e N f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj
20. wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †Kvb ai‡bi? 30. Afv‡ei Zzjbvq m¤ú‡`i mxgve×Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK L w¯’wZ¯’vcK K `y®úÖvc¨Zv L wbe©vPb
K i L ii M i I iii N ii I iii
M GKK w¯’wZ¯’vcK N Amxg w¯’wZ¯’vcK M Pvwn`v N †hvMvb

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMNSelf test
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 N 2 M 3 K 4 K 5 L 6 K 7 M 8 M 9 L 10 L 11 L 12 N 13 M 14 L 15 M

16 N 17 N 18 M 19 M 20 K 21 N 22 K 23 L 24 M 25 N 26 L 27 L 28 K 29 M 30 K

02 ivRkvnx †evW© 2019

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. AC hLb wb¤œMvgx ZLb wb‡Pi †KvbwU N‡U? 11. kÖ‡gi G ai‡bi MwZkxjZvq 22. ÔThe General Theory of Employment,
K AC > MC L AC = MC
i. †eKvi mgm¨v e„w× cvq Interest and MoneyÕ eBwUi †jLK †K?
M AC < MC N AC  MC
ii. b¨vh¨ gRywi wbwðZ nq K A¨vWvg w¯§_ L †R. Gg. †KBÝ
2. Ki Av‡ivc, fZz©wK cÖ`vb, †ikwbsG ai‡bi
iii. kÖwg‡Ki Drcv`b ¶gZv e„w× cvq M Gj. iweÝ N Kvj© gvK©m
miKvwi cfÖ ve †bB †Kvb evRv‡i?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 23. e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡Mi me©vwaK ¯^vaxbZv †Kvb
K GK‡PwUqv L Awj‡Mvcwj
K i I ii L i I iii A_©e¨e¯’vq i‡q‡Q?
M g‡bvcmwb N c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K cywu Rev`x L wb‡`©kg~jK
3. †hŠ_ gj~ abx Kviev‡i †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i `vq
K mxgve× _v‡K L Amxg _v‡K 12. M = 200, M' = 200 M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg

M = 5, V' = 5, T = 500 24. A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Kg©chv© q †KvbwU?

M mgvb _v‡K N Swzu Knxb _v‡K P=? L8 M4 N2 K Drcv`b L wewb‡qvM
K 16 M †hvMvb N mÂq
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
ivûj, Avwmd I evàx wg‡j GKwU grm¨ Lvgvi 13. miKvwi †bvU †KvbwU?  DÏxcKwU c‡o 25 I 26bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI :
4. ¯’vcb K‡i| cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi 14.
5. wfwˇZ Pzw³e× n‡q Zviv LvgviwU M‡o 15. K 2 UvKv L 5 UvKv 25.
Zz‡j‡Q| Zviv wb‡R‡`i gj~ a‡bi Abycv‡Z 16. 26.
M 10 UvKv N 20 UvKv `vg (UvKv) Pvwn`vi cwigvY †hvMv‡bi
 (GKK) cwigvY (GKK)
†KvbwU mvgwMÖK e¨‡qi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask?

jvf-¶wZ fvM K‡i †bq| K e¨w³MZ e¨q L miKvwi e¨q 1 16 2
evûj, Avwmd I evàx †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb
M mvgwiK e¨q N cvwievwiK e¨q 2 12 4

M‡o Zz‡j‡Q? gvbyl KZ…©K m„ó DcKiY n‡Z ¯^íKv‡j cÖvß 38 8
K cvÖ B‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
L cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Avq‡K Kx e‡j?
M Askx`vwi Kvievi
N mgevq Kvievi K †gvU LvRbv L A_©‰bwZK LvRbv 44 10

M AbycvwR©Z Avq N wbg LvRbv DÏxc‡K fvimvg¨ `vg †KvbwU?

`vg¯‡— ii mv‡_ gy`ªvi g‡~ j¨i m¤úK© Kxiƒc? K2 L3 M4 N8

Giƒc Kviev‡ii Amyweav n‡jv i. abvZ¥K DÏxc‡Ki gvbmgn~ Øviv Pvwn`v‡iLv A¼b
i. wm×vš— MnÖ ‡Y wej¤^
ii. FYvZ¥K Ki‡j †iLvwU n‡e

ii. ¯’vwqZ¡ Kg iii. wecixZgyLx i. evg †_‡K Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx

iii. n¯—vš—i‡hvM¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. evg †_‡K Wv‡b EaŸ©Mvgx

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii iii. w¯’i Xvjwewkó

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii DÏxcKwU c‡o 17 I 18bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : K i I ii L i I iii

6. cÖwZ †KwR PvD‡ji `vg 40 UvKv †_‡K †e‡o kvnRvnvb mv‡ne GKRb A_©bxwZwe`| wZwb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

50 UvKv n‡j mv¾v` mv‡n‡ei gvwmK PvD‡ji †`L‡jb Zvi †`‡k 2017 mv‡j †gvU gj~ ab 27. 2wU Avg †fv‡Mi d‡j †gvU Dc‡hvM n‡jv 12
wQj 20,000 †KvwU UvKv hv 2018 mv‡j †e‡o
`vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv KZ? UvKv| 3wU Avg †fv‡Mi d‡j hw` †gvU
wM‡q nq 22,000 †KvwU UvKv| GUzKz e„w× Zvi
K 0.2 L 0.8 M 1.25 N 5 Dc‡hvM 15 UvKv nq Zvn‡j †fv³vi cÖvwšK—
we‡ePbvq A‡bK Kg| wZwb cvk¦©eZ©x †`‡k
7. wewb‡qvM e„w×i d‡j Dc‡hvM KZ?
wM‡q †`L‡jb Zv‡`i evwl©K gj~ ab MV‡bi nvi
i. †gvU e¨q ev‡o K2 L3 M4 N5
cÖvq 30%, RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb I
ii. Mo e¨q w¯i’ _v‡K Av_©mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv A‡bK DbœZ| 28. kÖ‡gi †hvMvb †iLv ¯^íKv‡j cðvrMvgx nq, hw`
iii. Drcv`b ev‡o i. gRywi †e‡o hvq
17. kvnRvnvb mv‡n‡ei †`‡ki gj~ ab MV‡bi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. wekÖvg AcQ›`bxq nq
nvi KZ?
K i I ii L i I iii iii. wekÖvg cQ›`bxq nq
K 5% L 10% M 15% N 20%
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

8. ÔXÕ evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ 18. cvk¦©eZ©x †`‡ki g~jab MV‡bi nvi †ewk, KviY K i I ii L i I iii

60,000 UvKv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆea wiRvf© i. m‡qi mvg_©¨ †ewk M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

10%| e¨vsKwUi FYm„ó AvgvbZ KZ? ii. wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM-myweav †ewk  DÏxcKwU c‡o 29 I 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K 6,00,000 UvKv L 6,000 UvKv iii. ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv †ewk
M 54,000 UvKv N 60,000 UvKv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Y MC
AC
Self test
9. A_©‰bwZK g›`vi mgq FY wbqš¿‡Y †K›`ªxq e¨vsK K i I ii L i I iii E AR = MR = P
`vg/ Avq / eÅqi. e¨vsK nvi I my‡`i nvi n«vm K‡iM ii I iiiN i, ii I iiiP0

ii. FYcÎ µq K‡i 19. Y = C + I + G + (X  M) = Kx n‡e?

iii. bM` Rgvi nvi evwo‡q †`q K GDP L GNP M NNP N NDP O Qo X

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 20. †`‡ki Avw_©K bxwZ cÖYqb K‡i †Kvb e¨vsK? Drcv`Gbi cwigvY

K i I ii L i I iii K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK 29. DÏxc‡K Pvwn`v‡iLv †KvbwU?

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii L †K›`ªxq e¨vsK K AR L AC M MR N MC

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 10 I 11bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : M Bmjvwg e¨vsK 30. wP‡Îi E we›`y‡Z wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q
w`bvRcy‡ii wiKkvPvjK †dbx‡Z wM‡q wiKkv N we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK
i. `vg = Mo e¨q
Pvjv‡”Q| Av‡Mi Zzjbvq †ewk Avq K‡i †m 21. wb‡Pi †Kvb †iLvwU g~j we›`y †_‡K ïi“ nq?
K †gvU cwieZ©bxq LiP ii. `vg = cvÖ wš—K Avq
RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
L †gvU w¯’i LiP iii. cÖvwšK— Avq = cÖvwš—K e¨q
10. DÏxc‡K Dwjw­ LZ kÖ‡gi MwZkxjZv †Kvb ai‡bi?
M †gvU LiP wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †ckvMZ L ¯—iMZ
N Mo LiP K i I ii L i I iii
M †fŠ‡MvwjK N wkíMZ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 K 2 N 3 K 4 M 5 K 6 L 7 L 8 K 9 K 10 M 11 M 12 M 13 K 14 L 15 N

16 M 17 L 18 N 19 L 20 L 21 K 22 L 23 K 24 K 25 L 26 L 27 L 28 L 29 K 30 M

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  3

03 h‡kvi †evW© 2019

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. Ave× A_©bxwZ‡Z †KvbwU Abycw¯’Z? 12. msMV‡bi KvR 22. abZ‡š¿ A`„k¨ kw³‡K Kx e‡j?
KC LX MI NG i. SuywK MÖnY K miKvwi cwiKíbv L `vg e¨e¯’v

2. mÂq wbf©i K‡i ii. gj~ ab msMÖn M Rbkw³ N mvgvwRK Kj¨vY

i. Av‡qi Ici iii. AvBb cÖYqb 23. mvgwóK A_©bxwZi Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv

ii. cÖvwšK— †fvM cÖeYZvi Ici wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. RvZxq Avq

iii. my‡`i nv‡ii Ici K i I ii L i I iii ii. my‡`i nvi

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. dv‡g©i gybvdv
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 13. AwZwi³ kÖg I wewb‡qvM bv K‡i †h AwZwi³
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Avq nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j? K i I ii L i I iii

LvZ cwigvY (†KvwU UvKv) K †gvU Avq L †gvU LvRbv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
†fvM e¨q 120
wewb‡qvM e¨q 100 M AbycvwR©Z Avq N wbg LvRbv  wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki I 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi
miKvwi e¨q 80 14. †Kvb †iLvi AvK…wZ f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj nq? DËi `vI :
Avg`vwb e¨q 70 K AFC L TFC
M AC N TVC Y

15. AC I MC Gi mgZv¯’‡j M
y1 C
i. TC me©wb¤œ Y Ë`eÅ

ißvwb e¨q 50 ii. AC me©wb¤œ y2 D
iii. MC µgea©gvb
3. DÏxcK Abyhvqx †gvU RvZxq Avq KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N X
K 280 L 300 M 320 N 420 K i I ii
M ii I iii L i I iii O x1 x2
4. †KvbwU †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvR bq? N i, ii I iii
K †bvU cÖPjb X `ËeÅ
L FY cÖ`vb
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 16 I 17bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : 24. wP‡Îi cÖ`wkZ© MN †iLvwUi bvg Kx?

K Drcv`b m¤v¢ ebv †iLv

M miKv‡ii e¨vsKvi weµq (Q) †gvU Avq (TR) L mg Drcv`b †iLv

N FY wbqš¿Y 1 5 M Pvwn`v †iLv
5. gy`ªvi cÖavb KvR †KvbwU? 2 10 N ¯^qswµq `vg †iLv

K mvgvwRK gh©v`v i¶v 3 15 25. wP‡Îi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq
26. i. †gvU e¨q
L gb¯—vwË¡K KvR 16. DÏxcKwU †Kvb evRv‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z? 27.
17. 28. ii. `ywU `ª‡e¨i mswgkÖY
M evwYwR¨K KvR K GK‡PwUqv L cY~ ©cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
N mvgvwRK m¤úK© i¶v 18. iii. KZUzKz Drcv`b Kiv n‡e
19. M Awj‡Mvcwj N g‡bvcmwb
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 6bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
dinv` ivZ `kUvq Zvi eo fvB‡qi wbKU  DÏxcK Abyhvqx
6. dig c~i‡Yi Rb¨ 5,000 UvKv Pvq| Zvi fvB K i I ii L i I iii
7. ejj Avwg iv‡ZB UvKv cvVve| Zzwg Kvj i. `vg w¯’i
8. mKv‡j †Zvgvi e¨vsK GKvD›U †_‡K UvKv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. TR  MR Pvwn`v †iLv ¯’vbvš‡— ii KviY Kx?

iii. AR + P K `v‡gi cwieZ©b

Zzj‡Z cvi‡e| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L i I iii L Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY
K i I ii
DÏxc‡Ki UvKv †cÖi‡Yi c×wZwU Kx? M Pvwn`v wewa
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K †gvevBj e¨vswKs L GKvD›U ¯’vbvši— N Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w×
†h evRv‡i †µZv GKRb I we‡µZv AmsL¨
M Kgvwk©qvj e¨vswKs N †PK n¯v— ši— †Kv‡bv †iLvi Y A‡¶i `~iZ¡‡K X A‡¶i `~iZ¡ Øviv
Zv‡K Kx evRvi e‡j? fvM Ki‡j Kx cvIqv hvq?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU gRyZ Kiv hvq bv?
K g‡bvcwj L Wz‡qvcwj K w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv
K gRywi L gy`ªv
M Awj‡Mvcwj N g‡bvcmwb L cvÖ wš—K Dc‡hvM
M kÖg N g~jab g‡bvcwj evRv‡ii †¶‡Î †KvbwU mwVK?
M fvimvg¨ `vg
kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e hw` K AR = P > MR
i. `ªe¨gj~ ¨ n«vm cvq L MR > AR = P N †iLvi Xvj
ii. Avw_©K gRywi n«vm cvq M AR > P = MR
N P > AR = MR Pvwn`v †iLvi AvK…wZ n‡Z cv‡i

iii. kÖ‡gi `¶Zv e„w× cvq wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 20 I 21bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : i. Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. Wvbw`‡K EaŸ©Mvgx
iii. f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj
K i I ii L i I iii Y

Self testM ii I iii N i, ii I iii 15 MC wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Avq/ eÅq/ `vg AC K i L ii
9. wb‡Pi †KvbwU gvby‡li Avq Øviv m„ó Dcv`vb? 12
K kÖg L g~jab 10 C3 C2 C1 M iii N i, ii I iii

M f‚wg N msMVb Co AR  DÏxcKwU c‡o 29 I 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

10. g~jab MV‡bi nvi wbf©i K‡i hvi Ici MR X Qd = 15  5P
O 10 Q Qs = 5-1 5P
i. my‡`i nvi
ii. wewb‡qv‡Mi myweav 29. DÏxc‡Ki fvimvg¨ cwigvY KZ?
20. DÏxc‡Ki fvimvg¨ we›`y †KvbwU? K 2 L 5 M 10 N 15
iii. m‡qi B”Qv K C3 L C2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M C1 N C0 30. evRvi `vg 3 UvKv avh© Kiv n‡j
i. †hvMvb †ewk Pvwn`v Kg
K i I ii L i I iii 21. DÏxc‡K †gvU gby vdv 30 UvKv n‡j wb‡Pi
ii. Pvwn`vi cwigvY k~b¨
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii †KvbwU NU‡e? iii. †hvMvb = 15
K AC = 12 > MR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
11. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ KZRb? L AC = 15 = AR

K 220 L 250 M AC = 12 < MR K i I ii L i I iii

M 750 N 7Amxg N AC = 15 = MR M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 L 2 N 3 K 4 L 5 M 6 K 7 M 8 M 9 L 10 N 11 L 12 K 13 M 14 L 15 M

16 L 17 L 18 N 19 K 20 N 21 K 22 L 23 K 24 K 25 M 26 N 27 N 28 K 29 M 30 K

04 Kzwgj­v †evW© 2019

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. †gŠwjK A_©bxwZK mgm¨vi cÖK…wZ we‡k­l‡Y †K 12. DÏxc‡K Dwj­wLZ ÔXÕ Kx ai‡bi msMVb?  DÏxcKwU c‡o 22 I 23bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
cÖ_g Ae`vb iv‡Lb? K Askx`vwi Kvievi
K m¨vgy‡qjmb L †KBbm L GKK gvwjKvbv ÔXÕ †`‡ki miKvi 2015-16 A_©eQ‡i wewfbœ

M gvk©vj N GWvg w¯§_ M cvÖ B‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb wewb‡qvMevÜe Kg©m~wP ev¯—evq‡bi d‡j c~e©eZ©x
N cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb eQ‡ii gRyZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY 40 nvRvi †KvwU
2. Bmjvwg A_©e¨e¯’vi Áv‡bi g~j Drm KqwU? 13. Giƒc msMV‡bi †¶‡Î UvKv n‡Z 45 nvRvi †KvwU UvKvq DËxY© nq| wKš‘
K2 L3 M4 N5 ÔXÕ †`‡k evwl©K g~jab MV‡bi nvi 22% Ges

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : i. e¨emv‡qi Z_¨ †Mvcb _v‡K †mLv‡b Av_©mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv I RbM‡Yi
ii. RbM‡Yi c~Y© Av¯’v _v‡K
cÖwZ nvwj wW‡gi `vg 28 UvKv †_‡K 36 UvKv iii. MYZvwš¿K cwiPvjbv RxebhvÎvi gvb ÔXÕ †`k A‡c¶v DbœZ|
nIqvq Kwig mv‡ne 5 nvwji cwie‡Z© 10 nvwj
wewµ Ki‡Z ivwR _v‡Kb| wKš‘ nvmvb mv‡ne wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 22. ÔXÕ †`‡k gj~ ab MV‡bi nvi KZ?
K 12.50% L 15%
10 nvwji cwie‡Z© 5 nvwj µq Ki‡Z K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ivwR _v‡Kb| 14. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvgj~ K evRv‡i `vg (P) †iLv M 20% N 25%
15. Kxiƒc n‡e?
3. Pvwn`v w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi †¶‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? K j¤^ A‡¶i mgvši— vj 23. g~jab MV‡bi nvi ÔYÕ †`‡k AwaK, KviY
4. L f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj 24.
K Ed = 1 L Ed < 1 M Ed > 1 N Ed =  M evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx i. RbM‡Yi †fvMceÖ YZv Kg
5. N evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K EaŸ©Mvgx
Kwig mv‡ne I nvmvb mv‡n‡ei AvPi‡Y h_vµ‡g gy`ªvi †hvMvb nv« m †c‡j Kx N‡U? ii. cvwievwiK eÜb AZ¨š— kw³kvjx
K `vg¯—i e„w× cvq
†Kvb wewa cwijw¶Z nq? L A‡_©i gj~ ¨ n«vm cvq iii. my‡`i nvi ¯^í
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Pvwn`v I Dc‡hvM L †hvMvb I Dc‡hvM
M Pvwn`v I †hvMvb N †hvMvb I Pvwn`v K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi †Kvb cY¨wUi Pvwn`v Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK? GDP wbY©‡qi wnmve Kiv nq

K †Uwjwfkb L Mvwo i. we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †`kxq‡`i Avq

M gvQ N jeY M A‡_©i Pvwn`v n«vm cvq ii. †`‡ki Af¨š‡— i we‡`wk‡`i Avq

6. msL¨vMZ Dc‡hv‡Mi aviYv †K cÖ`vb K‡ib? N A‡_©i gj~ ¨ e„w× cvq iii. †`‡ki Af¨š‡— i †`kxq‡`i Avq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K wiKv‡W©v L GWvg w¯§_  DÏxcKwU c‡o 16bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M gvk©vj N wnK&m K i I ii L i I iii
hw` GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z M = 400, V = 10,
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 7 I 8bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M' = 400, V' = 10 Ges T = 1000 nq
kÖ‡gi wb‡qvM (GKK) †gvU Drcv`b (GKK) 16. `vg¯i— wbY©q Ki :  DÏxcKwU c‡o 25bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI :

1 8 K 6 L 8 M 10 N 12 Y
Self test
2 16 17. †KvbwU gy`ªvi Pvwn`v m„wóKvix Dcv`vb? MC AC
(gRywi)324 K †K›`ªxq e¨vsK L wegv †Kv¤úvwb 8 F AR = MR
4 32 M evwYwR¨K e¨vsK N we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK
`vg/Avq/eÅq 7E
7. DÏxc‡K Mo Drcv`b KZ? 18. AvaywbK ZË¡ Abymv‡i O 10 X (Drcv`b)
K 8 L 16 M 24 N 32 K LvRbv = †gvU Avq  †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q

8. Mo Drcv`b (AP) I cÖvwš—K Drcv`b (MP) L LvRbv = cKÖ …Z Avq  Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q 25. DÏxcK n‡Z dvg©wUi gybvdvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki :
†iLvi AvK…wZ n‡e M LvRbv = cÖvß Avq  †hvMvb `vg K 10 L 15 M 17 N 18
N LvRbv = AFC + AwZwi³ Avq
K AP EaŸ©Mvgx I MP wb¤œMvgx 26. g~jab n‡jv Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vbÕ
L AP f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj I MP wb¤œMvgx
M AP EaŸ©Mvgx I MP EaŸ©Mvgx 19. AC †iLvi me©wb¤œ we›`y‡Z K eg-eqvK© L m¨vgy‡qjmb
N AP I MP Df‡qB f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj i. MC me©wb¤œ M P¨vcg¨vb N gvk©vj
ii. AC = MC nq 27. †Kvb Dcv`vbwU Ave× A_©bxwZ‡Z Abycw¯’Z?
iii. MC †iLv µgea©gvb
9. Qd = a  dP; Pvwn`v mgxKi‡Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K wbU ißvwb L miKvwi e¨q
i. P Aaxb PjK
M †fvM e¨q N wewb‡qvM e¨q
ii. a a“ª eK K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 28. †KvbwU Drcv`‡bi Rxeš— DcKiY?
iii. b = Pvj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  DÏxcKwU c‡o 20 I 21bs cÖ‡kiœ DËi `vI : K f‚wg L kÖg M g~jab N msMVb
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wb‡¤œ GKwU kÖgevRv‡ii Pvwn`v I †hvMvb wb¤œiƒc :  DÏxcKwU c‡o 29 I 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
Abb¨vi wcZv d‡ji †gŠmy‡gi ïi“‡Z evRvi
W n‡Z wKQy Avg wK‡b Avb‡jb| Abb¨v ci ci
SL

P 15 cuvPwU Avg †L‡q wb¤œiƒc Dc‡hvM †cj
Avg 1g 2q 3q 4_© 5g
(`vg) S 10 cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM 20 15 10 5 0
29. wZbwU Avg †fvM K‡i Abb¨vi cÖvß †gvU
O S 5 G DL
Q
O Q
ˆhvMvGbi cwigvY
(kÉGgi Pvwn`v I ˆhvMvb

10. DÏxc‡K †hvMvb †iLvwUi Xvj 20. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z kÖg evRv‡i fvimvg¨ gRywi I fvimvg¨ Dc‡hvM KZ?
K abvZ¥K L FYvZ¥K M k~b¨ N Amxg
11. Kjg I Kvwj ci¯úi †Kvb ai‡bi `ªe¨? wb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY n‡jv h_vµ‡g K 10 L 20 M 25 N 45

K (15, 10) L (10, 20) 30. Abb¨vi †¶‡Î
K cwieZ©K `ªe¨ L cwic~iK `ªe¨ M (5, 10) N (5, 20)
M wbK…ó `ªe¨ N †fe‡jb `ªe¨ i. Av‡gi †fvM e„w×i mv‡_ cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM
21. `vg¯i— w¯’i †i‡L kÖgevRv‡i gRywi 10 UvKv n«vm †c‡q‡Q

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : n‡Z n«vm †c‡q 5 UvKv n‡j ii. Av‡gi †fvM e„w×i mv‡_ †gvU Dc‡hvM
i. kÖ‡gi NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU weL¨vZ e¨vsK ÔXÕ| D³ n«vm †c‡q‡Q
e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ gj~ a‡bi mv‡_ RbMY n‡Z ii. kÖwg‡Ki RxebhvÎvi gvb n«vm cv‡e
iii. cÖK…Z gRywi e„w× cv‡e iii. cÂg GKK †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î †gvU Dc‡hvM
†kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g M„nxZ gj~ ab h³y n‡q
GKwU kw³kvjx Avw_©K wfwËi Ici eZ©gv‡b wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? m‡e©v”P n‡q‡Q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
e¨vsKwU Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 K 2 M 3 M 4 N 5 N 6 M 7 K 8 N 9 M 10 K 11 L 12 N 13 M 14 L 15 N

16 L 17 L 18 M 19 M 20 L 21 K 22 K 23 K 24 M 25 K 26 K 27 K 28 L 29 N 30 L

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  5

05 PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. PjwZ g~ja‡bi ˆewkó¨  DÏxcKwU c‡o 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 22. DÏxc‡K AC †iLv E we›`y‡Z MC †iLv‡K
¯úk© Ki‡j Kx n‡e?
i. GB gj~ ab GKevi e¨envi Kiv nq GKwU †`‡k De©iZvi †kÖwY‡f‡` 1g, 2q Ges K gybvdv AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e

ii. GB gj~ ab e¨env‡ii d‡j wbt‡kl nq bv 3q †kÖwYi Rwg i‡q‡Q| mKj Rwg‡ZB L ¶wZ n‡e

iii. GB g~jab e¨env‡ii d‡j iƒcMZ GKicÖwZ Drcv`b LiP 6000 UvKv| 1g, 2q M ¯^vfvweK gybvdv n‡e

cwieZ©b nq I 3q †kÖwYi Rwg‡Z GKi cÖwZ avb Drcv`‡bi N A¯v^ fvweK gby vdv n‡e

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cwigvY h_vµ‡g 45 gY, 30 gY Ges 20 23. A_©‰bwZK NUbv‡K ¶z`ª ¶z`ª GK‡K we‡k­lY
24.
K i I ii L i I iii gY| cwÖ Z gY av‡bi `vg 300 UvKv| Kiv‡K Kx e‡j?

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 12. 1g †kÖwYi Rwgi LvRbv KZ UvKv? K mvgwóK A_©bxwZ
13.
2. CCA-Gi cY~ ©iƒc †KvbwU? 14. K 3000 L 6000 L cywu Rev`x A_©bxwZ
15.
3. K Capital Consumption Allowance M 7,500 N 13,500 M e¨wóK A_©bxwZ
4. L Cost of Capital in Average
M Cost of Capital Assumed LvRbvwenxb Rwg †KvbwU? N mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ
N Current Cost of Administration
K 1g †kÖwYi L 2q †kÖwYi wb‡`©kgj~ K A_©bxwZ‡Z `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©vi‡Y

ÒMoney is what money doesÓmsÁvwU Kvi? M 3q †kÖwYi N Abye©i f‚wgKv iv‡L

K †mqvm© L ievU©mb †ijc_ †Kvb ai‡bi g~jab? i. Drcv`K

M IqvKvi N K¬vD_vi K Drcv`K L wbg¾gvb ii. Pvwn`v I †hvMvb

e¨vsK nvi 5%-Gi cwie‡Z© 6% wba©viY Ki‡j M fvmgvb N e¨w³MZ iii. ivóª

†KvbwU NU‡e? AC hLb wb¤œMvgx ZLb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K AC > MC L AC = MC
K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK cÖ`Ë F‡Yi my‡`i nvi n«vm cv‡e M AC < MC N AC  MC Ki L ii M iii N i, ii I iii

L MÖvnK‡`i g‡a¨ FY MÖn‡Y Drmvn evo‡e 16. `xN©Kvjxb Mo e¨q (LAC) †iLv  DÏxcKwU c‡o 25 I 26bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI :

M evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY e„w× cv‡e K evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx nq w`wjc Kzgvi m¨vi e‡j‡Qb, Ggb GKwU
A_©e¨e¯’v Av‡Q †hLv‡b `ywU ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
 N evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY n«vm cv‡e L evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K EaŸM© vgx nq A_©e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb Kiv nq| G
M A‡c¶vK…Z Lvov U AvK…wZi nq A_©e¨e¯’vq †emiKvwi D‡`¨vM‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv
DÏxcKwU c‡o 5 I 6bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : N A‡c¶vK…Z we¯—…Z U-AvK…wZi nq nq, Avevi miKvwi wbqš¿YI we`¨gvb|
ivqnvb GRb wiKkvPvjK| †m Zvi cÖwZw`‡bi 25. w`wjc m¨vi †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb?
Avq †_‡K wKQy UvKv Rgv Ki‡Z Pvq| G UvKv  DÏxcKwU c‡o 17 I 18bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI :

Rgv ivLvi Rb¨ †m GKwU e¨vs‡K hvq| †mLv‡b Kwi‡gi GKwU †Mvjvc dz‡ji evMvb Av‡Q| K abZvwš¿K L wgkÖ

†m Rvb‡Z cv‡i †h, D³ e¨vsK †Kv‡bv e¨w³i cÖwZw`b †m cÖwZ dzj 5 UvKv K‡i 1000wU dzj M BmjvwgK N mgvRZvwš¿K

UvKv Rgv iv‡L bv, Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki UvKv Rgv wewµ K‡i Ges cÖwZ dz‡ji Rb¨ Zvi e¨q 3 26. w`wjc m¨vi †h A_©e¨e¯’vi K_v e‡j‡Qb Zvi

iv‡L| Zvici †m Aci GKwU e¨vs‡K †M‡j, UvKv| dzj wewµ †_‡K AwR©Z Av‡qi gva¨‡g g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq

†mLv‡b GKwU wnmve Lyj‡Z cv‡i| †m AviI GK GKi Rwg µq Ges kÖwg‡Ki i. e¨w³MZ I ivóªxq gvwjKvbv

5. ivqnvb cÖ_‡g †h e¨vs‡K hvq †mwU †Kvb e¨vsK? cwigvY e„w× K‡i| G‡Z Zvi Avq w`b w`b ii. Drcv`b, eÈb I †fv‡Mi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv

K †K›`ªxq L evwYwR¨K †e‡o P‡j‡Q| iii. g`y ªvùxwZ

M K…wl N MvÖ gxY 17. Kwi‡gi †Mvjvc dzj wewµi †gvU gby vdv KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

6. ivqnvb jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i †h wnmv‡e A_© K 2000 UvKv L 3000 UvKv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

Rgv †i‡L M 4000 UvKv N 5000 UvKv 27. Es = QPs. P GwU †Kvb w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi m~Î?
i. PjwZ ii. mÂqx iii. ¯’vqx Qs
18. Kwi‡gi Rwg‡Z KvhK© i n‡q‡Q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K †hvMvb L Avq
i. µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšK— Drcv`b wewa M Pvwn`v N AvovAvwo
K i I ii L i I iii
ii. µgea©gvb cÖvwšK— Drcv`b wewa 28. wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq c‡Y¨i †¶‡Î †Kvb ai‡bi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
7. ¯^íKvjxb †fvM A‡c¶K †KvbwU? iii. kÖgwbweo Drcv`b A‡c¶K w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv we`¨gvb?

K S=YC L Y=C+1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K k~b¨ L GK‡Ki †P‡q Kg

M C = bY N C = a + bY K i I ii L i I iii M Amxg ? N GK‡Ki †P‡q †ewk

w M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
p Kx wb‡`©k K‡i? 19. †Kvb evRv‡i dvg©‡K `vg m„wóKvix wnmv‡e  DÏxcKwU c‡o 29 I 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
8.

K Avw_©K gRwy i we‡ePbv Kiv nq? `ª‡e¨i GKK †gvU Dc‡hvM cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM

L kÖ‡gi †hvMvb K g‡bvcwj L Wz‡qvcwj 1 10 10

M kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v M Awj‡Mvcwj N g‡bvcmwb 2? 7
N cÖK…Z gRywi
20. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i dv‡gi© fvimv‡g¨i 3 20 3

9. KLb kÖ‡gi †hvMvb †iLv cðvrgLy x nq? cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© Kx?
K MR = MC L MR > MC
K gRywi e„w×i mv‡_ kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v n«vm †c‡j M MR < MC N AR > MC 4 20 ?

L gRywi e„w×i mv‡_ kÖ‡gi †hvMvb n«vm †c‡j DÏxcKwU c‡o 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 29. m~wP‡Z k~b¨¯’v‡b †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwšK—
M gRywi e„w×i mv‡_ kÖ‡gi †hvMvb w¯’i _vK‡j  Dc‡hvM KZ?

N gRywi e„w×i mv‡_ kÖ‡gi †hvMvb evo‡j P/ R/ C MCAC K 17, 0 L 7, 20

10. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb? 20 E P = AR = MR M 10, 4 N 10, 3
15 F
K 250 L 260 30. m~wP Abyhvqx †gvU I cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM Gi

M 270 N 280 cwieZ©‡bi KviY

11. Askx`vwi Kviev‡i Kxfv‡e g~jab msMÖn Kiv nq? 0 Q i. †fvM e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ AvKv•¶v n«vm cvq
K †hŠ_fv‡e cywu R mieivn K‡i 12 ii. `ªe¨wUi cwÖ Z †fv³vi AvKl©Y e„w× cvq
iii. †gvU Dc‡hvM µgn«vmgvb nv‡i e„w× cvq
L e¨vsK †_‡K FYcÎ weµq K‡i Dcv`vGbi cwigvY

M †kqvi I FYcÎ weµq K‡i 21. DÏxc‡K Drcv`‡Ki gybvdvi cwigvY KZ n‡e? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

N msiw¶Z Znwej m„wó K‡i K 47 L 60 M 180 N 240 K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMNSelf test
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 L 2 K 3 M 4 N 5 K 6 M 7 N 8 N 9 L 10 K 11 K 12 M 13 M 14 L 15 K

16 N 17 K 18 L 19 K 20 K 21 L 22 M 23 M 24 M 25 L 26 N 27 K 28 L 29 K 30 M

06 wm‡jU †evW© 2019

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. †KvbwU g~ja‡bi ˆewkó¨? 12. ÒcÖwZwU AvgvbZ F‡Yi m„wó K‡i, Avevi cÖwZwU 23. GNI Gi cY~ ©iƒc Kx?
K mwµq L MwZnxb K Gross Net Investment
M Drcv`bkxj N wPi¯’vqx FY Avgvb‡Zi m„wó K‡iÓG Kvh©µ‡gi m‡½ L Gross Net Income
M Gross National Investment
2. GK dvg© n‡Z Ab¨ dv‡g© gj~ ab ¯’vbvšw— iZ mswk­óZv nj N Gross National Income
K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki eû¸wYZK FY m„Rb
 n‡j, Zv‡K Kx e‡j? L †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y
K g~ja‡bi MwZkxjZv L g~ja‡bi MVb  DÏxcKwU c‡o 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M AbjvBb I †gvevBj e¨vswKs
M g~ja‡bi Pvwn`v N g~ja‡bi †hvMvb N evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv Kg©m~wP 24. ÔAÕ †`‡k wm‡g›U Drcv`bKvix GKgvÎ cÖwZôvb
25.
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 13. Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq m¤ú‡`i †hvMv‡bi NvUwZB n‡jv n‡jv ÔXÕ| cÖwZôvbwUi gvwmK †gvU e¨q n‡jv
14.
`vg (P) K `y®úÖvc¨Zv L wbe©vPb 2,00,000.00 UvKv| cÖwZôvbwU gvP© gv‡m
Avq (R)
LiP (C) MC M A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v N A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v cÖwZ e¯v— 450.00 UvKv `v‡g 500 e¯—v wm‡g›U
E AC P = AR = MR
10 A_©bxwZ‡Z Ôwbe©vPbÕ cÖ‡qvRbxq, KviY weµq K‡i|

i. Afve Amxg wKš‘ m¤ú` mxwgZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ, A †`‡ki wm‡g‡›Ui

ii. mKj Afve mgvb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© evRvi KvVv‡gv wb¤œi“c?

6 AVC iii. m¤ú‡`i weKí I `¶ e¨envi m¤¢e K g‡bvcwj L g‡bvcmwb
5
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M Wz‡qvcwj N Awj‡Mvcwj

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii gvP© gv‡m †Kv¤úvwbwUi gybvdvi cwigvY wQj

15. Pvi ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq wb‡Pi †Kvb K 2,25,000 UvKv

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 cwigvY (Q) wel‡q mv`„k¨ †`Lv hvq? L 2,00,000 UvKv

3. wPÎvbyhvqx A_©‰bwZK LvRbvi cwigvY n‡jv K m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv M 50,000 UvKv
K 50 L 80 M 200 N 500 L kÖwg‡Ki Ae¯’vb N 25,000 UvKv
M m¤ú‡`i Kvg¨ e¨envi 26. GKwU wbw`©ó gRywi‡Z kÖ‡gi µq-weµq Kvh©µg
4. wP‡Î GwU j¶Yxq †h N `vg cwÖ µqv m¤úvw`Z n‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?

i. TR > TVC K `ªe¨evRvi L kÖg evRvi

ii. ¯^íKvj cÖ‡hvR¨  wb‡Pi m~Px n‡Z 16 I 17bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M A_© evRvi N g~jab evRvi
iii. wbg LvRbvi cwigvY 250 X `ª‡e¨i †gvU Dc‡hvM cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 27. AvšR— ©vwZK kÖg evRv‡i kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v e„w×
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii †fv‡Mi cwigvY (BDwUj) (BDwUj)
†c‡j, Af¨ši— xY kgÖ evRv‡i Kx msNwUZ n‡e?
5. wewb‡qvM Qvov f‚wgi g~j¨ e„wׇK Kx e‡j? 1g 4 4
K AvbycvwZK Avq L RvZxq Avq i. gRywi ¯—i evo‡e

M †gvU LvRbv N wbU LvRbv 2q 7 3 ii. †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi evo‡e
3q 9 ?
6. cÖK…Z gRywii wba©viK n‡jv 4_© ? 0 iii. kÖ‡gi MwZkxjZv evo‡e

i. kÖ‡gi we‡klvqb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

ii. c‡iv¶ Ki 5g 8 K i I ii L i I iii

iii. Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ 1 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 16. X `ª‡e¨i 3q GKK †fv‡Mi ¯—‡i cÖvwšK— 28. KLb Mo e¨q (AC) I cÖvwšK— e¨q (MC) mgvb nq?
A‡_©i gj~ ¨ (Vm) wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Ici 17.
18. Dc‡hvM KZ BDwUj?  K MC me©wb¤œ n‡j L MC evo‡j

7. 19. K1 L2 M7 N9 29. M MC Kg‡j N AC mew© b¤œ n‡j

 wbf©ikxj? KZ GKK †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î †gvU Dc‡hvM DÏxcKwU c‡o 29 I 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K gRywi ¯i— m‡e©v”P nq?
8. M `vg ¯—i L Avq ¯i— gƒjab (K)
N Drcv`b ¯—i K 1g L 2q M 4_© N 5g D M gvòv ˆiLv
†Kvb evRv‡i dvg© I wk‡íi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv 4 C IQ4 (40 ‰KK)
DÏxcKwU c‡o 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : cv_©K¨ †bB? 3 B IQ3 (30 ‰KK)
Rbve ÔKÕ Zuvi mvZRb eÜy‡K wb‡q GKwU cÖwZôvb K GK‡PwUqv 2
M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ mevi mgvb `vwqZ¡
I AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbw`©ó cwigvY g~jab L cY~ © cÖwZ‡hvwMZv A IQ2 (20 ‰KK)
cÖ`vb K‡i cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ
cÖwZôvbwU cwiPvjbv K‡ib| M Awj‡Mvcwj 1 IQ1 (20 ‰KK) kÉg (L)
O1
N GK‡PwUqvg~jK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv 234

Rbve ÔKÕ Gi cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb? c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i AR = MR nq, KviY wP‡Îi wb‡¤œi †Kvb Drcv`b A‡c¶KwU cÖwZdwjZ?
K cvÖ B‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvwb
L Askx`vwi Kvievi K AmsL¨ †µZv L AmsL¨ we‡µZv K Q = f  K); †hLv‡b kÖg (L) w¯’i, gj~ ab
M `vg w¯’i N `ªe¨ mgRvZxq (L,

M mgevq cÖwZôvb  wb‡Pi QK n‡Z 20 I 21bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : (K) cwieZ©bxq
N cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvwb
9. Rbve ÔKÕ Gi cÖwZôv‡bi Amyweav n‡jv X `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v X `ª‡e¨i L Q = f (L,  †hLv‡b kÖg (L) cwieZ©bxq,
i. ¯’vwqZ¡ Kg †hvMvb (QSx) K);
ii. mxwgZ `vwqZ¡ (Qdx)
iii. cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvwb X `ª‡e¨i `vg gj~ ab (K) w¯’i
M Q = f (L, K); †hLv‡b kÖg (L) I gj~ ab (K)
1 UvKv 6 GKK 6 GKK Df‡qB cwieZ©bxq

2 GKK 6 GKK 8 GKK N Q = f   †hLv‡b kÖg (L) I gj~ ab (K)
(L, K);

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 20. X `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv KZ? Df‡qB w¯’i
K Es = o L Es < 1 M Es = 1 N Es > 1 30. gvÎv‡iLv eivei A †_‡K D we›`y chš© — Mgb
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
10. mvaviYZ mvgwMKÖ e¨‡q (AE) wmsnfvM Ask 21. w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi wfwˇZ ÔXÕ `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v Kxiƒc? Ki‡j †`Lv hvq
wb‡Pi †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi? K w¯’wZ¯’vcK L Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK
M m¤ú~Y© w¯’wZ¯’vcK N m¤ú~Y© Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK i. Drcv`b ¯i— 10 GKK K‡i e„w× cvq
K †fvM L wewb‡qvM ii. kÖg I g~jab Df‡qB 1 GKK K‡i e„w× cvq
M miKvwi e¨q N wbU ißvwb g~j¨ 22. cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú‡`i AvKvi, AvK…wZ I iƒc
 cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb ai‡bi Dc‡hvM m„wó m¤¢e iii. mgvbycvwZK gvÎvMZ Drcv`b wewai Kvh©KvwiZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
11. fvimvg¨ Avq¯—i (Y) wba©viYKvix kZ© †KvbwU? n‡j, Zv‡K e‡j K i I ii L i I iii

K Qd = Qs L AD = AS
M MR = MC N DL = SL K Drcv`b L wewb‡qvM M †hvMvb N †fvM M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMNSelf test
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 M 2 K 3 M 4 N 5 K 6 M 7 M 8 L 9 L 10 K 11 L 12 K 13 K 14 L 15 M

16 L 17 M 18 K 19 M 20 L 21 N 22 K 23 N 24 K 25 N 26 L 27 L 28 N 29 M 30 N

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  7

07 ewikvj †evW© 2019

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. wbg LvRbv aviYvwU †K cÖeZ©b K‡ib? 9. mvgwóK kãwU Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã ÔMacroÕ 20. m~wP Abymv‡i 20 Rb kÖwgK wb‡qvM Ki‡j cÖvwš—

K A_©bxwZwe` †nbwi RR© G‡m‡Q †Kvb kã †_‡K? K Drcv`b KZ n‡e?
L Aa¨vcK gvk©vj
M †WwfW wiKv‡W©v K Makros L Macros K 300 L 150
N A¨vWvg w¯§_
M Makro N Macross M 100 N 50

10. Ò†kÖwY †kvlY Abycw¯’ZÓ †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’vi 21. DÏxc‡K †Kvb wewa Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q?

