English

Section Sentence Structure Clause-†K `wy U cÖavb †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq; dependent clause
01 I independent clause. Independent clause n‡”Q Ggb
GKwU clause hv wb‡RB GKwU grammatically correct
Basic Concepts: Checking Subject & Verb sentence n‡Z cv‡i| Avi, dependent clause n‡”Q Ggb GKwU
for Each Clause clause hv wb‡R GKwU grammatically correct sentence n‡Z
cv‡i bv| wb‡gœv³ sentence-wU‡Z `wy U clause Av‡Q|
GK ev GKvwaK clause wb‡q sentence MwVZ nq| GKwU
The president kept none of the promises that he had made.
clause-G GKwU subject I GKwU finite verb _v‡K| A_©vr
ev‡K¨i gj~ Dcv`vb `yBwU| "The president kept none of the promises" clause-wU
wb‡RB GKwU grammatically correct sentence n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
1. Subject GwU independent clause|
"that he had made" clause-wU wb‡R GKwU grammatically
2. Finite Verb correct sentence n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB GwU dependent clause|
GKwU sentence wbf©yj nIqvi Rb¨ sentence-wU‡Z Kgc‡¶
Example: GKwU independent clause _vK‡Z nq| hLb GKwU
Alamin became the president of the country. sentence-G GKvwaK clause _vK‡e, ZLb Zv‡`i msh³y Kivi
Sub Finite Verb Rb¨ clause marker e¨eüZ nq|
Clause marker ej‡Z wb‡¤œv³ k㸇jv‡K †evSvq :
GLv‡b GKwU subject I GKwU finite verb _vKvq GwU GKwU clause|
1. Relative pronoun: Who, Which, That, Whom,
The children enjoying a lot Whose, What etc.
Sub Non-finite verb
2. Relative Adverb: Where, When, How.
GLv‡b GKwU subject _vKv m‡Ë¡I finite verb bv _vKvq` GwU 3. Subordinating conjunction: Through, Although, As,
†Kv‡bv clause bq|
†h‡nZz finite verb clause-Gi gyL¨ Dcv`vb, †m‡nZz finite verb Since, Because, Until, Unless, Once, Than, So that,
I non-finite verb-Gi cv_©K¨ Aek¨B eSy ‡Z n‡e| verb-Gi So.......that, If, Whether, While, Whenever, Wherever,
wewfbœ iƒc¸‡jv j¶ Kiv hvK: Before, After, As if, As though, Whilst etc.

v1 v2(Past v3 (Past v4 v5 Clause marker Øviv GKvwaK clause hy³ n‡j complex
sentence MwVZ nq| complex sentence-G clause
(Present/Simple Form) Participl (Gerund/Participle) (Infinitive) marker hy³ clause-wUB dependent clause Ges clause
marker Qvov clause-wUB independent clause|
form) e Form)
When she arrives, I will meet him.
go went gone going to go
Dependent clause independent clause
see saw seen seeing to see
Coordinating conjunction (and, but, or) Øviv `ywU clause
Finite Verb Non-Finite Verb (without h³y n‡j compound sentence MwVZ nq, †hLv‡b `ywU clause-
B grammatically independent|
(Always) BE/HAVE verb)
He was poor but his wife loved him.
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, v1 I v2 iƒc `ywU sentence-G memgq finite verb wn‡m‡e
Coordinating conjunction
KvR K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ iƒc¸‡jv—†hgb: v3 (verb-Gi past participle), v4
(participle ev gerund) Ges v5 (infinitive)—non-finite verb wn‡m‡e Way to solve questions:

KvR K‡i| Z‡e v3 ev v4-Gi Av‡M auxiliary verb emv‡bv n‡j Sentence wU c‡o cÖ_‡gB †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e Independent clause
(Principle clause) Av‡Q wKbv| Independent Clause Qvov
auxiliary+v3 ev auxiliary+v4 finite verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| A_v©r, †Kv‡bv Sentence ‰Zwi n‡Z cv‡i bv| Independent Clause _vKvi
c‡i Extra Information ‡`qvi Rb¨ Avgiv Sub-ordinate clause
Finite Verb Identify Finite verbs or Non- ev phrase e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|