2. AbjvBb e¨vswKs n‡jv Ab¨Zg caÖ vb ˆewkó¨? K µgn«vmgvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b wewa

i. wbR Kg¯© ’‡j e‡m B›Uvi‡bU †jb‡`b K‡i K abZvwš¿K L mgvRZvwš¿K L µgeag© vb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b wewa

GKvD›U †PK K‡i M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg M µgn«vmgvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b wewa

ii. GKwU e¨vs‡Ki †h †Kv‡bv kvLvq †jb‡`b Kiv 11. ¯^vaxb I Aaxb Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ wbf©ikxj m¤ú‡K©i N µgeag© vb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b wewa

iii. SuywKi g‡a¨ bv †_‡K wnmve cwiPvjbv Kiv MvwYwZK cÖKvk‡K Kx e‡j?

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K A‡c¶K L Xvj 22. kÖ‡gi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv

K i I ii L i I iii M civwgwZ N aª“eK i. GwU Rxeš—
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
12. †gvU Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”P n‡j cvÖ wšK— Dc‡hvM ii. GwU MwZkxj
K Kg‡Z _vK‡e L k~b¨ n‡e iii. GwU ¶Y¯’vqx

3. e¨w³MZ Avq †_‡K Ki ev` w`‡j cvIqv hvq M evo‡Z _vK‡e N w¯’i _vK‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K †gvU RvZxq Avq 13. A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v n‡Z n‡j K i I ii L i I iii

L e¨q †hvM¨ Avq i. †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ cvIqvi B”Qv _vK‡Z n‡e M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

M wbU RvZxq Avq ii. `ªe¨wU µ‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© _vK‡Z n‡e 23. NGO-Gi c~Y©iƒc †KvbwU?

N †gvU †`kR Avq iii. A_© e¨q Kivi B”Qv _vK‡Z n‡e K Non Government Organization

4. Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii Amwy eav wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L Non Government Office
i. wm×vš— MnÖ ‡Y wej¤^ M Non Group Organization
K i I ii L i I iii N Navy Group Organization

ii. ¯’vwqZ¡ Kg M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 24. gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ g~jab‡K fvM Kiv nq
25.
iii. wek¦vm I Av¯’vi Afve 14. ¯^íKv‡j Drcv`b eÜ _vK‡jI dvg©‡K †h e¨q enb K 2 fv‡M L 3 fv‡M

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j? M 4 fv‡M N 5 fv‡M

K i I ii L i I iii K cwieZ©bxq e¨q L cvÖ wšK— e¨q cÖvwšK— Rwgi LvRbv Kxiƒc nq?

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M w¯’i e¨q N Mo e¨q K Amxg L k~b¨

 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 5 I 6bs cÖ‡kœi 15. †hvMvb wewa Øviv cÖKvk cvq M abvZ¥K N FYvZ¥K
i. `vg I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK©
DËi `vI : 26. ivRkvnx †_‡K Lyjbvq g~ja‡bi ¯’vbvši— ‡K †Kvb
ii. `vg I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ abvZ¥K m¤úK©
Y ai‡bi MwZkxjZv ejv hvq?
D S iii. `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvYI K‡g
K AvÂwjK L †fŠ‡MvwjK
Self test wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
`vgPE M ¯—iMZ N Avš—R©vwZK
K i I ii L i I iii
27. D = 20  5P Pvwn`v mgxKiY n‡j, †Kvb `v‡g
D M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
S X Pvwn`vi cwigvY kb~ ¨ n‡e?
O Q 16. gvÎvMZ Drcv`b KZ cÖKvi?
K 4 L 5 M 6 N 10
Pvwn`v I ˆhvMvGbi cwigvY K 2 cÖKvi L 3 cÖKvi

5. evRvi fvimv‡g¨i kZ© †KvbwU? M 4 cKÖ vi N 5 cÖKvi  DÏxcKwU c‡o 28 I 29bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI :

K Pvwn`v  †hvMvb L Pvwn`v = †hvMvb 17. Mo Avq wbY©‡qi m~Î †KvbwU? AT Kwig mv‡ne cÖwZ gv‡m 2,000 UvKv e¨vs‡K Rgv
TR Q iv‡Lb| eQi †k‡l †gvU RgvK…Z UvKvi mv‡_
M Pvwn`v > †hvMvb N Pvwn`v < †hvMvb K AR = Q L AR = e¨vsK AwZwi³ UvKv Zuvi wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i|
28. e¨vsKwU †Kvb ai‡bi?
6. wP‡Î fvimvg¨ cwigvY KZ? M AR = AC N AR = TP K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
Q Q L †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
K OP L OQ M PE N QE M wek¦e¨vsK
N we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 7 I 8bs cÖ‡kœi 18. mg‡qi wfwˇZ evRvi n‡jv
29. DÏxc‡Ki e¨vsKwUi KvR n‡jv
DËi `vI : K 2 cÖKvi L 3 cÖKvi i. FY`vb Kiv
ii. AvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv
Y M 4 cKÖ vi N 5 cÖKvi iii. wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó

100 A B F 19. Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi m~Î †KvbwU?
cvU 90 C
K Q  Y L Q  P
70 Y Q P Q

M Q  P N QX  PY
Q P PY Px
40 D
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 20 I 21bs cÖ‡kiœ DËi `vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

E Rwgi cwigvY (GKi) kÖg †gvU Drcv`b K i I ii L i I iii
1 10 300
O 40 70 90 100 X 1 20 450 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
avb 1 30 550
2 40 600
7. 100 gY cv‡Ui my‡hvM e¨q KZ gY avb 30. A‡_©i cwigvY Z‡Ë¡i wdkv‡ii mgxKiY †KvbwU?

K 40 L 70 M 90 N 100 K MV = M'V'

8. cÖ`Ë wP‡Î A-AR©b‡hvM¨ we›`y †KvbwU? L MV = PT

KA LE MF NG M MV > PT

N MV < PT

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 L 2 N 3 L 4 N 5 L 6 L 7 N 8 M 9 K 10 L 11 K 12 L 13 N 14 M 15 K

16 L 17 K 18 M 19 L 20 L 21 K 22 N 23 K 24 L 25 L 26 L 27 K 28 K 29 N 30 L

mgq : 30 wgwbU 08 w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019 c~Y©gvb : 30

A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v

1. k~b¨ w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi †¶‡Î †hvMvb‡iLvi 10. PZz_© GKK kÖ‡gi cvÖ wš—K Drcv`b KZ? 20. Rwgi Pvwn`v †iLv G we›`y‡Z DD1 Gi mgvš—ivj

AvK…wZ n‡e K 8 GKK L 12 GKK n‡j †gvU LvRbvi Dci Kx cÖfve co‡e?

K f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj M 16 GKK N 20 GKK K 5 UvKv n«vm cv‡e L 5 UvKv e„w× cv‡e
M 75 UvKv n«vm cv‡e N 75 UvKv e„w× cv‡e
L j¤^ A‡¶i mgvš—ivj 11. DÏxc‡K
M evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K EaŸ©Mvgx 12. K cvÖ wš—K Drcv`b µgea©gvb 21. mmxg wewnZ gy`ªv †KvbwU?
N evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx L cvÖ wš—K Drcv`b w¯’i
TFC I TVC Gi mgwó‡K Kx ejv nq? M cvÖ wš—K Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb K 0.5 UvKv L 10 UvKv
N cvÖ wš—K Drcv`b FYvZ¥K M 20 UvKv N 50 UvKv
2. K AC L MC M TC N VC
3. GKB †ckvq gRywi nv‡ii cv_©‡K¨i KviY 22. A‡_©i †hvMvb wظY n‡j
gvÎvMZ Drcv`b wewai †¶‡Î i. wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv
K wKQy DcKiY w¯’i I wKQy DcKiY ii. `¶Zvi cv_©K¨ i. `vg¯—i wظY n‡e
iii. kvixwiK †hvM¨Zv
cwieZ©bxq nq ii. `vg¯—i Pvi¸Y n‡e
L GKwU DcKiY evov‡bv nq, hLb Ab¨
iii. A‡_©i g~j¨ A‡a©K n‡e
DcKiY w¯’i _v‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M mKj DcKiY cwieZ©bxq nq
N GKwU DcKiY w¯’i I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY K i I ii L i I iii 23. e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g hLb `ª‡e¨i Dc‡hvM wbt‡kl

cwieZ©bxq nq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K e‡j

 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 4 I 5bs cÖ‡kœi 13. †h gj~ ab GKvwaK Drcv`b Kv‡h© e¨en„Z nq K †fvM L mÂq
DËi `vI :
Zv‡K Kx e‡j? M wewb‡qvM N miKvwi e¨q
Y
K PjwZ g~jab L fvmgvb g~jab 24. e¨q c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq Kx?

4K M wbg¾gvb g~jab N ¯’vqx g~jab K †fvM + mÂq + wewb‡qvM + wbU ißvwb
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K gj~ ab cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë I Drcv`bkxj M wewb‡qvM + gybvdv + miKvwi e¨q + wbU ißvwb

O LX L g~jab gvbem„ó I cybivq Drcv`‡b e¨en„Z nq N gby vdv + miKvwi e¨q + †fvM + wbU ißvwb
8
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K evo‡e N 7 †_‡K AmsL¨
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K Wz‡qvcwj 17. CCA Kx? iii. †K›`ªxq KZ…©c‡¶i wb‡`©‡k
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L Awj‡Mvcwj L Cost of Capital in Average wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M Cost of Capital Assumed
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N wØ-cvw¶K GK‡PwUqv evRvi M i I iii N i, ii I iii
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28. mgv‡R gh©v`v e„w× cvq †Kvb `ªe¨ †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g?
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i. A¯^vfvweK gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i ii. XM Abycw¯’Z M wbZ¨ `ªe¨ N c‡Ö qvRbxq `ªe¨
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iii. GNP > GDP  DÏxcKwU c‡o 29 I 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

iii. b~¨bZg ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Y-`ËeÅ

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii

K i I ii L ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii AP

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  DÏxcKwU c‡o 19 I 20bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : Q

9. kÖ‡gi `¶Zvi m~Î †KvbwU? LvRbv (UvKv) C

mgq Drcv`‡bi cwigvY YS R
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DËi `vI : 5F Drv`b Ki‡e?
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21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
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1 L 2 M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 K 7 N 8 N 9 L 10 K 11 M 12 N 13 L 14 L 15 M

16 M 17 K 18 K 19 L 20 N 21 K 22 L 23 K 24 L 25 N 26 L 27 K 28 L 29 K 30 M

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  9

09 mKj †evW© 2018

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K Avq m„wó L DcKiY e¨envi K c‡Ö ivwPZ †fvMe¨q DËi `vI :

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2. †KvbwU w¯’i Li‡Pi Ašf— ©y³? M †fvM¨cY¨ Av‡qi Rb¨ e¨q 2 12 4
N miKvwi †fvMe¨q
K ¯’vqx Kg©Pvixi †eZb 4 10 6
13. TR  TVC = Kx?
L KuvPvgvj µ‡qi e¨q
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L wbU LvRbv
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M TR = P  Q N TR = P V=5
Q
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K Micros L Mikro wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

M Mickro N Mikros K i I ii L i I iii

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K †gvU LvRbv L wbU LvRbv K mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ

M wbg LvRbv N A_©‰bwZK LvRbv L cuwy Rev`x A_©bxwZ 26. ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡iI dvg© Drcv`b Ki‡e hLb

M Bmjvwg A_©bxwZ K AC  P  AVC

7. evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr GbwRI †KvbwU? N wgkÖ A_©bxwZ L AC  P  AVC
 wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 18 I 19bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M AC  P  AVC
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M WvK w`‡q hvB N eª¨vK Y 27. Òwe‡µZv bq, †µZv evRvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡iÓ

8. GKgvwjKvbv Kviev‡ii myweav M Ggb evRvi‡K e‡j
B K Wz‡qvcwj evRvi
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
ii. myôz e¨e¯’vcbv
A

iii. FY myweav O NX M g‡bvcmwb evRvi
N Awj‡Mvcwj evRvi
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DÏxcKwU c‡o 28 I 29bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI :
K i I ii L i I iii KM LN  mvjvg mv‡ne MvRxc‡y i GKLÊ Rwg wK‡b 5
Zjv GKwU evwo wbgv© Y K‡ib| †hLv‡b AviI
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii MA NB

9. e¨q †KvbwUi Ici wbf©ikxj? 19. wP‡Î 'Y' `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡j 'X' `ª‡e¨i

K Avq L Drcv`b Drcv`‡bi cwigvY KZ? hš¿cvwZ ¯’vcb K‡i †mv‡qUvi Drcv`b K‡ib|

M DcKiY N wewb‡qvM K OM L ON 28. mvjvg mv‡n‡ei wbgv© YK…Z wewìswU †Kvb

10. g~jab n‡jv M MN N OA ai‡bi gj~ ab?
11.
i. AZxZ m‡qi dj 20. cwieZ©K `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb nq? K fvmgvb L ¯’vqx
21.
ii. mwµq Dcv`vb K wb¤œMvgx M PjwZ N Ave×

iii. MwZkxj Dcv`vb L EaŸ©Mvgx 29. G ai‡bi gj~ a‡bi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj i. evi evi e¨envi Kiv hvq

K i I ii L i I iii N j¤^ A‡¶i mgvš—ivj ii. `xN©Kvjxb Drm †_‡K G gj~ ab msM„nxZ

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii †KvbwU cÖK…Z gRywii Dcv`vb? iii. `„k¨gvb bq

GKwU Dš§y³ A_©bxwZ‡Z mvgwMKÖ Av‡qi i. Avw_©K gRywi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

mgxKiY †KvbwU? ii. `vg¯—i K i I ii L i I iii

K C+I iii. mvgvwRK gh©v`v M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

L C+I=G wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 30. †Kvb †iLvwU 'U' AvK…wZi?

M C + I + G + (X  M) K i I ii L i I iii K TC L TFC

N C = I + (X  M) M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M AFC N AC

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMNSelf test
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 K 3 M 4 M 5 K 6 M 7 N 8 K 9 L 10 L 11 M 12 L 13 K 14 L 15 M

16 N 17 L 18 N 19 L 20 L 21 N 22 L 23 L 24 N 25 N 26 M 27 M 28 L 29 K 30 N

GBPGmwm cix¶vi cÖkcœ Î : m„Rbkxj

10 XvKv †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 0 9

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cY~ ©gvb : 70

[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Yg© vb ÁvcK| wb‡Pi DÏxcK¸‡jv co Ges mswkóø cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h‡Kv‡bv mvZwU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|]

1  A, B I C wZbwU †`k| A †`‡k mKj wKQy e¨w³gvwjKvbvq Drcv`b I wewµ Kiv K. kÖg Kx? 1
nq| d‡j `ªe¨vw`i `vg †ewk| GB †`‡k µgkB abx gvb‡y li msL¨v evo‡Q| C
†`kwU Avevi G‡Kev‡iB wecixZ| AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i L. kÖ‡gi MwZkxjZv ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avdmvi `¤úwZi kÖ‡gi †hvMvb †iLvwU AuvK| 3
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GKwU myP wKb‡Z †M‡jI jvBb a‡i wKb‡Z nq| Z‡e B †`‡k miKvwi I e¨w³MZ
Dfq Lv‡Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcvw`Z I wewµ nq| GB †`‡k e¨w³MZ Drcv`bKvixiv wfbœZvi welqwU Zwz g Kxfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡e? 4
7  cÖ_g †_‡KB Zc‡bi B”Qv wbR D‡`¨v‡M wKQy Kiv| cÖvB‡fU cwo‡q Ges
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K. Afve Kx? 1
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N. Ò†`‡ki RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wgkÖ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vB DËgÓ UvKvi nuvm I †fovi Lvgvi ïiæ K‡i| cÖ_g eQ‡i Zvi bxU gybvdv nq 3 jvL
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 UvKv| GB UvKvi g‡a¨ †m Avevi 2 jvL UvKvi mÂqcÎ †K‡b Ges 1 jvL
2  mvnvbv †cqvivi Lye f³| †cqviv †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Zvi †gvU Dc‡hvM m~wPwU wb¤œiƒc : UvKv Zvi Lvgv‡i wewb‡qvM K‡i| MÖv‡gi cv‡ki we‡ji cvwb‡Z cÖPzi Lvevi

†cqvivi GKK †gvU Dc‡hvM †c‡q Zuvi nv‡mi e¨emvq R‡g D‡V| wØZxq eQ‡i GB e¨emvq †_‡K Zuvi bxU
jvf nq 5 jvL UvKv| Z…Zxq eQ‡i †m Zvi Lvgv‡ii g~jab 15 jvL UvKvq
cÖ_g 8 GKK DbœxZ Ki‡Z Pvq| e¨vsKI Zuv‡K 5 jvL UvKv FY †`q| ZZ… xq eQ‡i Zvu i bxU

wØZxq 10 GKK jvf nq 9 jvL UvKv| GB eQ‡i †m †Kv‡bv e¨vsK FY cwi‡kva K‡iwb|

Z…Zxq 12 GKK K. ¯’vqx g~jab Kx? 1

PZ_z © 12 GKK L. Ògj~ ab n‡”Q Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vbÓ e¨vL¨v `vI| 2
M. Zc‡bi c‡ÿ wK Z…Zxq eQ‡ii Kvw•ÿZ g~jab †hvMvo Kiv m¤¢e?
cÂg 10 GKK DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v `vI| 3

K. Dc‡hvM Kx? 1 N. DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ mnvqZvmg~n Zc‡bi g~ja‡bi cwigvY ew„ ׇZ
L. m‡e©v”P †gvU Dc‡hvM ¯‡Í i cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM k~b¨ nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ †gvU Dc‡hvM †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 Kxfv‡e fw‚ gKv iv‡L? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
8  evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯v’ b, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, we`¨y r, †hvMv‡hvM I
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 AeKvVv‡gv BZ¨vw` †gŠwjK Pvwn`v ci~ ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e
3  Qd = 24  3P Ges Qs = – 6 + 3P
h_vµ‡g Kj‡gi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb A‡cÿK| miKvwi LvZ cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Gme †ÿ‡Î NGO ¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ
K. Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi caÖ vb wba©vi‡Ki bvg †jL| 1 mxwgZ fw‚ gKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| cwi‡ek msiÿY, m‡PZbZv ew„ ×, bvixi
L. Kwdi `vg K‡g †M‡j Pv‡qi Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡bi welqwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 ÿgZvqb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î KvR Ki‡jI AwaKvsk NGO-i g~j jÿ¨B n‡”Q
M. DÏxcK †_‡K Kj‡gi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3 ÿ`z ªFY Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g gybvdv Kiv| NGO ¸‡jvi F‡Yi my‡`i nviI
N. miKvi Kj‡gi `vg 4 UvKv wba©viY K‡i w`‡j wP‡Î Kj‡gi Pvwn`v
I †hvMvb cwiw¯’wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 A‡bK †ewk| mgevq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mwVK wbqgKvbyb †g‡b Pj‡j, gZwe‡iva
cwinvi Ki‡j Ges e¨w³ ¯^v‡_©i e`‡j mgwóMZ ¯^v‡_© we‡ePbv Ki‡j
4  ÔAvmjvg A¨vÛ mÝÕ ivRkvnxi GKwU weL¨vZ cøvw÷K †Pqvi Drcv`bKvix mvaviY gvb‡y li A‡bK DcKvi Ki‡Z cviZ| Z‡e `by ©xwZ Kwg‡q Avb‡Z
dvg©| wb‡¤œ dvg©wUi Drcv`b wPÎ †`Iqv n‡jv
cvi‡j miKvwi LvZB Avgv‡`i †`k‡K A‡bK GwM‡q wb‡Z cviZ|
Drcv`b (nvRv‡i) 0 10 20 30 40 50 K. msMVb Kx? 1

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M. Òevsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b miKvwi Lv‡Zi fw‚ gKv me‡P‡q
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L. Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î `xN© †gqv` ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
M. DÏxcK n‡Z †gvU cwieZ©bkxj e¨q (TVC) †iLvwU A¼b Ki| 3 †`k GwM‡q †h‡Z cv‡i? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v `vI| 4
9  Rvwgj †kL GKRb e¨emvqx| wZwb Zvi mwÂZ 80 nvRvi UvKv w`‡q
N. DÏxcK n‡Z cÖvß Mo cwieZ©bkxj e¨q (AVC) †iLvi AvK…wZi ivRkvnx kn‡ii LoLwo GjvKvq 10 KvVv Avev`x Rwg †K‡bb| wKQwy `b
Dci gšeÍ ¨ Ki| 4
5  cvebv †Rjvi dwi`ciy _vbvi †Wgiv evRviwU `y‡ai Rb¨ weL¨vZ| GjvKvi c‡i Zvi Rwgi cvk w`‡q evBcvm †ivW ˆZwi nq| Gi wKQwy `b c‡iB GB
A‡bK cwievi `ya Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| GB evRv‡i `y‡ai `vg w¯’i iv¯Ívi avi w`‡q M¨v‡mi jvBb hvq| GwmAvB †Kv¤úvwb GLv‡b GKwU eo
_vK‡jI gv‡S g‡a¨ Drcv`b e¨q cwieZ©b nq| wPÎ AC GB GjvKvi GKwU nvu m-giy wM I Mevw`cïi Lv`¨ KviLvbv K‡i| d‡j Zuvi GB Rwgi `vg †e‡o
dv‡g©i cÖv_wgK Mo e¨q †iLv| el©vi cvwb‡Z Nvm Wz‡e hvIqvi d‡j dvg©wUi
Mo e¨q †iLv nq AC1| 8 jvL UvKv nq| wZwb A‡a©K Rwg 4 jvL UvKvq wewµ K‡i †fZ‡ii w`‡K
wZb weNv Av‡gi evMvb †K‡bb| wZb weNv Av‡gi evMvb †_‡K Zvi Avq
h_vµ‡g 24,000 UvKv, 18,000 UvKv Ges 12,000 UvKv n‡jI cÖ‡Z¨K
`vg, Écvw¯¦K eÅq Y MC AC1 weNvq 12,000 UvKv K‡i e¨q nq|
I Mo eÅq AC

P MR = AR K. LvRbv Kx? 1

L. Òfw‚ g Drcv`‡bi GKwU Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK Dcv`vbÓ e¨vL¨v `vI| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Rvwgj †k‡Li AbycvwR©Z Av‡qi welqwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Avg evMvb †_‡K cÖvß Avq †Kvb LvRbv Z‡Ë¡i m‡½
OX
Drcv`Gbi cwigvY
K. dvg© Kx? 1 m¤úwK©Z? e¨vL¨v `vI| 4
10  †`Iqv Av‡Q C = 100 + 9y
L. GK‡PwUqv Kvievix Kxfv‡e `v‡gi Dci cfÖ ve we¯vÍ i K‡i? 2 †hLv‡b C = †fvM e¨q, Y = RvZxq Avq|
M. cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq dvg©wUi fvimvg¨ Drcv`b I gybvdvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3
N. el©vi mgq dvg©wUi Drcv`b I gybvdvi Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e K. wRwWwc Kx? 1
L. e¨w³i †fvM Zvi Avq bq, eis e¨q‡hvM¨ Av‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kb? 2
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 M. DÏxc‡Ki †fvM A‡cÿKwU wP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Ki| 3
6  ÔAvRv` †dweªKmÕ XvKvi GKwU ißvwbgyLx †cvkvK KviLvbv| Avdmvi Ges Zvu i
¯¿x GB KviLvbvq PvKwi K‡i| cÖ_‡g Zuviv Kv‡R Lye GKUv `ÿ wQj bv, d‡j N. DÏxc‡K Avq¯iÍ kb~ ¨ n‡j †fvM¯iÍ KZ n‡e Ges †Kb? 4
gRywi Kg †cZ| cieZ©x‡Z `ÿZv e„w× Ges miKv‡ii kÖgbxwZi Kvi‡Y Zuv‡`i 11  GKwU †`‡ki †gvU wewnZ gy`ªvi cwigvY M = 1000 I cÖPwjZ MwZ V = 20|
gRywi evo‡Z _v‡K| GB `¤úwZi gRywi nvi I kÖ‡gi †hvMvb m~wP wb¤œiƒc : GB †`‡k e¨vsK m„ó gy`ªvi cwigvY M = 800 Ges cÖPjb MwZ V = 15|

gRwy i (cÖwZ NÈvq) kÖ‡gi †hvMvb (NÈv) †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY T = 500|
K. g`y ªv Kx? 1
25 16 L. g`y ªvi g~j¨ ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2

40 20 M. DÏxc‡Ki †`kwU‡Z `vg¯Íi wbY©q Ki| 3

60 24 N. GB †`kwUi miKvi e¨vcK Dbœqbg~jK c`‡ÿc †bIqvi d‡j

75 20 †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY †e‡o 1500 Ges e¨vsK gy`ªvi cwigvY †e‡o 1000

100 18 n‡j A‡_©i g‡~ j¨i Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e? DÏxc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

mR„ bkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  11

11 ivRkvnx †evW© 2019

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ mR„ bkxj cÖkœ cY~ ©gvb : 70

1  ¸‡j‡bi †`‡k cÖwZiÿv, cÖkvmb, we`y¨r, Iqvmvmn AviI wKQy e¨emvq I K. A_©bxwZ‡Z kÖg ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 1

†mevLvZ miKv‡ii wbqš¿Yvaxb| cvkvcvwk cÖvq me †ÿ‡ÎB †m‡`‡k L. kÖ‡gi †hvMvb‡iLv KLb evgw`‡K cðvrMvgx nq? ewy S‡q †jL| 2

†emiKvwi LvZI i‡q‡Q| M. DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨ n‡Z eZ©gv‡b Rbve Avwdqvi cÖKZ… gRywi wbY©q Ki| 3

K. Drcv`b m¤v¢ ebv †iLv Kx? 1 N. Avwdqvi †Kv¤úvwbi Mn„ xZ c`‡ÿ‡ci d‡j Zvi kÖ‡gi `ÿZv

L. A_©bxwZi mKj Afve GK mv‡_ ci~ Y Kiv m¤¢e nq bv †Kb? 2 Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡e e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? gZvgZ †jL| 4

M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ¸‡j‡bi †`‡k we`¨gvb A_©e¨e¯’vi cÖKw… Z wbY©q 7  †Rv‡e`v †eM‡gi †`‡ki 2016-17 A_© eQ‡i †gvU g~jab wQj 15 nvRvi

K‡i Gi wZbwU ˆewkó¨ †jL| 3 †KvwU UvKv| 2017-18 A_©eQ‡i bZzb wewb‡qv‡Mi d‡j †gvU gj~ a‡bi

N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A_©e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ Acivci A_©e¨e¯’vi Zzjbv K‡i cwigvY `vu ovq 20 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv| H mg‡q gj~ a‡bi ÿwZi cwigvY wQj

†KvbwU AwaK DbœZ gšÍe¨ Ki| 4 500 †KvwU UvKv| m¤úÖwZ †Rv‡e`v †eM‡gi †`‡ki miKvi e¨vsK I †cv÷

2  †`Iqv Av‡Q, x `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v mgxKiY Qx = 16 – 2Px. Awd‡m wewfbœ †gqvw` Avgvb‡Zi my‡`i nvi 10% †_‡K Kwg‡q 8% K‡i‡Q|

K. evRvi fvimvg¨ Kx? 1 K. ¯’vqx g~jab Kx? 1

L. Rxeb iÿvKvix Ilay µ‡qi †ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v wewa †Kb Kvh©Ki n‡e bv? 2 L. A_© I g~jab wK GK? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

M. DÏxcK n‡Z x `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v mw~ P ˆZwi Ki| 3 M. DÏxcK n‡Z †Rv‡e`v †eM‡gi †`‡ki gj~ ab MV‡bi nvi wbY©q Ki| 3

N. DÏxc‡K hw` x `ª‡e¨i cÖv_wgK `vg 4 UvKv n‡Z e„w× †c‡q 6 UvKv N. DÏxcK Abhy vqx †Rv‡e`v †eM‡gi †`‡ki miKv‡ii Mn„ xZ

nq, Z‡e Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wbY©qc~e©K `ªe¨wUi cÖKw… Z m¤ú‡K© c`‡ÿ‡ci d‡j D³ †`‡ki mÂq I g~jab MV‡bi Dci Kx cÖfve

gšÍe¨ Ki| 4 co‡e e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

3  wb‡¤œ GKRb †fv³vi †cqviv µq †_‡K cvÖ ß Dc‡hv‡Mi Z_¨ †`Iqv n‡jv : 8  Rbve bv‡mi wb‡Ri GKK wm×v‡šÍ ¯‹jz e¨vM ˆZwii GKwU KviLvbv cÖwZôv

†cqviv (GKK) †gvU Dc‡hvM (TU) (BDwUj) Ki‡eb e‡j wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡jb| wZwb AviI wm×všÍ MnÖ Y Ki‡jb †h,

15 cÖwZôv‡b wZwb wb‡RB g~jab mieivn, DcKiY msMÖn I evRviRvZKiYmn

28 mKj cÖKvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb wm×všÍ cwieZ©b K‡i eÜy

AvwkK‡K KviLvbvi Askx`vi wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib|

39 K. 'NGO'-Gi cY~ ©iƒc †jL| 1

49 L. ÒmsMV‡Ki `ÿZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i msMV‡bi mvdj¨Ó e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

58 M. DÏxcK Abhy vqx, cÖv_wgKfv‡e Rbve bv‡m‡iÕi KviLvbvi cÖKw… Z

K. Dc‡hvM Kx? 1 wbY©qc~e©K ˆewk󨸇jv wPwýZ Ki| 3

L. Ò`v‡gi mv‡_ †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi m¤úK© mggLy xÓ eywS‡q †jL| 2 N. DÏxcK Abyhvqx, Rbve bv‡m‡ii wm×v‡šÍi cwieZ©‡b KviLvbvi cÖK…wZ‡Z
M. DÏxcK n‡Z cÖvwšKÍ Dc‡hvM †iLv A¼b Ki| 3
Kx Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b Avm‡e? h_vh_ hyw³mn we‡klø Y Ki| 4

N. DÏxc‡K †h wewawU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q, Kx Kx Ae¯’vi †cÖwÿ‡Z Zv 9  bv›Uz wgTv GKRb Kl… K| wZwb A‡b¨i Rwg wjR wb‡q Pvlvev` K‡ib| wZwb

Kvh©Ki n‡e bv e‡j Zwz g g‡b Ki? 4 Rwgi gvwjK‡K Rwg e¨env‡ii Rb¨ 3,000 UvKv, Rwg‡Z wb‡qvMKZ…

4  eky ivi dv‡gi© Drcv`b m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j †`Iqv n‡jv : kÖwg‡Ki gRywi 1,500 UvKv, wewb‡qvMKZ… gj~ a‡bi m`y eve` 1,200 UvKv

Drcv`b (Q) †gvU w¯’i e¨q (TFC) †gvU cwieZ©bkxj e¨q Ges Swzu K en‡bi Rb¨ 2,000 UvKv †`b| wZwb ˆ`wbK 600 UvKv nv‡i Uªv±i
(GKK)
(UvKv) (TVC) (UvKv) fvov K‡i Rwg Pvl K‡ib| Zvi †`Lv‡`wL Ab¨ivI Uªv±i fvov K‡i Rwg Pvl

Avi¤¢ K‡i| d‡j Uªv±i fvov e„w× †c‡q nq 750 UvKv|

1 15 5 K. wbU LvRbv Kx? 1

2 15 11 L. RbmsL¨v e„w× Kxfv‡e AbycvwR©Z Av‡qi m„wó Ki‡e? 2

3 15 15 M. DÏxcK n‡Z †gvU LvRbv wbY©q Ki| 3

4 15 33 N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z LvRbvmg‡~ ni DrcwËi KviY wK GK? †Zvgvi

gZvgZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

5 15 60 10  wb‡¤œi †Uwe‡j mvgwMÖK Avq (Y), †gvU mÂq (S) I †gvU wewb‡qvM (I) Gi

K. Drcv`b A‡cÿK Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Z_¨ †`Iqv n‡jv

L. Ò`xN©Kv‡j w¯’i e¨q _v‡K bvÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 mvgwMÖK Avq (Y) †gvU mÂq (S) †gvU wewb‡qvM (I)
M. DÏxcK n‡Z †gvU LiP (TC) wbY©q Ki| 3 (†KvwU UvKvq) (†KvwU UvKvq) (†KvwU UvKvq)
N. DÏxcK n‡Z AC †iLv A¼b K‡i, Gi AvKw… Zi Dci gšeÍ ¨ Ki| 4
300 80 130
5
P.R.C MC 400 130 130
AC1 AC2
600 230 130

eÅq/Avq/`vg P2 F K. mvgwMÖK e¨q Kx? 1

P3 G L. cÖevmx‡`i Avq GDP †Z AšfÍ ³©y nq bv †Kb? 2
P1 M. DÏxcK n‡Z mÂq‡iLv A¼b Ki| 3
E

AR N. DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨vbyhvqx, mÂq I wewb‡qvM we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g fvimvg¨

MR RvZxq Avq wba©viY m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ gšÍe¨ Ki| 4
Q
11 GKwU evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY 1,00,000 UvKv Ges
O Q1 Drcv`Gbi cwigvY cÖ‡qvRbxq wiRv‡f©i nvi 5%| g`y ªvùxwZ e„w× cvIqv‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vsK

K. A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 1 wiRv‡f©i nvi e„w× K‡i 15% K‡i‡Q|

L. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq dvg©‡K Ô`vg MÖnxZvÕ ejv nq †Kb? 2 K. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j? 1

M. DÏxcK n‡Z AC1 Abyhvqx fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3 L. ÒAb-jvBb e¨vswKs Gi MVb cÖwµqv, †gvevBj e¨vswKs Gi MVb

N. DÏxcK n‡Z AC2 Abyhvqx gby vdvi cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 cÖwµqvi †P‡q wfbœÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

6  Avwdqv gvwëb¨vkbvj †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Kgi© Z| eZ©gv‡b Zvi gvwmK †eZb M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK KZ©K„ m„ó FY Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY

80,000 UvKv| wZwb evwo fvov eve` 40,000 UvKv, wPwKrmv fvZv 6,000 wbY©q Ki| 3

UvKv I BDwUwjwU wej 6,000 UvKv cvb| wZwb Awd‡mi Mvwo‡Z hvZvqvZ N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Mn„ xZ wm×v‡šiÍ d‡j

K‡ib| H mg‡q Zvi †`‡ki `vg¯iÍ 20 UvKv| AvMvgx eQi Avwdqvi A_©bxwZ‡Z Kx ai‡bi cÖwZwµqv mw„ ó n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki?

†Kv¤úvwb Avwdqvi Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb we‡ePbv K‡i D”PZi wkÿv I gZvgZ `vI| 4

cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ we‡`‡k †cÖi‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

12 h‡kvi †evW© 2019

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 70

1  A-†`k B-†`k 6  Òmey Y©vÓ dv‡g© cÖwZw`b 300 UvKv gRywi‡Z 100 Rb kÖwgK KvR K‡i|
kÖwg‡Ki AwZwi³ cÖ‡qvRb n‡j 400 UvKv gRwy i‡Z 200 Rb Ges 500
e„n`vqZb Drcv`b e¨e¯’v †kÖwY †kvlY Abcy w¯’Z UvKv gRywi‡Z 300 Rb kÖwgK KvR K‡i| Aci c‡ÿ, ÒAvkvÓ dv‡g©i
†fv³vi ¯^vaxbZv †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv
m¤ú‡`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv gy`ªvùxwZ Abcy w¯’Z kÖwgK ivwne ˆ`wbK 300 UvKv gRwy i‡Z 7 NÈv, 400 UvKv gRywi‡Z 9 NÈv
KvR K‡i| wKš‘ gRwy i e„w× K‡i 500 UvKv Kiv n‡j †m 8 NÈv KvR Ki‡Z
K. PPC-Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? 1
L. Afve c~i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wbe©vPb mgm¨v †`Lv hvq †Kb? 2 m¤§Z nq| 1
K. †Kvb gRywi `vg¯iÍ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq?
M. 'A' †`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb? DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ

ˆewkó¨ Qvov Ab¨ wZbwU ˆewkó¨ †jL? 3 L. ÒcÖKZ… gRywi A_© Øviv cwigvc‡hvM¨ bqÓ †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Òmey Y©vÓ dv‡gi© †hvMvb †iLv A¼b Ki| 3
N. 'A' I 'B' †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wK GKB? we‡kølY Ki| 4
2  cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ÒAvkvÓ dv‡g©i ivwn‡ei †hvMvb †iLv A¼b K‡i

Pvwn`v mgxKiY, Qd = 20  4P AvK…wZi Dci gšeÍ ¨ Ki| 4
†hvMvb mgxKiY, Qs = – 4 + 4P, †hLv‡b Qd = Pvwn`v mgxKiY,
Qs = †hvMvb mgxKiY, P = `vg| 1 7  Kwig mv‡n‡ei PvKwii cvkvcvwk K…wl Lvgvi Av‡Q| wZwb PvKwi †_‡K
K. †Kvb †`‡k mÂq cÖeYZv Kg †`Lv hvq? Aemi MnÖ Y K‡i 80 jÿ UvKv Aemi myweav cvb| G UvKvi g‡a¨ 10 jÿ

L. weÁvcb wK Pvwn`v‡K cfÖ vweZ K‡i? 2 UvKv cvwievwiK e¨‡qi Rb¨ iv‡Lb| 15 jÿ UvKvq GKwU evwo ˆZwi
K‡ib| 20 jÿ UvKvq GKwU Kvc‡oi †`vKvb µq K‡ib| †`vKv‡b
M. DÏxc‡Ki mgxKiY `wy U †_‡K fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3
weµ‡qi Rb¨ 10 jÿ UvKvi Kvco µq K‡ib| Aewkó UvKvq wZwb GKwU
N. `vg 2 UvKv I 4 UvKv n‡j fvimv‡g¨i Dci Kx cÖfve co‡e
cyKiz µq K‡ib| K…wl Lvgvi weµq K‡i fvovq LvUv‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb GKwU
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki| 4 Uªv±i µq K‡ib|

3  wg. X GKwU cY¨ 40 UvKv `v‡g 80 GKK µq K‡ib| `vg 35 UvKv n‡j K. wbg¾gvb g~jab Kx? 1

D³ c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v ew„ × †c‡q 160 GKK nq| Aciw`‡K wg. Y 40 UvKv L. A_© wK g~jab? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. Kwig mv‡n‡ei ¯’vqx gj~ a‡bi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3
`v‡g 60 GKK `ªe¨ µq K‡ib| `vg K‡g 10 UvKv n‡j wZwb 70 GKK `ªe¨

µq K‡ib|

K. †Kvb †iLvi Xvj abvZ¥K? 1 N. DÏxc‡K g~ja‡bi †Kvb ai‡bi MwZkxjZv m„wó n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

L. cÖvwšKÍ Dc‡hvM †iLv wb¤œMvgx nq †Kb? 2 8  jÞÅ wbaÆviY Õ©vqx cÉwZÓ¤vb

M. DÏxc‡K wg. X Gi Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wbY©q Ki| 3 ?cwiK͸bv cÉYqb B Kvievi e†n`vqZb cÉwZÓ¤vb

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wg. X I wg. Y Gi `ª‡e¨i cÖK…wZ wba©viY K‡i

cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4 bZzbZ½ cÉeZÆb mxgve«¬ `vq

4  A-dvg© K. msMVb‡K "Captain of the Industry" †K e‡j‡Qb? 1
L. NGO ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
Rwgi cwigvY kÖg I g~jab †gvU Drcv`b M. DÏxc‡Ki ? wPwýZ ¯’v‡b hv em‡e Zvi Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

1 GKi 100 8 N. DÏxc‡K "B" KvieviwU Kx ai‡bi Kvievi? Gi myweav¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki| 4

1 GKi 200 20 9 Y

1 GKi 300 40 S
D
eÅq/Avq/`vg
1 GKi LvRbv40070Y0 E

B-dvg© D X

Rwgi cwigvY kÖg I g~jab †gvU Drcv`b cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b OS

1 GKi 100 70 70 f„wgi cwigvY

1 GKi 200 130 60 K. wbU LvRbv Kv‡K e‡j? 1

L. LvRbv I wbg LvRbv wK GKB? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

1 GKi 300 180 50 M. DÏxcK Abyhvqx †gvU LvRbvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3

1 GKi 400 220 40 N. DÏxc‡K f‚wgi Pvwn`v ew„ × †c‡j †Kvb ai‡bi Av‡qi D™¢e n‡e

K. †Kvb Drcv`b wewa‡Z MP †iLv f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšiÍ vj? 1 wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

L. ¯^íKv‡j w¯’i e¨‡qi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx Kx? 2 10  ¯^íKvjxb †fvM mgxKiY C = 100 + 0.6Y Ges I = 200, G = 250, †hLv‡b

M. "A' dv‡g©i TP †iLv A¼b K‡i Gi AvK…wZi Dci gšÍe¨ Ki| 3 C = †fvM, I = wewb‡qvM Ges G = miKvwi e¨q|

N. "B" dv‡g©i Drcv`b wewawU wbY©q Ki Ges wewawU †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î K. ¯^q¤¢Z‚ †fvM Kx? 1

cÖ‡hvR¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4 L. e¨w³i PjwZ Av‡qi m¤ú~Y©UvB wK e¨q‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K RvZxq Avq wbY©q Ki| 3
5  C, R, P

MC N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †fvM †iLv A¼b K‡i wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ we‡klø Y Ki| 4

f AC 11  A-eÅvsK
25

20 a AvgvbZ MÉnY FY`vb gƒjab MVb
15 b B-eÅvsK

10 c AR

5 MR ˆbvU cÉPjb miKvGii eÅvsK FY wbq¯¨Y
OQ
K. wewnZ gy`ªv KZ cÖKvi? 1
25 50 Drcv`Gbi cwigvY

K. W‡z qvcmwb evRvi Kx? 1 L. g`y ªvùxwZi d‡j †µZv I †fvMKvix Kxfv‡e cfÖ vweZ nq? 2

L. †µZv evRvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, we‡µZv bq e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. A-e¨vsKwU †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK? DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Kvh©vewj Qvov

M. DÏxc‡K fvimvg¨ we›`y wbY©q K‡i gybvdv wbY©q Ki| 3 D³ e¨vs‡Ki AviI wZbwU Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

N. DÏxc‡K AC †iLv f we›`y w`‡q AwZµg Ki‡j dv‡g©i Dci Kx N. B-e¨vsKwU wPwýZ K‡i D³ e¨vsKwUi FY wbqš¿‡Yi wZbwU nvwZqvi

cÖfve co‡e? we‡kølY Ki| 4 we‡kølY Ki| 4

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  13

13 Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cY~ ©gvb : 70

1  wg. Rbmb 'X' †`‡k †eov‡Z wM‡q †`L‡jb †h, †`kwU‡Z mKj A_©‰bwZK K. kÖ‡gi `ÿZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1

Kvh©µg ivóª Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| wKš‘ Zvu i wb‡Ri †`‡k wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, L. kÖ‡gi †hvMvb †iLv cðv`&Mvgx nq KLb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

†hvMv‡hvM, wkí evwYR¨mn wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk M. wg. 'X' Gi cÖKZ… gRywiii cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3

e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| N. wg. 'X' I wg. 'Y' Gi cÖvß gRywii g‡a¨ †Kvb gRywi A_©‰bwZK

K. Drcv`b m¤v¢ ebv †iLv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 we‡klø ‡Y †Zvgvi wbKU AwaK Zvrch©c~Y© e‡j g‡b nq? we‡klø Y Ki| 4

L. Ôwbe©vPbÕ †Kb †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi wfwËgj~ ? 2 7  mvjvg mv‡ne mvfv‡i Zvi †cvjwUª LvgviwU weµq K‡i †mB UvKvq XvKvi

M. wg. Rbm‡bi †`‡k †h A_©e¨e¯’v cPÖ wjZ Zvi wZbwU ˆewkó¨ †jL| 3 Bmjvgcy‡i Kvc‡oi wg‡ji Rb¨ GKwU feb wbg©vY Ki‡jb| Gici †mvbvjx

N. DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ wg. Rbm‡bi I 'X' †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’v †fv³vi e¨vsK †_‡K FY MnÖ Y K‡i wg‡ji KjKâv µq K‡ib Ges †k‡l RbZv

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I †kwÖ Y ˆel‡g¨i Zzjbv Ki| 4 e¨vsK †_‡K AviI 10 jÿ UvKv FY MnÖ Y K‡i wgjwU Pvjy K‡ib|

2  Pvwn`v A‡cÿK Qd = 50 – 10P, †hvMvb A‡cÿK Qs = 10 + 10P, GLv‡b, P K. gj~ ab Kv‡K e‡j? 1

= `ª‡e¨i `vg| L. mÂq Kxfv‡e gj~ ab MV‡b mnvqK? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

K. Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. DÏxc‡K g~ja‡bi †hme MwZkxjZvi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv

L. Pv I Kwdi cvi¯úwiK Pvwn`v †iLv †Kgb n‡e? 2 wPwýZ Ki| 3

M. DÏxcK n‡Z wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ fvimvg¨ `vg (P) wbY©q Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K gj~ a‡bi †kÖwYwefvM Ki Ges †Kvb gj~ ab ¯^í

N. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ mswkóø wewaØq e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 mg‡q AwaK mby vg ew„ × K‡i? we‡klø Y Ki| 4

3  `ªe¨ †fv‡Mi GKK cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM (UvKvq) 8  wg. 'X' Gi GKwU e¨emvq cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q| wZwb GB cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨

1g 10 wba©viY, cwiKíbv cÖYqb, DcKiY msMÖn I G‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Ges

2q 8 Drcv`b KvR ZË¡veavb K‡i _v‡Kb| G mKj †ÿ‡Î wZwb `æª Z wm×všÍ

3q 6 MnÖ ‡Yi myweav †c‡jI Zuv‡K A‡bK †ewk Suwz K enb Ki‡Z nq|

4_© 4 K. ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb Kv‡K e‡j? 1

L. Ò`vwi`ª we‡gvPb NGO mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

5g 2 M. DÏxc‡K Kvi A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewji Bw½Z cvIqv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

6ô 0 N. DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ cÖwZôv‡bi myweav I Amwy eav m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi

7g – 2 gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki| 4

9 Y
K. †hvMvb wewa Kx?`vg/Avq/eÅq 1

L. Avq evo‡j me‡ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v ev‡o bv †Kb? (DcKiGYi cvwi ÉkgwK)2 D S

M. DÏxcK n‡Z †gvU Dc‡hv‡Mi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki| 3 AB

N. DÏxc‡K A_©bxwZi †Kvb wewawU Kvh©Ki? wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4

4  weµ‡qi cwigvY (Q) GKK `vg (P) UvKv D X

1 10 O S C Pvwn`v I ˆhvMvb)

(DcKiGYi

2 10 K. LvRbv Kv‡K e‡j? 1

3 10 L. `xN©Kv‡j wbg LvRbv k~b¨ nq †Kb? 2

4 10 M. DÏxcK n‡Z Avawy bK LvRbv ZË¡ Abhy vqx A_©‰bwZK LvRbvi (ER)

5 10 cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3

K. gvÎvMZ Drcv`b Kx? 1 N. DcKi‡Yi †hvMvb m¤úY~ © Aw¯w’ Z¯’vcK n‡j Z_v †hvMvb †iLv B

L. me©`v AC  AVC nq †Kb? 2 Ges C we›`y eivei Ae¯’vb Ki‡j A_©‰bwZK LvRbvi Kxiƒc

M. DÏxcK n‡Z cÖvwšÍK Av‡qi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki| 3 cwieZ©b n‡e? wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4

N. DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ Z_¨vejx †h evRv‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z †m evRv‡i 10  B †`‡ki e¨w³MZ †fvM e¨q (C), wewb‡qvM e¨q (I) Ges miKvwi e¨q

†Kb Ab¨vb¨ evRv‡ii Zjz bvq †fv³vi ¯^v_© AwaK msiwÿZ nq? 4 (G) wb¤œiƒc :

5  MC C = 100 + 0.5Y; I = 100 Ges G = 100

AC K. wRwWwc Kx? 1

20 F L. ÒmÂq evo‡j wewb‡qvM ev‡oÓ aviYvwU eywS‡q †jL| 2
15 P = AR
M. mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v (AD) I †hvMv‡bi (AS) gva¨‡g 'B' †`‡ki fvimvg¨
E
RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3

N. miKvwi e¨q (G) ew„ × †c‡q 200 n‡j fvimvg¨ RvZxq Av‡qi †ÿ‡Î

MR Kx cwieZ©b n‡e? 4

O Q 11  wewnZ gy`ªvi cwigvY (M) 100
wewnZ g`y ªvi cPÖ jb MwZ (V) 4
30 Drcv`Gbi cwigvY FYc‡Îi cwigvY (M) 50
FYc‡Îi cÖPjb MwZ (V) 2
K. wØ-cvwÿK evRvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY (T) 100

L. wPwbKj AvL µ‡qi †ÿ‡Î Kx ai‡bi myweav †fvM K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

M. DÏxcK n‡Z gby vdvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3

N. AC †iLvwP‡Îi F we›`y‡Z ¯úk©Kiƒ‡c Ae¯’vb Ki‡j gby vdvi †ÿ‡Î

Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e? wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ we‡klø Y Ki| 4

6  wg. 'X' gvwmK 50,000 UvKv gRwy i‡Z GKwU †Kv¤úvwb‡Z PvKwi ïiæ K‡ib| K. AbjvBb e¨vswKs Kx? 1

†Kv¤úvwb †_‡K Zv‡K Avi †Kv‡bv m‡y hvM-mwy eav †`Iqv nq bv| Aciw`‡K L. wiRv‡f©i nvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Kxfv‡e FY wbqš¿Y

ZviB Nwbô eÜy 'Y' gvwmK 35,000 UvKv gRywi‡Z Ab¨ GKwU cÖwZôv‡b K‡i? eywS‡q †jL| 2

PvKwi ïiæ K‡ib| †eZ‡bi evB‡i wZwb evwo fvov eve` 10,000 UvKv, M. DÏxcK n‡Z wdkv‡ii wewbgq mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ A‡_©i gj~ ¨ (Vm)

wPwKrmv eve` 5,000 UvKv hvZvqvZ LiP eve` 3,000 UvKv Ges †gvevBj wbY©q Ki| 3

LiPeve` 1,000 UvKvi AwZwi³ myweav cvb| D³ mg‡q †`‡k `vg¯iÍ wQj N. M I M Gi gvb wظY Ki‡j wdkv‡ii A‡_©i cwigvY ZË¡wU Zwz g

100 UvKv| Kxfv‡e cÖgvb Ki‡Z cvi? 4

14 PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ mR„ bkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 70

1  wb‡P `wy U `ªe¨ X I Y Gi Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mw~ P †`qv n‡jv| Zvi wfwˇZ 6  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki :
wb‡¤vœ ³ cÖk¸œ ‡jvi DËi `vI :
Y
Avq/eÅq/`vg
mswgkÖY LvRbvi cwigvY (UvKv) gRywiX `ªe¨Y `ªe¨200 SL
130 00 AB
A 100 50
B 150

E
100

D C
50

C 50 100 DL

D 00 130 O X

100 200 300 kÉg

K. `®y úÖvc¨Zv ej‡Z Kx †evS? 1 K. kÖ‡gi `ÿZv Kx? 1
L. ÒAvw_©K gRywi bq, cÖK…Z gRywii gva¨‡g kÖwg‡Ki cÖKZ… Ae¯’v Rvbv
L. wb‡`k© g~jK A_©e¨e¯’vq Ô†K›`ªxq cwiKíbv KZ©c„ ÿÕ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © †Kb? 2
hvqÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K GKwU Drcv`b m¤v¢ ebv †iLv AsKb Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡K kÖgevRv‡i Kxfv‡e fvimvg¨ gRywi wba©vwiZ nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÒX `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b 100 GKK Ae¯’vq Y `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b 100 N. 50 I 150 UvKv gRywi‡Z kÖgevRv‡i Kxiƒc cwiw¯’wZi m„wó n‡e?

GKK m¤¢e bqÓ †Zvgvi Dˇii mc‡ÿ hyw³ †`LvI| 4 hwy ³mn e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

2  GKwU `ªe¨ X-Gi †hvMvb mw~ P wb¤œiƒc : 7  Rbve ivqnvb `xN©w`b `wÿY †Kvwiqvq emevm K‡ib| †mB m‡~ Î †Kvwiqvb

cÖwZ †KwR `ª‡e¨i `vg †hvMv‡bi cwigvY bvMwiK wg. wj. wcs‡qi mv‡_ Zvi eÜZy ¡ nq| wg. wcs ivqnvb mv‡n‡ei wbKU
†_‡K evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qv‡Mi AbKy ‚j cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Ges
10 UvKv 20 †KwR †hŠ_fv‡e G †`‡k wewb‡qv‡Mi AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡ib| d‡j wg. ivqnvb †`‡k

15 UvKv 30 †KwR wd‡i Av‡mb Ges Zvi MÖv‡gi evwoi wKQy Rwg wewµ K‡ib Ges mwÂZ mKj
A_©mn wg. wcs‡qi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e XvKvi A`~‡i Avïwjqvq GKwU RyZv ˆZwii
20 UvKv 40 †KwR KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z hv GKwU jvfRbK cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq|

K. PjK Kx? 1 K. g~jab Kx? 1

L. KvMR I Kjg G `ywU `ª‡e¨i m¤úK© †Kgb? 2 L. Òg~jab mÂq Øviv m„óÓ ewy S‡q †jL| 2
M. DÏxc‡K wg. wj. wcs‡qi gj~ a‡bi †Kvb ai‡bi MwZkxjZv
M. DÏxcK †_‡K X `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Ki| 3
cwijwÿZ nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K cÖvß †hvMvb †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb? Giƒc AvKw… Zi wcQ‡b
N. g~ja‡bi MwZkxjZv g~jab MVb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i DÏxc‡Ki
hyw³msMZ KviY †`LvI| 4 Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki| 4

3  iwgR mv‡ne gvwmK 25,000 UvKv Avq Ae¯’vq 100 UvKv `v‡g 1wU c‡Y¨i 8  nvweev †eM‡gi wZbwU †g‡q| nVvr K‡i ¯^vgx gviv hvIqvq wZwb wec‡` c‡o
GKwU ms¯’v †_‡K FY wb‡q wb‡R GKwU Rvj ˆZwii †gwkb wK‡b wb‡Ri
3 GKK µq K‡ib| Avq w¯’i †_‡K `vg †e‡o 200 UvKv n‡j, wZwb H

c‡Y¨i 2 GKK µq K‡ib| evwo‡Z Rvj ˆZwi K‡i evRv‡i wewµ K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡ib| D³

K. Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Kx? 1 †emiKvwi ms¯’vwU †`wk-we‡`wk wewfbœ Drm †_‡K A_©msMÖn K‡i `wi`ª‡`i

L. †Uwjwfk‡bi Pvwn`v w¯’wZ¯’vcK nq †Kb? 2 mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

M. DÏxcK n‡Z cÖvmw½K GKwU †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 K. ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb Kx? 1

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wbY©qc~e©K Pvwn`vi L. ÒmsMVK `„k¨gvb n‡jI msMVb A`k„ ¨gvbÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. nvweev †eMg †Kvb ai‡bi ms¯’v †_‡K FY wb‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z ms¯’v I Giƒc Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’v¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki

4  wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges wPÎvbhy vqx mswkóø c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Kxfv‡e f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

AC2 9  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki :
Y MC AC1
S

AC D2

g 20 D1 E2
19 15
14 e AR = MR = P 10 E1
5 D2
11
D1
8 MR
O 20 X O 100
Rwgi cwigvY (‰KK)
Drcv`b I weKGÌ qi cwigvY

K. A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 K. wbU LvRbv Kx? 1

L. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i dvg© I wkí Awfbœ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. LvRbv †Kb †`Iqv nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

M. DÏxcK †_‡K AC Gi wfwˇZ dv‡gi© gby vdvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wP‡Î LvRbvi †Kvb ZË¡wU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv

N. DÏxcK Abhy vqx Mo e¨q AC Gi cwie‡Z© AC1 n‡j, gby vdvi Dci e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Rwgi Pvwn`v D1 D1 †_‡K D2 D2 †Z e„w× †c‡j LvRbvi Dci Kx
Kx cÖfve co‡e? 4 cÖfve co‡e Zvi wek` e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

5  iwn‡gi Lvgv‡i Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb I Kjv‡KŠkj w¯’i †i‡L ïagy vÎ 10  RvZxq Avq Y r + w + i + , †hLv‡b r = LvRbv, w = gRwy i, i = m`y ,

kÖ‡gi wb‡qvM evwo‡q cÖvß †gvU Drcv`b wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv  = gybvdv,  = †hvMdj|

kÖg (L) †gvU Drcv`b (Q) K. ˆØZ MYbv mgm¨v Kx? 1
L. RvZxq Avq wnmv‡ei mgq †KejgvÎ ÔP‚ovšÍ `ªe¨Õ AšÍf³©y Kiv nq †Kb? 2
14 M. DÏxcKwU RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †Kvb c×wZ wb‡`©k K‡i Ges †Kb? 3

2 10 N. RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci G c×wZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k KvhK© i wKbv Zv
we‡klø Y Ki| 4
3 14 11  wg. mygb GKwU cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ hv †`‡ki mKj Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K

4 17 cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© I wb‡`k© bv w`‡q _v‡K, FYe¨e¯’v Z`viwK K‡i _v‡K|

K. gvÎvMZ Drcv`b Kx? 1 †`‡ki Dbœq‡b I cÖwZôv‡bi f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| 1
K. gy`ªv Kx?
L. `xN©Kv‡j w¯’i e¨q _v‡K bv †Kb? 2 L. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K wbKvkNi ejv nq †Kb? 2

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K iwn‡gi Lvgv‡ii cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 M. wg. mgy b †Kvb ai‡bi Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ? wPwýZ Ki| 3

N. iwn‡gi Lvgv‡i Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb wewawU Kvh©Ki Ges †Kb Zv N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwZôvbwU †`‡ki Dbœq‡b Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?

we‡klø Y Ki| 4 e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

mR„ bkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  15

15 wm‡jU †evW© 2019

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ mR„ bkxj cÖkœ cY~ ©gvb : 70

1  'A' GKwU †`k, †hLv‡b m¤ú‡`i e¨w³gvwjKvbv ¯^xKZ… , Z‡e GwU mxwgZ| 6  Rbve Y A_©bxwZi GKRb cÖfvlK| wZwb †kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨vsK m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv

†ewki fvM Drcv`b KgK© vÐ †emiKvwi gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq| cvkvcvwk Ki‡Z wM‡q e¨vswKs Gi wewfbœ w`K Zz‡j a‡ib, †h¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q AvgvbZ
MÖnY, FY cÖ`vb, wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó, wewbgq wej evÆvKiY, e¨vsK nvibxwZ,
miKvwi Lv‡ZI †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi g‡Zv Drcv`b KgK© vÐ cwiPvwjZ nq|
†Lvjv evRvibxwZ Ges bM` Rgvi nvi cwieZ©bbxwZ BZ¨vw`|
B`vwbs miKvwi LvZ¸‡jv †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi g‡Zv `ÿfv‡e Drcv`b KgK© vÐ
K. A_© Kx? 1
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KjKviLvbv¸‡jv m¤úY~ © we-ivóªxqKi‡Yi Ges †emiKvwi LvZ‡K cY~ © M. DÏxcK †_‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvhv© ewjmgn~ wPwýZ Ki Ges

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†kÖwY ˆelg¨ †`Lv †`q| N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ bxwZ¸‡jv Kxfv‡e FY wbqš¿Y K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

K. A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Kx? 1 7  Rbve Qv‡ei GKwU AvBmµxg d¨v±wii gvwjK| wZwb cÖwZgv‡m KviLvbvi

L. †Kb wbe©vPb mgm¨v D™¢e nq? 2 evwo fvov eve` 15,000 UvKv, we`y¨r wej eve` 5,000 UvKv Ges †gwkb

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N. DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ †`kwUi miKvi KZ©„K Mn„ xZ c`‡ÿ‡ci d‡j K‡ib| wKš‘ MZ 5 eQi hveZ Zuvi cÖwZôvbwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gby vdv AR©b

A_©e¨e¯’vq †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©b msNwUZ n‡q‡Q, e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| m¤úÖwZ wZwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb ivRkvnx‡Z Av‡gi R‡y mi

2  wb‡¤œ GKRb †fv³vi GKwU wbw`©ó `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ Dc‡hvM m~wP †`Iqv n‡jv : KuvPvgvj mnRjf¨ Ges Drcv`b e¨q Kg| ZvB wZwb AvBmµxg d¨v±wi eÜ

`ª‡e¨i GKK †gvU Dc‡hvM (TU) K‡i Av‡gi Rmy Drcv`b KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| GLb Zvu i KviLvbvq
1g 30
2q 50 Drcvw`Z Av‡gi Rym we‡`‡k ißvwb n‡”Q| 1
3q 60 K. wbg¾gvb g~jab ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
4_© 65
5g 66 L. my‡`i nvi gj~ ab MVb‡K Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i? 2
6ô 66 M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ g~jabmg~‡ni aib wPwýZ K‡i cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3
N. Rbve Qv‡e‡ii g~jab ¯’vbvš‡Í ii †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Dcv`vb¸‡jv fw‚ gKv
cvjb K‡i‡Q? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
8  'M' dvg©vwmDwUK¨vjm-Gi m`m¨ msL¨v AmsL¨| †Kv¤úvwbi AvqZb e„w× Kivi

Rb¨ cÖwZôvbwU RbM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K g~jab msMÖn K‡i Ges †kqvi
†nvìvi‡`i‡K evwl©K jf¨vsk cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖwZôvbwUi †kqviI n¯vÍ šÍi‡hvM¨|
K. cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM Kx? 1 Ab¨w`‡K 'N' †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi †nvìv‡ii msL¨v 10 Rb| Zuviv †hŠ_fv‡e

L. †gvU Dc‡hvM w¯’i nv‡i evo‡j cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi gj~ a‡bi †hvMvb †`q Ges cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv

cwieZ©b NU‡e? 2 K‡ib| Z‡e GKRb †kqvi †nvìv‡ii g„Z¨z ‡Z cÖwZôvbwU eÜ n‡q hvq|

M. DcwiD³ DÏxcK †_‡K cvÖ wšÍK Dc‡hvM m~wP wbiƒcY Ki| 3 K. 'BRAC'-Gi cY~ ©iƒc †jL| 1

N. DcwiD³ DÏxc‡K †Kvb ai‡bi cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvMwewa KvhK© i L. mgevq Kvievi †Kvb A‡_© GKgvwjKvbv Kvievi A‡cÿv DbœZ? 2

n‡q‡Q? hwy ³mn e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 M. DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ 'M' †Kv¤úvwb †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb? 3

3  `wy U `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vm~wP †`Iqv Av‡Q : N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 'M' Ges 'N' †Kv¤úvwbi cv_©K¨mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

x-`ª‡e¨i `vg (Px) x-`ª‡e¨i `vg y-`ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v 9  GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq Avq m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wb¤œiƒc :

10 12 20 bxU RvZxq Drcv`b (NNP) = 10,000 †KvwU UvKv

20 10 5 AePq e¨q (DC) = 1,500 †KvwU UvKv
bxU ißvwb (x-M) = 2,000 †KvwU UvKv
K. Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Kx? 1 K. RvZxq Avq Kv‡K e‡j? 1

L. wbZ¨ c‡Ö qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK nq †Kb? 2 L. wewb‡qvM evo‡j GNP ev‡o †Kb? 2

M. DÏxc‡Ki wfwˇZ 'x' `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †ei Ki| 3 M. DcwiD³ †`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) Ges †gvU Af¨šÍixY

N. AvovAvwo w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi wfwˇZ DcwiD³ `ywU `ª‡e¨i m¤ú‡K©i Drcv`b (GDP) †ei Ki| 3

cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. (x-M) = 0 n‡j DcwiD³ †`‡ki GDP Ges GNP Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb

4  GKwU dv‡g©i †gvU e¨q (TC) Ges Mo e¨q (AC) wb‡¤œi m~wP‡Z †`Iqv n‡jv : ai‡bi cwieZ©b Avm‡e e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

Drcv`‡bi GKK †gvU e¨q (TC) Mo e¨q (AC) 10  Rbve 'M' GKRb K…lK| c~‡e© wZwb Zvi `yB †Q‡j‡K wb‡q avb Pvl
1g 8 8 Ki‡Zb| m¤úÖwZ avb Pv‡l gybvdv K‡g hvIqvq Zvu i GK †Q‡j gvj‡qwkqv
2q 14 7 Mgb K‡i, Ab¨ †Q‡j ¯’vbxq GKwU Mv‡g©›Um d¨v±wi‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i| kÖg
3q 18 6 evRvi Dbœq‡b Rbve 'M' Gi †`‡ki miKvi b¨~ bZg gRywi wba©viY, wkï kÖg
4_© 24 6 wbimb Ges bvix Dbœqb I cÖwkÿ‡Yi g‡Zv c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
5g 35 7 K. kÖ‡gi `ÿZv Kx? 1
6ô 48 8 L. gRywi e„wׇZ wK me©`v kÖ‡gi †hvMvb ev‡o? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Rbve 'M' Gi †Q‡j‡`i kÖ‡gi MwZkxjZvi aib
wPwýZ Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ miKvi KZ©„K Mn„ xZ c`‡ÿc¸‡jv kÖg evRvi
K. Mo e¨q Kx? 1
Dbœq‡b KZUzKz mdj n‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
L. †gvU w¯’i e¨q †iLv f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq †Kb? 2 11 GKwU GjvKvi R‰bK e¨w³i Rwgi cwigvY Ges GKi cÖwZ `v‡gi Z_¨

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖvwšÍK e¨q (MC) m~wP c¯Ö ‘Z Ki| 3 wb‡¤iœ †jLwP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K AC I MC Gi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 P Rwgi ˆhvMvb ˆiLv

5  GKwU cÖwZ‡hvMx dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v wb‡¤œi wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv S

P, R, C 867000 D F

MC ‰Ki cÉwZ `vg 3542100000 E
SAC
D Rwgi Pvwn`v ˆiLv
20 AVC S Rwgi cwigvY
AR = MR
15 E

O 10 20 30 40 QL

O Q K. A_©‰bwZK LvRbv Kx? 1
50
L. LvRbv wK `v‡gi AšfÍ ©³y ? 2
K. dvg© Kv‡K e‡j? 1
2 M. DÏxc‡K LvRbvi †Kvb ZË¡wU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi `vg w¯’i _v‡K †Kb? 3 N. DÏxc‡K Rwgi Pvwn`v‡iLv hw` F we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq, Z‡e
4
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K dv‡g©i jvf wKsev ÿwZ wbiƒcY Ki| LvRbvi Dci Kx cfÖ ve co‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

N. SAC †iLv E we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K n‡j dv‡g©i bZbz cwiw¯’wZwU we‡kølY Ki|

16 ewikvj †evW© 2019

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1  Pvwn`v A‡cÿK Qd = 9  2P 6  wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges mswkøó cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

†hvMvb A‡cÿK Qs = 1 + 3P Y
S
K. aªæeK Kx? 1

L. DcKiY `vg Kxfv‡e †hvMv‡bi cwigvY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i? 2 A1 E1
`vg, Avq, eÅq (UvKv)
eÅqM. fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wbY©q Ki|3A E D2

LvRbvN. miKvi cÖwZ †KwRi me©wb¤œ `vg 1 UvKv Ges cÖwZ †KwRi m‡e©v”PD1
OX
`vg 3 UvKv avh© Ki‡j fvimv‡g¨i Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e? wPÎmn
X1
we‡klø Y Ki| 4
Rwgi cwigvY
2  'X' †`‡ki RbM‡Yi †fvMe¨q 900 †KvwU UvKv| †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q I
K. wbg LvRbv Kx? 1
miKvwi e¨q h_vµ‡g 200 Ges 300 †KvwU UvKv| g~ja‡bi ÿqÿwZRwbZ
L. LvRbv †Kb †`Iqv nq? 2
e¨q 300 †KvwU UvKv|
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †Kvb LvRbv Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

K. †gvU †`kR Drcv`b Kx? 1 N. DÏxc‡Ki Pvwn`v †iLv cwieZ©‡bi d‡j A_©‰bwZK LvRbvi Dci Kx

L. cÖvwšÍK †fvM cÖeYZvi gvb k‡~ b¨i †P‡q †ewk Avevi GK‡Ki †P‡q cÖfve co‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

Kg nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 7  Rbve mygb wPwKrmvi Rb¨ 'X' †`‡k wM‡q †`L‡jb, †mLv‡b mewKQBy
e¨w³gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq, GKB mv‡_ e¨w³MZ †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi
M. 'X' †`‡ki GNI wbY©q Ki| 3

N. 'X' †`‡ki NNI wK GNI A‡cÿv †ewk n‡e? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wbqš¿YI Av‡Q|

we‡kølY Ki| 4 K. Drcv`b ej‡Z Kx †evS? 1

3  wb‡¤iœ wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : L. Drcv`b m¤v¢ ebv †iLvi aviYv `vI| 2

Y M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †`kwU‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

N. DwjøwLZ A_©e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ Bmjvwg A_©e¨e¯’vi cv_©K¨ we‡klø Y Ki| 4

MC AC 8  wg. Ry‡qj GKwU e¨vs‡K PvKwi K‡ib hv‡K gy`ªv evRv‡ii AwffveK ejv
nq| e¨vsKwU †bvU cÖPj‡bi GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi †fvM K‡i| Zvi eÜy wg.
G
P iæ‡ej Ab¨ Av‡iKwU e¨vs‡K PvKwi K‡ib, †hwU Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU †_‡K
P1 H
AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Ges ¯^í I ga¨ †gqv‡` FY cÖ`vb K‡i|
F
E K. wewnZ gy`ªv Kx? 1

MR AR L. gy`ªvi Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wg. R‡y q‡ji e¨vsK †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jvwPZ `ywU e¨vsK GK bq| e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

9  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

O Q X Y
MC
Drcv`b (‰KK)
AC
K. cY~ © cÖwZ‡hvwMZvgj~ K evRvi Kx? 1

L. †Kb GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i we‡µZv‡K `v‡gi mÖóv ejv nq? 2

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K gby vdvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3 O Drcv`b X

N. DwjøwLZ gby vdv wK mKj †ÿ‡Î AR©b Kiv m¤¢e? hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI| 4 K. Mo e¨q Kx? 1

4  GKwU dv‡g©i kÖwg‡Ki gRywi I †hvMvb m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wb¤œiƒc : L. w¯’i e¨q †Kb `xN©Kvj _v‡K bv? 2

gRywi (UvKv) kÖ‡gi †hvMvb M. Mo e¨q I cÖvwšÍK e¨‡qi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

200 5 Rb N. AC †iLvi †Kvb we›`‡y Z MC †iLv †Q` K‡i Ges †Kb? wP‡Îi

400 8 Rb wfwˇZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

600 10 Rb 10  'X' `ª‡e¨i `vg 'X' `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v

800 7 Rb 40 80

K. gRwy i Kx? 1 50 40

L. kÖg I kÖwgK‡K Awe‡”Q`¨ ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. Xvj Kx? 1

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K kÖ‡gi †hvMvb †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 L. Pvwn`v wK ïagy vÎ `v‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj? 2

N. DÏxc‡K e¨enZ„ DcvË wK ev¯Íem¤§Z e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 M. 'X' `ª‡e¨i `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †ei Ki| 3

5| wkgyj Zvi K¬v‡m A_©bxwZi wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvij, evsjv‡`‡ki N. DÏxc‡K cÖvß w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi wfwˇZ `ª‡e¨i cÖKw… Z m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Ki| 4

wk‡ívbœq‡bi c‡_ me‡P‡q eo evav n‡jv g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv| †m AviI Rvb‡Z 11  RwqZv XvKvi GKwU Mv‡g©›Um G KvR K‡i, Zvi cwiev‡ii Ab¨iv mby vgM‡Ä

cv‡i wb¤œgv_vwcQy Avq, RxebhvÎvi wb¤œgvb, `ye©j AeKvVv‡gv, mykvm‡bi GKwU MÖv‡g evm K‡ib| †m cÖwZ gv‡m Zvi †eZ‡bi GKwU Ask MÖv‡g

Afve, AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv, g`y ªvùxwZ BZ¨vw` gj~ ab MVb‡K evavM¯Ö Í Ae¯’vbiZ cwievi cwiR‡bi Kv‡Q cvVvq| wKQyw`b Av‡MI UvKv cvVv‡Z

K‡i‡Q| wkÿK K¬v‡m wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MnÖ ‡Yi gva¨‡g Dwjwø LZ mgm¨v A‡bK Kó Ki‡Z n‡Zv, GLb RwqZv A‡bK mn‡R Ges Kg Li‡P †Kv‡bv

mgvavb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib| e¨vsK wnmve QvovB UvKv cvVv‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Zvi cwievi cwiRb †Kv‡bv

K. gj~ ab Kx? 1 Sv‡gjv QvovB evwoi cv‡ki †`vKvb †_‡K UvKv msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

L. g~jab MVb m‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj| e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`xª q e¨vs‡Ki bvg Kx? 1

M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mgm¨v¸‡jv Kxfv‡e gj~ ab MVb evavM¯Ö Í K‡i‡Q? L. A‡_©i cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ A‡_©i g‡~ j¨i m¤úK© Av‡Q Kx? 2

e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vswKs Kvh©µg‡K BswMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q? Zvi

N. DÏxc‡Ki eY©bv Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki g~jab MVb Kxfv‡e ew„ × Kiv mwy eav e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

N. DwjøwLZ e¨vswKs Kvh©µg †jb‡`b mnR Kivmn MvÖ gxY A_©‰bwZK

†h‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zwz g g‡b Ki? gZvgZ `vI| 4 Dbœq‡b Kxfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Q †m wel‡q †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  17

17 w`bvRciy †evW© 2019

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 70

1  wg. Kwig 'X' †`‡ki Awaevmx| Zvi †`‡ki hveZxq m¤ú` I Drcv`‡bi 6  GKwU Drcv`b cÖwZôv‡bi GKRb kÖwgK NÈv cÖwZ 40 UvKv gRwy i‡Z 6

DcKiY ivóª KZ©K„ wbqwš¿Z| `ªe¨ I †mev †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †fv³vi ¯^vaxbZv NÈv, 80 UvKv gRywi‡Z 8 NÈv KvR K‡ib| wKš‘ NÈv cÖwZ gRywi ew„ ×

¯^xK…Z bq| Ab¨w`‡K wg. nvwdR 'Y' †`‡ki Awaevmx| Zvi †`‡ki †c‡q 120 UvKv nIqvq wZwb 6 NÈv KvR K‡ib| 1
A_©‰bwZK KgK© vÐ miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvq gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ K. Avw_©K gRywi Kv‡K e‡j?

cwiPvwjZ nq| †m‡`‡k cÖe„w× evo‡jI Avq I m¤ú‡`i eȇb AmgZv Ges L. Avw_©K gRwy i I `vg¯Íi mgvb nv‡i cwieZ©b n‡j cÖKZ… gRywii

†kÖwY ˆelg¨ cwijwÿZ nq| †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cwieZ©b n‡e wK bv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

K. wbe©vPb ej‡Z Kx †evS? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖwZôvbwUi kÖwg‡Ki †hvMvb †iLv A¼b Ki| 3

L. Drcv`b m¤v¢ ebv †iLv‡K mxgvšÍ †iLv ejv nq †Kb? 2 N. DÏxc‡K †_‡K cÖvß kÖwg‡Ki †hvMvb †iLvi AvK…wZi Dci gšÍe¨ Ki| 4

M. wg. Kwi‡gi †`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 7  wg. iDd GKwU †gvUimvB‡Kj KviLvbvi gvwjK| 2015 mv‡j Zvi cÖv_wgK

N. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ Dc‡ii †Kvb †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vi wgj gj~ a‡bi cwigvY wQj 500 †KvwU UvKv| †gvUimvB‡Kj Drcv`b jvfRbK

i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 nIqvq 2016 mv‡j wZwb g~ja‡bi cwigvY 600 †KvwU UvKvq DbœxZ

2  wkÿK K¬v‡m ej‡jb, Ò†fv³vi Avq, iæwP, weKí `ª‡e¨i `vg cÖfw… Z Ki‡jb| D³ mg‡q Zvi g~ja‡bi ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q wQj 5 †KvwU UvKv|

AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `vg evo‡j Pvwn`v K‡g Ges `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`v m¤úÖwZ miKvi g~ja‡bi cwigvY ew„ ×i Rb¨ my‡`i nvi Kgv‡bv, mwVK

ev‡o|Ó G‡Z Pvwn`v †iLv evg †_‡K Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx nq| g`y ªvbxwZ MnÖ Y, `æª Z we`¨y r ms‡hvM cÖ`vb I AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb cÖf…wZ wewfbœ

K. Pvwn`v Kv‡K e‡j? 1 c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

L. cÖvwšKÍ Dc‡hvM †_‡K Kxfv‡e †gvU Dc‡hvM cvIqv hvq? 2 K. ¯’vqx g~jab Kv‡K e‡j? 1

M. Dc‡ii DÏxcK A_©bxwZi †Kvb wewai mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z? †iLvi L. g~jab Kx GKwU wbw¯µq Dcv`vb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3 M. wg. iD‡di wbU gj~ a‡bi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3

N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv cwiewZ©Z n‡j Pvwn`v †iLvi Ae¯’v‡bi N. g~ja‡bi cwigvY e„w×i Rb¨ miKv‡ii c`‡ÿc h‡_ó wKbv?

†ÿ‡Î Kxiƒc cwieZ©b msNwUZ n‡e? wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

3  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki : 8  wg. Kwig GKwU wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K D”P wkÿv †k‡l MvÖ ‡g wd‡i wbR †Póvq

Y GKwU Drcv`b cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb| Gi cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi fvi Zvi

N nv‡ZB| e¨emvwqK `vq-`vwqZ¡ wb‡RB enb K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K wg. iwn‡gi
b
2 cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ msL¨v 10 Rb| Zviv †hŠ_fv‡e gj~ a‡bi †hvMvb †`q Ges
1a
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| Z‡e †h‡Kv‡bv

M GKRb m`‡m¨i gZ„ z¨‡Z cÖwZôvbwU eÜ n‡q hvq|

O 12 X K. ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb Kv‡K e‡j? 1

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L. †hvMvb I gR`y GK bq e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wg. iwn‡gi cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb? 3

M. Dc‡ii wP‡Î c`Ö wk©Z MN †iLvi Xvj wbY©q Ki| 3 N. m`m¨ msL¨v, g~jab msMÖn Ges wm×všÍ MnÖ ‡Yi wfwˇZ wg. Kwig I

N. DÏxc‡Ki MN †iLvwU‡K wK †hvMvb †iLv ejv hvq? †Zvgvi Dˇii wg. iwn‡gi msMV‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4

mc‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4 9  wg. ivqnvb GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b PvKwi K‡ib| Zvi cÖwZôvbwU AvgvbZ MÖnY

4  wb‡Pi m~wPwU jÿ Ki : Kivi cvkvcvwk gby vdv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^í‡gqvw` FY cÖ`vb Ges FY AvgvbZ

mw„ ó K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K wg. Kwei GKwU cÖwZôv‡b PvKwi K‡ib †hwU †`‡ki

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1 †KwR 20 UvKv K. wewnZ gy`ªv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
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M. wg. ivqnv‡bi cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi Avw_©K cwÖ Zôvb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

N. wg. ivqnvb Ges wg. Kwe‡ii cÖwZôv‡bi Kvhv© ewji g‡a¨ Zjz bvgj~ K

4 †KwR 16 UvKv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
5 †KwR 26 UvKv 10  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki :

6 †KwR`vg/Avq/eÅq 30 UvKv S, I S
mçq, wewbGqvM 100 E
K. cÖvwšKÍ Drcv`b Kx? 1
L. ¯^íKvjxb Drcv`b A‡cÿ‡K me DcKiY cwieZ©b nq bv †Kb? 2 I = 100

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †gvU e¨q mw~ P ˆZwi Ki| 3 O 100 200 300 400

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Mo e¨q (AC) I cÖvwšÍK e¨‡qi (MC) g‡a¨ Y

m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 – 100 Avq

5  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki : K. GNI Kv‡K e‡j? 1

Y MC AC L. ÔmÂq wewb‡qv‡Mi wfwËÕ e¨vL¨v Ki | 2
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O 100 X Zvi eÜy Rv‡n`yj Bmjvg iwek‡m¨i mgq Uªv±i I cvwbi †mP †gwkb fvov

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L. me evRv‡i Kx AR  MR nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. LvRbv `v‡gi AšÍf©³y wK? 2

M. wPÎ †_‡K gby vdvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3 M. Rv‡n`yj Bmjv‡gi LvRbvi cÖK…wZ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

N. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wkZ© wP‡Î AC †iLvi Ae¯’vb Kxiƒc n‡j ¯^vfvweK N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wg. AvIjv` †nv‡mb I Rv‡n`jy Bmjv‡gi

gybvdv AwR©Z nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 LvRbvi cv_©K¨ †jL| 4

18 XvKv, h‡kvi, wm‡jU I w`bvRcyi †evW© 2018

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 70

1  Y `ËeÅ e„w× cvq| Avevi fwel¨Z wPšvÍ †_‡K gvb‡y li m‡qi AvMÖnI ew„ × cvq|
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O x1 x2 D X `ËeÅ K. g~jab Kv‡K e‡j? 1

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M-wPò Pvwn`vi cwigvY
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K. Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. m`y v‡bi Kvhµ© ‡g Drcv`‡bi †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi Kvh©µg dz‡U D‡V‡Q?