Pattern finite verbs Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction joining word hv ms‡hvM K‡i
BE verb/ HAVE 1. I have done it. things of equal value. Coordinating conjunction `yB ev
Zvi AwaK nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases
verb + V3 2. While I was walking, I saw a or clauses †K †hvM K‡i|
English language G 7wU coordinating conjunctions
BE Verb + V4 dead cow. Av‡Q. G¸‡jv g‡b ivLvi mnR Dcvq n‡”Q FANBOYS

3. Going to his office, I found F ANBOY S

him sleeping. For And Nor But Or Yet So

4. Written by Hoshen M. M., And- And GKwU wRwb‡mi mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU wRwbm †hvM K‡i|

Bishad Shindhu is still popular. Example:
I go to the park every Sunday to watch the ducks on
Example: Going to his office, I found him sleeping. the lake and the shirtless men playing soccer.
I went there and I was surprised to see all of them together.
Dc‡ii sentence-wU‡Z GKwU clause; KviY, GLv‡b †Kej GKwU
finite verb (found) Av‡Q| evwK¸‡jv (going, sleeping) n‡jv But- But Øviv wecixZ A_© cÖKvk Kiv nq|

non-finite verb|

Classification of Clause:

Clause

Independent Clause Dependent clause

Noun Clause Adjective Adverb
Clause Clause

Example: Connecting Words: Coordinating Conjunctions

The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, Use this pattern:
but it’s better in the heat of summer.
independent comma coordinating independe
Or- Or Øviv Alternative ev Choice cKÖ vk Kiv nq|
clause [,] conjunction nt clause
Example:
The men play on teams: shirts or skins. Connecting Words: Subordinating Conjunctions

Yet- Yet conjunction wU But Gi gZ `yBwU wecixZ Idea ‡K Use the following patterns:
†hvM Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq; Contrast cÖKv‡k Yet †ewk
emphasis K‡i| Avevi †Kv‡bv KvR wbw`©ó mgq NUvi K_v independent subordinating clause
wQj wKš‘ Zv N‡Uwb Z‡e NUvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Yet
e¨eüZ nq| Negative Word Gi c‡i e‡m| clause conjunction
Interrogative sentence-G Yet ev‡K¨i †k‡l e‡m|
or
Example:
subordinating clause comma independent
I have not yet finished reading the book. Alanna was
conjunction clause
groggy from jet lag, yet she sang brilliantly.
Punctuation: Semicolon
Nor- Nor Øviv “and not” Gi A_© †evSvq| GUv mvaviYZ e¨envi Kiv
nq independent clauses †hvM Ki‡Z, wKš‘ GUvi Rb¨ word Semicolon e¨envi Kiv hvq `ywU independent clause †K

Order- G Change Avb‡Z n‡e| verb Gi GKwU Ask ev KL‡bv †hvM Ki‡Z| Use the following pattern:
KL‡bv cy‡iv Verb wU Subject Gi Av‡M wb‡q Avm‡Z nq|
independent Semicolon (;) independent
Example: clause clause

He did not call, nor did he send a text message. Incorrect: The service at the restaurant was horrible,
(=and he did not send a text message)
we waited almost an hour to place our
For- For mvaviYZ because Gi gZ KviY cÖKvk K‡i|
GLv‡b wØZxq Idea wU cÖ_g idea–Gi KviY| order with the waiter.