L. cwieZ©K `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi m¤úK© Kxiƒc? 2 we‡kølY Ki| 3

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3  Drcv`b (Q) †gvU cwieZb© xq e¨q (TVC) Zvi Rwgi `vg K‡qK¸Y e„w× cvq| G my‡hv‡M wZwb D”P `v‡g RwgwU weµq

14 K‡i `~ieZ©x GjvKvq Kg `v‡gi Rwg µq K‡i emev‡mi e¨e¯’v K‡ib Ges

2 10 wewfbœ ai‡bi bq GKi Rwg Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ fvov †bb| cÖ_g wZb GKi

3 14 Rwgi †gvU Avq 12,000 UvKv, wØZxq wZb GKi Rwgi †gvU Avq 8,000

4 30 UvKv Ges ZZ… xq wZb GKi Rwgi †gvU Avq 6,000 UvKv| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi

5 50 Rwg‡Z dmj Pv‡li †gvU Avq 6,000 UvKv|

†gvU w¯’i e¨q (TFC) = 10 K. wbg LvRbv Kx? 1
K. cvÖ wšKÍ e¨q Kv‡K e‡j?
L. cY~ © cÖwZ‡hvwMZvgj~ K evRvi AR = MR nq †Kb? 1 L. LvRbv I `v‡gi m¤úK© †jL| 2
M. DÏxcK †_‡K AC †ei Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ AC I MC Gi m¤úK© we‡klø Y Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K Rbve gwy biæ¾vgv‡bi Rwg weµ‡qi Avq‡K †Kvb ai‡bi
4
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N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wiKv‡W©vi LvRbv ZË¡ we‡klø Y Ki| 4

4 Avq/eÅq 9  C = 50 + 0.75Y; I = 100
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MC AC K. mvgwMÖK Avq Kv‡K e‡j?

A 1
120 AVC
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40 C N. DÏxc‡K Dwjwø LZ wewb‡qvM wظY nIqvi †cÖwÿ‡Z wewb‡qvM RvZxq

0 20 Av‡qi m¤úK© wb‡`k© Ki| 4

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m¤úÖmvi‡Yi d‡j mv¤úÖwZKKv‡j `ªe¨g~‡j¨i Dci we‡kl cÖfve cwijwÿZ
L. ÿwZ Ae¯’vq GKwU dvg© ¯^íKv‡j KLb Drcv`b Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q hvq? 2
nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z †`kwUi †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †Lvjv evRvi bxwZ I e¨vsK nvi
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cwieZ©‡bi bxwZ MÖnY K‡i|
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K. gy`ªvi Pvwn`v Kv‡K e‡j? 1
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L. Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq A‡_©i g~j¨ n«vm †c‡j `ªe¨g~‡j¨i
D”P kã I D”P Pv‡ci g‡a¨ Zvi KvR Ki‡Z nq| Zvi gvwmK gRywi wek
Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
nvRvi UvKv| GQvov Zvi Lvevi, †cvkvK I Zvi cwiev‡ii evm¯’vbI †bŠhvb

KZ©„c‡ÿi wbKU †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ Zvi Kv‡Ri ai‡bi Kvi‡Y GKw`‡K M. X †`kwUi gy`ªvùxwZ mw„ ói wcQ‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vsKB `vqx e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. D³ cwiw¯’wZ †gvKvwejvq †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki M„nxZ bxwZ `wy U Kxfv‡e
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Dfq cÖKvi gy`ªvi cÖPjb MwZ (V I V) = 4, µq-weµ‡qi Rb¨ `ªe¨mvgMxÖ i
K. kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v Kv‡K e‡j? 1 cwigvY (T) = 4000| mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b ÔKÕ †`‡ki wewnZ gy`ªv I e¨vsK mó„
g`y ªvi †hvMvb wظY n‡jv|
L. `vg¯iÍ w¯’i †_‡K Avw_©K gRywi evo‡j cÖK…Z gRywiI ew„ × cvq

e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

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N. iwgR I ewk‡ii Avw_©K Ges cÖK…Z gRywi GKwU Zjz bvg~jK L. Ôevsjv‡`k e¨vsKÕ‡K †Kb †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ejv nq? 2

we‡klø Y `vI| 4 M. wdkv‡ii wewbgq mgxKi‡Yi Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡K c`Ö Ë Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ

6  ÔAÕ †`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv †Z‡ji e„nr Lwb Avwe®‹Z… nIqvq we‡`wk †Zj `vg¯Íi (P) wbY©q Ki| 3

D‡ËvjbKvix wKQy †Kv¤úvwb H †`‡ki miKv‡ii mv‡_ Pzw³e× n‡q †Zj N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K A‡_©i †hvMvb I A‡_©i g~‡j¨i wecixZ m¤úK©

D‡Ëvjb ïiæ K‡i| G Kvh©µ‡g miKvwi †Zj D‡ËvjbKvix cÖwZôvbI hy³

nq| Gme Kv‡Q †`wk-we‡`wk cÖPzi †jvK wb‡qvwRZ nIqvq gvb‡y li Avq Aviwfs wdkv‡ii A‡_©i cwigvY Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ we‡klø Y Ki| 4

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  19

19 ivRkvnx, Kzwgjøv, PÆMÖvg I ewikvj †evW© 2018

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 70

1  wb‡P X I Y bvgK `ywU `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi GKwU Drcv`b m¤¢vebv m~wP †`Iqv nj 6  mviwY jÿ Ki Ges mswkóø cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

X-`ªe¨ Y-`ªe¨ mswgkÖY gRywi kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v kÖ‡gi †hvMvb
8 0
5 5 A 10 15 5
0 8 B
C 20 10 10

30 5 15

K. e¨wóK A_©bxwZ Kx? 1 K. cÖK…Z gRwy i Kx? 1
L. GKB †ckvq gRywi wewfbœ nq †Kb? 2

L. Òwb‡`©kg~jK A_©e¨e¯’v abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v †_‡K †Kvb †ÿ‡Î M. DÏxc‡Ki mviwY †_‡K kÖgevRv‡i fvimvg¨ gRwy i †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g

DbœZ|Ó Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2 †`LvI| 3

M. DÏxcK n‡Z GKwU Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 N. kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v cÖwZ †ÿ‡Î 10 GKK ew„ × †c‡j fvimv‡g¨i Kx
cwieZ©b n‡e? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
N. cÖvß Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv Abyhvqx Dfq `ªe¨ GKB m‡½ 8 GKK 7  wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K m`¨ cvm Kiv wg. ÔLÕ PvKwii cwie‡Z© GKwU eywUK KviLvbv

K‡i Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq †Kb? we‡klø Y Ki| 4 cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb GKvB e¨emvq DcKiY msMÖn I †`Lvïbv K‡ib| G‡Z

2  wb‡Pi Pvwn`v mw~ P jÿ Ki Ges mswkøó cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : e¨emvi DbœwZ nq Ges gybvdv AR©b K‡ib| e¨emvq m¤úÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨

`ªe¨ (P) Pvwn`vi cwigvY (Q) gj~ a‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wZwb wbKU¯’ GKwU GbwRI n‡Z FY MÖnY K‡ib|
5 40 GKK GbwRIwU ÿ`z ªFY cÖ`vb, AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqZv, bvixi ÿgZvqb BZ¨vw`

10 30 GKK †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| GiKg A‡bK GbwRI Avgv‡`i †`‡k
15 20 GKK MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi Dbœq‡b wewfbœ Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
K. Askx`vwi Kvievi Kx? 1

K. A‡cÿK Kx? 1 L. mgevq Kvievi Kx A‡_© GKgvwjKvbv Kvievi A‡cÿv DbœZ? 2
M. DÏxc‡K wg. ÔLÕ Gi ewy UK KviLvbv †Kvb ai‡bi Kvievi? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. ÒAv‡qi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b nqÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 N. Zwz g wK g‡b Ki, evsjv‡`‡ki AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I bvixi ÿgZvq‡b

M. Dc‡iv³ mw~ P †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 GbwRI‡`i Kvh©µg h‡_ó? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

N. DÏxc‡K `vg w¯’i _vKv Ae¯’vq hw` †fv³vi Avq ew„ × cvq Z‡e wK 8  wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges mswkóø cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Pvwn`v †iLvi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e? gZvgZ `vI| 4 YS

3  wg. ÔLÕ Zvi K…wl Lvgv‡i Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY I Kjv-†KŠkj w¯’i †i‡L ïagy vÎ D1
D0
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E0 D1
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kÖg I g~jab †gvU Drcv`b cÖvwšKÍ Drcv`b A0
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2 Rb 100 UvKv 22 GKK 10 GKK D0
OX

S

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K. Drcv`b Kx? 1 N. DÏxc‡K Pvwn`v †iLv cwieZ©‡bi d‡j A_©‰bwZK LvRbvi Dci Kx
cÖfve co‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
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M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K K…wl Lvgv‡i †gvU Drcv`b †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q GKRb weL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe‡`i e³e¨ †ck

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Lvgv‡i †Kvb wewawU Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q? wewawU K‡ib| e³e¨wU n‡jv, Ògy`ªvi µqÿgZv I `vg¯Íi wecixZfv‡e m¤úK©hy³|Ó

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4 Y D K. wenxZ g`y ªv Kx? 1
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M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ e³e¨wUi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ZË¡wU Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3
`vg 20 N. DÏxcK Abhy vqx gy`ªvi cwigvY Pvi¸Y n‡j g`y ªvi gj~ ¨ KZ n‡e?
`vg 15

10 GKwU MvwYwZK D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g we‡klø Y Ki| 4

5 D1 10  wg. ÔLÕ Gi wbKU 80 jÿ UvKv Av‡Q| wZwb 50 jÿ UvKv wb‡q XvKvq
GKwU cøU wK‡bb| 10 jÿ UvKv w`‡q GKwU †`vKvb µq K‡ib| †`vKv‡b
0 5 10 15 X weµ‡qi Rb¨ 5 jÿ UvKvi `ªe¨mvgMÖx wK‡bb| 10 jÿ UvKvq MÖv‡g GKwU

K. †iLvi Xvj Kv‡K e‡j? Pvwn`v 1 wjPz evMvb wK‡bb Ges evMv‡bi PvivMvQ eve` AviI 1 jÿ UvKv e¨q
2
L. PjK I aªæeK GKB bq †Kb? 3 K‡ib| evwK UvKv gRywi I Ab¨vb¨ e¨q eve` wb‡Ri Kv‡Q †i‡L †`b|
4 K. gj~ ab Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡K Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wbY©q Ki| L. gj~ a‡bi m‡½ m‡qi m¤úK© Kx? 2

N. DÏxc‡Ki `ªe¨wU wK wejvmRvZ `ªe¨? †Kb? M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wg. ÔLÕ Gi ¯’vqx I PjwZ g~ja‡bi GKwU mviwY

5  wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges mswkóø cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ˆZwi Ki| 3

SMC SAC N. DÏxc‡Ki wg. ÔLÕ Gi e¨emvq m¤úÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ gj~ ab ew„ ×i †Kv‡bv

P1 E m‡y hvM Av‡Q wK? gZvgZ `vI| 4
11  aiv hvK, GKwU †`‡ki †gvU †fvMe¨q 500 †KvwU UvKv| †gvU wewb‡qvM
P = AR = MR

P2 e¨q 200 †KvwU UvKv| †gvU miKvwi e¨q I †mevKg© µ‡qi Rb¨ e¨q 50
F †KvwU UvKv| cÖev‡m Kg©iZ †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i Avq 20 †KvwU UvKv Ges

†`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i Avq 10 †KvwU UvKv| 1
K. †gvU RvZxq Avq Kv‡K e‡j?
OM

Dcv`vGbi cwigvY L. mÂq n‡jv wewb‡qv‡Mi wfwË e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

K. g‡bvcmwb evRvi Kx? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †gvU †`kR Drcv`b (GDP) I †gvU RvZxq

L. GK‡PwUqv Kvievix Kxfv‡e `v‡gi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i? 2 Drcv`b (GNP) †ei Ki| 3

M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wkZ© dvgw© Ui †gvU gby vdv wbY©q Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K †`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i Avq hw` wظY nq Zvn‡j
†gvU †`kR Drcv`b I †gvU RvZxq Av‡qi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨
N. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î SAC †iLv E we›`y‡Z ¯úk© Ki‡j gybvdvi †ÿ‡Î Kx cwijwÿZ n‡e wK? gZvgZ `vI| 4

cwieZ©b n‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

kxl©¯’vbxq K‡j‡Ri wbe©vPwb cix¶vi

cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb

20 ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv welq †KvW : 1 0 9

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

[we. `ª. : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤úY~ © fivU Ki|]

1. ÔA_©bxwZ n‡jv wbe©vP‡bi weÁvbÕ †K e‡j‡Qb? CC 21. g~jab †hvMv‡bi Af¨ši— xY Drm n‡jv
K A¨vWvg w¯§_ L Kvj© gvK©m i. ivR¯^ D×…Ë
M cj.G. m¨vgy‡qjmbN Gj. iweb&m
ii. FDI
iii. wbU g~jab Avq
2. 'A' †`kwU gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi †`k| OQ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

†`kwU‡Z `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©vwiZ nq 12. wP‡Î C †iLvwU ¯^íKv‡j †Kvb ai‡bi e¨q K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. †K›`ªxq KZ©…c‡¶i gva¨‡g
ii. Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi gva¨‡g †iLv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q? 22. D‡`¨vMZv‡K Captain of the industry
K TC L AC M TFC N TVC e‡j‡Qb †K?
iii. ¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’v Øviv 13. me©cÖ_g µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšK— Drcv`b wewa
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K cj.G.m¨vgy‡qjmb L nvigvb †nbwiL
m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b †K? M Gj iweÝ N G. gvk©vj
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K w÷Mjvi L Uvi‡Mv
23. eZg© v‡b me©e„nr AvZ¥wbf©i `ª“Z weKvkgvb
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M GWIqvW© I‡qó N cj. G. m¨vgy‡qjmb ¶z`ª FY`vbKvix ms¯’v wn‡m‡e we‡k¦ cÖwZôv

Y `ªe¨ 14. evRvi fvimv‡g¨i †¶‡Î ch©vß kZ© †KvbwU? jvf Ki‡Q †Kvb cÖwZôvbwU?
K MR = MC L AR = P > AC
AP M MC > MR N MC < MR K eªvK L Avkv
Q

R M KvwiZvm N wU Gg Gm Gm

G D X `ªe¨ 15. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii †¶‡Î  DÏxcKwU c‡o 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
O i. Pvwn`v cwic~Y© w¯’wZ¯’vcK
 24. Rbve 'Q' GKRb cÖvwš—K K…lK| wZwb GK
3. X `ª‡e¨i Zzjbvq Y `ªe¨ †ewk cÖ‡qvRb n‡j, ii. P = MR †iLv f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj 25. eQ‡ii Rb¨ 'R' e¨w³i 1 weNv Rwg‡Z
4. †Kvb we›`y‡Z Drcv`bKvix Drcv`b Ki‡e? 16. iii. AR > MR
17. 26. Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ 15000 UvKv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
5. KP LQ MR NG 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 27. kn‡ii wbKUeZ©x nIqvq Rwg †_‡K cÖvß Avq
6. 19. K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 28.
7. Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi Af¨š—‡i Aew¯’Z 29. †ewk n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv nq|
8. 20. 30.
G we›`ywU wb‡`©k K‡i DÏxcKwU c‡o 16 I 17bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 'Q' e¨w³ Rwg e¨env‡ii Rb¨ 'R' e¨w³‡K
9. i. c~Y© wb‡qvM I †eKviZ¡ 'A' bvgK †Kv¤úvwbwU X MÖv‡g GKgvÎ Y cY¨
10. ii. m¤ú‡`i A`¶ e¨envi I AcPq mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb, †Kv¤úvwbwU GKK cÖwZ hv cÖ`vb K‡ib Zv n‡jv
11. iii. Ac~Y© wb‡qvM I †eKviZ¡ K wbg LvRbv L wbU LvRbv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Drcv`b e¨q 15 UvKv, `vg 25 UvKv Ges M Ki N gybvdv
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii fvimvg¨ weµ‡qi cwigvY n‡jv 10 GKK|
mgv‡R gh©v`v e„w× cvq, †Kvb `ªe¨ †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g? A †Kv¤úvwbwU †Kvb evRv‡ii Ašf— z©³? 'Q' e¨w³i 'R' e¨w³‡K LvRbv †`Iqvi KviY
K weKí `ªe¨ L wM‡db `ªe¨ i. †m cÖvwš—K K…lK e‡j
M cwic~iK `ªe¨ N †fe‡jb `ªe¨ K c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK ii. RwgwUi Ae¯’vMZ KviY
Wv‡ji `vg 20 UvKv †_‡K 30 UvKv n‡j L Awj‡Mvcwj
Pvwn`v n«vm †c‡q 8 GKK †_‡K 6 GKK nq| M GK‡PwUqv iii. Rwgi Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK †hvMv‡bi KviY
G‡¶‡Î Wv‡ji `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv KZ n‡e? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 1.5 L 0.5 M 0.8 N 0.2 N GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

A †Kv¤úvwbi †hme Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ Drcv`b †¶‡Î
i. †gvU Avq n‡jv 250
ii. A¯^vfvweK gybvdv AwRZ© nq cybivq e¨envi nq Zv‡K Kx `ªe¨ e‡j?
hw` D = 80  P Ges S =  40 + 2P K †fvM¨`ªe¨ L P‚ovš— `ªe¨
nq, Z‡e fvimvg¨ cwigvY KZ? iii. `xN©Kv‡j ¯^vfvweK gybvdv AR©b K‡i M ga¨eZx© `ªe¨ N cÖv_wgK cY¨
K 20 L 40 M 60 N 80 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Qs = C + dP mgxKi‡Yi wPÎwU †Kgb n‡e? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Ave× A_©bxwZ‡Z †KvbwU Abycw¯’Z?
K wewb‡qvM e¨q L miKvwi e¨q
P P †`‡ki Kg¶© g I KvR Ki‡Z B”QzK M †fvM e¨q N wbU ißvwb
S RbmsL¨v‡K Kx ejv nq?
K L S

K kÖgnvi L kÖgNbZ¡ wbKvk N‡ii KvR Kx?
K bM` A‡_©i †jb‡`b
Q OS Q M kÖgmsL¨v N kÖgkw³
O P
PS Rbve X GKRb `¶ Drcv`bKg©x, Zvi L cÖvZ¨wnK KvR
S M †`bv-cvIbv wb®úwË

MN kÖ‡gi `¶Zv wba©vwiZ nq N FY cÖ`vb
i. Zvi Kv‡Ri cwigv‡Yi Ici
OQ OQ ii. Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i ¸YMZ gv‡bi Ici CCA-Gi c~Y©iƒc †KvbwU?

Amxg w¯’wZ¯’vcK Pvwn`v †iLvi Xvj †Kgb n‡e? iii. mvgwMKÖ cwi‡e‡ki Ici K Capital Consume Authority
K G‡Ki †P‡q †ewk L G‡Ki †P‡q Kg L Capital Commerce Administration
M k~b¨ N Amxg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M Cost of Capital Average
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N Capital Consumption Allowance
†Kvb †iLvwU mgcive„ËvKvi AvK…wZi nq? Zzjv †_‡K myZv ˆZwi Kiv n‡j, Zv‡K
K AFC L AVC M TVC N MC A‡_©i cwigvY Z‡Ë¡ A‡_©i cwigvY wظY n‡j
g~ja‡bi †Kvb ai‡bi MwZkxjZv e‡j? i. A‡_©i g~j¨ A‡a©K n‡e
GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i AR I MR †iLvi †¶‡Î K Af¨ši— xY MwZkxjZv
i. AR < MR ii. AR > MR ii. `ª‡e¨i `vg¯—i wظY n‡e
L KvieviMZ MwZkxjZv iii. A‡_©i cPÖ jb MwZ evo‡e
iii. evgw`K †_‡K Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx M wkíMZ MwZkxjZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N ¯—iMZ MwZkxjZv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 M 3 K 4 M 5 N 6 L 7 L 8 L 9 M 10 K 11 M 12 K 13 L 14 M 15 K

16 M 17 N 18 N 19 N 20 N 21 L 22 N 23 K 24 L 25 M 26 M 27 N 28 M 29 N 30 K

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  21

21 wfKvi“bwbmv b~b ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨¯’v cÖPwjZ?  DÏxcKwU c‡o 11 I 12bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 20. Askx`vwi Kviev‡i me©wb¤œ m`m¨msL¨v KZ?
K Bmjvwg L mgvRZvwš¿K K2 L3
wZbRb e¨w³ A, B I C wZbwU c„_K ¯’vb
M abZvwš¿K N wgkÖ
n‡Z GKB ¸Ym¤úbœ `ªe¨ Awfbœ `v‡g µq M4 N5
2. wb‡`©kg~jK A_©bxwZ‡Z `ª‡e¨i `vg
Ki‡jb| A Gi Ae¯’vb Drcv`b †K‡›`ªi  DÏxcKwU c‡o 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wba©vi‡Y f‚wgKv iv‡L
wbK‡U n‡jI Aci `yR‡bi Ae¯’vb `~‡i| Puv`cyi †Rjvi KPzqv Dc‡Rjvi m`i †_‡K 4
i. †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv KZ©„c¶
11. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ evRvi †KvbwU? wK.wg. `~‡ii K‡qKwU MÖv‡gi Av_©mvgvwRK
ii. Pvwn`v I †hvMvb
K GK‡PwUqv L Awj‡Mvcwj Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Q NIPA cÖwZôvbwU| D³
iii. ivóª cÖwZôvbwU miKvi Aby‡gvw`Z Ges wbR¯^ I
M c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv N Wz‡qvcwj ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨cyó|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
12. Ae¯’vbMZ cv_©K¨ m‡Ë¡I wZbwU ¯’v‡b
K i I ii L i I iii
Awfbœ g~j¨ nIqvi KviY 21. NIPA cÖwZôvbwUi g‡Zv cÖwZôvb n‡jv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. †µZv‡`i m‡PZbZv
K ADD L SAARC
3. Y ii. evRvi miKvwi n¯—‡¶‡ci Avk¼v
M IMF N ASHA
K A = 200
iii. cwienY e¨q k~b¨ aiv 22. cÖwZôvbwUi mn‡hvwMZvi †¶Î n‡jv
B = ?Q
X wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb
OL ii. ¯^v¯¨’ welqK civgk©
K i I ii L i I iii

DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë mg Drcv`b †iLv B M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs Kvh©µg

we›`y‡Z Drcv`b KZ? 13. kÖ‡gi gvwjK †K? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K 100 L 200 K f‚¤^vgx L kÖwgK K i I ii L i I iii
M 300 N 400
M msMVb N wkícwZ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
4. †gvU Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”P n‡j cÖvwšK— Dcv‡hvM KZ?
5. 14. Av‡qi mv‡_ m‡qi †Kvb ai‡bi m¤úK© we`¨gvb? 23. LvRbv Z‡Ë¡ cÖvwš—K Rwg‡Z DØ„‡Ëi cwigvY KZ?
6. K m‡e©v”P L me©wb¤œ
K k~b¨ L abvZ¥K K abvZ¥K L FYvZ¥K
M k~b¨ N Amxg
M FYvZ¥K N Amxg M k~b¨ N Amxg
MvwYwZK cÖwµqvq hvi gvb w¯i’ Zv n‡jv
15. Y 24. wbg LvRbv n‡jv
K PjK L aһ eK SL
gRywi
M mnM N A‡c¶K i. AR  AVC
15 ii. TR < TVC

Pvwn`v K‡g hLb 10 iii. TR  TVC

i. m¤ú‡`i Amg eÈb nq 5 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. bM` wcÖqZv ev‡o
iii. mÂq ev‡o DL X K i I ii L i I iii
O 10 20 3040 50 60
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? kÖwgK
25. mÂq wnmve Kivi m~Î †KvbwU?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii gRywi 15 UvKv n‡j
K S=y+c L S=yc
7. †Kvb †iLvwU 'U' AvK…wZi nq? K DL > SL L DL < SL
K TC L TVC M S=cy N S=yc
M DL = SL N DL  SL
M AC N AVC 26. †KvbwU‡Z we‡`wk‡`i Avq Ašf— ³©z _v‡K?
16. wbg¾gvb g~jab †KvbwU?
8. cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi Aš—fz©³ K GDP L GNP
K e¯¿ L Kqjv
i. evwofvov M NNP N NI
M KuvPvgvj N †mjvB †mwkb
ii. KuvPvgv‡ji `vg 27. miKvwi e¨q we‡ewPZ nq bv Kq LvZ
17. Kxfv‡e g~jab MVb Kiv nq?
iii. kÖwg‡Ki gRywi wewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z?
K †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g L e¨‡qi gva¨‡g
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K `yB LvZ
M m‡qi gva¨‡g N F‡Yi gva¨‡g
K i I ii L i I iii L wZb LvZ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 18. g~jab e¨env‡ii d‡j ev‡o
i. gv_vwcQz Drcv`b M Pvi LvZ N cuvP LvZ

9. Drcv`b ej‡Z †evSvq ii. kÖwg‡Ki gRywi 28. dUKv Pvwn`v wK‡mi Ici wbf©ikxj?

K Avq m„wó iii. RxebhvÎvi gvb K my‡`i nvi L Avq

L bZbz Dc‡hvM m„wó wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M mÂq

M DcKi‡Yi e¨envi K i I ii L i I iii N wewb‡qvM

N bZbz `ªe¨ m„wó M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 29. me‡P‡q Zij m¤ú` †KvbwU?

10. †h evRv‡ii GKRb †µZv _v‡K Zv‡K 19. msMV‡bi g~j j¶¨ Kx? K Rwg L evwoNi

K g‡bvcwj K gybvdv AR©b Kiv M hš¿cvwZ N bM`

L g‡bvcmwb L g~jab MVb Kiv 30. `vg¯—i 10 UvKv n‡j A‡_©i g~j¨ KZ n‡e?

M Wz‡qvcwj M bxwZgvjv ˆZwi Kiv K .01 L .10

N Wz‡qvcmwb evRvi e‡j N Pvwn`v evov‡bv M .02 N .20

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 L 3 L 4 M 5 L 6 N 7 M 8 M 9 L 10 L 11 M 12 L 13 L 14 L 15 L

16 N 17 M 18 N 19 K 20 K 21 N 22 K 23 M 24 L 25 L 26 K 27 K 28 K 29 N 30 L

22 bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. A_©bxwZ‡K ÔAcÖvPz‡h©i weÁvbÕ wn‡m‡e 10. DÏxc‡K Dwjw­ LZ C e¨vs‡Ki KvR †KvbwU? 19. DÏxc‡Ki dvg©wU?
AwfwnZ K‡ib †K? K wewbgq wej evÆvKiY K 10 UvKv ¶wZ‡Z fvimvg¨ jvf K‡i
K Gj iweÝ L m¨vgy‡qjmb L gy`ªv evRvi wbqš¿Y L 20 UvKv gybvdvi fvimvg¨ jvf K‡i
M G¨vWvg w¯§_ N Aa¨vcK wc¸ M F‡Yi †kl AvkÖq¯’j M 300 UvKv ¶wZ‡Z fvimvg¨ jvf K‡i
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N wbKvk Ni N 450 UvKv gybvdv‡Z fvimvg¨ jvf K‡i
11. DÏxc‡K Dwj­wLZ B e¨vs‡Ki Dbœqbg~jK 20. hw` †gvU Drcv`b `“ª ZB e„w× cvq, †m‡¶‡Î
K AR = TR L MC = Q
P TC Kvh©vewj n‡jv cÖvwš—K Dcv`b

M AVC = Q N MR = TR i. cÖvKw… ZK m¤ú`‡K A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Y K k~b¨ nq L FYvZ¥K nq
TVC Q wb‡qvwRZ Kivi D‡`¨vM ev¯e— vqb M e„w× cvq N n«vm cvq
3. wP‡Î †iLvwU †Kvb ai‡bi evRvi wb‡`©k K‡i? ii. †kqvi wmwKDwiwUR µq-weµq
iii. e¨vswKs Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvi‡Y mvwe©K  DÏxcKwU c‡o 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

P TR mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Y `ªe¨

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? A
120

Q K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii a H
12. †KvbwU ga¨eZx© `ªe¨? 90
O L Awj‡Mvcvwj
K avb L Zzjv M gq`v N cvDi“wU b
K GK‡PwUqv 60

M Wz‡qvcwj N c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK 13. LvRbvi ¸i“Zc¡ ~Y© ˆewkó¨ n‡jv 30 c
i. LvRbv DØ„Ë Avq G
4. †h †iLv Ggb GKwU we›`yi mÂvic_ hv  ii. evRvi `vg Øviv wba©vwiZ
5. †Kv‡bv mgv‡Ri we`¨gvb m¤ú‡`i iii. DcKi‡Yi Av‡cw¶K AcÖvPzh©Zv n‡ZB B X `ªe¨
`y®cÖvc¨Zv I Afv‡ei wbe©vPb mv‡c‡¶ 14. O
LvRbvi m„wó nq 40 80 120 160
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Drcv`b‡hvM¨ `ywU `ª‡e¨i m¤¢ve¨ wewfbœ K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 21. a we›`y‡Z X I Y `ª‡e¨i mswgkÖY n‡jv
DÏxcKwU c‡o 14 I 15bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 22. K (40, 90) L (80, 90)
mswgkÖY wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Kx †iLv e‡j? X I Y `ywU c„_K ai‡bi Kvievi| X Gi 23. M (40, 120) N (80, 120)
K my‡hvM e¨q L me Drcv`b D‡`¨v³viv GKv I mw¤§wjZfv‡e e¨emv‡qi
M Drcv`b m¤¢vebv N mgDc‡hvM Amxg `vqfvi enb Ki‡jI Y Kviev‡ii 24. †Kvb we›`ywU Ac~Y© wb‡qvM wb‡`©k K‡i?
gvwjKiv gvwjKvbvi Abycv‡Z jvf- KA LB MG NH
`vg †ewk n‡jI AwaK †hvMvb jv‡fi †jvKmv‡bi Askx`vi nq|
X †Kvb ai‡bi Kvievi? abZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡Z Dcv`‡bi g~j j‡¶¨
m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv, hLb K Pvwn`v wbqš¿Y L mylg Dbœqb
i. e„w×cÖvß DcKi‡Yi †¶‡Î M gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY N kÖwgK ¯^v_©i¶v
ii. cÖvKw… ZK wech©‡qi ci
iii. `ªe¨wU †gŠmywg `ªe¨ nq ch©vqMZ Dc‡hvM aviYv cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K
K J.R. HICKS L A. Marshall
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M Gossen N Jevons
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 25. Y = 10 + 2x †iLvi AvK…wZ †KvbwU?
K mgevq L ¯^vqËkvwmZ
6. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY m„wói mxgve×Zv n‡jv M GKgvwjKvbv N Askx`vwi Y Y

i. h‡_vch³y Rvgvb‡Zi Abycw¯’wZ 15. Y Kviev‡ii ˆewkó¨ n‡jv KL
ii. e¨vs‡K Zvij¨ n«vm
iii. ¯^í cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ i. Kviev‡ii Dci †jv‡Ki c~Y© Av¯’v _v‡K O XO X
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. Kviev‡ii SzuwK eûmsL¨K Askx`vi enb K‡i
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. FY`vZv †h‡Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii KvQ †_‡K Y Y

F‡Yi mg¯—UvB Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i| M N

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? OX OX

Q P TR AR K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iiiN i, ii I iii 26. †Kv‡bv Z‡_¨i †h ˆewkó¨ me Ae¯’v‡ZB
16. Pvj ˆZwi‡Z Kqjvi e¨envi‡K Kx e‡j? AcwiewZZ© _v‡K, Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
1 10 10 10 K civwgZ L mnM M PjK N aһ eK
K g~ja‡bi MwZkxjZv L g~jab MVb
2 9 18 ? M g~ja‡bi Pvwn`v N g~ja‡bi †hvMvb 27. †KvbwU w¯w’ Z¯’vcK Pvwn`v wb‡`©k K‡i?

3 8 24 8  DÏxcKwU c‡o 17 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : P P

7. DÏxc‡K ? ¯’v‡b Kx em‡e? 10 W gRywi SL K L Q
K 36 L 18 M 9 N 2
8 DL E C O QO Q
8. DÏxc‡K j¶Yxq welq n‡jv 6 P
i. †gvU Av‡qi e„w× µgn«vmgvb P
ii. `vg n«vm weµq e„w× 4 BF L kÖg M
iii. Mo Avq A‡c¶v cÖvwš—K Avq e„w× 2 SL A DL N
O
O 5 10 15 20 Q

O

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 17. wb‡P kÖg evRv‡i fvimvg¨ gRywi I kÖg 28. †KvbwU †hvMv‡bi wba©viK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K †fv³vi Avq L i“wP
9. †h‡Kv‡bv wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †Kvb ai‡bi wb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY h_vµ‡g M Af¨vm N DcKi‡Yi `vg
K (2, 5) L (4, 10) M (6, 5)N (6, 15)
g~jab e¨envi Kiv hvq? DÏxcKwU c‡o 18 I 19bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :  DÏxcKwU c‡o 29 I 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K N~Y©vqgvb g~jab L fvimvg¨ g~jab  †hvMvb mgxKiY : S =  6 + 6P (G‡¶‡Î
M wbgw¾Z g~jab N Drcv`K g~jab S = †hvMvb, P = `vg)
DÏxcKwU c‡o 10 I 11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : P, R, C UvKvq MC 29. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K `ªe¨wU KZ `v‡g
AC
30 h

`ªe¨g~j¨ µgvMZ wb¤œgyLx| †`‡ki 20 g †hvMvb k~b¨ n‡e?
A_©bxwZi Giƒc mg‡qi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i 10 e P = AR = MR K0 L 1/2 M 1 N 2

B e¨vsK mÂqcÎ wewµ `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ f 30. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K `ªe¨wU `vg †e‡o 3 UvKv
¯’wMZ K‡ib Ges †cv÷ Awdm I C
e¨vsK‡K †bvwUm cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g AeMZ Kivb| O 5 10 15 20 Q

18. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb we›`y‡Z fvimvg¨ AwR©Z n‡q‡Q? †_‡K 6 UvKv n‡j †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv n‡e
Ke Lf Mg Nh
K Es < 1 L Es = 0 M Es = 1 N Es > 1

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 M 2 N 3 N 4 M 5 M 6 N 7 M 8 K 9 L 10 K 11 L 12 M 13 N 14 N 15 K

16 M 17 L 18 L 19 M 20 M 21 K 22 M 23 M 24 K 25 L 26 N 27 K 28 N 29 M 30 N

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  23

23 XvKv K‡jR, XvKv

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. `vg ¯^qswµqfv‡e wba©vwiZ nq †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’vq? 11. Drcv`‡bi Rxeš— DcKiY †KvbwU? 20. DÏxcK Abyhvqx, B †`‡ki g~jab e„w×i

K abZvwš¿K L wb‡`©kgj~ K K f‚wg L kÖg KviY Kx n‡Z cv‡i?

M Bmjvwg N wgkÖ M g~jab N msMVb i. mÂq e„w×

2. A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi g~‡j i‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †KvbwU?  DÏxcKwU co 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ii. m‡qi B”Qv e„w×
K mmxg Afve iii. †fv‡Mi B”Qv e„w×
kÖ‡gi (GKK) 1234 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L m¤ú‡`i `y®úÖvc¨Zv
†gvU Drcv`b (GKK) 20 40 60 80 K i L ii M i I ii N i, ii I iii
M wbev© Pb mgm¨v
21. NGO Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
N m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨envi‡hvM¨Zv 12. DÏxcK Abyhvqx, Mo Drcv`b KZ?
K 10 L 20 M 30 N 40 K New Generation Organization
 DÏxcKwU co 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : L Non-Government Organization
X `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb mgxKiY Qs =  2 + 2p 13. DÏxcK Abyhvqx, cÖvwšK— Drcv`b (MP)
M Non-Government Occupation

3. Kx `v‡g `ªe¨wU wewµi cwigvY k~b¨ n‡e? †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb n‡e? N Non-Government Opportunity

K0 L1 M2 N3 K Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx 22. †ijjvBb †Kvb ai‡bi g~ja‡bi D`vniY?

4. `ªe¨wUi `vg 2 UvKv †_‡K 3 UvKv n‡j L Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx K Ave× L fvmgvb

`ªe¨wUi cÖK…wZ n‡e  M j¤^ A‡c¶v mgvš—ivj M †fvM¨ N Kvh©Kix

K Aw¯w’ Z¯’vcK L w¯w’ Z¯’vcK N f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj  DÏxcKwU co 23 I 24bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

M cwieZ©K N cwic~iK 14. †Kvb evRv‡i †µZvi msL¨v GKRb? Rbve ingvb cÖwZ gv‡m 50,000 UvKv †eZb

5. Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi m~Î †KvbwU? K g‡bvcwj cvb, 15,000 UvKv evwo fvov cvb Ges

K Q  Q L P  P L Awj‡Mvcwj 2,000 UvKv hvZvqvZ fvZv cvb| AvMvgx
P P Q Q M g‡bvcmwb
A_©eQ‡i Zvi †eZb e„w×i m¤v¢ ebv i‡q‡Q|

M Q  P N Q  Q N Wz‡qvcwj 23. DÏxcK Abyhvqx Rbve ingv‡bi Avw_©K
P Q P P
6. cÖv_wgK fvimvg¨ AR©‡bi c‡i Pvwn`v 15. cv‡Ui evRvi †Kvb ai‡bi evRvi? gRywii cwigvY KZ UvKv?

K ¯’vbxq evRvi K 15,000 L 50,000
L Avš—R©vwZK evRvi
†iLv w¯i’ †_‡K †hvMvb n«vm †c‡j  M ¯^íKvjxb evRvi M 65,000 N 67,000
i. †hvMvb †iLv evg w`‡K ¯’vbvš—i nq; N `xN©Kvjxb evRvi
ii. †hvMvb †iLv Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvši— nq; 24. DÏxcK Abyhvqx Rbve ingv‡bi AvMvgx eQi
iii. fvimvg¨ `vg e„w× cvq
†eZb e„w× †c‡j cÖK…Z gRywi e„w× cv‡e hw`

 DÏxcKwU co 16 I 17bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : i. `vg¯i— GKB nv‡i e„w× cvq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. `vg¯—i w¯’i _v‡K

K i L ii M i I iii N i, ii I iii P, C, R MC iii. `vg¯—i Kg nv‡i e„w× cvq

7. `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi LiP wbf©i K‡i wK‡mi Dci? AC wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
C
K i L iii M i I ii N ii I iii
K DcKiY L Dcv`vb b

M Avq N `vg a 25. g~jab e¨env‡ii `vg wn‡m‡e Kx w`‡Z nq?
MR
Q K gRywi L my`
8. ¯^íKv‡j †Kvb †iLv g~jwe›`y †_‡K ïi“ nq? O Q1 AR
M LvRbv N gybvdv
K AFC L AVC 16. DÏxc‡K fvimvg¨ we›`y †KvbwU?
26. A_©‰bwZK LvRbvi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwU m¤úwK©Z?
M TVC N TC Ka Lb

 DÏxcKwU co 9 I 10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Mc Nd K wbU LvRbv L wbg LvRbv

`vg Pvwn`v †hvMvb 17. DÏxc‡K AC †iLvi Ae¯’vb Øviv Kx M †gvU LvRbv N AvaywbK LvRbv
5 30 10
10 20 20 wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q? L P = AC 27. we‡`wk‡`i Avq Aš—fz³© _v‡K †Kv_vq?
N AC = 0
K P > AC K GDP L GNP M NNP N NDP
M P < AC
28. `yB UvKvi †bvU †Kvb ai‡bi gy`ªv?

15 10 30 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Dci kÖ‡gi `¶Zv wbf©i K‡i? K mmxg wewnZ L Amxg wewnZ

9. DÏxc‡K fvimvg¨ `vg †KvbwU? K ag© L eY© M wbK…ó N cÖvq gy`ªv
10. K 5 L 10 M 15 N 20
DÏxcK Abyhvqx evRv‡i `vg 5 UvKv †_‡K M wk¶v N esk gh©v`v 29. ¯^íKvjxb †gvU †fvM e¨q †iLv 
10 UvKv e„w× Kx wb‡`©k Ki‡Q?
 DÏxcKwU co 19 I 20bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj nq

2017 mv‡j B †`‡ki g~ja‡bi cwigvY L g~j we›`y †_‡K ïi“ nq

i. †hvMvb NvUwZ †_‡K fvimv‡g¨ †cuŠQv wQj 500 †KvwU UvKv| 2018 mv‡j M Wvb w`‡K EaŸ©Mvgx nq

N Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx nq
ii. Pvwn`v NvUwZ †_‡K fvimv‡g¨ †cuŠQv g~ja‡bi cwigvY nq 600 †KvwU UvKv| 30. `„k¨gvb AeKvVv‡gv QvovB wb‡Pi †KvbwU

iii. Pvwn`v DØ„Ë †_‡K fvimv‡g¨ †cuŠQv 19. DÏxcK Abyhvqx g~jab MV‡bi nvi KZ? memgq e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i?

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K 5 L 10 K †K›`ªxq e¨vsK L we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK

K i L ii M i I ii N i I iii M 15 N 20 M †gvevBj e¨vsK N evwYwR¨K e¨vsK

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 L 3 L 4 L 5 M 6 M 7 K 8 M 9 L 10 N 11 L 12 L 13 N 14 M 15 L

16 K 17 L 18 M 19 N 20 M 21 L 22 K 23 L 24 N 25 L 26 K 27 K 28 K 29 M 30 M

24 b¨vkbvj AvBwWqvj K‡jR, wLjMuvI, XvKv

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. †KvbwU mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK PjK bq? 12. cÖ`Ë wP‡Î †Kvb †Kvb e¨q †iLv A¼b Kiv n‡q‡Q? 21. ¯’vqx g~jab wPi¯’vqx bq, KviY GwU
K RvZxq Avq
L mvaviY g~j¨¯—i C i. e„w× cvq ii. ¶q cvq iii. AePq _v‡K
M mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N GKwU dv‡g©i Drcv`b K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
†K me©cÖ_g e¨wóK I mvgwóK kã `ywU Avq, e¨q, `vg AB 22. e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wbt‡kl nq
e¨q D

2. e¨envi K‡ib? O Drcv`b X i. Dc‡hvM ii. g~jab iii. mÂq
3. K A¨vWvg w¯§_ L Avj‡d«W gvk©vj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M i¨vMbvi wd«k N jvq‡bj iweÝ i. TFC †iLv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
4. †Kv_vI KL‡bv my‡hvM e¨q aviYvwU ii. AVC †iLv 
5. iii. AFC †iLv DÏxcKwU c‡o 23 I 24bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 23.
i. `ywU `ªe¨ _vK‡Z n‡e K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 24. ingZ mv‡ne I Zvi g‡Zv m”Qj K‡qKRb eÜy wg‡j
ii. wZbwU `ªe¨ _vK‡Z n‡e 13. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i AR I MR †iLvi †¶‡Î Avi †K cÖwZôvbwU ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| cÖwZôvbwUi mevB
iii. GKwU †c‡Z †M‡j Ab¨wU Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e  i. Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx 25. wbw`©ó cwigvY g~jab cÖ`vb K‡i cvi¯úwiK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 26. mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ e¨emvwU cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb|
K i I ii L ii I iii 14. ii. AR > MR DÏxc‡K ewY©Z e¨emvwU Kx ai‡bi Kvievi?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii iii. AR < MR K †hŠ_ gyjabx Kvievi L mgevq Kvievi
hLb †Kv‡bv GKwU `ª‡e¨i cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM M Askx`vwi Kvievi N ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? G iKg Kviev‡ii myweav¸‡jv wb¤iœ ƒc
FYvZ¥K nq, ZLb †gvU Dc‡hvM K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. MVb I cwiPvjbvi e¨vcv‡i AvB‡bi wkw_jZv
DÏxcKwU c‡o 14 I 15bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ii. †hŠ_ wm×vš— MÖnY
iii. SzuwK eÈb
Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii
K n«vm cvq L e„w× cvq 4 S SMC SAC wbg LvRbvi cÖeZ©K †K?
M FYvZ¥K nq N k~b¨ nq 2T K †WwfW wiKv‡W©v L Aa¨vcK gvkv© j
Qd = 24  4P Pvwn`v mgxKi‡Y `ªe¨wUi M RR© w÷Mjvi N wW m¨vj‡fUi
KZ `v‡g Pvwn`v k~b¨ n‡e? E AR AbycvwR©Z Av‡qi †¶‡Î gvwjK‡`i
i. cwikÖg Ki‡Z nq bv
K 5 UvKv L 6 UvKv MR

M 7 UvKv N 8 UvKv O 5 X
Drcv`‡bi cwigvY

DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : DÏxc‡K Drcv`bKvixi gby vdvi cwigvY n‡e
K 4 UvKv L 10 UvKv
YK M 12 UvKv N 20 UvKv
2 ii. bZzb wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq bv
15. wP‡Î Mo e¨q (SAC) †iLv ¯’vbvšw— iZ
iii. Rwgi `vg AcwiewZZ© _v‡K
O L Q n‡q S we›`y‡Z ¯úkK© n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
4 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K ¯^vfvweK gybvdv n‡e 27. cÖ‡ivwPZ †fvM‡iLv g~j we›`y †_‡K I‡V;
6. KL †iLvi Xvj KZ? L A¯^vfvweK gybvdv n‡e wKš‘ Zv 45 †iLvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i|
M †jvKmvb n‡e
K 2 L  1 M 1 N2 N gybvdv AcwiewZZ© n‡e
2 2
7. wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i †¶‡Î Pvwn`vi `vg 16. †Kvb evRv‡i we‡µZviv `vgMÖnxZv (Price
Gi KviY¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv (Ep) nq i. MPC n‡jv 0 Gi mgvb
K Ep > 1 L Ep = 1 taken) wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq? ii. MPC n‡jv 1 (k~b¨) Gi †_‡K †ewk
K c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i
M Ep < 1 N Ep  1 L GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i iii. MPC n‡jv 1 Gi †_‡K Kg

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi wµqv-cÖwZwµqv Øviv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N Awj‡Mvcwj evRv‡i
P K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii

D TS 17. cÖK…Z gRywi e„w× cv‡e hw` 28. GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z wb‡¤œv³ KZK¸‡jv LvZ
N i. `vg¯—i n«vm cvq _vK‡Z cv‡i?

P2

PK ii. Avw_©K gRywi I `vg¯—i mgvnv‡i ev‡o i. GK LvZ ii. `yB LvZ iii. wZb LvZ

P1 S L M iii. Avw_©K gRywii †P‡q `vg¯—i Kg nv‡i ev‡o wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
D wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii DÏxcKwU c‡o 29 I 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
OQ mvaviYZ KqwU c×wZ‡Z gRywi wba©vwiZ nq?  gykwdK cÖwZ gv‡m 100 UvKv K‡i e¨vs‡K Rgv
K1 L3 M2 N4 29. iv‡L, eQ‡ii †k‡l Zvi †gvU Rgvi mv‡_ e¨vsK
8. wP‡Î fvimvg¨ we›`y †KvbwU? 18. evsjv‡`‡ki kÖgkw³i ˆewkó¨ n‡jv 30. wKQy AwZwi³ UvKv Zvi wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i|
9. 19. i. `¶Zvi Afve e¨vsKwU †Kvb ai‡bi?
10. KK LL MM NN ii. ¸YMZ gvb DbœZ i. †K›`ªxq ii. evwYwR¨K iii. MÖvgxY Dbœqb
DÏxcK Abymv‡i DØ„Ë †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 20. iii. MwZkxjZvi Afve wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
11. we‡k­lY K‡i †KvbwU cvIqv hvq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i Lii M iii N i I ii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii DÏxc‡Ki e¨vsKwUi Ab¨Zg KvR n‡”Q
K P1M L NT M PK N P2T g~jab MVb KLb k~b¨ nq?