Example: We set up camp early, for we were tired Correct: The service at the restaurant was horrible;

from the hike. we waited almost an hour to place our
(=because we were tired)
order with the waiter.
So- so mvaviYZ djvdj cÖKv‡k e¨eüZ nq| GUv therefore Gi
gZ A_© †`q| GLv‡b wØZxq Idea wU cÖ_g idea–Gi djvdj| Example-01

Example: We were tired from the hike, so we set up In geometry, a tangent is a straight line ——— a

camp early. curve at only one point.
(= therefore, we set up camp early)
A. it touches B. whose touching
N.B: Coordinating conjunctions mvaviYZ
conjunctions ‡_‡K looser connections ˆZwi K‡i| C. its touching D. that touches

 Coordinating conjunctions e¨eüZ nq items joint G cÖ‡kœ GKwU finite verb (is) Av‡Q| A-†Z verb (touches) _vKvq
Ki‡Z wKš‘ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e¨envi Kiv hvq bv
`ywU finite verb nq; wKš‘ sentence-G †Kv‡bv conj/CM bv _vK‡j
Examples:
Correct: I like coffee, but I don’t like tea. `ywU finite verb _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB GwU mwVK bq| B-†Z CM _vKvq
Incorrect: But I don’t like tea, I like coffee.
 Some important Sentence Patterns: Av‡iKwU finite verb `iKvi wKš‘ touching finite verb bq| D-†Z
1. IC + Co-ordinate Conjunction + IC (Independent Clause)
2. IC + ; + IC CM Av‡Q Ges finite verb Av‡Q| ZvB GUvB mwVK DËi|
3. IC + Clause Marker + DC (Dependent Clause)
4. Clause Marker + DC, IC Example-02

RUN-ON SENTENCES It was the ragtime painst scott Joplin ——— the Maple
A run-on n‡jv GKwU grammar mistake ‡hLv‡b `ywU ev Zvi †ewk
independent clauses ‡K GKwU Sentence-G wjLv nq †Kv‡bv Leaf Rag, perhaps the best known of all ragtime tunes.
appropriate punctuation A_ev connecting word Qvov|
A. wrote B. the writer of
wb‡¤œv³ Sentence wU †`Lv hvK:
C. who wrote D. writing
Srabon bought a car last week, Karim bought one also.
C mwVK; KviY, k~b¨¯’v‡b who wrote emv‡j sentence-G GKwU CM
GwU GKwU fzj Sentence KviY GLv‡b `ywU independent
clause e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q wKš‘ †Kv‡bv Conjunctions e¨envi Kiv I `wy U finite verb _v‡K| A mwVK bq; KviY, k~b¨¯’v‡b wrote emv‡j
nqwb| Run-on sentence ‡K correct Kiv hvq connecting
words †hgb t coordinating conjunctions, subordinating †Kv‡bv conj/CM QvovB finite verb `ywU (was Ges wrote) n‡q hvq|
conjunctions Ges appropriate punctuation e¨envi K‡i|
Sample Questions

1. Usually political cartoons ––– on the editorial

page of a newspaper.

A. appear B. whose appearance

C. by appearing D. when appear

2. Since leaving the presidency in 1980, --------

A. Jimmy Carter will teach public policy courses

at Emory University in Atlanta

B. Jimmy Carter to teach public policy courses

at Emory University in Atlanta

C. Jimmy Carter teaching public policy courses

at Emory University in Atlanta

D. Jimmy Carter has taught public policy

courses at Emory University in Atlanta
3. —— primary colors are red, blue, and yellow.

A. There are three B. The three

C. Three of them D. That the three

4. —— who was elected the first woman mayor More Exercise: Basic Concepts

of Chicago in 1979. 1. Every spring, millions of American children ——
—— the customs of searching for Easter eggs
A. It was Jane Byrne B. Jane Byrne hidden the night before by their parents.
C. That Jane Byrne D. When Jane Byrne A. enjoying B. enjoys C. who enjoy D. enjoy
5. Crop rotation —— of preserving soil fertility.
2. —— of evolution involves the concept of survival

A. it is one method B. one method of the fittest, often called natural selection.

C. a method is one D. is one method A. That the theory B. Of the theory

6.  contained in the chromosomes, and C. The theory D. Theories
——, regarded by archaeologists as the word’s oldest
they are thought of as the units of heredity. 3.

continuously inhabited city, is the capital of Syria.