TFC = 10, TVC = 20 n‡j, Drcv`‡bi
cwigvY (Q) = 10, Zvn‡j, TC KZ?
K5 L 10 M 20 N 30
MC †iLv AC †iLvi †Kv_vq †Q` K‡i?
K me©wb¤œ we›`yi ev‡g
L me©wb¤œ we›`yi Wv‡b K mÂq-wewb‡qvM = 0 n‡j K FY wbqš¿Y Kiv
L Avq-e¨q = 0 n‡j L †bvU cÖPjb Kiv
M me©wb¤œ we›`y‡Z M mÂq-wewb‡qvM > 0 n‡j M Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvi wbqš¿Y
N †Kv_vI bv
N Avq-e¨q > 0 n‡j N FY Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 M 3 M 4 K 5 L 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 L 10 N 11 M 12 L 13 K 14 L 15 K

16 K 17 M 18 M 19 L 20 L 21 M 22 K 23 L 24 K 25 L 26 K 27 L 28 L 29 L 30 N

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  25

25 Avb›` †gvnb K‡jR, gqgbwmsn

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. wb‡Pi †Kvb¸‡jv Pvwn`vi ˆewkó¨? 12. †Kvb evRv‡i P = AR = MR nq?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 22 I 23 bs

i. †Kv‡bvwKQz cvIqvi B”Qv K c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

ii. A_© e¨q Kivi mvg_©¨ L GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i GKwU †`‡ki †gvU †fvM e¨q C = 1000,

iii. A_© e¨q Kivi B”Qv M Wz‡qvcwj evRv‡i miKvwi e¨q G = 500, wewb‡qvM e¨q I =

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N Awj‡Mvcwj evRv‡i 250, ißvwb Avq X = 500, Avg`vwb e¨q

K i I ii L i I iii 13. †Kvb evRv‡ii cwienb e¨q k~b¨? M = 50|

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i 22. D³ †`‡ki GNP KZ?

2. A_©bxwZ‡Z Ôwbe©vPbÕ ej‡Z †evSvq L GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i K 2000 L 2100

K m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨env‡ii j‡¶¨ Afve M GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i M 2200 N 2300

c~i‡Yi †Póv N Awj‡Mvcwj evRv‡i

L †fv³vi cQ›` ev i“wP Abyhvqx Afve c~iY 14. g‡bvmcwb evRv‡ii ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q 23. D³ †`‡ki GDP KZ?

M mvgvwRK Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Afve c~iY i. GKRb †µZv K 1550 L 1750

N ¸i“Z¡ Abyhvqx Afve evQvB ii. GKRb we‡µZv M 1850 N 1950

3. e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡K cÖ_‡g iii. AmsL¨v we‡µZv 24. ¯^q¤¢zZ †fvM †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb?

Avjv`v K‡ib wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K j¤^ A‡¶i mgvši— vj
L f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj
K Aa¨vcK gvk©vj K i I ii L i I iii M evg n‡Z Wvbw`‡K EaŸ©Mvgx
N evg n‡Z Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx
L i¨vMbvi wd«k M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 25. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Ave× A_©e¨e¯’v?

M †KBb&m 15. ¯^íKvjxb †gvU e¨q cÖ_‡g i. C + I
ii. C + I + G
N m¨vgy‡qjmb K µgea©gvb nv‡i ev‡o

4. †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’vq gy`ªvùxwZ †bB? L µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o

K abZvwš¿K L mgvRZvwš¿K M µgn«vmgvb nv‡i K‡g

M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg N µgea©gvb nv‡i K‡g iii. C + I + G + (X  M)

5. cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM KLb w¯’i _v‡K? 16. hw` DL = 25  5w Ges SL = 5 + 5w nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K †gvU Dc‡hvM µgea©gvb nv‡i evo‡j Z‡e fvimvg¨ gRywi KZ? K i I ii L i I iii

L †gvU Dc‡hvM µgn«vmgvb nv‡i evo‡j K2 L3 M4 N5 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

M †gvU Dc‡hvM µgn«vmgvb Kg‡j 17. evsjv‡`‡k ¯^í gRywii KviY 26. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖvq gy`ªv?

N †gvU Dc‡hvM mgvbycvwZK nv‡i evo‡j i. `¶ kÖwg‡Ki Afve K mÂqcÎ L UvKv

6. Qd = 10  5P GLv‡b 10 n‡”Q ii. KjKviLvbvi Afve M cÖvBR eÛ N eÛ

i. cwiwgZ iii. g~ja‡bi Afve 27. gy`ªv n‡jv

ii. aª“eK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. ¯’wMZ †jb‡`‡bi gvb

iii. †Q`K K i I ii L i I iii ii. m‡qi evnb

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. mvgvwRK gh©v`vi cÖZxK

K i I ii L i I iii 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wbgw¾Z g~jab? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K hš¿cvwZ L KuvPvgvj K i I ii L i I iii

7. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wM‡db `ªe¨? M eybb hš¿ N f‚wg M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

K Pvj L †gvevBj 19. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g~jab evRv‡ii AšM— ©Z?
L ¯^í‡gqvw` eÛ 28. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR?
M mvB‡Kj N wUwf K eÛ

8. GKwU †iLvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv kb~ ¨ n‡j Xvj KZ? M †URª vwi wej N e¨vsK FY K Ab¨ e¨vs‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv

K k~b¨ L Amxg 20. wiKv‡W©vi LvRbv ZË¡ Abyhvqx LvRbv e„w× L g`y ªv cÖPjb

M abvZ¥K N FYvZ¥K cvIqvi KviY n‡jv M evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡K FY †`Iqv

9. fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vq GKwU †`‡ki Drcv`b i. RbmsL¨v e„w× N wbKvk N‡ii KvR Kiv

Kg‡j †hvMvb ii. k‡m¨i `vg e„w× 29. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK?

K ev‡o L K‡g iii. f‚wgi Drcvw`Kvkw³ ew„ × K †mvbvjx e¨vsK

M w¯i’ _v‡K N †Kv‡bvwUB bq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L iƒcvjx e¨vsK

10. Mo Drcv`b hLb ev‡o cÖvwšK— Drcv`b ZLb K i I ii L i I iii M RbZv e¨vsK

K ev‡o L K‡g M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK

M w¯i’ _v‡K N †Kv‡bvwUB bq 21. wbg LvRbv wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU n‡”Q 30. 1 Kx?
P
11. Drcv`b e„w× †c‡j Mo w¯i’ e¨q i. TR-TVC
K ev‡o
L K‡g ii. TR-TC K A‡_©i g~j¨
M w¯i’ _v‡K
N µgn«vmgvb nv‡i K‡g iii. AR-AVC L A‡_©i µq¶gZv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M A‡_©i cPÖ jb MwZ

K i I ii L i I iii

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N A‡_©i †hvMvb

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 N 3 L 4 L 5 N 6 M 7 K 8 L 9 L 10 K 11 L 12 K 13 K 14 L 15 K

16 K 17 N 18 M 19 K 20 M 21 L 22 M 23 L 24 L 25 K 26 M 27 N 28 L 29 N 30 K

26 bUi †Wg K‡jR, gqgbwmsn

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. ÔA_©bxwZ‡K m¤ú‡`i weÁvbÕ GwU Kvi Dw³?  wPÎwU †`‡L 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :  wPÎwU †`‡L 21bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K P. A Samuelson L Adam Smith
M Marshall N L. Robins PS MP

 wPÎwU †`‡L 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 200
100 D2
2. Y avb MP
 100 D1 OL
75 E O S Rwg L
3.
4. 50 F 13. wP‡Î AbycvwR©Z Av‡qi cwigvY KZ? 21. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †Kvb Drcv`b wewa‡K
K 0 L 100 M 200 N 300 wb‡`©k K‡i?
14. wb‡Pi †KvbwU `xN©Kvjxb Drcv`b A‡c¶K? K µgn«vmgvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b
O 25 50 80 X Mg L µgea©gvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b
K Q = (L, K, O, A, Rw) M mgvbycvwZK cÖvwš—K Drcv`b
wP‡Î 80 gY Mg Drcv`‡bi m‡y hvM e¨q KZ? L Q = (L, K, A, Rw, O) N cwieZ©bxq Dcv`vb AbycvZ
K 0 (k~b¨) L 25 M 80 N 100 M Q = (L, K)
wPÎwU †`‡L 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : N Q = (L, K, O, A, Rw)  wPÎwU †`‡L 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

15 A B SL  wPÎwU †`‡L 15bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : P S
b
Y 40
10 EN
5M 100 A a
10
O DL N
10 20 30 S
O BX Q
wPÎ Abhvqx fvimvg¨ gRywi Ges wb‡qv‡Mi O 10 20
50
cwigvY KZ? 22. SS †hvMvb †iLvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv KZ n‡e?
K 5, 10 L 15, 10 M 10, 20 N 15, 30 15. AB †iLvwUi Xvj KZ?
K Es = 0 L Es =  M Es  1 N Es  1
abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vq A`„k¨ nvZ n‡jv K2 L 2 M  1 N 1
2 2 23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K gy`ªvùxwZi Dcw¯’wZ L fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v  wPÎwU †`‡L 16bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M ¯^qswµq `vge¨e¯’v N `y®úÖvc¨Zv K Ms = Cu + DD + TD L DD = Ms  (CC + CB)
M TD = Ms  (Cu  DD) N CU = Ms  (Cu  TD)

5. ÔmvevbÕ †Kvb evRv‡ii D`vniY? TU, MU 24. g~ja‡bi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv

E i. AZxZ kÖ‡gi dj

K c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv TU ii. Drcv`b LiP we`¨gvb
L GK‡PwUqv
M Awj‡Mvcwj iii. Drcv`bkxj Dcv`vb
6. N GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv 16. OX  wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
7. wg. Y evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| wZwb Rvcv‡b 17. x0 25. K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 GKwU †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Kg©iZ| wg. Y Gi Avq DÏxcKwU c‡o 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
Rvcvb †`‡ki †Kvb wnmv‡e †hvM n‡e? `ª‡e¨i GKK MU wg. X †mvbvjx e¨vs‡K 10,000 UvKv w`‡q
PjwZ wnmve Lyjj| †`‡ki e¨vswKs AvBb
K PI L GNP M GDP N NNI DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †Kvb wewa‡K mg_©b K‡i? Abyhvqx †gvU Avgvb‡Zi 10% b~¨bZg
K µgn«vmgvb cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM wiRvf© cÖwZwU evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡K ivL‡Z nq|
†KvbwU Amxg wewnZ gy`ªv? L µgn«vmgvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b †mvbvjx e¨vsK Kx cwigvY FY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K 500 UvKvi †PK L 500 UvKvi WªvdU M µgn«vmgvb Dc‡hvM K 20,000 UvKv L 4,000 UvKv
M 5 UvKvi †bvU N 500 UvKvi cÖvBReÛ N µgea©gvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b
wPÎwU †`‡L 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Ôwe‡µZv bq, †µZv evRvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡iÕ
†Kvb evRv‡i?
K Wz‡qvcmwb L g‡bvcwj
PS M Awj‡Mvcwj N g‡bvcmwb M 80,000 UvKv N 1,00,000 UvKv

20  DÏxcKwU c‡o 18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 26. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mÂq mgxKiY?
GKRb K…lK 100 gY avb Drcv`b K‡i| K S = 100  0.5Y L S =  100 + 0.5Y
D M S =  100  0.5Y N S = 100 + 0.5Y
10 Q cwiev‡ii LvIqvi Rb¨ 20 gY †i‡L evwK avb
5 10 weµ‡qi wm×vš— wb‡jb Ges evRv‡i cÖwZ gY 27. NGO-Gi KvR n‡jv

8. wP‡Î LvRbvi cwigvY KZ? 1000 UvKv nIqvq 50 gY avb weµq Ki‡jb| i. Rb¯^v_© Dbœqb
K 50 L 100 M 200 N 300 18. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †hvMv‡bi cwigvY KZ?
9. Dš§³y A_©bxwZ‡Z †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨? K 30 L 50 M 80 N 100 ii. gybvdv Dbœqb
c~Y ©cwÖ Z‡hvwMZv evRv‡ii †¶‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? iii. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb
K Y=C+I 19. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L Y=C+I+G  K P = AR = MR L P = AR  MR K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M Y = C + I + G + Xn M P = AR = MC N P = AR  MC Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
N Y=C+I+G+X+M 28.
wPÎwU †`‡L 20bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 29. K 2  50 L 7  50 M 2  20 N 2 30
10. kÖ‡gi cvwikÖwgK n‡jv
K †eZb L Avq M cvIbvN gRywi K 45 Ôg~jab Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vbÕ Kvi Dw³?
25 EP K A_©bxwZwe` P¨vcg¨vb L †R. Gm. wgj
11. Pvwn`v †iLv EaŸ©Mvgx nIqvi KviY Kx? M eg eqvK© N Aa¨vcK gvkv© j
i. wM‡db `ª‡e¨i 3K 10
2K

ii. Af¨vm I i“wPi cwieZb© K  DÏxcKwU c‡o 30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

iii. fwel¨r `vg cwieZ©‡bi m¤¢vebv O L 2L 3L L †gv. iwdK Avb›` †gvnb K‡j‡R A_©bxwZi cÖfvlK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 20. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †Kvb Drcv`b‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? c` n‡Z mnKvix Aa¨vcK c‡` cÖ‡gvkb †c‡q‡Q|
K µgn«vmgvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b 30. DÏxcKwU kÖ‡gi †Kvb ai‡bi
12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU PjwZ g~jab? L µgea©gvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b MwZkxjZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i?
K `vjvb‡KvVv L hš¿cvwZ M µgn«vmgvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b wewa
M mgy`ªe›`i N KuvPvgvj N µgea©gvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b wewa K †ckvMZ L ¯—iMZ
M wkíMZ N cÖwZôvbMZ

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 N 3 M 4 M 5 N 6 M 7 K 8 M 9 M 10 N 11 N 12 N 13 L 14 L 15 L

16 K 17 N 18 L 19 K 20 L 21 K 22 N 23 K 24 N 25 N 26 L 27 L 28 M 29 M 30 L

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  27

27 miKvwi AvwRRjy nK K‡jR, e¸ov

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb? 12. cÖK…Z gRywi †KvbwUi Ici wbf©i K‡i? 21. M = 500, V = 5 Ges T = 10 n‡j P = KZ?

K abZvwš¿K L wb‡`©kg~jK i. `vg¯—i K 225 L 250
M 550 N 1000
M Bmjvwg N wgkÖ ii. kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v
22. evsjv‡`‡k e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb †K?
2. A_©bxwZ‡K Òm¤ú‡`i weÁvbÓ e‡j‡Qb iii. Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM mywe`v
K ivóªcwZ L cÖavbgš¿x
†Kvb A_©bxwZwe`? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M Mfb©i N gnve¨e¯’vcK
K gvk©vj L GWvg w¯§_ K i I ii L i I iii

M wc¸ N m¨vgy‡qjmb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  DÏxcKwU c‡o 23 I 24bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

3. †gvU Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”P n‡j cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvMÑ 13. †KvbwU mÂq Kiv hvq bv? wg. Agj GKRb ¶z`ª e¨emvqx| wZwb

K m‡e©v”P nq L me©wb¤œ nq K gRywi L LvRbv wb‡RB Zvi e¨emv cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges

M k~b¨ nq N FYvZ¥K nq M A_© N kÖg cÖwZ gv‡m wKQz UvKv e¨vs‡K Rgv iv‡Lb|

4. †KvbwUi gvb cwieZ©bkxj? 14. Askx`vwi Kviev‡i me©vwaK KZRb m`m¨ e¨emvi cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb GB UvKv D‡Ëvjb

K PjK L a“ª eK n‡Z cv‡i? K‡ib| weMZ 10 eQ‡i Zvi e¨emvq

M mnM N A‡c¶v K 15 L 20 M 25 N 30 A‡bK DbœwZ n‡q‡Q|

5. S = 5P n‡j KZ `v‡g †hvMvb k~b¨ n‡e? 15. wbg LvRbvi cÖeZ©K †K? 23. wg. Ag‡ji Kvievi †Kvb ai‡bi?

K k~b¨ UvKv L GK UvKv K gvk©vj L †KBbm K GKK gvwjKvaxb L Askx`vwi

M cuvP UvKv N Amxg `v‡g M wiKv‡W©v N †Rfbm M mgevq N †hŠ_gj~ abx

6. A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b Kx? 16. †mjvB †gwkb Kx ai‡bi g~jab? 24. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wg. Ag‡ji g~jab

K Avq m„wó L gybvdv m„wó i. ¯’vqx e„w×i KviY Kx?

M Dc‡hvM m„wó N †hvMvb m„wó ii. wbg¾gvb i. m‡qi mvg_©¨

7. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡iÑ iii. fvmgvb ii. m‡qi B”Qv

i. P = AR = MR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. AwZwi³ †fvM e¨q

ii. AR = MR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

iii. P > MR K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

K i I ii L i I iii 17. g³y evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq Av‡qi m~Î †KvbwU? 25. †hvMvb wewa Abymv‡i `vg evo‡jÑ

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K Y=C K †hvMvb ev‡o L †hvMvb K‡g
M Pvwn`v ev‡o N Pvwn`v w¯’i _v‡K
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : L Y=C+I 26. evRvi fvimv‡g¨i kZ© †KvbwU?
K cÖvwš—K Avq = Mo Avq
GKwU KviLvbvq 1 Rb kÖwgK 10 GKK, 2 18. M Y=C+I+G L `vg = cÖvwš—K Avq = Mo Avq
Rb 15 GKK, 3 Rb 18 GKK Ges 4 N Y = C + I + G + Xn M cÖvwšK— Avq = cÖvwš—K e¨q
8. Rb 20 GKK `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i| N Mo e¨q = Mo Avq
9. DÏxc‡K †Kvb Drcv`b wewa Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q? Afv‡ei Zzjbvq m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv‡K Kx e‡j? 27. gywô‡gq we‡µZvi evRvi †KvbwU?
K µgea©gvb L µgn«vmgvb K Amxg Afve
M mgvbycvwZK N w¯i’ L wbev© Pb
DÏxc‡Ki wewawU Kvh©Ki nIqvi KviYÑ M weKí m¤ú`
N `y®úÖvc¨Zv

i. g~jab w¯’i  DÏxcKwU c‡o 19 I 20bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K g‡bvcwj L Wz‡qvcwj

ii. kÖwg‡Ki `¶Zv Amgvb wg. Av`bvb GKwU e¨vs‡K UvKv Rgv M g‡bvcmwb N Awj‡Mvcwj

iii. ¯^íKvj we‡eP¨ iv‡Lb| gv‡S g‡a¨ we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb 28. †KvbwU `xN©Kvjxb aviYv?

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? e¨vsKwU †_‡K FYI MÖnY K‡ib| K µgea©gvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b

K i I ii L i I iii 19. DÏxc‡K Dwj­wLZ e¨vsKwU †Kvb ai‡bi? L µgn«vmgvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK M gvÎvMZ Drcv`b

10. †Kvb evRv‡i dvg‡© K `vg wba©viYKvix ejv nq? L †K›`ªxq e¨vsK N mgvbycvwZK cÖvwš—K Drcv`b

K g‡bvcmwb M we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK 29. ¸o I wPwb Kx ai‡bi `ªe¨?

L g‡bvcwj N wek¦e¨vsK K cwieZ©K L cwic~iK

M Wz‡qvcmwb 20. DÏxc‡Ki e¨vsKwUi KvR n‡jvÑ M ¯^vaxb N wbK…ó

N Awj‡Mvcwj i. FY`vb 30. Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi cÖwZwU we›`y Kx

11. †Kvb evRv‡i `vg w¯i’ _v‡K? ii. AvgvbZ MÖnY wb‡`©k K‡i?

K GK‡PwUqv iii. wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó K Ac~Y© wb‡qvM

L GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L ¯^í Drcv`b

M c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK K i I ii L i I iii M DcKi‡Yi ¯^íZv

N Wz‡qvcmwb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N c~Y© wb‡qvM

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 L 3 M 4 K 5 K 6 M 7 K 8 L 9 L 10 L 11 M 12 L 13 N 14 L 15 K

16 K 17 N 18 N 19 K 20 K 21 L 22 M 23 K 24 K 25 K 26 M 27 N 28 M 29 K 30 N

28 e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. AvBbMZfv‡e ¯^xK…Z I mK‡ji Kv‡Q 11. DÏxc‡K LvRbvi cwigvY KZ? 21. Z…Zxq GKK kÖ‡gi cÖvwßK Drcv`b KZ?

MÖnY‡hvM¨ wewbgq gva¨g †KvbwU? K 1.80 L 2.80 K 8 GKK L 12 GKK

K †PK L e¨vsK WªvdU M 23.20 N 5.000 M 16 GKK N 20 GKK

M gy`ªv N ¯^Y© 12. `xN©Kv‡j †Kvb LvRbvi Aw¯—Z¡ _v‡K bv? 22. DÏxc‡K Drcv`‡bi †Kvb wewawU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?

2. gy`ªvi dUKv Pvwn`v wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i? K †gvU LvRbv L wbU LvRbv K µgea©gvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b wewa

K Av‡qi Dci M wbg LvRbv N A_©‰bwZK LvRbv L µgn«vmgvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b wewa

L e¨‡qi Dci 13. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v KZ? M mgvbycvwZK cÖvwš—K Drcv`b wewa

M my‡`i nv‡i Dci K 250 Rb L 7100 Rb N w¯i’ gvÎvMZ Drcv`b wewa

N m‡qi Dci M 2100 Rb N 7 AmsL¨ 23. †gvU Dcv`b n«vm †c‡j cÖvwš—K Drcv`b Kx nq?

3. M = 1000, V = 2, T = 10 n‡j P = KZ n‡e? 14. †hŠ_g~jabx Kvievi gj~ ab msMÖn K‡i K n«vm cvq L e„w× cvq

K 100 L 150 M 200 N 250 i. †kqvi wewµ K‡i M k~b¨ nq N FYvZ¥K nq
†`‡ki e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi ÔwbKvk NiÕ wn‡m‡e
4. KvR K‡i †Kvb e¨vsK? ii. FYcÎ wewµ K‡i 24. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡i AR = MR = P
5. K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
L †K›`ªxq e¨vsK iii. FY MÖnY K‡i †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb nq?
M we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK
N Bmjvwg e¨vsK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K j¤^ A‡¶i mgvši— vj
G = 5000, I = 2000, G = 3000 I CCA
= 1000 n‡j NNI KZ n‡e? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii L f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj

15. †hŠ_ g~jabx Kviev‡ii cÖK…Z gvwjK †K? M Wvb w`‡K EaŸ©Mvgx
16.
K †kqvi we‡µZv L †kqvi †µZv N Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx

M wkícwZ N gnvRb 25. †hvMv‡bi GKK w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †KvbwU Øviv

g~jab MVb wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i? cÖKvk cvq?

K 7000 L 4000 K Drcv`b K Es = 1 L Es = 0

M 9000 N 10,000 L Avq M Es > 1 N Es < 1

6. †KvbwU P‚ovš— `ªe¨? M mÂq 26. †gvU Dc‡hvM (TU) m‡e©v”P n‡j cÖvwšK—

K ¸wU‡cvKv L myZv N †fvM Dc‡hvM (MU) Kx n‡j?

K MU > 0 L MU < 0

M Kvco N ˆZwi †cvkvK 17. kÖ‡gi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv M MU = 0 N MU = 

7. RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc c×wZ KqwU? i. kÖg ¶Y¯’vqx 27. evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q?

K 2wU L 3wU M 4wU N 5wU ii. kÖg I kÖwgK Awe‡”Q`¨ K cyuwRev`x L wb‡`©kg~jK

8. wZbLvZ wewkó Ave× A_©bxwZ‡Z mvgwMÖK iii. kÖg mwµq Dcv`vb M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg

e¨‡qi Aš—fz©³ Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  DÏxcKwU c‡o 28 I 29bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

i. †fvM e¨q K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii †cuqv‡Ri `vg 40 UvKv †_‡K e„w× †c‡q 60

ii. wewb‡qvM e¨q 18. kÖ‡gi `¶Zvi m~Î †KvbwU? UvKv n‡j †cuqv‡Ri `vwn`v 100 GKK

iii. miKvwi e¨q K EL = Q L EL = t †_‡K n«vm †c‡q 80 GKK nq| Avevi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? t Q iwd‡Ki Avq 15000 UvKv †_‡K e„w× †c‡q
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 18000 UvKv n‡j iwd‡Ki X `ªe¨i Pvwn`v
M EL = TC N EL = TR
t Q
50 GKK †_‡K n«vm †c‡q 40 GKK nq|
9. AbycvwR©Z Avq m„wó n‡j g~jZ Kv‡`i Avq 19. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK evRv‡i P = ?
28. †cuqv‡Ri Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv KZ?
e„w× cvq? K AR = MR L AR > MR
K Ep = 0.4
K miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i M AR < MR N AR = MC
L wg‡ji kwÖ gK‡`i L Ep =  0.4
M abx‡`i 20. GKB cY¨ Drcv`bKvix dvg©mg~‡ni M Ep = 0.5
N Rwgi gvwjK‡`i
 mgš‡^ q MwVZ nq? N Ep =  0.5
DÏxcKwU c‡o 10 I 11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
GKwU Kjg ˆZwii KviLvbvq Kj‡gi Mo K †Kv¤úvwb L wkí 29. iwd‡Ki Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv KZ?
cwieZ©bkxj e¨q (AVC) 2.80 UvKv, Mo
 M Kv‡U©j N ms¯’v K EY = 1

DÏxcKwU c‡o 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : L EY =  1
M EY =  0.1
kÖg I g~jab †gvU Drcv`b (TP) N EY = 0.1

e¨q (AC) 3.20 UvKv Ges Kj‡gi weµq 1 GKK 20 GKK 30. †Kvb evRvi‡K Ô`vg m„wóKvixÕ ejv nq?

g~j¨ 5 UvKv| 2 GKK 36 GKK K g‡bvcmwb
3 GKK 48 GKK L Wz‡qvcmwb
10. DÏxc‡K Ôwbg LvRbviÕ cwigvY KZ? 4 GKK 56 GKK M Awj‡Mvcwj
N g‡bvcwj
K 2.80 L 3.20

M 2.20 N 5.00

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 M 3 M 4 L 5 M 6 N 7 L 8 N 9 N 10 M 11 K 12 M 13 K 14 N 15 L

16 M 17 N 18 K 19 K 20 L 21 L 22 L 23 N 24 L 25 K 26 M 27 M 28 K 29 L 30 N

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  29

29 evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbx ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, Lyjbv

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. Kxfv‡e Drcv`b Kiv n‡ee¨vL¨v Kiv hvq 9. Mo w¯’i e¨‡qi (AFC) ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU 18. G ai‡bi g~ja‡bi ˆewkó¨
†Kvb †iLvi mvnv‡h¨? K Drcv`b evo‡j Mo w¯’i e¨q (AFC) ev‡o i. evi evi e¨envi Kiv hvq

K mg Drcv`b †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ L Drcv`b evo‡j Mo w¯’i e¨q (AFC) w¯’i _v‡K ii. `xN©Kvjxb Drm †_‡K M„nxZ
L Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ iii. ¯^íKvjxb we‡eP¨
M e¨q †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ M Drcv`b evo‡j Mo w¯’i e¨q (AFC) K‡g wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

N Dc‡hvM †iLv N Drcv`b evo‡j Mo w¯’i e¨q (AFC) cÖ_‡g K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ev‡o c‡o K‡g 19. NGO m„wói mv‡_ †Kvb ms¯’vwUi bvg RwoZ?
20.
Y 10. gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© †KvbwU? K UN L OIC
K MR  MC L MR  MC M SAARC N FAO
m  M MR = MC N MR  MC  0
†kqvi weµq K‡i g~jab msMÖn Kiv hvq
e¯¿ a DÏxcKwU c‡o 11 I 12bs c‡Ö kœi DËi `vI : K GK gvwjKvbvq
wk¶K K¬v‡m Ggb GKwU evRvi wb‡q L GbwRI cwiPvjbvq

Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jb, †hLv‡b eû msL¨K M cvewjK wj. †Kv¤úvwb‡Z

b n X we‡µZv GKB RvZxq wKš‘ c„_KxK…Z `ªe¨ N Askx`vwi Kviev‡i

O avb wewµ K‡i| 21. ÔÔD‡`¨v³vi cÖ`vb KvR n‡jv Drcv`‡bi bZzb bZzb

2. ob cwigvY avb Drcv`‡bi my‡hvM e¨q Kx? 11. D³ evRviwU †Kvb ai‡bi evRvi? Dcvq D™¢veb Ges Gi cÖeZ©b KivÕÕ| e‡j‡Qb
K oa cwigvY e‡¯¿i Drcv`b
L am cwigvY e‡¯¿i Drcv`b K GK‡PwUqv evRvi K wgjIqvW© L eg evIqvK©

M om cwigvY e‡¯¿i Drcv`b L GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi M gvk©vj N †R we K¬vK©
N mn cwigvY e‡¯¿i Drcv`b
M c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi 22. †Kvb LvRbvi mv‡_ cwieZ©bkxj e¨q m¤úwK©Z?
N Awj‡Mvcwj evRvi K wbR LvRbv L A_©‰bwZK LvRbv
3. mn †iLvi †¶‡Î mZ¨ M wbg LvRbv N †gvU LvRbv
i. GwU GKwU Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv 12. D³ evRv‡ii Rb¨ mZ¨?

ii. G †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ †eKviZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq i. weÁvcb e¨q †ewk 23. ÔÔLvRbv `v‡gi Ašf— z©³ bqÕÕe‡j‡Qb †K?
iii. †iLvwU g~j we›`yi w`‡K AeZj K Aa¨vcK gvk©vj L G¨vWvg ¯§x_
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 13. ii. Aa¨vcK †P¤^viwjb G evRv‡ii cÖe³v 24. M †WwfW wiKv‡W©v N †R Gm wgj
5. K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii 14. iii. Aeva cÖ‡e‡k evav AvaywbK LvRbvZË¡ Abyhvqx Rwgi †hvMvb †iLv
6. ¯§vU©‡dvb‡K †Kvb †kÖwYi `ª‡e¨i mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 25. K f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj
Zzjbv Kiv hvq? K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii L j¤^ A‡¶i mgvši— vj
K †fe‡jb `ªe¨ L wM‡db`ªe¨  M f‚wg A‡¶i mv‡_ µgn«vmgvb
M cwieZ©K `ªe¨ N cwic~iK `ªe¨ kÖ‡gi †¶‡Î mZ¨ n‡jv N j¤^
D³ mgxKiYwU n‡jv i. gRywi I kÖ‡gi †hvMvb mggywL 26. fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wba©vwiZ nq hLb
K †hvMvb mgxKiY L Drcv`b mgxKiY ii. AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ kÖ‡gi `¶Zv e„w× K‡i i. mvgwMKÖ Avq = mvgwMÖK e¨q
M e¨q mgxKiY N Pvwn`v mgxKiY iii. kÖg wbw¯µq DcKiY ii. mvgwMKÖ mÂq = †gvU wewb‡qvM
D³ mgxKi‡Yi Øviv AswKZ †iLv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. †gvU Pvwn`v = †gvU †hvMvb
i. evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvwg n‡e K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K DשMvwg n‡e kÖ‡gi cðvrgyLx †hvMvb †iLv †`Lv hvq K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. †iLvwU Xvj FYvZ¥K n‡e †Kvb †¶‡Î?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K e„nr wk‡í DÏxcKwU c‡o 26 I 27bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii L ¶z`ª wk‡í
M †mev‡¶‡Î C = 50 + 0.5Y

N K…wl‡¶‡Î mgxKi‡Y ¯^q¤^~Z †fvM KZ?
K 50 L 100 M 150 N 200
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 15. cÖK…Z gRywi †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i? 27. D³ †fvM A‡c¶‡Ki †cÖw¶‡Z †KvbwU mwVK?
K kÖwgK L g~jab i. S = 50 + 0.5Y

MC AC M `vg¯—i N †hvMvb ii. Y = 100 n‡j C = 100
iii. Y = 200 n‡j C = 150
16. PjwZ g~jab n‡Z ¯’vqx g~ja‡b iƒcvš—i‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

Kx ejv nq? K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii

K Af¨š—ixY MwZkxjZv 28. Ave× A_©bxwZ‡Z †KvbwU mwVK?
L KvieviMZ MwZkxjZv K Y=C+1+G
7. wPÎwUi f‚wg A‡¶ Kx wb‡`©k K‡i? M †fŠ‡MvwjK MwZkxjZv L Y = C + 1 + G + (X M)
8. K cÖvwš—K LiP L Mo LiP N ¯i— MZ MwZkxjZv M Y = C + 1 + G + (MX)
M Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY N Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
D³ wP‡Îi †¶‡Î mZ¨  DÏxcKwU c‡o 17 I 18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : N Y=C+1+X
i. Drcv`‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K MC I AC 29. ¯’wMZ †jb‡`b ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
17. wg. Rv‡q` mvfv‡i †mv‡qUvi KviLvbv K fwel¨r †`bv cvIbv‡K
DfqB n«vm cvq
ii. AC hLb ev‡o MC ZLb AC Gi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU 3 Zjv wewìs †K‡bb| L g~j ¯’vbvši— ‡K

†P‡q †ewk nv‡i e„w× cvq| †mLv‡b AviI hš¿cvwZ K‡i wZwb Drcv`b M Zvi‡j¨i gvb‡K
iii. AC hLb me©wb¤œ nq ZLb MC †iLv
Kvh©µg ïi“ K‡ib| N FY MÖnY Kiv‡K
AC †iLv‡K †Q` K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wg. Rv‡q` Gi µqK…Z wewìswU †Kvb 30. wdkv‡ii mgxKi‡Y PT Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv nq?
K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii
ai‡Yi g~jab? K A‡_©i Pvwn`v L A‡_©i †hvMvb

K fvmgvb L PjwZ M `vg¯—i N gy`ªvùxwZ

M ¯’vqx N Ave×

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 L 3 M 4 K 5 N 6 M 7 N 8 N 9 M 10 M 11 L 12 K 13 K 14 K 15 M

16 N 17 M 18 M 19 K 20 M 21 N 22 M 23 M 24 L 25 N 26 K 27 N 28 K 29 K 30 K

30 we G Gd kvnxb K‡jR, h‡kvi

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËv cwiw¯’wZ Kxiƒc? 10. cÖK…Z gRywii m~Î †KvbwU? 20. †KvbwU gvby‡li µq¶gZv wb‡`©k K‡i?

K m‡šv— lRbK `vg¯iÍ K Avw_©K gRywi L cÖK…Z gRywi
L D‡ØMRbK K Avw_©K gRywi M Avw_©K Avq N cÖK…Z Avq

M †gvUvgywU m‡šv— lRbK Avw_©K gRywi 21. wigv †¯^”Qvg~jK KvR K‡i, †bvnv A‡_©i

N †gv‡UB m‡šv— lRbK bq L `vg¯iÍ Rb¨ Qwe Auv‡K, wibv gRv Kivi Rb¨ †Ljv

2. Lv‡`i µq‡hvM¨Zvi c~e©kZ© Kx? M Avw_©K gRywi + `vg¯i— K‡i Ges wicv g‡bi B”Qvq Mvb Mvq|
3.
K Lv`¨ cÖvc¨Zv L Lv`¨ e¨envi N Avw_©K gRywi Kvi KvRwU A_©bxwZ‡Z kÖg e‡j?
4.
5. M Lv`¨ k„•Ljv N Lv`¨ NvUwZ 11. †Kvb e¨vsK mivmwi FY cÖ`vb K‡i bv? K wigvi L wicvi

 K…wlRvZ cY¨ cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU 12. K cÖivwPZ †fvMe¨q M †bvnvi N wibvi
13.
6. cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq? 14. L ¯^q¤¢‚Z †fvMe¨q 22. D‡`¨v³vMY Kxfv‡e kÖwgK‡`i cÖwZfv
7. 23.
K digvwjb M †fvM¨cY¨ Av‡qi Rb¨ 24. weKv‡k †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i?
8.
9. L wRsK N miKvwi †fvMe¨q K gRywi evwo‡q

M welv³ ivmvqwbK c`v_© mÂq †Kvb wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i? L my‡hvM-myweav evwo‡q

N Kve©vBW K †fvM L wewb‡qvM M be Drcv`b c×wZ D™v¢ e‡bi gva¨‡g

Amvay e¨emvqx djg~‡j Kx ivmvqwbK M Avq N g~jab

c`v_© †gkvq? mÂq †Kvb wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i? N AvaywbK cÖ×wZ e¨envi bv K‡i

K digvwjb L Kve©vBW K †fvM L wewb‡qvM GKRb kÖwgK GK gv‡m KvR K‡i 8000

M wg_vbj N wcÖRvi‡fwUf M Avq N g~jab UvKv gRywi †c‡j, Avw_©K gRywi KZ?

cÖK…Z gRywi †hme wel‡q Ici wbf©i K‡i DcKi‡Yi LiP e„w×RwbZ `ªe¨g~j¨ e„wׇK K 1,000 UvKv

i. A‡_©i µq¶gZv Kx e‡j? L 1,500 UvKv

ii. Avw_©K gRywi K e¨q e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ M 4,500 UvKv

iii. Kv‡Ri mgq L Pvwn`v e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ N 8,000 UvKv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M gybvdv g`y ªvùxwZ Avw_©K gRywi‡K †KvbwU Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq?

K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii N Dš§y³ gy`ªvùxwZ KM LW ML NK

DÏxcKwU c‡o 6 I 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 15. gy`ªvùxwZi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q 25. Pvwn`v mgxKiY D = a  bp †Z a I b Kx?
16.
wg. kwdK GKRb miKvwi Kg©KZ©v| Zvi gvwmK 17. i. A‡_©i †hvMvb n«vm K civwgwZ L a“ª eK
18.
g~j †eZb 30,000 UvKv| GQvov wZwb cÖwZgv‡m ii. A‡_©i †hvMvb e„w× M PjK N ARvbv ivwk

wPwKrmv fvZv 700 UvKv, wk¶v mnvqKfvZv iii. e¨vsK FY e„w× 26. mÂq wbY‡© qi mvaviY aviYv †KvbwU?

300 UvKv I evwofvov fvZv 15,000 UvKv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K S=YC L S = Y  AE

†c‡Zb| †c-†¯‹j 2015 Abhy vqx eZ©gvb Zvi K i L ii M C=YS N Y=YS

†eZb cÖvq wظY| G‡Z wZwb Lye Lywk| M iii N i, ii I iii 27. A_©bxwZ‡Z Ôwbe©vPbÕ ej‡Z †evSvq

kwdK mv‡n‡ei Avw_©K gRywi KZ UvKv? evsjv‡`‡ki gy`vª ùxwZ †iv‡a cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv K m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨env‡ii j‡¶¨ Afve

K 30,000 L 31,000 i. Drcv`b e„w× ci~ ‡Yi †Póv

M 45,000 N 46,000 ii. e¨vsK nvi e„w× L †fv³vi cQ›` ev i“wP Abyhvqx Afve c~iY

kwdK mv‡n‡ei cÖKZ… gRywi e„w× cv‡e, hw` iii. miKvwi e¨q e„w× M mvgvwRK Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Afv‡ei evQvB

i. `vg¯i— AcwiewZZ© _v‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N m¤ú‡`i mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ A‡bK

ii. Avw_©K gRywii b¨vq `vg¯—i mgnv‡i ev‡o K i L i I iii Afv‡ei ga¨ †_‡K ¸i“Z¡ Abyhvqx Av‡M

iii. Avw_©K gRywii †P‡q `vg¯—i Kg nv‡i ev‡o M ii I iii N i, ii I iii c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wKQz Afve‡K evQvB Kiv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? eZg© v‡b evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi cÖavb 28. wewb‡qvM ej‡Z Avgiv eywS?

K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii Drm †KvbwU?

kÖ‡gi `¶Zv wba©viYKvix g~j welq †KvbwU? K Avq I gybvdvi Dci Ki K AwZwi³ g~jab `ªe¨ ms‡hvRb

K KviLvbvi cwi‡ek I Drcv`b cÖYvwj L Avg`vwb ïé L AwZwi³ A_© mÂqKiY

L kwÖ g‡Ki KvR Kivi mvg_©¨ I KvR Kivi B”Qv M g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki M AwZwi³ FY MnÖ Y

M Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi Drcv`bkxjZv N m¤ú~iK ïé N AwZwi³ kgÖ cÖ`vb

N AbyK‚j mvgvwRK cwi‡ek eZg© v‡b evsjv‡`‡k Ki‡hvM¨ Av‡qi 29. Dc‡hvMnxb `ª‡e¨i †¶‡Î †KvbwU mwVK?

kÖ‡gi `¶Zvi m~Î †KvbwU? b~¨bZg mxgv KZ? K evRv‡i Pvwn`v †ewk

mgq K 1 jvL 20 nvRvi UvKv L gvbyl Kg `v‡g wK‡b
K Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
L 1 jvL 40 nvRvi UvKv M evRv‡i Pvwn`v A‡c¶vK…Z Kg
Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
L mgq M 1 jvL 80 nvRvi UvKv N gvbyl A_© w`‡q wK‡b bv

Drcv`‡bi cwigvY N 2 jvL 50 nvRvi UvKv 30. ivZzj AZ¨š— †gavex| Zvi G ¸Y †Kvb ai‡bi?
DcKi‡Yi cwigvY
M 19. Drcv`‡bi †Kvb Dcv`vbwUi mv‡_ Zvi K PvwiwÎK ¸Y
†hvMv‡bi wecixZgyLx m¤úK© we`¨gvb? L Af¨š—ixY ¸Y

N DcKi‡Yi cwigvY K f‚wg L kÖg M AcÖvPzh© ¸Y
mgq M g~jab N msMVb N cÖvKw… ZK ¸Y

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMNSelf test
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 K 3 N 4 K 5 N 6 K 7 M 8 L 9 L 10 L 11 M 12 L 13 M 14 K 15 N

16 K 17 M 18 N 19 L 20 L 21 M 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 L 26 K 27 N 28 K 29 N 30 M

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  31

31 Kzwgjv­ wf‡±vwiqv miKvwi K‡jR

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. A_©bxwZ n‡”Q m¤ú‡`i weÁvb| GwU Kvi Dw³? 11. wb‡Pi †KvbwU evRv‡ii ˆewkó¨ bq?  DÏxcKwU c‡o 22 I 23bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K A¨vWvg w¯§_ L cj G m¨vgy‡qjmb
M †WwfW wiKv‡W©v N wnKm K GK ev GKvwaK `ªe¨ L wbw`©ó ¯v’ b Avwdd, Avnbvd I mvdIqvb wg‡j GKwU
A_©bxwZi hgR mgm¨v Kx? M µq-weµq N wbw`©ó `vg
2. K `y®úÖvc¨Zv I Dc‡hvM  grm¨ Lvgvi ¯’vcb K‡i| cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v
 L my‡hvM e¨q I Dc‡hvM 12. DÏxcKwU c‡o 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M `y®úÖvc¨Zv I wbe©vPb 13. I wek¦v‡mi wfwˇZ Pzw³e× n‡q Zviv
3. N wbev© Pb I †fvM Q
14. LvgviwU M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| g~ja‡bi Abycv‡Z
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
P = AR = MR Zviv jvf-¶wZ fvM K‡i †bq|
A †`‡k Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi wfwˇZ
c‡Y¨i `vg wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e miKvi OQ 22. Avwdd, Avnbvd I mvdIqvb †Kvb
gv‡S gv‡S †µZv-we‡µZvi ¯^v_© wKsev 23.
D™Z¢‚ cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Y evRv‡i n¯—‡¶c DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †Kvb evRvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? ai‡bi msMVb M‡o Z‡z j‡Q?

K‡i _v‡K| c¶vš—‡i B †`‡k c‡Y¨i `vg K GK‡PwUqv L c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K cÖvB‡fU wj. †Kv¤úvwb
wba©vi‡Y miKv‡ii wm×vš—B P‚ovš—|
M Awj‡Mvcwj N wØcvw¶K GK‡PwUqv L Askx`vwi Kvievi
B †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
i. m¤ú‡`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv D³ evRv‡i Mo Avq I cÖvwšK— Avq mgvb M cvewjK wj. †Kv¤úvwb
ii. m¤ú‡`i ivóªxq gvwjKvbv
iii. mvgvwRK Kj¨vY nIqvi KviY- N mgevq mwgwZ

i. `vg w¯’i Gme Kviev‡ii Amyweav n‡jv

ii. evRv‡i bZzb dv‡g©i cÖ‡e‡ki †¶‡Î wb‡lavÁv i. wm×vš— MÖn‡Y wej¤^

iii. evRv‡i bZbz dv‡g©i Aeva cÖ‡ek ii. n¯v— ši— ‡hvM¨

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. ¯’vwqZ¡ Kg

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

†h evRv‡i GKRb †µZv I GKRb we‡µZv _v‡K K i I ii L i I iii

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K GK‡PwUqv evRvi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii L c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv evRvi 24. we‡`‡k Kg©iZ bvMwiK‡`i Avq wb‡Pi

4. A †`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb? M Awj‡Mvcwj evRvi †KvbwU‡Z Aš—fz©³ nq?
K GDP L GNP M NDP N NNP
K abZvwš¿K L mgvRZvwš¿K N wØcvw¶K GK‡PwUqv evRvi
25. NNI Gi m~Î †KvbwU?
M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg 15. kÖ‡gi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv
K C+I+G
5. AvovAvwo w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi gvb FYvZ¥K i. FY¯’vqx L C + I + G + (X  M)
n‡j `ª‡e¨i cÖK…wZ Kxiƒc n‡e? M C + I + G  CCA
K wM‡db L cwic~iK ii. Rxeš— DcKiY N C + I + G + (X  M)  CCA

M weKí N ¯^vfvweK iii. gRy` K‡i ivLv hvq 26. f‚wgi Rb¨ LvRbv †`Iqv nq, KviY-
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 6 I 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. f‚wgi †hvMvb mxgve×
16. wb‡Pi †KvbwU kÖ‡gi †hvMvb †iLvi AvK…wZ?
`ª‡e¨i GKK †gvU Dc‡hvM cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM K m¤§yLgyLx euvKv‡bv ii. f‚wgi De©iZvi cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q
L cðvrgyLx euvKv‡bv
17 7 iii. µgea©gvb cÖvwš—K Drcv`b wewa Kvh©Ki

2 12 ? M f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

3? 3 N j¤^ A‡¶i mgvš—ivj K i I ii L i I iii

17. 5 UvKvi †bv‡U Kvi ¯^v¶i _v‡K? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
18.
6. k~b¨¯’v‡b †gvU I cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM KZ n‡e? 19. K cÖavbgš¿x L A_©mwPe 27. gv_vwcQy Avq wbY©q Kiv nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv?
7. K 10 I 4 L 15 I 5 
20. M A_©gš¿x N Mfb©i K GDP L GNI M NDP N NNP
8. M 15 I 4 N 16 I 5 28.
9. A‡_©i cwigvY Z‡Ë¡i wdkvixq mgxKiY †KvbwU? 29. DÏxcKwU c‡o 28 I 29bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

DÏxcK n‡Z cÖvß cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM †iLvi K MV  PT L MV  PT Rwgi †kÖwY Drcv`b LiP Rwg n‡Z Avq
AvK…wZ Kxiƒc n‡e? M MV = PT N MP = VT
K evg n‡Z Wv‡b wb¤Mœ vgx 1g 5000 10000
PjwZ g~ja‡bi ˆewkó¨?
L evg n‡Z Wv‡b EaŸ©Mvgx 2q 5000 7000
i. GB g~jab GKevi e¨envi Kiv nq
M f‚wg A‡¶i mgvš—ivj ii. GB g~jab e¨env‡ii d‡j wbt‡kl nq bv 3q 5000 5000
N j¤^ A‡¶i mgvš—ivj
A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? iii. GB g~jab e¨env‡ii d‡j iƒcMZ DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 2q †kÖwYi Rwgi
cwieZ©b nq
K bZbz `ªe¨ m„wó wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? LvRbv KZ?

L AwZwi³ Avq m„wó K i I ii L i I iii K 5000 L 10000

M bZbz Dc‡hvM m„wó M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M 2000 N 7000

N AwZwi³ `vg wbav© iY †h DcKiYwU Drcv`b Kvh©µg Z`viwK K‡i? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 3q †kÖwYi Rwg‡K Kx

Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z DcKiY †KvbwU? K f‚wg L kÖg M g~jabN msMVb ejv nq?

K f‚wg L kÖg K DrK…ó Rwg

M g~jab N msMVb 21. GKgvwjKvbv Kviev‡ii ˆewkó¨ n‡jv L LvRbvwenxb Rwg

10. A_©bxwZ‡Z `xN©Kvj ej‡Z †evSvq i. AwaK g~jab M Ee©i Rwg

K 1 eQ‡ii Kg mgqKvj ii. `ª“Z wm×vš— MÖnY N Abye©i Rwg

L 1 eQ‡ii AwaK mgqKvj iii. gvwjK kÖwgK mym¤úK© 30. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g~jab?

M †h mgqKv‡j wKQy DcKiY cwiewZ©Z nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K UvKv L ¯^Y©

N †h mgqKv‡j mKj DcKiYB cwieZ©bkxj K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M jvOj N GdwWAvi

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 M 3 M 4 K 5 L 6 L 7 K 8 M 9 M 10 N 11 L 12 L 13 L 14 N 15 K

16 L 17 N 18 M 19 L 20 N 21 M 22 L 23 K 24 L 25 N 26 N 27 N 28 M 29 L 30 M

32 Kzwgjv­ wk¶v‡evW© miKvwi g‡Wj K‡jR

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. †gvU Drcv`b hLb µgea©gvb nv‡i ev‡o ZLbÑ 11. †KvbwU NNI wn‡m‡e Ašf— ©y³ nq bv? 22. mvaviYZ Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi AvK…wZ n‡jvÑ
K g~jwe›`yi w`‡K DËj
i. Mo Drcv`b I cÖvwšK— Drcv`b ev‡o K †emiKvwi †fvM e¨q L g~j we›`yi w`‡K AeZj

ii. Mo Drcv`b K‡g I cÖvwš—K Drcv`b ev‡o L †emiKvwi wewb‡qvM e¨q M U AvK…wZi
M c‡iv¶ Ki
iii. Mo Drcv`b †_‡K cÖvwš—K Drcv`b N mij‡iLvK…wZi

†ewk nv‡i ev‡o N AePqRwbZ e¨q 23. µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM wewai cÖe³v †K?
12. mmxg wewnZ gy`ªv †KvbwU?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K wnKm&

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K 0.5 cqmv L 10 UvKv L †cbkb
M 15 UvKv N 50 UvKv M Aa¨vcK gvkv© j
2. Y B
Drcv`b e¨q 13. †KvbwU mÂq mgxKiY?
A K S = 20 – 0.6 y L S = – 20 – 0.6y N Aa¨vcK Gj. iweÝ
mÂq I wewb‡qvMOX
`vg
Drcv`‡bi cwigvY M S = 20 + 0.6y N S = – 20 + 0.6y  DÏxcKwU c‡o 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœii DËi `vI :
14. A_© mieivn †_‡K †Kvb Dcv`vbwU ev`?
wP‡Î AB †iLvwU †Kvb ai‡bi e¨q †iLv Y
A
wb‡`©k K‡iÑ K RbM‡Yi nv‡Zi gy`ªv 4

K TFC L TVC M STC N AFC L †gqvw` AvgvbZ `vg B X
M RbM‡Yi nv‡Zi gy`ªv I †gqvw` AvgvbZ O 8 cwigvY
3. †Kvb evRv‡i dvg‡© K `vg m„wóKvix wn‡m‡e N †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki f‡ë iw¶Z gy`ªv
we‡ePbv Kiv nq? 24. AB †iLvi Xvj KZ?
DÏxcKwU c‡o 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kœii DËi `vI :
K g‡bvcwm L Wz‡qvcwj  K –2 L – 1 M 1 N2
Y 2 2
M Awj‡Mvcwj N g‡bvcwj 150 S1 25. AB †iLv mgvši— vjfv‡e ev‡g ¯’vbvšw— iZ

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 100 n‡j Xv‡ji gv‡bi Kx cwieZb© n‡e?

Y MC 50 K evo‡e L Kg‡e
AC
15 O 100 200 300 400 X M k~b¨ n‡e N w¯i’ _vK‡e
10 AR = MR
PRC E  50 S Avq 26. ¯^vfvweK `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb †iLvi AvK…wZ n‡eÑ
O
X Y1 Y S1 Y
15 QP
15. A_©bxwZ‡Z fvimvg¨ RvZxq (y) n‡jvÑ KS LP S
4. DÏxcK Abyhvqx dv‡g©i †jvKmvb KZ UvKv? K 100 L 200 M 300 N 400 X S1
O †hvMvb O X
K 180 UvKv L 130 UvKv 16. GKwU Ave× A_©bxwZ‡Z mvgwMÖK Av‡qi
QS

M 120 UvKv N 30 UvKv mij mgxKiY †KvbwU? Y S1 Y
MP
5. wP‡Î AR †iLv f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj †Kb? K y=C+I+G S NP
6. K KviY GwU GK‡PwUqv evRvi e‡j L y = C = I + G (X – M) O
7. M y = C + I + Xn QS X OS S1 X
N y=C+I QS
8. L GLv‡b Drcv`‡K `vg wba©viYKvix e‡j
M c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg w¯’i DÏxcKwU c‡o 17 I 18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :  DÏxcKwU c‡o 27 I 28bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 iwng mv‡ne cÖwZ gv‡m 100 UvKv K‡i
_v‡K e‡j e¨vs‡K Rgv iv‡L| eQ‡ii †k‡l †gvU 27. `vg UvKv Pvwn`v GKK †hvMvb GKK
N Drcv`b †jvKmvb nIqvi Kvi‡Y 17. Rgvi mv‡_ e¨vsK wKQz AwZwi³ UvKv Zvi 28.
wb‡¤œi †KvbwU wbgw¾Z g~jab? 18. wn‡m‡e Rgv K‡i| 29. 1 15 5
19. e¨vsKwU †Kvb ai‡bi?
K KuvPvgvj L Kqjv i. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK 2 10 10
ii. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
M we`y¨r N †ijBwÄb iii. MÖvgxY e¨vsK 35 25
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
g~ja‡bi MwZkxjZv n‡jvÑ K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 4 0 30
i. g~jab wm‡g›U wkí n‡Z wPwb wk‡í DÏxc‡Ki e¨vsKwUi Ab¨Zg KvR n‡”QÑ
¯’vbvši— nIqv K FY wbqš¿Y Kiv X `ª‡e¨i fvimvg¨ `vg KZ?
ii. g~jab †Kvwiqv n‡Z evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbvš— L †bU cÖPjb Kiv K 1 UvKv L 2 UvKv M 3 UvKv N 4 UvKv
i nIqv M Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wbqš¿Y Kiv X `ª‡e¨i †¶‡ÎÑ
iii. g~jab Lyjbv †_‡K XvKvq ¯’vbvš—i nIqv N FY Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv i. †hvMvb †iLv Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? hw` M = 2000, V = 2 I T = 10 nq Z‡e ii. Pvwn`v †iLv Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. Pvwn`v wewai e¨wZµg n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†Kv‡bv `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ f‚wg, K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
kÖg I g~ja‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi kÖg‡K Rxeš— DcKiY ejv nq †Kb?
KvR‡K Kx ej vnq? K kÖg msi¶Y Kiv hvq e‡j
K msMVb L D‡`¨v³v L †KejgvÎ Kg©iZ Ae¯’viB kÖ‡gi Aw¯—
M msMVK N e¨e¯’vcK P = KZ n‡e?
Z¡ _v‡K
9. Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v KZ Rb? K 300 L 350 M 400 N 450 M kÖg gvbem„ó Dcv`vb e‡j

K 2 †_‡K 20 Rb L 7 †_‡K 20 Rb 20. mv¤úªwZKKv‡j MÖvg A‡j †Kvb e¨vswKs N kÖg Awebk¦i e‡j
e¨e¯’v RbwcÖq?
M 2 †_‡K 50 Rb N 7 †_‡K 50 Rb 30. gvÎvMZ Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î †KvbwU mwVK?
10. wbR LvRbv †`Iqv nq †Kb? K AbjvBb e¨vswKs L †gvevBj e¨vswKs
K Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY w¯’i _v‡K GKwUi
K Rwgi De©iZv kw³i Rb¨ M GwUGg ey_ N we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cwieZ©b nq
21. A_©‰bwZK Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi AvK…wZ n‡jvÑ
L Rwgi AwZwi³ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ L mKj DcKiY cwieZb© nq
K Amxg Afve L m¤ú‡`i mxgve×Zv M ¯^íKvjxb mgq we‡eP¨
M gvbem„ó DcKi‡Yi mxgve× †hvMv‡bi Rb¨ M m¤ú‡`i cÖvPzh©Zv N wbev© Pb mgm¨v
N cwZZ Rwg e¨env‡ii Rb¨ N Drcv`b †KŠkj AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 L 2 M 3 N 4 N 5 M 6 N 7 N 8 K 9 K 10 M 11 N 12 K 13 N 14 N 15 M

16 K 17 M 18 N 19 M 20 L 21 L 22 L 23 M 24 L 25 N 26 K 27 L 28 K 29 L 30 L

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  33

33 PÆMÖvg K‡jR, PÆMÖvg

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨? 10. A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?  DÏxcKwU c‡o 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K abZvwš¿K L wb‡`©kg~jK K bZbz `“ª e¨ m„wó L Pvwn`v m„wó wg. 'x' Zvi wbR¯^ RvqMvq GKwU †cvjwÆ Lvgvi
M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg M Avq m„wó N Dc‡hvM m„wó
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 11. wP‡Îi OA †iLvwU †Kvb ¯^íKvjxb ai‡bi M‡o †Zv‡jb| G‡Z gyiwMi ev”Pv I wWg wewµ
K‡i wZwb cÖPzi UvKv AR©b K‡ib| cvkvcvwk
e¨q wb‡`©k K‡i? wKQz †eKvi hye‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡biI my‡hvM nq|
Y `ªe¨
C e¨q A
AP 21. wg. 'x' †K ejv nq L e¨emvqx
K D‡`¨v³v
Q M kÖwgK N we‡µZv

NR O Q Drcv`b 22. wg. 'x' Gi KvR n‡jv
i. gybvdv AR©b
K MC L TFC M TVC N TC

O B X `ªe¨ 12. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i ii. SzuwK enb
13. i. P = MR ii. P = AR iii. AR > MR iii. RbKj¨vY
2. hw` x `ª‡e¨i Zjz bvq y `ª‡e¨i cÖ‡qvRb Kg 14. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
3. nq, Z‡e DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb we›`y‡Z Drcv`b Ki‡e? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
KA LP MQ NR K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v KZ Rb?
4. DÏxc‡Ki N we›`y Kx wb‡`©k K‡i? Ôwe‡µZv bq, †µZv evRvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡iÕ 23. K 2 †_‡K 7 L 2 †_‡K 20
M 2 †_‡K 50 N 7 Rb †_‡K AmsL¨
K m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨envi I †eKviZ¡ Ggb evRvi‡K e‡j  DÏxcKwU c‡o 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K g‡bvcwj L g‡bvcmwb P UvKv S
L m¤ú‡`i Ac~Y© e¨envi I †eKviZ¡ M Wz‡qvcwj N Awj‡Mvcwj
M m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨envi I c~Y© wb‡qvM 20
N m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨envi I c~Y© wb‡qvM †Kvb evRv‡i MR †iLv wb¤œi“c nq? 15

µgn«vmgvb cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM wewai cÖe³v †K? R Avq

K gvk©vj L wiKv‡W©v MR

5. M GWvg w¯§_ N iweÝ O Q cwigvY 10 D2
6. Qd = 10  2P Pvwn`v mgxKi‡Y KZ UvKv
7. `v‡g Pvwn`v k~b¨ n‡e? (P = `vg, Qd = K c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv 5 S D1
L GK‡PwUqv O 5 10 QL Rwgi cwigvY

Pvwn`vi cwigvY) M GK‡PwUqvg~jK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv 24. wPÎvbymv‡i Pvwn`v †iLv D1 Ae¯’vq LvRbvi
K3 L4 M5 N6 25. cwigvY KZ UvKv?
†hvMv‡bi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wba©viK †KvbwU? N Awj‡Mvcwj K 10 L 50 M 100 N 200
15. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvMvZvg~jK evRv‡i GKwU dvg© 26. Pvwn`v †iLv D2 †Z ¯’vbvšw— iZ n‡j †gvU
K `ª‡e¨i wbR¯^ `vg L weKí `ª‡e¨i `vg 27. LvRbvi Ici Kx cÖfve co‡e?
M cwic~iK `ª‡e¨i `vg N Ki I fZ©wz K  ¶wZ _vKvi d‡j Drcv`b Pvjv‡e hLb K 10 UvKv n«vm cv‡e
Pvwn`vi `vg w¯w’ Z¯’vcKZvi m~Î †KvbwU? L 10 UvKv e„w× cv‡e
16. K AC > P > AVC L AC < P < AVC M 100 UvKv n«vm cv‡e
K Q Q L Q P M AC > P > AVC N AC > P < AVC N 100 UvKv e„w× cv‡e
P P P Q gvby‡li m„ó Drcv`‡bi DcKiY n‡Z
Ed = . Ed = . DÏxcKwU c‡o 16 I 17bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

M Ed = P . P N Ed = P . Q wg. 'X' Gi gvwmK g~j †eZb 60,000 UvKv|
Q Q A P GQvov wZwb gv‡m evoxfvov fvov 30,000 UvKv|
wPwKrmv fvZv 1,500 UvKv Ges wk¶vfvZv 1000
DÏxcKwU c‡o 8 I 9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : UKvv cvb RyjvB gv‡m Zvi †eZb e„w× cv‡e| ¯^íKv‡j †h AwZwi³ Avq nq Zv‡K e‡j
bvwdi evev evRvi †_‡K cÂvkwU wjPz K †gvU LvRbv L wbR LvRbv
wKb‡jb| bvwd ci ci cuvPwU wjPz †L‡q wg. 'X' Gi Avw_©K gRywi KZ UvKv? M wbg LvRbv N AbycvwR©Z Avq
K 60000 L 90000
wb¤œiƒc Dc‡hvM †cj M 91500 N 92500 evsjv‡`‡ki GDP-†Z Aš—f³z© n‡e

wjPz Dc‡hvM 17. wg. 'X' Gi cÖK…Z gRywi e„w× cv‡e, hw` i. †`kxq bvMwiK‡`i Avq
ii. cÖevmx kÖwgK‡`i Avq
1g 40 i. `vg¯—i Kg‡j iii. e½eÜy KYd© zjx Uv‡b‡j Kg©iZ we‡`wk
2q 30 ii. Avw_©K gRywii †P‡q `vg¯—i KZ nv‡i evo‡j
3q 20 iii. `vg¯—i I Avw_©K gRywi mgnv‡i evo‡e kÖwgK‡`i Avq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
4_© 10 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 28. †KBbmxq aviYv Abyhvqx Ave× A_©bxwZi
18. GKRb e¨vsKvi PvKwi †Q‡o wk¶KZvi PvKwi‡Z †¶‡Î †KvbwU mwVK?
5g 0 19. †hvMvb Ki‡j Zv †Kvb ai‡bi MwZkxjZv n‡e?
8. K †fŠ‡MvwjK L ¯—iMZ K Y=C
9. cuvPwU wjPz †L‡q bvwdi †gvU Dc‡hvM KZ? 20. M †`kMZ N †ckvMZ L Y=C+I
K 0 L 40 M 50 N 100 M Y=C+I+G
bvwdi †¶‡Î g~jab MVb wbf©i K‡i N Y = C + 1 + G + (X  M)
i. wjPzi †fvM e„w×i mv‡_ cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM i. m‡qi mvg_©¨
ii. m‡qi B”Qv 29. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv
n«vm †c‡q‡Q iii. wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM-myweav i. AvgvbZ MÖnY
ii. wjPzi †fvM e„w×i mv‡_ †gvU Dc‡hvM wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. FY AvgvbZ m„wó
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. †bvU cÖPjb
n«vm †c‡q‡Q †KvbwU ¯’vqx g~jab? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. †gvU Dc‡hvM hLb m‡e©v”P cÖvwš—K K KuvPvgvj L `vjvb-†KvVv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M we`y¨r N gRy` `ªe¨
Dc‡hvM ZLb k~b¨ n‡q‡Q 30. M = 2000, V = 5 I T = 20 n‡j P = ?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K 500 L 1000 M 1500 N 2000

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 N 3 L 4 K 5 M 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 L 10 N 11 M 12 M 13 L 14 K 15 K

16 K 17 K 18 N 19 N 20 L 21 K 22 K 23 M 24 M 25 N 26 M 27 L 28 M 29 K 30 K

34 PÆMÖvg miKvwi gwnjv K‡jR

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. abZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡Z dv‡g©i g~j j¶¨ †KvbwU? 10. TFC †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb n‡e? 20. GKgvwjKvbv Kviev‡i g~jab msMÖn Kiv nqÑ

K gvÎvMZ e¨q myweav AR©b YY i. wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K

L †fv³vi mš‘wó me©vwaKxKiY K TFC L TFC ii. †kqvi wewµ K‡i
M m¤ú‡`i eȇbi `¶Zv AR©b X X iii. e¨vsK FY wb‡q
O O

N gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY Y TFC Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

2. mvaviY Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi AvK…wZ n‡jv M N TFC K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K g~j we›`yi w`‡K DËj O X O X 21. †Kvb Kviev‡ii msw¶ß bvg †Kv¤úvwb?
 L g~j we›`yi w`‡K AeZj 11. c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg (P) †iLv
M wb¤Mœ vgx mij‡iLv K Askx`vwi Kvievi
N DaŸ©Mvgx mij‡iLv Kxiƒc n‡e?
L †hŠ_gj~ abx Kvievi
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K j¤^ A‡¶i mgvš—ivj
M GKK gvwjKvbv Kvievi
avb L f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj
N eûgvwjKvbv Kvievi
M evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 22 I 23bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
N evg Kx Wvb †_‡K Wvb w`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx
K
D 12. †Kvb evRv‡i dvg‡© K `vg m„wóKvix wn‡m‡e D

C we‡ePbv Kiv nq? LvRbv (UvKvq) 15 A

O B cvU K g‡bvcmwb L Wz‡qvcwj 10 G
M AwjMwj N g‡bvcwj 5F
3. av‡bi Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡j cv‡Ui Drcv`b KZ? 13. c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii †¶‡Î
KO L AB D
O 5 10 15 20

M OA N OB †KvbwU mZ¨? Rwgi cwigvY

4. wP‡Îi †Kvb we›`y m¤ú‡`i Ac~Y© e¨envi K P = AR > MC 22. wPÎvbymv‡i Rwgi LvRbvi cwigvY n‡jvÑ
L P = AR < MC
wb‡`©k K‡i? K 15 UvKv L 75 UvKv
M P = AR = MC
KA LB N P = AR = MR M 150 UvKv N 225 UvKv

MC ND 14. kÖ‡gi `¶Zv m~Î †KvbwU? 23. Rwgi Pvwn`v †iLv mgvši— vj G we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ

5. Pvwn`v †iLv evg w`‡K ¯’vbvš—wiZ nqÑ mgq n‡j †gvU LvRbvi Dci Kx cÖfve co‡e?
K Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
K Pvwn`v e„w×i Kvi‡Y K 5 UvKv n«vm cv‡e

L Pvwn`v ms‡KvP‡bi Kvi‡Y Drcv`‡bi cwigvY L 5 UvKv e„w× cv‡e
L mgq
M Pvwn`v m¤úªmvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y M 75 UvKv n«vm cv‡e

N Pvwn`v n«v‡mi Kvi‡Y N 75 UvKv e„w× cv‡e

6. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi †hvMvb w¯’i? Drcv`‡bi cwigvY 24. wbg LvRbv †ei Kivi m~Î n‡jvÑ
M DcKi‡Yi cwigvY
K Mvwo L evwo i. †gvU AvqÑ †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q

M f‚wg N †gvevBj DcKi‡Yi cwigvY ii. Mo AvqÑ Mo cwieZb© xq Avq
N mgq
7. Qs = – 25 + 5p †hvMv‡bi mgxKi‡YÑ iii. †gvU AvqÑ AwZwi³ Avq

i. P = ¯^vaxb †jvK 15. w Kx wb‡`©k K‡i? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
p
ii. 25 = aª“eK K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

K Avw_©K gRyix 25. ¯^íKvjxb †fvM A‡¶cK †KvbwU?

iii. 5 = mnM L kÖ‡gi †hvMvb K C = – a + by L C = by
M C = a + by N Y=C+I
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M cÖK…Z gRywi
26. †KvbwU mÂq mgxKiY?
K i I ii L i I iii N kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v K S = 20 – 0.6 Y L S = – 20 – 0.6 Y

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 16. my‡`i nvi Kg‡j g~jab MV‡bi cwigvYÑ M S = 20 + 0.6Y N S = – 20 + 0.6Y

8. TFC I TVC-Gi mgwó‡K Kx ejv nq? K Kg‡e L evo‡e 27. †KvbwU‡Z we‡`wk‡`i Avq Ašf— ©y³ nq?

K AC L MC M w¯i’ _vK‡e N k~b¨ n‡e K GDP L GNP

M TC N VC 17. g~jab †hvMv‡bi Drm KqwU? M NNP N NI

9. µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšK— Drcv`b wewa Abymv‡i K 1wU L 2wU M 3wU N 4wU 28. wdkv‡ii wewbgq mgxKiY Abyhvqx?

K †gvU Drcv`b µgea©gvb nv‡i ev‡o 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU PjwZ g~jab? K p = T L p = Mv
Ges cÖvwšK— Drcv`b ev‡o Mv T
K KuvPvgvj L `vjvb‡KvUv
L †gvU Drcv`b µgea©gvb nv‡i ev‡o M+ V T
Ges cÖvwš—K Drcv`b K‡g M AvmevecÎ N fvix hš¿cvwZ M p = T N P = M+
V
M †gvU Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o 19. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v KZ Rb?
Ges cÖvwšK— Drcv`b ev‡o 29. wewnZ gy`ªv KZ cÖKvi?
K 2-50 Rb
N †gvU Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o K2 L3 M4 N5
Ges cÖvwš—K Drcv`b K‡g L 7-100 Rb
30. A‡_©i g~j¨ (Vm) wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Ici wbf©ikxj?
M 2-100 Rb
K gRywi ¯i— L Avq¤¢i
N 7 Rb n‡Z AmsL¨v
M `vg¯—i N Drcv`b¯—i

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 L 3 N 4 M 5 N 6 M 7 N 8 M 9 N 10 K 11 L 12 N 13 N 14 L 15 M

16 K 17 L 18 K 19 K 20 L 21 L 22 L 23 N 24 K 25 M 26 N 27 K 28 L 29 K 30 M

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  35

35 Rvjvjvev` K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR, wm‡jU

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. †hvMvb wewa‡Z `v‡gi m‡½ †hvMv‡bi  DÏxcKwU c‡o 11 I 12bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 22. Drcv`‡bi g~j j¶¨ gybvdv AR©‡b †Kvb A_©e¨e¯v’ q?
m¤úK© Kxiƒc? K abZvwš¿K L wb‡`©kg~jK
P

K FYvZ¥K L wbi‡c¶ MC AC M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg
N
M abvZ¥K N we‡kl 5E 23. Afv‡ei Zzjbvq m¤ú‡`i mxgve×Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
6M 24.
2. `ª‡e¨i cÖwZ GKK we‡µZv †h Avq cvq, e K Pvwn`v L †hvMvb
AR
 Zv‡K Kx e‡j? MR M `y®úÖvc¨Zv N wbev© Pb
X
O5 †Kvb `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ GK GKK †fv‡Mi
K †gvU Avq L Mo Avq
11. DÏxc‡K Drcv`bKvixi gybvdvi cwigvY gva¨‡g †h AwZwi³ Dc‡hvM ms‡hvwRZ
M e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq N cÖvwš—K Avq KZ n‡e?
nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K 5 UvKv L 6 UvKv
K †gvU Dc‡hvM
GKwU KviLvbvq Drcv`b k~b¨ Ae¯’vq †gvU M 25 UvKv N 30 UvKv
e¨q 100 UvKv| 1 GKK Drcv`‡b †gvU e¨q 12. wP‡Îi 'AC' †iLv ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡q L Mo Dc‡hvM
120 UvKv| 2 GKK Drcv`‡b †gvU e¨q 130 N M iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM
UvKv Ges 3 GKK Drcv`‡b e¨q 160 UvKv| N cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM
DÏxc‡K Drcv`b k~b¨ Ae¯’vq †gvU we›`y‡Z ¯úk© Ki‡j Kx n‡e? Pv‡ji `vg cÖwZ †KwR 30 UvKv n‡Z 45
cwieZ©bxq e¨q KZ? K A¯^vfvweK gybvdv n‡e n‡j Pvwn`v n«vm †c‡q 10 †KwR †_‡K 8
L ¯^vfvweK gybvdv n‡e 25.
†KwR nq| G‡¶‡Î Pv‡ji `vg w¯’wZ¯v’ cKZv
3. M AcwiewZZ© _vK‡e

N †jvKmvb n‡e
K 0 L 100 M 130 N 160 13. †Kvb e¨vsK‡K mKj e¨vs‡Ki AwffveK ejv nq? K Ep  1 L Ep  1
4. DÏxcK Abyhvqx †gvU e¨q †iLvi AvK…wZ K †gvevBj L we‡klvwqZ M Ep = 1 N Ep = 0

†Kgb n‡e? M evwYR¨K N †K›`ªxq 26. wZb NvZ wewkó A_©bxwZ‡Z we‡ewPZ nq

C C 14. A‡_©i KvR †KvbwU? i. †fvM e¨q

KL i. g~‡j¨i cwigvc ii. miKvwi e¨q
ii. m‡qi evnb iii. Avg`vwb e¨q

O Q O Q iii. F‡Yi wfwË wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

C C wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

MN K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iiiN i, ii I iii  DÏxcKwU c‡o 27 I 28bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
15. msMV‡bi cÖvPxb iƒc †KvbwU?
O Q O Q K GK gvwjKvbv L Askx`vwe iwgR GKwU †`vKv‡b cuvP eQi `v‡ivqv‡bi
PvKwi Ki‡Qb| Zvi A‡bK w`‡bi B”Qv
5. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq dv‡g©i fvimv‡g¨i kZ© n‡jv M †hŠ_gj~ abx N NGO wZwb GKwU †UBjv‡m©i †`vKvb w`‡eb|
ZvB wZwb g~jab MV‡bi Rb¨ Aí Aí
i. MR = MC  DÏxcKwU c‡o 16 I 17bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K‡i mÂq K‡i‡Qb| MÖv‡g we`y¨r bv _vKvq
ii. MC †iLvi Xvj  MR †iLvi Xvj PS GZw`b Zv m¤¢e wQj bv| eZ©gv‡b MÖv‡g
we`y¨r Avmvq Rgv‡bv UvKv w`‡q †mjvB
iii. AR  MR 6b
4a †gwkbmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 2
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

6. wbR LvRbv m¤ú‡K© ejv nq S 4 O 4 8 Q µq K‡i bZzb e¨emvq ïi“ K‡ib|
i. ¯^íKvjxb aviYv
16. 'SS' †hvMvb †iLvi Xvj KZ? 27. iwg‡Ri †mjvB †gwkbmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
ii. TRTVC
K 1 L4 M6 N8 hš¿cvwZ‡K A_©bxwZi cwifvlvq Kx ejv nq?
iii. ARAVC 2
K †hvMvb L mÂq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
17. 'SS' †iLvwUi wb‡Pi †Kvb mgxKi‡Yi wPÎiƒc? M g~jab N wewb‡qvM
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
7. cÖK…Z gRywi Kxfv‡e cvIqv hvq? K Q = 2 +2P L Q = 4 +2P 28. iwg‡Ri g~jab e„w× wbf©i Ki‡Q
M Q = 4 +2P N Q = 2 +2P i. m‡qi mvg_¨©, m‡qi B”Qv Ici

K Avw_©K gRwy i  `vg¯i— 18. 'AC' †iLvi me©wb¤œ we›`y‡Z ii. Drcv`b ¶gZv, cÖhyw³ I mvsMVwbK

L `vg¯—i  Avw_©K gRywi i. AC = MC ¶gZvi Ici
iii. wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM I myweavi Ici
M Avw_©K gRywi  `vg¯i— ii. MC me©wb¤œ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. MC †iLv DaŸ©Mvgx
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
N Avw_©K gRywi  `vg¯— K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 29. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i

8. mÂq wbY‡© qi mvaviY aviYv †KvbwU? 19. †h ivwki gvb cwiewZ©Z nq bv Zv‡K Kx e‡j? †`‡ki bvMwiKMY †`‡ki Af¨š—‡i I
9. 20.
K S = YAE L S = Y  C 21. K PjK L a“ª eK †`‡ki evB‡i hZ P‚ovš— `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b
10. M S=Y+C N Y = D +1 K‡i Zvi Avw_©K g~‡j¨i mgwó‡K Kx e‡j
M †Q`K N A‡c¶K
wewbg‡qi †h gva¨g miKvwi AvBb Øviv gRwy ii nv‡ii m‡½ †KvbwUi m¤úK© mggyLx? K NNI L GNI M GDP N NDP

cÖPwjZ, Zv‡K Kx e‡j? K kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v L kÖ‡gi †hvMvb 30. w¯’i e¨q †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb?
K Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx
K wewnZ gy`ªv L †c-AW©vi M g~jab N msMVb
L evgw`‡K wb¤œMvgx
M †PK N cÖvBReÛ Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi Dcwiw¯’Z we›`y Kx

Askx`vwi Kviev‡i mvaviYZ KZRb m`m¨ _v‡K? wb‡`©k K‡i? M f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj

K 2 †_‡K 20 L 7 †_‡K 20 K †eKviZ¡ L c~Y© wb‡qvM N j¤^ A‡¶i mgvši— vj

M 7 †_‡K 50 N 10 †_‡K 50 M Afv‡ei ¸i“Z¡ N ¯^í Drcv`b

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 L 3 K 4 N 5 K 6 N 7 K 8 L 9 K 10 K 11 K 12 L 13 N 14 N 15 K

16 K 17 L 18 L 19 L 20 L 21 L 22 K 23 M 24 N 25 L 26 L 27 M 28 N 29 L 30 M

36 ey­ evW© ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, wm‡jU

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :  DÏxcKwU c‡o 11 I 12bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 19. gRywi wba©vi‡Yi kZ© †KvbwU?

Y Q TC K D=S ( )L W = W
P = AR = MR 1 10 PL
2 16 M DL = SL
OX N DL > SL
20. †KvbwU g~jab?

1. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †Kvb evRvi wb‡`©k K‡i? 11. DÏxc‡K 2 GKK `ª‡e¨i †¶‡Î AC Gi K A_© L jvOj

K G‡K‡PwUqv L c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv gvb KZ? M FY N Rwg

M Awj‡Mvcwj N Wz‡qvcwj K 6 L 8 M 10 N 12 21. wb‡Pi †KvbwU PjwZ g~jab?

2. wP‡Î fvimvg¨ AR©‡b cÖ‡qvRb 12. 2 GKK `ª‡e¨i †¶‡Î K AvmevecÎ L `vjvb

i. AC †iLv i. MC = 6 M hš¿cvwZ N KuvPvgvj
ii. MC †iLv ii. AC > MC
iii. AC < MC 22. †Kvb ¯’vqx g~jab?

iii. AFC †iLv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K f‚wg L bM` UvKv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L ii I iii M hš¿cvwZ N KuvPvgvj

K i L ii M i I iii N i, ii I iii 23. cvewjK wj. †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v KZ?

M iii N †Kv‡bvwUB bq 13. eÜ A_©bxwZ‡Z KZwU LvZ? K 2050 Rb
14.
3. wc.G. m¨vgy‡qjmb-Gi g‡Z A_©‰bwZK K 2wU L 3wU L 250 Rb
4.
†gŠwjK mgm¨v KqwU? M 4wU N 5wU M 750 Rb

K 2wU L 3wU †KvbwU mgxg wewnZ gy`ªv? N 7 †_‡K AmsL¨

M 4wU N 5wU K 2 UvKvi †bvU 24. evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr GbwRI †KvbwU?

†Kvb A_©bxwZwe` me©cÖ_g e¨wóK I L 5 UvKvi †bvU K Avkv L eª¨vK
M cÖwkKv N wUGgGmGm
mvgwóK kã `ywU e¨envi K‡ib? M 10 UvKvi †bvU

K G¨vWvg w¯§_ L Gj iweÝ N 100 UvKvi †bvU 25. AvaywbK wk‡íi AwabvqK †K?

M i¨vMbvi wd«k N gvk©vj K D‡`¨v³v L kÖwgK
5. ÔhvKvZÕ †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mswk­ó? 15. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv
i. †bvU cÖPjb Kiv M f‚wg N g~jab
K abZš¿ L mgvRZš¿
ii. AvgvbZ MÖnY 26. ¯^íKv‡j D™¢e nq
M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg
iii. FY`vb i. wbg LvRbv
6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †hvMvb w¯’i? ii. †gvU LvRbv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Mvwo L evwo iii. AbycvwR©Z Avq

M f‚wg N †gvevBj K i I ii L ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

7. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ evRviRvZ KZ cÖKvi? M i I iii N i, ii I iii K i L ii

K 2 cÖKvi L 3 cÖKvi 16. †KvbwU †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvR? M iii N †Kv‡bvwUB bq

M 4 cÖKvi N 5 cÖKvi i. AvgvbZ MÖnY 27. LRbv `v‡gi Ašf— z³© bq †K e‡j‡Qb?

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 8 I 9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ii. †bvU cÖPjb K IqvKvi L iweÝ
iii. FY wbqš¿Y
Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M wiKv‡W©v N gvk©vj
A
28. miKvi‡K cÖ`Ë Ki Ašf— z³© _v‡K
2

O BX K i I ii L ii I iii i. †gvU LvRbvq
4 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. wbU LvRbvq
8. AB †iLvi Xvj KZ ? 17. Drcv`‡bi ¶Y¯’vqx Dcv`vb
iii. e¨q‡hvM¨ Av‡q
11 i. kÖg
K2 L2 M2 N2 ii. g~jab wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

9. †jLvwU ev‡g ev Wv‡b ¯’vbvši— n‡j Pv‡ji K i L ii

iii. f‚wg M iii N i, ii I iii

gvb Kxiƒc cwieZb© n‡e? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 29. mÂq †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i?

K evo‡e L w¯i’ _vK‡e K i I ii L ii I iii K wewb‡qvM L †fvM
M Avq N g~jab
M Kg‡e N k~b¨ n‡e M i I iii N i, ii I iii

10. e¨q †KvbwUi Ici wbf©ikxj? 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mÂq Kiv hvq bv? 30. †KvbwU ga¨eZx© `ªe¨?

K Drcv`b L Avq K gRywi L LvRbv K we®‹Uz L cvDi“wU

M Dcv`vb N wewb‡qvM M A_© N kÖg M †KK N gq`v

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 L 2 L 3 L 4 M 5 N 6 M 7 K 8 L 9 L 10 L 11 L 12 M 13 L 14 K 15 L

16 L 17 K 18 N 19 M 20 L 21 N 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 K 26 K 27 M 28 K 29 M 30 N

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  37

37 †fvjv miKvwi K‡jR

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. GKK †µZvi evRvi †KvbwU? 12. †iLvi Xvj KZ? 22. mvwKe GKwU KviLvbvq KvR K‡i

K Wz‡qvcwj L g‡bvcwj K 2 L 1/2 Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ KuvPvgvj, we`y¨r wej,

M g‡bvcmwb N Awj‡Mvcwj M 1/2 N2 cwienb e¨q I w`ev cÖnixi †eZb eve`

2. cwieZ©K `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v †iLvi AvK…wZ 13. †iLvwU mgvš—ivjfv‡e Wv‡b ¯’vbvšw— iZ h_vµ‡g 15000, 18000, 3000 I

†Kgb nq? n‡j Xv‡ji gvb 2000 UvKv LiP nq| KviLvbvq †gvU

K wb¤Mœ vgx K evo‡e L Kg‡e cwieZ©bxq LiP KZ?

L DaŸ©Mvgx M w¯i’ _vK‡e N k~b¨ n‡e K 18000 UvKv L 19800 UvKv

M f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj 14. Hw”QK gy`ªv n‡jv M 20000 UvKv N 21800 UvKv
15.
N j¤^ A‡¶i mgvši— vj i. †PK 23. ch©vqMZ Dc‡hvM aviYv †K e¨vL¨v K‡ib?
24.
3. ¯^qswµq g~j¨ e¨e¯’v †Kvb A_©‰bwZK ii. e¨vsK WªvdU K †R.Avi wnKm L gvk©vj
4.
e¨e¯’vi cÖavb ˆewkó? iii. mÂqcÎ M Iqvjivm N †Rfbm

K mgvRZvwš¿K L cyuwRev`x wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? KLb AC = MC?

M BmjvwgK N wgkÖ K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K hLb AC †iLv wb¤œMvgx

TR  TVC = Kx? Qd = 244P mgxKi‡Y `ªe¨wUi `vg KZ L hLb MC †iLv wb¤œMvgx

K †gvU LvRbv L wbU LvRbv n‡j †fv³v `ªe¨wU µq Ki‡e bv M hLb AC me©wb¤œ

M wbg LvRbv N A_©‰bwZK LvRbv K 5 UvKv L 6 UvKv N hLb MC me©wb¤œ
M 7 UvKv N 8 UvKv
5. wbg¾gvb g~jab †KvbwU? 25. †h ivwki gvb AÁvZ _v‡K Zv‡K wK e‡j?