A. genes which are B. genes are A. Damascus is B. Damascus being

C. when genes D. because of genes C. Damascus D. That Damascus
——, who died in 1953, depicted ancient man
7.  Biloxi received its name form a Sioux 4.

word meaning “first people”. through drawings, paintings, and sculptures.

A. It was an artist, Charles Knight

A. the city of B. located in B. Artist Charles Knight
C. Charles Knight’s art
C. it is in D. the tour included
D. Charles knight an artist
1. Answers with Explanations 5. —— of the landing of the Mayflower is a rather
small, gray stone in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
[A] kb~ ¨¯’v‡b finite verb `iKvi; KviY, Ab¨ †Kv_vI finite

verb †bB| ZvB mwVK DËi A| option B I D-†Z clause A. The site B. For the site

marker Av‡Q; sentence-G GKwU clause marker C. There is site D. To the site

_vK‡j `wy U finite verb _vK‡Z n‡e| ZvB B I D mwVK bq| 6. When population is not checked by artificial
means,—— increases, putting more stain on

option C-†Z finite verb †bB| ZvB GUvI mwVK bq| limited natural resources.

2. [D] cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k †Kv‡bv finite verb I subject †bB| ZvB A. they B. than C. so D. it

Ggb GKwU option evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e, †hLv‡b GKwU finite verb 7. Although most species of fox are reddish-brown,
——— is often pure white.

I subject Av‡Q| option A Ges D G‡¶‡Î we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z A. the Arctic fox B. nevertheless the Arctic fox

cv‡i| sentence-wU‡Z since+time _vKvq present perfect 8. C. that the Arctic fox D. but the Arctic fox
——, the son of a glove maker in Stratford-upon-

tense e¨eüZ n‡e| ZvB mwVK DËi D| Avon, went on to become the greatest playwright

3. [B] cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k GKwU finite verb Av‡Q| option A mwVK bq; the English language has ever known.
KviY, G‡¶‡Î sentence-G `ywU finite verb n‡q hvq, hvi Rb¨ A. William Shakespeare was
B. That William Shakespeare

GKwU clause marker _vKv Avek¨K| option C mwVK bq; KviY, C. William Shakespeare

G‡¶‡Î `wy U subject n‡q hvq, A_P finite verb Av‡Q GKwU| 9. D. When William Shakespeare was
Although Anne Tyler received a Pulitzer Prize for
option D DËi Ki‡j sentence-G †Kv‡bv independent her novel Breathing Lessons,—— has never

clause _v‡K bv| ZvB mwVK DËi B| G‡¶‡Î the three primary received the broad popular acclaim of a novelist
colors m¤úY~ © phrase-wU subject-Gi KvR Ki‡Q|
such as Anne Rice.

A. what she B. she

4. [A] GLv‡b k~b¨¯’v‡bi c‡ii AskUKz z GKwU dependent clause C. that she D. and she
ZvB k~b¨¯’v‡b Aek¨B GKwU independent clause A_©vr GKwU 10. Sanford Meisner ——— the Neighborhood

subject I GKwU finite verb jvM‡e| ZvB mwVK DËi A| Playhouse in New York City.

A. founding and directing

5. [D] c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB| option A I B. who founded and directed
C mwVK bq; KviY, G‡¶‡Î sentence-G `wy U subject n‡q C. founded and directed
D. in finding and directing

hvq| option B mwVK bq; KviY, G‡¶‡Î `ywU subject n‡q 11. Fabian, although well known among many different
circles in the early 1960s, —— with teenagers.
hvq Ges †Kv‡bv finite verb _v‡K bv| ZvB mwVK DËi D| A. was populated B. most popular

6. [B] c‡Ö kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k And Coordinating Conjunction C. was most popular D. most populated

Gi ci GKwU independent clause ‡`qv Av‡Q| mZy ivs 12. In the 1930s, many American plants and
industries, suffering from economic hardship
ïiæi As‡kI GKwU independent clause `iKvi| caused by the Great Depression,———