K e¯¿ L Kqjv K PjK L a“ª eK

M KuvPvgvj N †mjvB †gwkb 16. ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i I dvg© Drcv`b Ki‡e hLb M A‡c¶K N civwgwZ

6. wdkv‡ii wewbgq mgxKi‡Y ‘V’ Øviv Kx K AC < P > AVC 26. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g~jab?
7.
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? L AC < P < AVC K UvKv L ¯^Y©

K g~j¨¯i— M AC > P > AVC M jvOj N e¨vsK AvgvbZ
L A‡_©i Mo cÖPjb MwZ N AC = P = AVC
M A‡_©i †hvMvb  DÏxcKwU c‡o 27 I 28bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
N wewnZ gy`ªvi cwigvY 17. †gvevBj e¨vswKs Gi †¶‡Î †KvbwU Ri“wi?
2Q  3P = 10 A‡c¶KwUi Xvj KZ? i. Kw¤úDUvi bvRgv mvevb †Kbvi Rb¨ evRv‡i hvq|
ii. †gvevBj †mU evRv‡i we‡µZv Zv‡K †WUj mvevb †`q|
K  3 L 1 M 3 N 1.5 iii. wcb †KvW wKš‘ m¨v‡Ûwjbv mvev‡bi my›`i c¨v‡KU †`‡L

8. gvÎvMZ Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †m m¨v‡Ûwjbv mvevb evmvq wb‡q Av‡m|

K Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY w¯’i GKK †_‡K K i I ii L i I iii 27. bvRgvi mvevb †Kvb evRv‡ii cY¨?

GKwUi cwieZ©b nq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv

L mKj DcKiY cwiewZ©Z nq 18. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †Kvb Avgvb‡Zi Dci my` L GK‡PwUqv

M ¯^íKvjxb mgq we‡eP¨ †`q bv? M GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv

N Drcv`b †KŠkj AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K K PjwZ AvgvbZ N Wz‡qvcwj

9. Entrepreneur Gi evsjv cÖwZkã †KvbwU? L mÂqx AvgvbZ 28. bvRgv †h evRvi †_‡K mvevb µq K‡i †m

K msMVK M ¯’vqx AvgvbZ evRv‡ii ˆewkó¨ n‡jv

L msMVb N †gqv`x AvgvbZ i. mgRvZxq A_P c„_K Kiv hvq

M e¨e¯’vcK 19. AvovAvwo w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi gvb FYvZ¥K ii. `jxq fvimvg¨

N gnve¨e¯’vcK n‡j `ªe¨wU n‡e iii. weÁvcb I weµq LiP

10. Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv KZ cÖKvi? K cwic~iK L cwieZ©K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K2 L3 M4 N5 M m¤úK©nxb N mgvši— vj m¤úK© K i I ii L i I iii

11. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i AR I MR †iLvi †¶‡Î 20. ‘Competition among few’ gv‡K©U ejv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx
nq †KvbwU‡K? 29. Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi Dcwiw¯’Z we›`y Kx
ii. AR > MR
iii. AR < MR K Wz‡qvcwj L Awj‡Mvcwj wb‡`©k K‡i?
M g‡bvcmwb N Wz‡qvcmwb K †eKviZ¡
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iiiN i, ii I iii 21. Ki Av‡ivc, fzZ©wK cÖ`vb, †ikwbs G L c~Y© wb‡qvM

 DÏxcKwU c‡o 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ai‡bi miKvwi cÖfve †bB? M A-AR©b‡hvM¨
K Wz‡qvcwj N ¯^í Drcv`b
P
A L g‡bvcwj 30. mg‡qi wfwˇZ evRv‡i‡K Kq fv‡M fvM

BQ M g‡bvcmwb Kiv hvq?
O N c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K5 L4 M3 N2

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 M 2 L 3 L 4 M 5 N 6 L 7 N 8 L 9 K 10 L 11 K 12 M 13 M 14 K 15 L

16 M 17 M 18 K 19 K 20 L 21 N 22 L 23 K 24 M 25 N 26 M 27 M 28 N 29 M 30 L

38 iscyi miKvwi K‡jR

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30

1. µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM wewai cÖe³v †K? 12. GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg 10 UvKv †_‡K K‡g 5  DÏxcKwU c‡o 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K wdmvi L gvk©vj UvKv n‡j Pvwn`v hw` 20 GKK †_‡K e„w×
†c‡q 50 GKK nq Zvn‡j Pvwn`vi X †Kv¤úvwbi XvKv kn‡i M¨vm
M †KBÝ N Gj iweÝ w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv n‡e?
mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb †bB| †Kv¤úvwbi Mo
2. Aa¨vcK wcGj m¨vgy‡jmb Gi g‡Z †Kvb e¨q = 15 UvKv, `vg = 20 UvKv Ges

mgv‡Ri †K›`ªxq A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v KqwU? K Ep = 1 L Ep > 1 fvimvg¨ weµ‡qi cwigvY = 10 GKK|
M Ep < 1 N Ep = 0
K 2wU L 3wU M 4wU N 5wU 21. DÏxc‡Ki †Kv¤úvwbi †Kvb evRv‡ii Ašf— ©y³?
3. ¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’v †Kvb A_©e¨¯’vi cÖavb 13. A_©bxwZi Drcv`b ej‡Z wK †evSvq? K GK‡PwUqv
K Pvwn`v m„wó L †hvMvb m„wó L c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK
ˆewkó¨? M Awj‡Mvcwj
M Dc‡hvM m„wó N Avq m„wó
K abZvwš¿K L mgvRZvwš¿K
14. `vg¯—‡ii mv‡_ A‡_©i g~‡j¨i m¤úK© wKiƒc? N g‡bvcmwb
M wgkÖ N Bmjvgx
K mggyLx L wecixZgyLx
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M k~b¨ N Amxg 22. †Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡Î
i. †gvU Avq = 200 UvKv
cvU
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kiœ DËi `vI : ii. A¯^vfvweK gybvdv AR©b K‡i
A
C iii. Mo Avq = cÖvwš—K Avq
D wg. wgRvb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi m‡e©v”P wWMÖx wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
O B avb wb‡q †`‡ki GKwU ¯^bvgab¨ cÖwZôv‡b
DÏxcKwU c‡o 23 I 24bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
4. cv‡Ui Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡j av‡bi Drcv`b †hvM`vb K‡ib| cÖwZôvbwU †`‡ki 
gy`ªvevRv‡i kx‡l© Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖwZôvbwU

KZ n‡e? cÖ‡qvR‡b miKv‡ii Avw_©K wel‡q civgk© P, C, R MC AC
w`‡q _v‡K| E
K O L OA M OB N AB
5 P =AR = MR
5. wP‡Îi C we›`ywU wK wb‡`©k K‡i? 15. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvwbUi bvg wK?

K AR©b‡hvM¨ K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK L †K›`ªxq e¨vsK

L A-AR©b‡hvM¨ M wkí e¨vsK N we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK O OQ

M m¤ú‡`i c~Ye© ¨envi 16. †gvU e¨q‡K Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Øviv fvM 23. DÏxcK Abyhvqx †gvU Avq KZ?
17. 24.
N m¤ú‡`i Ac~Y© e¨envi Ki‡j wK cvIqv hvq? K 20 UvKv L 30 UvKv
25.
6. †Kvb `ª‡e¨i †gvU Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”P n‡j K AC L AFC M 40 UvKv N 50 UvKv
7.
8. cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM KZ n‡e? M AVC N MC wP‡Îi E we›`y‡Z wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q
i. `vg = Mo Avq
K m‡e©v”P L me©wb¤œ AR ii. `vg = Mo e¨q
MR iii. `vg = Mo Avq = Mo e¨q
M k~b¨ N FYvZ¥K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
†Kvb `ª‡e¨i gvby‡li Afve c~i‡Yi AR
O MR Q
¶gZv‡K e‡j
Dc‡iv³ †iLv `ywU †Kvb evRvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i?
K Drcv`b L Dc‡hvM K c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK
L Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK
M m¤ú` N Pvwn`v w wK wb‡`©k K‡i?
p
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki wbf©ikxjZvi

m¤úK©‡K wK e‡j? M Awj‡Mvcwj K Avw_©K gRyix L cÖK…Z gRyix

K A‡c¶K L Xvj N GK‡PwUqv M `vg¯i— N cÖK…Z Avq
wPÎ Abymv‡i AR I MR †iLvi g‡a¨
M civwgwZ N a“ª eK 18. m¤úK© wKiƒc  DÏxcKwU c‡o 26 I 27bs cÖ‡kiœ DËi `vI :
19. K AR Kg‡j MR K‡g
9. `ywU `ªe¨ ci¯úi cwieZ©K n‡j Pvwn`v L AR evo‡j MR ev‡o 26. Rbve ingvb mv‡ne 20 eQi a‡i wk¶KZv
10. M AR = MR K‡ib| wKš‘ GLb Zvi Avi wk¶KZv fv‡jv
†iLv †Kgb n‡e jvM‡Qbv| Kv‡RB wZwb GLb wk¶KZv †Q‡o
N MR >AR w`‡q IKvjwZ ïi“ Ki‡jb|
K Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx Rbve ingvb mv‡n‡ei wk¶KZv †Q‡o
c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i GKwU dv‡g©i IKvjwZ †Kvb ai‡bi MwZkxjZv wb‡`©k K‡i?
L Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx K †fŠ‡MvwjK L ¯i— MZ

M f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj

N j¤^ A‡¶i mgvši— vj

Q = a-bp mgxKi‡Yi wPÎiƒc †KvbwU?
P P fvimvg¨ ¯‡— i
M wkíMZ N †ckvMZ
i. MC = MR n‡e
K L 27. hw` `vg¯—i ev‡o Zvn‡j cÖK…Z gRyix
Q ii. AR = P n‡e
O Q K evo‡e L Kg‡e
P O iii. AR=MR=P n‡e M w¯i’ _vK‡e N k~b¨ n‡e
P
M wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 28. Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
N
K i I ii L i I iii K f‚wg L kÖg M g~jab N msMVb
OQ Q
O M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 29. wbg¾gvb g~jab †KvbwU?

11. f‚wg e¨env‡ii Rb¨ f‚wgi gvwjK‡K †h A_© 20. †h evRv‡i †µZvi msL¨v gvÎ GKRb K Rwg L evwo M we`y¨r N †ijc_
cwi‡kva Kiv nq Zv‡K wK e‡j?
Zv‡K wK evRvi e‡j? 30. Money is what money does? Dw³wU Kvi?
K LvRbv L gRyix
K GK‡PwUqv L Wz‡qvcwj K ievU©mb L IqvKvi

M my` N gybvdv M Wz‡qvcbwm N g‡bvcbwm M µvD_vi N †KBÝ

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 L 3 K 4 M 5 L 6 M 7 L 8 K 9 L 10 L 11 K 12 L 13 M 14 L 15 L

16 K 17 N 18 K 19 N 20 M 21 K 22 K 23 N 24 N 25 L 26 N 27 L 28 M 29 N 30 L

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  39

39 w`bvRcyi miKvwi K‡jR

mgq : 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v c~Y©gvb : 30
1.
evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb ai‡bi A_e© ¨e¯’v we`¨gvb?  DÏxcKwU co 13 I 14bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 21. gy`ªvùxwZi KviY 
K abZvwš¿K L wb‡`©kg~jK P, C i. `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b e„w×
M wgkÖ N Bmjvwg
2. wb‡`©kg~jK A_©bxwZ‡Z MR ii. A_©g~j¨ n«vm
i. †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv AbymiY Kiv nq iii. A‡_©i †hvMvb e„w×
ii. DcKi‡Yi e¨w³ gvwjKvbv we`¨gvb OQ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
13. wP‡Î MR †iLvwU †Kvb evRv‡ii?
iii. †kÖwY †kvlY Abycw¯’Z K g‡bvcwj L c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZv 22. msMVK‡K ‘Captain of the Industry’
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M W‚‡qvcwj N Awj‡Mvcwj
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iiiN i, ii I iii 14. wP‡Îi fvimv‡g¨i Rb¨ †Kvb †iLvwUi cÖ‡qvRb? †K e‡j‡Qb?
K MC L AC M AFC N AVC K A¨vWvg w¯§_ L Gj iweÝ
 DÏxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M †R. Gm wgj N Avj‡d«W gvk©vj
Mg  DÏxcKwU co 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 23. mK‡ji mgvb AwaKvi `vwqZ¡ I Askx`vwi‡Z¡i
cÖ‡qvRb nq †Kvb ai‡bi msMV‡bi?
K kÖ‡gi †gvU cÖviw¤¢K K Askx`vwi Kvievi
N cwigvY Drcv`b Drcv`b L †hŠ_ g~jabx Kvievi
M ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb
M N mgevq Kvievi

3. O L Avjy 1 GKK 120 GKK 120 GKK
4. 2 GKK 200 GKK ? GKK
5. Avjyi Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡j M‡gi Drcv`b KZ?
6. K KL L OK M OL N O 3 GKK ? GKK 60 GKK  DÏxcKwU co 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
7. wg. ‘Y’ GKwU mvevb KviLvbvi gvwjK|
wP‡Îi †Kvb we›`ywU m¤ú‡`i Ac~Y© e¨envi 15. DÏxc‡Ki Lvwj N‡i †gvU Drcv`b I cÖvwš— 24. wZwb wb‡RB DcKiY msMÖn I e¨e¯’vcbvi
 wb‡`©k K‡i? 16. 25.
KK LL MM NN K Drcv`b h_vµ‡g  26. `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| mxgvnxb `vwqZ¡ I
8. 17. K 80, 260 L 260, 80
msL¨vMZ Dc‡hvM we‡k­l‡Yi cÖe³v †K? 18. M 260, 60 N 320, 60 SzuwK AwaK _vK‡jI Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi
†MvcbxqZv eRvq _v‡K|
K m¨vgy‡qjmb L iweÝ DcwiD³ DÏxc‡K  wg. Y †Kvb ai‡bi Kvievi?
M gvk©vj N †ebnvg
Qd = 100  5P Pvwn`v mgxKi‡Yi `ªe¨wUi i. †gvU Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o K Askx`vwi Kvievi
ii. cÖvwšK— Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb nq
KZ `v‡g Pvwn`v k~b¨ n‡e? iii. Mo Drcv`b w¯i’ _v‡K L GK gvwjKvbv Kvievi
M mgevq Kvievi
K 15 L 20 M 25 N 30 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N cvewjK wgwj‡UW Kvievi

Pvwn`vi n«vm-e„w× NU‡e hw`  K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii G ai‡bi Kviev‡ii myweav n‡jv 
i. `v‡gi cwieZb© nq †h evRv‡i †µZvi msL¨v gvÎ `yBRb †m
ii. Av‡qi cwieZ©b nq i. `ª“Z wm×vš— MÖnY
iii. cQ‡›`i cwieZ©b nq ai‡bi evRvi †K ejv nq  ii. `vq-`vwqZ¡ Kg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K Wz‡qvcwj L g‡bvcwj
K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii M Wz‡qvcmwb N g‡bvcmwb iii. `¶ cwiPvjbv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i GKwU dv‡g©i K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
DÏxcKwU co 8 I 9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z  cÖvw¤¢K Rwgi LvRbv †Kgb?
Q4 = 1500  5P, Qs =  500 + 45P i. MR = MC
ii. TR = TC K abvZ¥K L k~b¨
DÏxc‡Ki fvimvg¨ `vg KZ? M FYvZ¥K N Amxg
iii. MR = AR
K 10 L 20 M 30 N 40
9. evRvi `vg 30 UvKv avh© Ki‡j  wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. Pvnw`vi cwigvY k~b¨ n‡e K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii  DÏxcKwU co 27 I 28bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
2015-2016 A_©eQ‡i A †`‡ki †fvMe¨q
ii. AwZwi³ †hvMvb n‡e  DÏxcKwU co 19 I 20bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 110 †KvwU UvKv, wewb‡qvM e¨emvq 50
iii. AwZwi³ Pvwn`v n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? W SL †KvwU UvKv, miKvwi e¨q 30 †KvwU UvKv
K i I ii L ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 8 DL Ges ißvwb e¨q 20 †KvwU UvKv|
10. TFC †iLvi AvK…wZ Kxiƒc? 6 27. A †`‡ki GDP KZ n‡e?
K j¤^ A‡¶i mgvš—ivj K 210 †KvwU UvKv L 200 †KvwU UvKv
L Wvbw`‡K EaŸ©Mvgx 4 M 150 †KvwU UvKv N 100 †KvwU UvKv
M Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx 28. A †`‡ki AvšR— ©vwZK evwYR¨ nIqvi d‡j
N f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj 2 DL Kx NU‡e?
11. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i MR I AR †iLvi †¶‡Î SL K A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡e
i. AC = MC nq L A_©‰bwZK Abybœqb n‡e
10 15 20 L M A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v AcwiewZZ© _vK‡e

ii. MC †iLv AC †iLvi c~‡e©B me©wb¤œ‡Z †cuŠ‡Q 19. wP‡Î fvimvg¨ gRywi I kÖg wb‡qv‡Mi N `xN©‡gqvw` Abybœqb n‡e
iii. AC > MC nq cwigvY KZ? 29. A‡_©i g~j¨ ej‡Z Kx †evS?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K 4 I 10 L 4 I 15
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii M 6 I 15 N 6 I 20 K `vg wba©vi‡Yi ¶gZv L †fvM Kivi ¶gZv
12. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i MR I AR †iLvi †¶‡Î 20. b~¨bZg gRywi 2 UvKv n‡j  M µq Kivi ¶gZv N Avq Kivi ¶gZv
i. Dfq Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx 30. GKwU evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewj 
i. †eKviZ¡ evo‡e i. mÂq msMÖn
ii. MR = AR ii. kÖg NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡e ii. g~jab MVb
1 iii. kÖwg‡Ki gRywi evo‡e iii. AvgvbZ MÖnY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. MR = 2 AR K i I ii L ii I iiiM i I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iiiN i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii

Self test1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN 10 KLMN
11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN 19 KLMN 20 KLMN
21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN 26 KLMN 27 KLMN 28 KLMN 29 KLMN 30 KLMN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 L 3 L 4 M 5 M 6 L 7 L 8 N 9 M 10 N 11 K 12 M 13 L 14 K 15 L

16 K 17 M 18 M 19 L 20 L 21 M 22 N 23 N 24 L 25 L 26 L 27 K 28 K 29 M 30 L

kxl©¯’vbxq K‡j‡Ri wbe©vPwb cix¶vi
cÖkœcÎ : m„Rbkxj

40 ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv welq †KvW : 1 0 9

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kiœ c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkó­ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv mvZwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]

1  Rbve 'X PvKwi m~‡Î 'A' †`‡k emevm K‡ib| †mLv‡b mKj wKQz ivóª KZ…©K 6  'A' e¨w³ GKwU ˆZwi †cvkvK KviLvbvq 30,000 UvKv gRywi‡Z KvR
K‡ib| cÖwZôvb †_‡K gRywi e¨ZxZ evowZ †Kvb my‡hvM-myweav cvb bv|
wbqwš¿Z| Aciw`‡K, Zvi eo fvB 'B' †`‡k evm K‡ib †hLv‡b e¨w³ †fvM Aciw`‡K 'B' e¨w³ Aci GKwU cÖwZôv‡b gvwmK 20,000 UvKv gRywi‡Z
I Drcv`b †¶‡Î m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb bq| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î †`kwUi KZ…©c¶
KvR Ki‡jI gRywii cvkvcvwk evwo fvov eve` 6,000 UvKv, †Uwj‡dvb
cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| wej eve` 1,000 UvKv I wPwKrmv e¨q eve` 3000 UvKv evowZ myweav
K. Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
cvb| H mgq †`‡k `vg¯—i wQj 50 UvKv|
L. Ô¯^qwµq `vg e¨e¯’vÕ aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. kÖ‡gi `¶Zvi m~Î †jL| 1
M. DÏxc‡K 'A' †`‡k †h A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb Zvi †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv
Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. gRywi I Avq GK bq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 'B' e¨w³i cÖK…Z gRwy i wbY©q Ki| 3
N. 'B' †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’v 'A' †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’v A‡c¶v †Kb DËg? N. 'A' e¨w³i gRywi A‡c¶v 'B' e¨w³i gRywi A_©‰bwZK bxwZ wba©vi‡Y
we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4
2  m~wPwU j¶ Ki Ges mswk­ó cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : AwaK Zvrch©c~Y© we‡k­lY Ki| 4
7  wg‡mm 'R' 2012 mvj †_‡K wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b KvR K‡ib| fwel¨‡Zi K_v
X-`ª‡e¨i `vg X- `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v cwigvY Y- `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY wPš—v K‡i Ges ZrKvjxb mg‡q e¨vs‡Ki my‡`i nvi †ewk _vKvq wZwb mÂq
(UvKv) (GKK) (GKK)
K‡ib| wZwb 2017 mv‡j 20 j¶ UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡i 'L' bvgK GKwU
cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb| 2018 mv‡j Zvi †gvU gj~ ab `uvovq 27 j¶ UvKv|
28 6 D³ mg‡q cÖwZôvbwUi ¶q¶wZRwbZ e¨q 2 j¶ UvKv|

36 8 K. gj~ a‡bi MwZkxjZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1

K. A‡c¶K Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. PjwZ g~jab I ¯’vqx g~ja‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki| 2
L. †gvU Dc‡hvM I cvÖ wšK— Dc‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI| 2 M. wg‡mm 'R' Gi wbU g~ja‡bi MV‡bi nvi wbY©q Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ X-`ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v mgxKiY wbY©q Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡Ki ewY©Z Dcvq e¨ZxZ Avi Kx Kx Dcv‡q g~jab MVb Kiv
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K x I y `ª‡e¨i m¤ú‡K©i cÖK…wZ we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4 hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
3  QKwU j¶ Ki Ges mswk­ó cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 8  kwdK, iwdK I iweb wZb eÜy Pzw³e× n‡q wbR¯^ g~jab‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q GKwU
e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡j| cÖ_gw`‡K e¨emvq fv‡jv †M‡jI cieZ©x‡Z ¶wZi
`ª‡e¨i `vg (P) Pvwn`vi cwigvY (Qd) †hvMv‡bi cwigvY (Qs) m¤§yLxb nq| wKQzw`b ci Zviv Avevi D‡`¨vMx n‡q †kqvi wewµ K‡i bZzb
UvKv GKK GKK m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ wb‡q Av‡iKwU Kvievi M‡o †Zv‡j, †hLv‡b †kqvi n¯v— š—i‡hvM¨|

2 20 10 K. ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb Kx? 1

3 15 15 L. msMVb Drcv`‡bi ¯^Zš¿ I Acwinvh© Dcv`vbÕ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K wZb eÜyi M‡o †Zvjv cÖ_g cÖwZôvbwUi Amwy eav¸‡jv Kx Zv
4 10 20 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

K. †iLvi Pv‡ji msÁv `vI| 1 N. bZzb m`m¨ wb‡q †h KvieviwU MVb Kiv nq cÖ_g Kvievi A‡c¶v

L. wM‡db `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v †iLv †Kb EaŸ©Mvgx nq? 2 DËg-we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K Dwjw­ LZ cÖwZwU `vg ¯‡— i Pvwn`v AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi 9  wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges ckÖ œ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

P, C, R

†hvMv‡bi cwigvY wظY n‡j fvimv‡g¨i Ae¯’vi Kx cwieZ©b NU‡e? MC AC

e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 P0 E AR = MR = P
4  m~wPwU j¶ Ki Ges mswkó­ cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
cÖvwšK— e¨q (MC) P1 F
†gvU Drcv`b (Q) GKK 10
1 8 Q
2 6 O Q0
3
K. †WwfW wiKv‡W©v cÖ`Ë LvRbvi msÁvwU †jL| 1
L. LvRbv wK `v‡gi Aš—fz©³? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ wPÎwU †h LvRbv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q Zv wbY©qc~e©K
aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
48 N. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z LvRbvi mv‡_ weï× LvRbvi Kx cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb
eY©bv Ki| 4
5 13 1 10 GKwU wZb LvZwewkó A_©bxwZi Z_¨ †`Iqv n‡jv :
2 C = 100 + 0.75Y Ges I = 200, G = 250
K. gvÎvMZ Drcv`b Kv‡K e‡j? 3 K. cÖ‡ivwPZ †fvM Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. ¯^íKvjxb I `xN©Kvjxb Drcv`b A‡c¶‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki|
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K TC (†gvU e¨q) †iLv A¼b Ki|

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K AC (Mo e¨q) I MC (cÖvwš—K e¨q) Gi m¤úK© 4 L. ÒmÂq n‡jv wewb‡qv‡Mi wfwËÓe¨vL¨v Ki| 2
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ we‡k­lY Ki| M. DÏxc‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbY©q Ki| 3
N. miKvwi e¨q 50 GKK n«vm Kiv n‡j fvimvg¨ RvZxq Av‡qi Dci
5  wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges ckÖ œ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : Kx cÖfve co‡e DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡k­lY Ki| 4

P, R, C

MC 11  e¨vsK

P1 F AC
G
P2 (P) (Q)

E AR
MR gy`ªvevRv‡ii e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K
Q
O Q0
GKK wbqš¿K FY †`q
K. Awj‡Mvcwj evRv‡ii msÁv `vI| 1
K. g`y ªvi g~j¨ Kx? 1
L. ÔGK‡PwUqv evRv‡i dvg© I wkí AwfbœÕ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. A‡_©i dUKv Pvwn`v †Kb my‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj? 2
M. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ dvg©wU †Kvb ai‡bi gybvdv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Ae¯’vb
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'Q' Øviv †h e¨vs‡Ki wb‡`©k Ki‡Q mgvR †mevi †¶‡Î
Ki‡Q Zv wbY©q Ki| 3 Zvi f‚wgKv Kxiƒc e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

N. Dwjw­ LZ dvg©wU ¯^íKv‡j ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Drcv`b Pvwj‡q hv‡e Zv N. 'P' e¨vsKwU 'Q' e¨vs‡Ki FY cÖevn wbqš¿‡Y cwigvYMZ bv wK ¸YMZ

wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4 FY wbqš¿Y c×wZ †ewk KvhK© i? we‡k­lY Ki| 4

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  41

41 wfKvi“bwbmv b~b ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

1  'X' I 'X' `ªe¨ `yBwU Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ mswgkÖY wb‡¤œ m~wP‡Z †`Iqv n‡jv 6  wg. nK mv‡ne wb‡Ri wKQz UvKv g~jab wb‡q XvKvq GKwU †cvjwUª

mswgkÖY X `ªe¨ GKK Y `ªe¨ GKK wk‡í ¯’vcb K‡ib| Drcv`‡bi LiP †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y jvf Ki‡Z

A 100 0 cviwQ‡jb bv| GgZve¯’vq wZwb KuvPvgvj I kÖ‡gi mnRj¨fZvi
B 90 40
D 60 80 Kvi‡Y kni †Q‡o MÖv‡g Zvi dvgw© U ¯’vbvš—i K‡ib| G‡Z MÖv‡gi
D 0 120
wKQz †eKvi †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb nq Ges wZwbI jvfevb nb|

K. g~ja‡bi MwZkxjZv ej‡Z Kx †evS? 1

L. mÂq Kxfv‡e g~jab MVb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i? 2

K. e¨wóK A_©bxwZ Kx? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki wg. nK mv‡n‡ei †¶‡Î g~ja‡bi †hB MwZkxjZv

L. wbe©vPb mgm¨v D™¢‡ei KviY Kx? 2 n‡q‡Q Zvi KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

M. DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨ †h †iLvi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq Zv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ N. A_©bxwZ‡Z D³ MwZkxjZvi cÖfve we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4

e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 7  KvRj, e¨w³MZ wKQz g~jab wb‡q GKwU I‡qjwWs †gwkb KviLvbv

N. hw` Drcv`b 40 GKK 'X' `ª‡e¨i mv‡_ 60 GKK 'Y' `ªe¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| wKQzw`b ci Zvi Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v e„w× cvq|

Drcv`b Ki‡Z Pvq, Zv wK †Zvgvi `„wó‡Z †hŠw³K n‡e? Pvwn`v Abyhvqx `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi e„w×i cÖ‡qvR‡b KviLvbvi AvqZb

eo Ki‡Z cjvk I RvwK‡ii m‡½ h³y n‡q KviLvbvwUi AvKvi e„w×

gZvgZ `vI| 4 K‡ib| G‡Z `ªe¨ mieivn e„w× cvq|

2  †`Iqv Av‡Q, Qs = 10 + 5P, †hLv‡b P = `vg, QS = †hvMvb K. BRAC-Gi c~Yi© ƒc †jL| 1

K. cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM Kx? 1 L. msMVb‡K wk‡íi PvjK ejv nq †Kb? 2

L. †gvU Dc‡hvM e„w× †c‡j cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM me©`v e„w× cvq bv M. KvR‡ji cÖwZwôZ KviLvbvwUi ˆewkó¨ †jL| 3

e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 N. DÏxc‡K Dwj­wLZ Kvievimg~‡ni cv_©‡K¨i Av‡jv‡K †KvbwU
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mnvqK e‡j Zwz g g‡b Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki mgxKiYwU e¨envi K‡i †hvMvb †iLv A¼b Ki| 3
8 Y MC Y MC AVC
N. DÏxc‡Ki mgxKi‡Yi †Q`K '5' n‡j †hvMvb †iLvi Kx AC

cwieZ©b n‡e e‡j Zwz g g‡b Ki| 4 E E
P = AR = MR P = AR = MR

F
3  Pvwn`v A‡c¶K Qd = 10  P †hLv‡b 10P, R, C 20
6 P, R, C 15

†hvMvb A‡c¶K Qs =  2 + 2p Qd = Pvwn`vi cwigvY

Qs = †hvMv‡bi cwigvY O Drcv`b 20 X O Drcv`b 20 X

Ges P = `vg K. LvRbv Kx? 1

K. †hvMvb Kx? 1 L. De©iZvi Kvi‡Y LvRbvi D™¢e nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

L. kÖ‡gi †hvMv‡bi †¶‡Î †hvMvb wewa Kvh©Ki nq bv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. ÔLÕ wP‡Îi LvRbvi †h aviYvwU eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi cwigvY

M. DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3 wbY©q Ki| 3

N. `vg 6 UvKv n‡j evRv‡i Kx cÖfve co‡e? DÏxc‡Ki N. ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ n‡Z cÖvß LvRbv؇qi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ Av‡Q

Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 wK? we‡k­lY Ki| 4

4  wg. 'X' †jLvcov †kl K‡i PvKwi bv K‡i Kgjv Pvl Kivi wm×vš— 9  C = 100 + 0.25Y; I = 100, G = 100 †hLv‡b

wbj| †m 10 GKi Rwg‡Z 10 nvRvi UvKvi kÖg I g~jab wewb‡qvM C = †fvM e¨q

K‡i 100 †KwR Kgjv Drcv`b K‡i| Kgjvi Drcv`b jvfRbK I = wewb‡qvM e¨q

nIqvq cieZ©x 4 eQi h_vµ‡g 20 nvRvi UvKv, 20 nvRvi UvKv, G = miKvwi e¨q

40 nvRvi UvKv I 50 nvRvi UvKvi kÖg I g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i K. mvgwMKÖ Avq Kv‡K e‡j? 1

180 †KwR, 240 †KwR I 300 †KwR Kgjv Drcv`b K‡i| G‡Z L. ¯^qs¤¢‚Z †fvM †iLv f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj nq †Kb? 2

†m ¯^vej¤^x n‡q D‡V| M. DÏxc‡K n‡Z fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbY©q Ki| 3

K. `xN©Kvjxb Drcv`b A‡c¶K Kx? 1 N. hw` miKvwi e¨q e„w× †c‡q 300 UvKv nq Z‡e fvimvg¨

L. †gvU Drcv`b µgea©gvb nv‡i evo‡j cÖvwš—K Drcv`‡bi RvZxq Av‡qi Kx cwieZ©b n‡e? 4

Dci Kx cÖfve co‡e? 2 10  †Kvb GKwU mgv‡R wewnZ gy`ªvi cwigvY (M) 2000 wewnZ gy`ªvi

M. DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ †gvU Drcv`b (TP) †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 cÖPjb MwZ (V)5, FYc‡Îi cwigvY M (1000) FYc‡Îi cÖPjb MwZ

N. DÏxc‡Ki Drcv`‡bi †Kvb wewawU Kvh©Ki e‡j g‡b Ki? (V) 2, Ges †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY (T) 100 GKK|

K. gy`ªv Kx? 1

gZvgZ `vI| 4 L. Amxg wewnZ gy`ªv Øviv †h‡Kv‡bv eo A‡¼i †jb‡`b Kiv

5 Y hvqe¨vL¨v Ki| 2

MC AC M. DÏxc‡K ewYZ© ZË¡wU wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

12 F N. A‡_©i cwigvY 2 ¸Y Ki‡j `ª‡e¨i `vg 2 ¸Y Ges A‡_©i g~j¨
P =10
A‡a©K n‡e Kx? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡k­lY Ki| 4

8 11iwng I Kwig `ywU Avjv`v e¨vs‡Ki Kg©KZ©v| iwng ejj, cÖwZ eQi
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MR AR C‡`i Av‡M e¨vsK ch©vß cwigv‡Y bZzb †bvU wewfbœ e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g
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K. Wz‡qvcwj evRvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 iv‡L| Kwig ejj, †`‡ki Dbœq‡b K…lK, e¨emvqx, wkícwZ mevi Kv‡Q

L. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i cÖPv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv FY weZiY K‡i| Avš—R©vwZK I Af¨š—ixY evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv K‡i|

†Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. wewnZ gy`ªv Kv‡K e‡j? 1

M. DÏxc‡K fvimvg¨ we›`y wbw`©ó K‡i gybvdvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3 L. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK FY`v‡bi †kl AvkÖq¯’j e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

N. DÏxc‡K e¨q †e‡o 12 UvKv n‡j Drcv`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Kwi‡gi e¨vs‡K Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki| 3

Ki‡e wKbv we‡k­lY Ki| 4 N. iwn‡gi e¨vsK Kxfv‡e FY wbqš¿Y K‡i we‡k­lY Ki

DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ? 4

42 bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv

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¸i“Zc¡ ~Y© GK eª¨v‡Û iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q| A_P †`‡k Zvi eÜy mygb M. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©g~j¨ †Kvb †`‡ki kÖ‡gi `¶Zv AwaK? wbY©q Ki| 3
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O D1 Q (cwigvY) †eov‡Z P‡jv, †`L‡e †Zvgv‡`i †`‡ki wKQz bv wKQz ˆewkó¨ Lyu‡R cv‡e|Õ
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M. DÏxc‡KK E we›`y‡Z Drcv`b LiP ev †hvMvb `vg ev ¯’vbvš—i N. DÏxc‡K evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi mv‡_ †Kvb †`‡ki A_©bxwZi
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L. we‡`‡k Kg©iZ †`kxq‡`i Avq †Kvb aviYvi mwnZ h³y nq? 2 O †fv‡Mi cwigvY Q
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cÖfve c‡o wK? gZvgZ e¨³ Ki| 4
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N. Mo e¨q AC2 n‡j gybvdvq wK cwieZ©b n‡e we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4

44 XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

1  gvngy`yj­vni †`‡k cÖwZi¶v, cÖkvmb, we`y¨ Iqvmvmn AviI wKQz 7  Pvwn`v I †hvMvb mgxKiY wb¤œiƒc :

e¨emv I †mevLvZ miKv‡ii wbqš¿Yvaxb| cvkvcvwk me †¶‡ÎB †m Qd = 20  2P Ges Qs =  4 + 4P

†`‡k †emiKvwi LvZI i‡q‡Q| K. †hvMvb wewa Kx? 1

K. Afve Kx? 1 L. Pvwn`vi AvovAvwo w¯w’ Z¯’vcKZvi gvb k~b¨ nq †Kb? 2

L. `y®úÖvc¨Zvi Kvi‡Y wbe©vPb mgm¨vi m„wó nq| e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. DÏxc‡K Abymv‡i fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wbYq© Ki| 3

M. DÏxc‡K Dwj­wLZ gvngy`yjv­ ni †`‡k we`¨gvb A_©e¨e¯’vq N. evRvi `vg P = 3 Ges P = 6 n‡j evRvi fvimv‡g¨i Ici Kx

ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 cÖfve co‡e Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

N. DÏxc‡K Dwjw­ LZ A_©e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ Acivci A_©e¨e¯’vi 8  Drcv`b (Q) GK‡K Mo e¨q (AC) UvKvq

Zjz bv K‡i †KvbwU AwaKZ DbœZ-e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

2  X `ªe¨ (GKK) Y `ªe¨ (GKK) 1 100

0 30 2 75

20 20 3 60

30 0 4 60

K. e¨w÷K A_©bxwZ Kx? 1 5 70

L. wb‡`©kg~jK A_©e¨e¯v’ Kv‡K e‡j? 2 K. Drcv`b A‡c¶K Kx? 1

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 L. Drcv`‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K †gvU e¨q †Kb µgn«vmgvb nv‡i ev‡o? 2

N. (X = 10, Y = 10) GKK Ges (X = 40, Y = 20) GKK M. DÏxcK n‡Z †gvU e¨q (TC) wbY©q Ki| 3

mswgkÖ‡Y Drcv`‡bi †hŠw³KZv we‡k­lY Ki| 4 N. DÏxcK n‡Z AC I MC -Gi m¤úK© wP‡Î †`LvI| 4

3  GKwU `ªe¨ X-Gi †hvMvb m~wP wb¤iœ ƒc 9  P, R, C

cÖwZ †KwRi `vg †hvMv‡bi cwigvY MC AC
E
10 UvKv 20 †KwR 15 P = AR = MR

15 UvKv 30 †KwR 10 F
5
20 UvKv 40 †KwR
O 20 Q
K. Pvwn`v `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Kx? 1

L. weKí `ªe¨ I cwic~iK `ªe¨ Kv‡K e‡j? 2 K. GK‡PwUqv evRvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1

M. DÏxcK †_‡K X `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb †iLv A¼b Ki I e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. Awj‡Mvcwj evRvi ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2

N. DÏxc‡K cÖvß †hvMvb †iLvi AvK…wZ †Kgb? Giƒc AvK…wZi M. DÏxcK n‡Z gybvdvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3

wcQ‡b hyw³m½Z KviY †`LvI| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki AC †iLv ¯’vbvši— n‡q E we›`y eivei †M‡j gybvdvi

4  mviwY j¶¨ Ki| †¶‡Î Kx †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4

gRywi kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v kÖ‡gi †hvMvb 10  wg. Kwi‡gi Kv‡Q 75 j¶ UvKv wQj| wZwb 20 j¶¨ UvKv w`‡q

10 15 5 kn‡i GKwU cU­ wK‡bb| 10 j¶ UvKv w`‡q MÖv‡g Pvlvev` 5 weNv

20 10 10 Rwg µq K‡i Zv †_‡K 3 weNv avb I 2 weNv Kjv Pv‡l eivÏ

K‡ib| 10 j¶ UvKv w`‡q †`vKvb µq K‡ib Ges weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨

30 5 15 5 j¶ UvKi `ªe¨mvgMÖx wK‡bb| ZvQvovI Kjv PvivMv‡Qi Rb¨ 5

K. cÖK…wZ gRywi Kx? 1 j¶ UvKv Ges Uªv±i µ‡q 5 j¶ UvKv e¨q K‡ib| kÖwgK‡`i gRywi

L. GKB †ckvq gRyix wewfbœ nq †Kb? 2 eve` LiP K‡ib 2 j¶ UvKv| evwK UvKv ˆ`bw›`b Kvh© cwiPvjbvi

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K kÖgevRv‡i fvimvg¨ gRywi †iLvwP‡Îi Rb¨ wb‡Ri Kv‡Q †i‡L †`b|

gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3 K. wbgw¾Z g~jab Kx? 1

N. kÖ‡gi Pwn`v cÖwZ‡¶‡Î 10 GKK e„w× †c‡j fvimv‡g¨i wK L. g~jab‡K Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb ejv nq †Kb? 2

cwieZ©b n‡e? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wg. Kwi‡gi ¯’vqx I PjwZ g~ja‡bi

5  ¯^íKvjxb †fvM mgxKiY, C = 100 + 6Y Ges I = 200, G = 250 ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| 3

†hLv‡b C = †fvM, I = wewb‡qvM Ges G = miKvwi e¨q| N. wg. Kwi‡gi e¨emvq m¤úªmvi‡Y g~jab e„wׇZ Kx ai‡bi

K. mq¤¢‚Z †fvM Kx? 1 c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

L. cÖevmx‡`i Avq GDP †Z Aš—f³z© nq bv †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 11 2013 mv‡j Rbve ÔKÕ mv‡ne evmvfvov wb‡Z †M‡j evmvi gvwjK

M. DÏxc‡K Av‡jv‡K RvZxq Avq wbY©q Ki| 3 wb‡¤œv³ nv‡i fov avh©¨ K‡ib| evmv e¨env‡ii Rb¨, 8,000 UvKv

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †fvM †iLv A¼b K‡i wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ SzuwK en‡bi Rb¨ 2,000 UvKv, i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ 1,500 UvKv I

we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4 Ab¨vb¨ AviI 3,000 UvKv w`‡Z n‡e| 2014 mv‡j evmvwUi cv‡k

6  PT = MV + MV hLb P = `vg¯i— , /T = µqweµq †hvM¨ `ª‡e¨i †ekwKQz miKvwi Awdm Av`vjZ Ges KjKviLvbv M‡o IVvq evwo

cwigvY, M = wewnZ gy`ªvi cwigvY, V = wewnZ gy`ªvi cÖPjb MwZ, fvov e„w× cvq| evmvi gvwjK Rbve ÔKÕ †K AviI 3,000 UvKv

M = e¨vsK m„ó FYc‡Îi cwigvY, V = e¨vsK m„ó FYc‡Îi ïaygvÎ evmv e¨env‡ii eve` †ewk w`‡Z e‡jb|

cÖPjb MwZ| K. AbycvwR©Z Avq Kx? 1

K. A‡_©i †hvMvb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. LvRbv †Kb `v‡gi Aš—fz©³ bq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

L. gy`ªv wK ïayB wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †gvU LvRbv I A_©‰bwZK LvRbv wbY©q Ki| 3

M. M I M Gi mv‡_ P I A‡_©i g~‡j¨i (VM) m¤úK© wbiƒcY Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K Abymv‡i, †gvU LvRbv I wbg LvRbvi m¤úK©

N. DÏxc‡K ewYZ© mgxKiYwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  45

45 mwdDwÏb miKvi GKv‡Wwg GÛ K‡jR, MvRxciy

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

1  wb‡¤œi DÏxcKwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 6  GKvwU evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡K cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY 1,00,000

UvKv Ges ˆea wiRvf© 10%| m¤úÖwZ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wiRv‡f©i nvi

DS e„w× K‡i 20% K‡i‡Q|
P2 a b
K. A_© Kx? 1

P0 E d L. AbjvBb e¨vswKs Kxfv‡e m¤úvw`Z nq? 2
D
P1 S c M. DÏxc‡K Dwj­wLZ e¨vsK KZ©„K m„ó FY AvgvbZ cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3

O Q0 N. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wiRv‡f©i nvi e„w×i d‡j FY AvgvbZ m„wói

†¶‡Î Kx cÖfve co‡e? we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4

K. `y®úÖvc¨Zv I wbev© Pb Kx? 1 7 L DL SL
2
L. KvMR I Kj‡gi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© †Kgb? 3
4
M. fvimvg¨ `vg Kxfv‡e wbav© wiZ nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i `vg evov I Kgvi cÖeYZv we‡k­lY Ki| SL DL

2  wb‡P GKRb †fv³vi Dc‡hvM m~wP †`qv n‡jv O N

`ª‡e¨i GKK (Q) cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM (MP) K. kÖg Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. kÖg MwZkxj aviYvwU eywS‡q †jL| 2
1 GKK 4 UvKv
M. kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v †iLvi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

2 GKK 3 UvKv N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K kÖg evRv‡i Kxfv‡e fvimvg¨ wbY©q

3 GKK 2 UvKv Ki‡e e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

8  mvwgbv Av³vi hye Dbœqb cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª †_‡K †mjvB cÖwk¶Y wb‡q

4 GKK 1 UvKv MÖv‡g GKwU †UBjv‡m©i †`vKvb †bq| Zvi mvdj¨ †`‡L MÖv‡gi AviI

5 GKK 0 UvKv †eKvi hyeK hyeZx G welqmn nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, Kw¤úDUvi †Kvm©

BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡i Ges †mLvb †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i

6 GKK  1 UvKv A‡b‡KB GLb ¯^vej¤^x| 1
K. wbU Awfevmb Kv‡K e‡j? 2
K. a“ª eK Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
L. Pvwn`v I †hvMvb wewai cv_©K¨ †jL? 2
M. DÏxcK †_‡K †gvU Dc‡hvM m~wP ˆZwi Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb welqwU eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM †iLv A¼b Ki| 4
N. †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mvwgbvmn Ab¨vb¨ hyeK-hyeZxi

Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

3  mvw`g †h †`‡k _v‡K †m †`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi my‡hvM 9  DÏxcKwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

_vKvq mgv‡R D”PweË, wb¤œweË Gme †kÖwYi m„wó nq| Avi bvw`g †h Y
AS
†`‡k _v‡K †m †`‡k mvgvwRK wbivcËv eRvq _v‡K Ges †eKviZ¡

_v‡K bv| P2 R

K. mvgwóK A_©bxwZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 P1 S AD2

L. Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv Kv‡K e‡j? 2 AD1

M. mvw`‡gi †`‡k †kÖwYwefw³ †`Lv †`q †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 OX
X1
N. bvw`‡gi †`‡k †eKviZ¡ _v‡K bv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
K. m~PK msL¨v Kx? 1
4  X evRv‡i cÖwZ GKK Kj‡gi `vg wbw`©ó Ges Zv 10 UvKv| D³
L. miKvwi e¨q †Kb gy`ªvùxwZ NUvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
evRv‡i Mo I cÖvwš—K e¨q w¯’i _v‡K| wKš‘ Y †`‡k wewµ evovi
M. wP‡Î Kx ai‡bi gy`ªvùxwZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
mv‡_ mv‡_ `vg 10 UvKv †_‡K n«vm cvq|
N. DÏxc‡K m„ó gy`ªvùxwZ wbqš¿‡Y miKvi Kx ai‡bi f‚wgKv
K. w¯’i e¨q Kx? 1
ivL‡Z cv‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
L. Mo e¨q I cÖvwš—K e¨‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Kxiƒc? 2
10  mÂq mgxKiY : S = 10 + 0.2Y Ges wewb‡qvM mgxKiY : I = 100|
M. DÏxcK n‡Z evRv‡ii †gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšK— Av‡qi
K. mvgwMKÖ Avq Kx? 1
GKwU m~wP ˆZwi Ki| 3 L. wRwWwc‡Z cÖevmx‡`i Avq Aš—f³©y nq bv †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K fvimvg¨ RvZxq Avq wbYq© Ki| 3
N. X I Y evRv‡ii cv_©K¨ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI| 4
N. wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY 200 UvKv n‡j RvZxq Av‡qi Kx ai‡bi
5 Y
cwieZ©b n‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
MC AC

P0 F E 11  A_©bxwZi K¬v‡m Ryjnvm m¨vi ej‡jb

AR = MR M = 200, V = 5 Ges T = 20

OX GLv‡b, M = wewnZg`y ªv, V = cÖPjb MwZ, T = †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY,
Q0
P = `vg¯—i|

K. Awj‡Mvcwj evRvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 K. A‡_©i g~j¨ Kx? 1

L. †Kvb evRv‡i dvg© I wkí Awfbœ? D‡j­L Ki| 2 L. †Lvjv evRvi bxwZ Kxfv‡e e¨vsK KZ©„K m„ó F‡Yi cwigvY

M. DÏxcK †_‡K gybvdvi cwigvY wbYq© Ki| 3 Kgv‡Z cv‡i? 2

N. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î AC †iLv E we›`yi wb‡P †Kvb we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K `vg¯—i wbY©q Ki| 3

Ki‡j ZLb gybvdv †Kgb n‡e Zv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI| 4 N. M Gi gvb 400 n‡j A‡_©i g~‡j¨i Dci Kx cÖfve †dj‡e

e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

46 wewmAvBwm K‡jR, XvKv

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

1  'A' †`‡ki bvMwiK wg. iwng ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M Drcv`b I e¨emvq cwiPvjbv 7  m¤cÖwZ imyjMÄ MÖv‡g cwj­ mÂq e¨vs‡Ki GKwU kvLv ¯’vwcZ
K‡i‡Qb| †m †`‡k wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ LvZmn mKj LvZB e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M
cwiPvwjZ nq Ges Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g ¯^qswµqfv‡e `vg n‡q‡Q| MÖvgwU G‡Kev‡i †QvU bq| MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk †jvK cÖvwš—K

wba©vwiZ nq| e¨emvi cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb Ab¨ GKwU †`k 'B'-†Z wM‡q †m Pvwl I grm¨Rxex| D³ e¨vs‡Ki Zi“Y Kg©xiv MÖvgevmx‡`i fwel¨r

†`‡ki A_©bxwZi D‡ëv wPÎ Ae‡jvKb Ki‡jb| 'B' †`‡k Drcv`b, `~i`„wó, m‡qi DcKvwiZv, RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb, †eKviZ¡

†fvM I eÈb meB †K›`ªxq cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq, m¤ú‡`i mبenvi cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K© †evSv‡Z

K. e¨wóK A_©bxwZ Kx? 1 jvM‡jb| wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ †`Lv †Mj D³ MÖv‡gi cyi“l-gwnjviv

L. wbe©vPb mgm¨v D™¢‡ei KviY Kx? 2 Zv‡`i ¯^í mÂq e¨vs‡K Rgv‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Qb| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ D³

M. 'A' †`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’vi cÖK…wZ wbY©q K‡i Gi wZbwU ˆewkó¨ †jL| 3 e¨vs‡K ¶z`ª FY Kg©mw~ P ïi“ n‡q hvq|

N. †kÖwY ˆelg¨ m„wói †¶‡Î 'A' I 'B' `yB †`‡ki A_© e¨e¯’vi K. wbg¾gvb g~jab Kv‡K e‡j? 1

g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki| 4 L. g~jab mÂq Øviv m„wó Dw³wU eywS‡q †jL| 2

2  wb‡Pi Pvwn`v m~wP j¶ Ki Ges mswk­ó cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M. evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k g~jab MV‡bi mgm¨v

`vg (P) (UvKv) 5 10 15 DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

Pvwn`vi cwigvY (Q) (GKK) 40 30 20 N. Kx Kx wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i g~jab MwVZ nq Zv DÏxc‡Ki

Av‡jv‡K we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4

K. A‡c¶K Kx? 1 8  wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K m`¨ cvm Kiv wg. ÔLÕ PvKzwii cwie‡Z© GKwU

L. ÒAv‡qi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b nqÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 eywUK KviLvbv cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| wZwb GKvB e¨emvq DcKiY msMÖn

M. DcwiD³ m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 I †`Lvïbv K‡ib| G‡Z e¨emvi DbœwZ nq Ges gybvdv AR©b
N. DÏxc‡K `vg w¯’i _vKv Ae¯’vq hw` †fv³vi Avq e„w× cvq
Z‡e wK Pvwn`v †iLvi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e? gZvgZ `vI| 4 K‡ib| e¨emvq m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wZwb

3  wg. Kwig gvwmK 20,000 UvKv Avq Ae¯’vq 100 UvKv `v‡g 1wU wbKU¯’ GKwU GbwRI n‡Z FY MÖnY K‡ib| GbwRIwU ¶z`ª FY

c‡Y¨i 3 GKK µq K‡ib| Avq w¯’i †_‡K `vg †e‡o 200 UvKv cÖ`vb, AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqZv, bvixi ¶gZvqb BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î

n‡j wZwb IB c‡Y¨i 2 GKK µq K‡ib| ¸i“Zc¡ ~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| GiKg A‡bK GbwRI Avgv‡`i

K. PjK Kx? 1 †`‡k MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ Dbœq‡b wewfbœ Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

L. FZz cwieZ©b Pvwn`v‡K Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. Askx`vwi Kvievi Kx? 1

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 L. mgevq Kvievi Kx A‡_© GK gvwjKvbv Kvievi A‡c¶v DbœZ? 2

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Pvwn`vi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wbY©qc~e©K Pvwn`vi M. DÏxc‡K wg. ÔLÕ Gi eywUK KviLvbv †Kvb ai‡bi Kvievi?

w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi cÖK…wZ we‡k­lY Ki| 4 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

4  Drcv`b 1 2 3 4 5 6 N. Zwz g wK g‡b Ki evsjv‡`‡ki AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I bvix

†gvU e¨q 25 20 24 32 45 60 ¶gZvq‡b GbwRI‡`i Kvh©µg h‡_ó? we‡k­lY Ki| 4

9  GKwU GjvKvi R‰bK e¨w³i Rwgi cwigvY Ges GKi cÖwZ `v‡gi

K. cwieZ©b e¨q Kx? 1 Z_¨ wb‡¤œi †jLwP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

L. Drcv`bKvix‡K KLb w¯’i LiP (FC) enb Ki‡Z nq? 2 S
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Mo e¨q (AC) I cÖvwš—K e¨q (MC) †ei Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Mo e¨q (AC) I cÖvwšK— e¨q (MC) D
†iLvi Zjz bvg~jK Ae¯’vb ch©v‡jvPbv Ki| 4 70 F
E
5  P, R, C 50
30 D

f MC O 10 20 30 L

25 AC
20 a
K. A_©‰bwZK LvRbv Kx? 1
15
10 b AR L. LvRbv Kx `v‡gi Aš—fz©³? 2

5 c MR M. DÏxc‡K LvRbvi †Kvb ZË¡wU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

O 25 50 Q N. DÏxc‡K Rwgi Pvwn`v‡iLv hw` F we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq, Z‡e

K. Wz‡qvcmwb evRvi Kx? 1 LvRbvi Ici Kx cÖfve co‡e? we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4

L. †µZv evRvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, we‡µZv bq e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 10  GKwU RvZxq Avq g‡Wj wb¤œiƒc

M. DÏxc‡K fvimvg¨ we›`y wba©viY K‡i gybvdv wbYq© Ki| 3 Y=C+I+G

N. DÏxc‡K AC †iLv f we›`y w`‡q AwZµg Ki‡j dv‡g©i I = 30, G = 70 1
gybvdvi Ici Kx cÖfve co‡e? we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4
6  iwgR I ewki GKwU e„nr †bŠhv‡bi kÖwgK| iwgR BwÄb i“‡gi `¶ C = 60 + 0.8Y

K. GDP-Gi msÁv `vI|

kÖwgK| D”P kã I D”P Pv‡ci g‡a¨ Zvi KvR Ki‡Z nq| Zvi L. GNP I GDP Gi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© †Kgb? 2

gvwmK gRywi wek nvRvi UvKv| GQvov Zvi Lvevi, †cvkvK I Zvi M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †fvM †iLv A¼b Ki| 3

cwiev‡ii evm¯’vbI †bŠhvb KZ…©c‡¶i wbKU †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K| N. miKvwi e¨q AviI 50 UvKv e„w× Ki‡j cwiewZZ© Avq I

wKš‘ Zvi Kv‡Ri ai‡bi Kvi‡Y GKw`‡K †hgb, ¯^v¯’¨ SuywK A‡bK †fvM wbY©q Ki| 4

†ewk Aciw`‡K QzwU G‡Kev‡iB Kg| A_P ewki †bŠhv‡bi Lvevi 11  GKwU †`‡ki gy`ªv m¤úwKZ© Z_¨ wb¤œiƒc| †gvU wewnZ A‡_©i

N‡ii ˆ`wbKwfwËK GKRb A¯’vqx Kg©Pvix nIhvq Kv‡Ri cwigvY = 300 †KvwU, A‡_©i cÖPjb MwZ = 20, e¨vsK A‡_©i

w`b¸‡jv‡Z ˆ`wbK `yBk UvKv gRywi I wb‡Ri Lvevi †c‡q _v‡K| cwigvY = 100 †KvwU Ges e¨vcK A‡_©i cÖPjb MwZ = 5, †gvU

K. kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v Kv‡K e‡j? 1 evwY‡R¨i cwigvY = 130 GKK|

L. `vg¯—i w¯’i †_‡K Avw_©K gRywi evo‡j cÖK…wZ gRywiI e„w× K. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Kx? 1

cvq e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. `ªe¨ g~j¨ ew„ × †c‡j A‡_©i g~‡j¨i Ici Kx cÖfve c‡o? 2

M. DÏxc‡K Dwj­wLZ iwg‡Ri cÖK…Z gRywii †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K `vg¯—i wbY©q Ki| 3

N. iwgR I ewk‡ii Avw_©K Ges cÖK…Z gRywii GKwU Zjz bvg~jK N. wewnZ gy`ªv I e¨vsK m„ó gy`ªv h_vµ‡g 600 I 200 n‡j

we‡k­lY Ki| 4 gy`ªvùxwZi cÖfve eYb© v Ki| 4

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  47

47 e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

1  `vg (P) Pvwn`v (D) †hvMvb (S) wb‡qvwRZ| Zviv Aemi mg‡q buKwkKuv_v †mjvB, Kvco †mjvB,
nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, cïcvjb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| Zv‡`i Aí Aí mÂq
10 UvKv 60 GKK 20 GKK
Zviv evwo‡ZB Rgv ivLZ| cieZx© ‡Z Zviv e¨vsK GKvD›U †Lvjvi
20 UvKv 40 GKK 40 GKK
gva¨‡g mÂq e¨vs‡K Rgv ivL‡Z ïi“ K‡i|
30 UvKv 20 GKK 20 GKK K. wbg¾gvb g~jab Kx? 1

K. fvimvg¨ Kx? 1 L. Ôg~jab Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vbÕ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. evsjv‡`‡k g~jab MV‡bi mgm¨v¸‡jv DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. Pvwn`vi ms‡KvPb I m¤úªmviY Kx? 2 N. evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z g~jab MVb Kxfv‡e
M. DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨ n‡Z Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLvi gva¨‡g fvimvg¨
`vg I cwigvY wba©viY cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 e„w× Kiv hvq gZvgZ `vI| 4
7  Rbve ingvb GKRb e¨emvqx| wZwb †h msMV‡bi m`m¨ †mB msMV‡bi
N. `vg hw` 10 UvKv I 30 UvKv nq Z‡e fvimv‡g¨i Dci Kxiƒc m`m¨ msL¨v 2-50 Rb| Zvi msMV‡bi †kqvi n¯—vš—i Kiv hvq bv|
cfÖ ve co‡e Zvi e¨vL¨v `vI| 4
Avevi Rbve mygb mv‡neI GKRb e¨emvqx| wZwb †h msMV‡bi m`m¨
2  Y MC †mB msMV‡bi m`m¨ msL¨v 2-20 Rb| Dfq msMVb e¨emv †¶‡Î wKQz
AC
AR1 E myweav-Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nq| Z‡e Zviv `yBRbB e¨emv †¶‡Î mdj|
MR1 P1 K. NGO Kx? 1
AR = MR = P L. msMVb‡K Drcv`‡bi PvwjKvkw³ ejv nq †Kb? 2
AC1 P2 F M. Rbve ingvb †h msMV‡bi m`m¨ Zvi msMV‡bi myweav¸‡jv
MC1

P DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

X N. Rbve mygb †h msMV‡bi m`m¨ Zvi msMV‡bi Amyweav¸‡jv 4
O Drcv`b Q1 DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
8 Y
K. ¯^vfvweK gybvdv Kx? 1
L. c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRv‡i AR = MR = P †iLv f‚wg A‡¶i
mgvši— vj nq †Kb? 2 Avq, e¨q I LvRbv 100
M. DÏxc‡K †h fvimvg¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨v `vI| 3 0
N. DÏxcK n‡Z TR, TC I gybvdv wbYq© Ki Ges gybvdvi Dci gše— ¨ Ki| 4 800
3  DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
600

Drcv`b (Q) †gvU w¯’i e¨q (TFC) †gvU cwieZb© xq e¨q (TVC) X
1g †kÖwY 2q †kÖwY 3q †kÖwY
1 GKK 10 UvKv 6 UvKv O

2 GKK 10 UvKv 10 UvKv K. wbg LvRbv Kx? 1
L. LvRbv †Kb †`Iqv nq? 2
3 GKK 10 UvKv 26 UvKv M. DÏxc‡K LvRbv wba©vi‡Yi †h ZË¡wU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨v `vI| 3

4 GKK 10 UvKv 50 UvKv N. DÏxc‡Ki LvRbv ZËw¡ Ui mxgve×Zv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4

K. Drcv`b Kx? 1 9  2018-19 A_©eQ‡i A †`‡k †fvM e¨q (C) 1000 †KvwU UvKv, ißvwb
Avq (X) 200 †KvwU UvKv|
L. ¯^íKvjxb I `xN©Kvjxb Drcv`b A‡c¶‡Ki aviYv `vI| 2 K. wbU RvZxq Avq (NNI) Kx? 1
M. DÏxcK n‡Z TC I AC wbY©q Ki| 3
N. DÏxcK n‡Z MC wbY©q Ki Ges Zvi wfwˇZ MC †iLv A¼b L. gva¨wgK I P‚ovš— `ª‡e¨i aviYv `vI| 2
M. e¨q c×wZ‡Z †gvU RvZxq Avq wbYq© Ki| 3
Ki I cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 N. e× A_©bxwZ‡Z †gvU RvZxq Avq DÏxcK n‡Z wbY©q Ki| 4

4 Y 10  A_©bxwZwe` Aviwfs wdkv‡ii cwigvY Z‡Ë¡ †`Iqv Av‡Q, M

AE = 100, V = 5, M = 50, V = 2, T = 10 GLv‡b, M = wewnZ gy`ªv, V

cvU Y1 Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv = wewnZ gy`ªvi cÖPjbMwZ, M = e¨vsK gy`ªv, V = e¨vsK gy`ªvi cÖPjb
MwZ, T = `ªe¨ I †mevi †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY|
D

CX K. gy`ªv Kx? 1
L. gy`ªvi g~j¨ I gy`ªvi †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Kx? 2
O X1 avb

K. cyuwRev`x A_©e¨e¯’v Kx? 1 M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë Z_¨ n‡Z Aviwfs wdkv‡ii cwiewZ©Z wewbgq
L. wbe©vPb mgm¨vi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g `vg¯—i (P) wbY©q Ki| 3
M. DÏxcK n‡Z my‡hvM e¨q aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K V, V I T w¯’i †_‡K M = 200 Ges M = 100 n‡j
N. DÏxc‡Ki D I E we›`y‡Z Drcv`‡bi m¤¢vebv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 `vgš—i (P) Gi Dci Kxiƒc cÖfve co‡e e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

5 Y SL 11 †fv‡Mi GKK †gvU Dc‡hvM (TU) cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM (MU)
K. Avw_©K gRywi Kx? DL  1 GKK

120 F 4 BDwUj 4 BDwUj

gRywi 100 H E 2 GKK 7 BDwUj 3 BDwUj
80 I
DL
SL 3 GKK 9 BDwUj 2 BDwUj

O 100 X 4 GKK 10 BDwUj 1 BDwUj

`v‡gi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb 1 5 GKK 10 BDwUj 0 BDwUj

L. kÖ‡gi `¶Zv Kx Kx wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i? 2 6 GKK 9 BDwUj 1 BDwUj

M. DÏxc‡K Dwj­wLZ kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi wba©viK¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3 K. Dc‡hvM Kx? 1
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K kÖg evRv‡i fvimvg¨ gRywi wba©viY
L. †gvU Dc‡hvM (TU) I cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM (MU) Gi aviYv `vI| 2
cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 M. DÏxcK n‡Z †gvU Dc‡hvM (TU) I cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM (MU)
6  Kwigcyi MÖv‡g GKwU e¨vs‡Ki kvLv †Lvjv n‡q‡Q| MÖvgwU wbKUeZ©x
†iLv A¼b Ki Ges e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
nIqvq MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk gvbyl kn‡i wewfbœ kÖgRxex †ckvq N. DÏxcK n‡Z cÖvß TU I MU †iLvi wfwˇZ TU I MU Gi
wb‡qvwRZ| GB MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk gwnjv wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê g‡`¨ m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

48 cjx­ Dbœqb GKv‡Wgx ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, e¸ov

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

1  Y `ªe¨ K. kÖ‡gi `¶Zv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. `vg¯—i e„w× †c‡j cÖK…Z gRywi n«vm cvq †Kb? 2
A M. DÏxc‡K kÖg evRv‡i fvimvg¨ Kxfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Y1 B N. 75 UvKv I 225 UvKv gRywi‡Z kÖgevRvi Kxiƒc cwiw¯’wZ
Y2 C

X `ªe¨ n‡e? hwy ³mn e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

O X1 X2 D 7  †jvKmvb nIqvq wm‡g›U d¨v±wii gvwjK Rbve Avwmd KviLvbvwU

K. `y®cÖvcZ¨ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 eÜ Ki‡Z Pvb| wZwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb PuvcvBbeveM‡Ä Av‡gi Ry‡mi
KuvPvgvj myjf g~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq| ZLb wZwb Zvi wm‡g›U d¨v±wi
L. wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’vq g~j¨ Kxfv‡e wba©vwiZ nq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K †h †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi K_v Dc¯’vwcZ weµq K‡i PuvcvBbeveM‡Ä RvqMv µq K‡i Rym d¨v±wi wbg©vY
K‡ib| d¨v±wii KuvPvgvj µq Kivi Rb¨ wZwb e¨vsK †_‡K 50 j¶
n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. E I F we›`y‡Z Drcv`b Kivi †¶‡Î m¤¢vebv I †hŠw³KZv UvKv FY wb‡jb| wZwb Zvi gybvdvi GKwU Ask Mw”QZ ivL‡Zb

we‡k­lY Ki| 4 Ges Zv cieZx© mg‡q cybivq Drcv`b Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Zb|
2  †`Iqv Av‡Q, Qs = 10 + 5P K. g~jab Kx? 1
†hLv‡b P Q = `vg, Qs = †hvMv‡bi cwigvY
K. Pvwn`vi Avq w¯w’ Z¯’vcKZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. AvqKi e„w× Ki‡j g~jab MV‡bi Ici Kx ai‡bi cÖfve c‡o? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Ry‡mi KviLvbv ¯’vcb g~ja‡bi †Kvb
L. Pvwn`v wK ïaygvÎ `v‡gi Ici wbf©ikxj? 2 ai‡bi MwZkxjZv wb‡`©k K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. cÖ`Ë mgxKiY n‡Z †hvMvb †iLv A¼b Ki| 3
N. Dc‡ii mgxKi‡Y †Q`K 5 n‡j †hvMvb †iLvi †Kvb ai‡bi N. d¨v±wii wbg©vY e¨q Ges e¨vsK FY GKB ai‡bi g~jab
wb‡`©k K‡i Kx? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
cwieZ©b n‡e e‡j Zwz g g‡b Ki| 4 8  Ag„Zv, cvw_©e Ges Rq GKwU cÖwZôvb R-Gi gvwjK †hLv‡b
3  GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi Z_¨ †Uwe‡j cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Amxg `vq enb Ki‡Q| Ag„Zvi ¯^vgx XvKv ÷K G·‡PÄ-
G ZvwjKvfz³ †Kv¤úvwb P-Gi GKRb cwiPvjK| †kqvevRvi n‡Z
mswgkÖY `vg Pvwn`vi cwigvY R, P †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi µq K‡i‡Q|
4 20 K. msMVK †K? 1
A 8 16 L. mgevq Kvievi Kx A‡_© GKgvwjKvbv Kvievi A‡c¶v DbœZ? 2
B 12 12
C 16 8 M. R †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb? gš—e¨ Ki| 3
D

K. Pvwn`v Kx? 1 N. Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Zzjbvq P †Kv¤úvwbi myweav¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
9  wPÎwU j¶ Ki :
L. †µZvi Avq e„w× †c‡j †gvevB‡ji Pvwn`vi Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 Y

N. DÏxc‡Ki C I D we›`y we‡ePbv K‡i `ª‡e¨i cÖK…wZi Ici gš—e¨ Ki| 4 600

4  wg. ÔLÕ Zvi K…wl Lvgv‡i Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY I Kjv‡KŠkj w¯’i †i‡L 500
`vg/Avq/e¨q
ïaygvÎ kÖg e„w× K‡i| hvi d‡j †gvU Drcv`b I cÖvwš—K Drcv`b Avq/e¨q 400
wb‡¤œ cÖ`Ë QK Abyhvqx e„w× cvq : 300

200

kÖg I g~jab †gvU Drcv`b cÖvwš—K Drcv`b 100 A BC X
1 Rb 100 UvKv 12 GKK 12 GKK O
2 Rb 200 UvKv 22 GKK 10 GKK Rwg
3 Rb 300 UvKv 30 GKK 8 GKK
4 Rb 400 UvKv 36 GKK 6 GKK K. wbU LvRbv Kx? 1
L. LvRbv †Kb †`Iqv nq? 2
M. Dc‡ii †iLvwP‡Îi LvRbv wba©vi‡Yi †Kvb ZË¡wU Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
K. Drcv`b Kx? 1 N. wP‡Î LvRbvi cwigvY KZ Ges Kxfv‡e LvRbv wba©vwiZ
L. GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i AR I MR mgvb nq bv †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K K…wl Lvgv‡i †gvU Drcv`b †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 n‡q‡Q? we‡kl­ Y Ki| 4
10  aiv hvK, GKwU †`‡ki †gvU †fvM e¨q 500 †KvwU UvKv| †gvU
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Lvgv‡i †Kvb wewawU Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q? wewb‡qvM e¨q 200 †KvwU UvKv Ges †`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i
wewawU †Kvb †¶‡Î †ewk Kvh©Ki? gZvgZ `vI| 4
Avq 10 †KvwU UvKv|
5 Y MC K. †gvU RvZxq Avq Kv‡K e‡j? 1
AC

15 E P = AR = MR L. mÂq n‡jv wewb‡qv‡Mi wfwË e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †gvU †`kR Drcv`b (GDP) I †gvU
10 F RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) †ei Ki| 3
5

O 50 100 X N. †`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`wk‡`i Avq hw` wظY nq Z‡e †gvU

Drcv`‡bi cwigvY †`kR Drcv`b (GDP) I †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP)-Gi 4
wK cwieZb© n‡e? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡k­lY Ki|
K. wkí Kv‡K e‡j? 1 11 DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
L. GK‡PwUqv Kvievwi Kxfv‡e `v‡gi Ici cÖfve we¯v— i K‡i? 2
M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z dvg©wUi gybvdv wbY©q Ki| 3
N. AC †iLv E we›`y‡Z AR I MR †iLv‡K ¯úk© Ki‡j dv‡g©i M V M V T

gybvdvi †¶‡Î Kx ai‡bi cwieZb© n‡e? gZvgZ `vI¨| 4 100 5 100 5 10

6  wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki : 200 5 200 5 10

Y 50 5 50 5 10

gRywi D B SL K. AvgvbZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1

225 A L. A‡_©i dUKv Pvwn`v †Kb my‡`i nv‡ii Ici wbf©i K‡i?

E

150 e¨vL¨v Ki| 2

75 M N DL M. DÏxc‡Ki m~wPwU †Kvb wewa‡K mg_©b K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. `vg¯—‡ii mv‡_ A_©g~‡j¨i m¤úK© Kxiƒc? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K
X kÖg e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

100 200 300 400

Rwg

m„Rbkxj A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY  49

49 K¨v›Ub‡g›U K‡jR, h‡kvi

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

1  Rvwid ÔWÕ †`‡ki GKwU wkw¶Z K…lK| Zvu i m¤ú~Y© Drcv`b ¶gZv 6  PD P
e¨q Ki‡j †m avb (Y) 100 gY Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ab¨w`‡K Zvu i

m¤ú~Y© Drcv`b ¶gZv e¨q Ki‡j Mg (X) 80 gY Drcv`b Ki‡Z P1 a P0 ab D
cv‡i| Rvwi‡di †`kwU miKvwi n¯‡— ¶c g³y | Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î O Q
†hgwb i‡q‡Q Drcv`‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv †Zgwb †fv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI i‡q‡Q P2 b Q1 Q2
†fv³vi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv| ZvB wZwb RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Q
avb I Mg `y‡UvB †hvMvb †`Iqvi K_v wPšv— K‡ib| †mRb¨ wZwb O b wPÎ
avb (Y) 60 gY I Mg (X) 40 gY Drcv`‡bi wm×vš— †bb|
a wPÎ Q0 1

K. wbK…ó `ªe¨ Kx?

K. m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv Kx? 1 L. DrK…ó `ª‡e¨i †¶‡Î Pvwn`vi Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv abvZ¡K nq †Kb? 2

L. wbe©vPb Kxfv‡e Amxg Afve I mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q M. DÏxc‡Ki b wPÎ †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLvi Xvj wbY©q Ki| 3

mvab K‡i? 2 N. a wPÎ I b wPÎ †_‡K cÖvß Pvwn`v †iLvi Xv‡ji g‡a¨ wK

M. K…lK Rvwi‡di Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv A¼b Ki| 3 ai‡bi ˆecwiZ¨ j¶¨ Ki? Zv we‡k­lY Ki| 4

N. ÔWÕ †`kwU †Kvb A_©e¨e¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i? DÏxc‡Ki 7  YS

Av‡jv‡K Zvi ˆewkó¨mg~n we‡k­lY Ki| 4 R3 E3

2  `ª‡e¨i GKK cÖvwšK— Dc‡hvM D E2
1g 3 R2
2q 2 D1
R1 E1

3q 1 O LX

4_© 0 K. LvRbv Kx? 1

5g 1 L. AbycvwR©Z Avq wewb‡qv‡Mi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bq †Kb? 2

K. Dc‡hvM Kx? 1 M. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ LvRbv ZË¡wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

L. Pvwn`v A‡c¶‡Ki Pvwn`v‡K Aaxb PjK ejv nq †Kb? 2 N. E2 †_‡K E1 we›`y‡Z Pvwn`v †iLvwU bvg‡j I E2 we›`y †_‡K E3

M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖwZwU cÖvwš—K Dc‡hv‡Mi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z we›`y‡Z DV‡j LvRbvi Dci Kxiƒc cÖfve co‡e e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

†gvU Dc‡hvM wbYq© Ki| 3 8  kvgxg I nvgxg `yB fvB| Zviv `yÕai‡bi †hŠ_ Kvievi cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK|

N. DÏxcK †_‡K cÖvß †gvU Dc‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ cÖvwš—K Dc‡hv‡Mi kvgx‡gi cÖwZôv‡b †kqv‡ii gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—i‡hvM¨ bq Ges m`m¨ msL¨vI

Zjz bv we‡k­lY Ki| 4 Kg| Aciw`‡K nvgx‡gi Kviev‡i †kqvi µq-weµq nIqvq Zvi Kviev‡i

3  TP, MP g~jab MVb †ewk, Drcv`bI AwaK Ges AwaK kÖwgK KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|

K. eÛ Kx? 1

300 c L. mgevq Kvievi‡K MYZvwš¿K Kvievi ejv nq †Kb? 2
250
b M. kvgx‡gi †hŠ_ Kviev‡ii aiY wbY©q Ki| 3

200 TP N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K nvgx‡gi Kviev‡ii myweavmg~n eY©bv Ki| 4
150
a 9  ˆmq`v mv¸ßv GKRb `¶ bvix D‡`¨v³v| wZwb bvix kÖwgK‡`i Øviv

b GKwU eo gv‡ci n¯w— k‡íi KviLvbv cÖwZôv K‡ib| 10000000
100 c
50 MP UvKvi Rwg µq K‡i †mLv‡b 20000000 UvKvi wewìs wbg©vY

0X K‡i‡Qb Ges 95,00000 UvKvi †mjvB †gwkb, GgeªqWvwi I
5 10 15
Ab¨vb¨ †gwkb ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb cÖwZ gv‡m KuvPvgvj eve`
K. Drcv`b A‡c¶K Kx? 1
2 75,00000 UvKv Ges kÖwgK‡`i †eZb eve` 50,00000 UvKv e¨q
L. AwZ Drcv`b †hvMvb I `vg‡K Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i? 3
4 K‡ib| ZvQvovI wZwb kÖwgK‡`i Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡Ri gybvdvi
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|
GKwU †gvUv Ask, kÖwgK‡`i †eZ‡bi 10% I Zv‡`i ¶z`ª
N. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ wewawU e¨vL¨v Ki|
mÂqmg~n GKwÎZ K‡i cybtwewb‡qv‡Mi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|

4  P, R, C K. RvZxq g~jab Kx 1

MC AC L. PjwZ g~jab Kxfv‡e bZzb g~jab MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i? 2

PE AR = MR = D = P M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ¯’vqx g~jab wbY©q Ki| 3

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K g~jab MV‡bi Dcvqmg~n we‡k­lY Ki| 4

OM Q 10 KvRx Kvqmvi GKwU cv­ w÷K d¨v±wii gvwjK| wZwb Zvi d¨v±wi‡Z

800 UvKv gRywi‡Z 80 Rb, 700 UvKv gRywi‡Z 70 Rb Ges 600

K. Wz‡qvcmwb evRvi Kx? 1 UvKv gRywi‡Z 60 Rb wb‡qvM †`b| wZwb wk¶v, AwfÁZv I

L. MR †iLv f‚wg A‡¶i mgvši— vj nq †Kb? 2 Kg©`¶Zv we‡ePbv K‡i gRywi cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb|

M. wPÎvbymv‡i gybvdvi cwigvY wbYq© Ki| 3 K. cÖK…Z gRywi Kx? 1

N. DÏxc‡K †h evRvi we`¨gvb Zvi ˆewkó¨ we‡k­lY Ki| 4 L. `vg¯i— Kxfv‡e cÖK…Z gRwy i‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i? 2

5  ¯^vaxb miKvi I ivwdb ingvb `yB eÜy e¨vsKvi| ¯^vaxb miKv‡ii M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K kgÖ †hvMvb cwiw¯’wZ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

e¨vsKwU gybvdv AR©b I eû¸Y FY m„wó Ki‡Z m¶g wKš‘ ivwdb N. †Kvb †Kvb welq Øviv gRywi wba©vwiZ nq? DÏxc‡Ki

ingv‡bi e¨vsKwU gybvdv AR©b Ges eû¸Y FY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Av‡jv‡K †Zvgvi gZvgZ e¨³ Ki| 4

Z‡e †`‡ki FY wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| 11  Y = R + W + i + P..............(i)

K. AvgvbZ Kx? 1 Y = C + I + G + (X  M) .............(ii)

L. A_©‡K wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g ejv nq †Kb? 2 K. RvZxq Avq Kx? 1

M. ¯^vaxb miKv‡ii e¨vsKwUi eû¸Y FY m„wó cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. Avq †_‡K wewb‡qv‡Mi DrcwË nq Kxfv‡e? 2

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ivwdb ingv‡bi e¨vsKwUi we‡kl M. (i) bs mgxKiY †_‡K RvZxq Avq cÖvwß e¨vL¨v Ki| 3

ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4 N. (ii) bs mgxKi‡Yi Av‡jv‡K RvZxq Av‡qi Dcv`vbmg~n

we‡k­lY Ki| 4

50 h‡kvi miKvwi gwnjv K‡jR

mgq2 NÈv 30 wgwbU A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb70

1  Rwb GKwU †`‡k †eov‡Z wM‡q j¶¨ Kij, †mLv‡b Drcv`‡bi mKj 6  evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmgyn RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q M‡o _vKv Ajm A_©‡K wewfbœ
ai‡bi AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨vswK Kvh©µg MwZkxj iv‡L|
DcKiY iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvaxb| gybvdv AR©‡bi cwie‡Z© RbKj¨vY cieZ©x‡Z G A_© RbMY‡K FY wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb K‡i| Z‡e FY MÖnxZv‡K

mva‡bi Rb¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq| †fv³v‡`i ¯^vaxbZv †bB, Z‡e mivmwi UvKv bv w`‡q Zvi bv‡g GKwU e¨vsK wn‡m‡e Pvjy K‡i †mLv‡b

mvgvwRK wbivcËv Av‡Q| †`kwUi hveZxq A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg Rgv †`q Ges †P‡Ki gva¨‡g G A_© D‡Ëvj‡bi my‡hvM †`q|

†K›`ªxq cwiKíbv KZ…©c‡¶i wbqš¿Yvaxb| K. †Lvjv evRvi bxwZ Kx? 1

K. e¨wóK A_©bxwZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cv_©K¨ †jL| 2

L. Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv Kx? 2 M. DÏxcK Abyhvqx g~jab MV‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki f‚wgKv

M. DÏxc‡K Av‡jvwPZ †`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb? eY©bv Ki| 3

weeiY `vI| 3 N. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki eû ¸wYZK FY m„wói cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4

N. D³ †`‡k †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv KZ©…c¶ Kxfv‡e mKj A_©‰bwZK 7  †g‡nw` I ZvbwRg `yB fvB| †g‡nw` GKwU miKvwi K‡j‡R I

Kg©KvÊ wbqš¿Y K‡i Zv we‡k­lY Ki| 4 ZvbwRg GKwU ivóªvqË RyUwg‡j PvKwi K‡i mgvb †eZb fvZv cvb|

2  `vg Pvwn`v †hvMvb Z‡e ZvbwRg wg‡ji GKwU †QvU N‡i webv fvovq _v‡Kb| wZwb wgj

10 300 100 †_‡K eQ‡i bZzb Rvgv-Rvco I RyZv cvb wKš‘ †g‡nw` cvb bv| 1
K. cÖK…Z gRywi Kx?
15 200 200 L. Avw_©K I cÖK…Z gyRwii cv_©K¨ †`LvI| 2

20 100 300 M. cÖK…Z gRywi I `vg¯—‡ii m¤úK© †`LvI| 3
N. †g‡n`x I ZvbwR‡gi g‡a¨ Kvi cÖK…Z gRywi †ewk Ges †Kb?
K. fvimvg¨ Kx? 1 we‡k­lY Ki| 4

L. †hvMvb wewa ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2 8  weMZ 4 eQi a‡i Zvjnv I Zvi 5 eÜy wg‡j ÔAv‡jvi w`kvixÕ bvgK

M. m~wPi wfwˇZ Aw¼Z †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ fvimvg¨ `vg †Kv¤úvwbwU cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| Z‡e GLv‡b g~jab Kg I

wba©viY †`LvI| 3 †kqvi A-n¯’vši— ‡hvM¨ nIqvq e¨emv‡qi DbœwZ e¨vnZ n‡”Q| GLb
e¨emvq m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ AwaK g~jab msMÖ‡ni D‡Ï‡k¨
N. Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi AmgZvi Kvi‡Y `v‡gi DaŸ©gyLx wKsev Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q †Kv¤úvwbwU †kqvi wewµi wm×vš— wb‡q‡Q|

wb¤œgLy x nIqvi cÖeYZv we‡k­lY Ki| 4 K. †Kvb Kviev‡ii †Kvbi“c AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZ †bB? 1

3  wk‡ív‡`¨v³v byi †nv‡mb g‡b K‡ib evsjv‡`‡k `ª“Z wkívq‡bi c‡_ L. ivóªvqË I cÖwZôv‡bi Amyweav¸‡jv Kx? 2

me‡P‡q eo evav nj g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv| `ª“Z wk‡ívbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© ZvB M. DÏxc‡Ki †Kv¤úvwbwU Kx ai‡Yi msMVb Zv eY©bv Ki| 3

GLv‡b g~jab MV‡bi nvi e„w× Kiv `iKvi| A_©‰bwZK eywbqv` N. AwaK g~jab msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwbwU †kqvi Rbmvavi‡Yi

kw³kvwj Kiv Ges wewb‡qvM-AbyK‚j Ki I evwYR¨ bxwZ G‡¶‡Î Kv‡Q wewµi wm×vš— we‡k­lY Ki| 4

hy‡_ó mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i| 9 Y D S

K. fvmgvb g~jab Kx? 1

L. mylg A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î g~ja‡bi ¸i“Z¡ Kxiƒc? 2
AC, MC, D1
M. `ª“Z wk‡ívbqœ ‡bi †¶‡Î g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv wKfv‡e evav n‡qAR, MR

`uvov‡Z cv‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki? LvRbv3 X

N. evsjv‡`‡k `ª“Z wk‡ívbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© hv Kiv `iKvi Zv OQ

DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 Rwgi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb

4  Drcv`b Mo Avq K. †Kvb `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K Rwgi †hvMvb m¤ú~Y© w¯w’ Z¯’vcK? 1

1 100 L. wbg LvRbvi aviYv ¯^íKvjxb aviYv †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU‡Z f‚wgi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLvi AvK…wZ Kx

2 100 wb‡`©k K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wP‡Îi wfwˇZ LvRbvi n«vm-e„w×i KviY we‡k­lY Ki| 4
3 100
10  AD = C + I + G . GLv‡b C = †emiKvwi †fvMe¨q,
I = †emiKvwi †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q, G = miKvwi e¨q|
4 100 K. mvgMÖxK Avq ej‡Z Kx †evS? 1

5 100 L. †`kxq bvMwiK KZ„©K we‡`k †_‡K †_‡K AvwR©Z A_© †Kvb

K. Drcv`b A‡c¶K Kx? 1 ai‡bi wn‡m‡e Aš—f³©y n‡e bv? 2
M. Dwj­wLZ mgxKiYwU †Kvb ai‡bi A_©bxwZ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? 3
L. dv‡g©i cwieZ©bkxj DcKiY ej‡Z wK †evS? 2 N. evsjv‡`‡k Kg©ms¯’vb e„wׇZ Kxfv‡e mgxKiYwU cÖvmw½K

M. m~wPi wfwˇZ †gvU Avq †iLv AsKb Ki| 3 †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4

N. cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ cÖvwšK— Avq †iLv AsKY Ki| G †iLv 11  `ª‡e¨i GKK †gvU Dc‡hvM

†Kvb evRv‡ii mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv we‡k­lY Ki| 4

5 Y 14

MC 27

AC 3 9

O e AR 4 10
MR X 5 10
69
cwigvY

K. cwic~iK `ªe¨ Kx? 1 K. fvimvg¨ Kv‡K e‡j? 2

L. cÖvšx— K Avq ej‡Z wK †evS? 2 L. w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2

M. wPÎ †_‡K gybvdvi cwigvY wba©viY Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K †_‡K cÖvwš—K Dc‡hvM †iLv A¼b Ki| 3

N. wP‡Î Dwj­wLZ gybvdv wK mKj †¶‡Î AR©b Kiv N. DÏxc‡Ki †gvU Dc‡hvM I cÖvwši— Dc‡hvM Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK©

m¤¢e?hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI| 4 wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI| 4