Option B–‡Z independent clause ‡`qv Av‡Q| Ab¨ A. folding banks closed them

†Kv‡bv option G †`qv †bB| mZy ivs mwVK DËi Option B. B. were closed by folding banks
7. [A] c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k GKwU finite verb ‡`qv Av‡Q wKš‘ C. closed folding banks
D. were closing by folded banks

†Kv‡bv Subject ‡`qv †bB| option B, C I D ‡Z †Kv‡bv 13. A surprising amount of opposition to the D-Day
Subject ‡bB| ïagy vÎ Option A ‡Z Subject wn‡m‡e the landings —— among Eisenhower’s own staff.
city of ‡`qv Av‡Q| ZvB mwVK DËi Option A.
A. there arose B. arose

C. if arose D. they arose

14. Many plants, in contrast to humans,——— asexually. 8. [C] c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k GKwU finite verb (went) †`qv Av‡Q
hvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv sub †bB| gap-G GB finite verb-wUi
A. reproduce B. reproducing Rb¨ subject emv‡Z n‡e| option C-†Z sub cvIqv hvq|

C. are reproducing D. have reproduce 9. [B] Although --- lessons ch©šÍ n‡j dependent clause|
15. Upper New York State —— some of the loveliest ZvB Avgv‡`i GKwU independent clause `iKvi| cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë
As‡k independent clause-Gi finite verb (has received)
landscapes in the eastern part of the United States. †`qv Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv sub †bB| gap-G GB finite verb-wUi
Rb¨ subject emv‡Z n‡e| option D-†Z sub cvIqv hvq|
A. boasts B. being C. that has D. with
16. Traits ———— from a parent organism to its 10. [C] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv Sanford Meisner| †h‡nZz cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë
As‡k sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB, †m‡nZz gap-G
offspring thought genes. finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| option C-†Z finite verb cvIqv hvq|

A. are passed on B. passing on 11. [C] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv Fabian| †h‡nZz c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k
sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB, †m‡nZz gap-G
C. passes on D. are passing on finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| option A I C-†Z finite verb
cvIqv hvq| Sentence-Gi A_©vbymv‡i Fabian-†K Rbeûj
17. Public defender programs, established in most Kiv nq wb, eis †m RbwcqÖ wQj| ZvB mwVK DËi C|
American counties, —— free legal services to
12. [B] Sentence-wU‡Z suffering --- depression ch©šÍ n‡jv
needy defendants. phrase| KviY GLv‡b †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB| evK¨wU‡Z sub
n‡jv many American plants and industries| †h‡nZz cÖ‡kœ
A. providing B. who provide cÖ`Ë As‡k sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB, †m‡nZz gap-G
finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| option B I C-†Z finite verb cvIqv
C. to provide D. provide hvq| passive meaning-Gi Rb¨ mwVK DËi option B|

18. The Bennington Memorial, a towering structure 13. [B] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv a surprising amount| †h‡nZz
dedicated to Revolutionary War veterans, still — c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB,
——— in Bennington, Vermont. †m‡nZz gap-G finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| option B-†Z
finite verb cvIqv hvq|
A. stand B. standing C. stands D. to stand
19. The U.S. legal system —— based upon 14. [A] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv many plants| †h‡nZz cÖ‡kœ c`Ö Ë
As‡k sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB, †m‡nZz gap-
adversarial relationships, but this is not always G finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| option A I C-†Z finite
verb cvIqv hvq| evK¨wU‡Z GKwU ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ cÖKvk
the case. Kiv‡Z present indefinite tense e¨eüZ n‡e|

A. it is B since it is C. being D. is 15. [A] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv Upper New York State|
20. —— large rodents about the size of a pig that †h‡nZz c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb
†bB, †m‡nZz gap-G finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| option A-
live in South America. †Z finite verb cvIqv hvq|

A. Capibaras B. Capibaras that are 16. [A] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv traits| †h‡nZz cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k sub-
Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB, †m‡nZz gap-G finite verb
C. Capibaras are D. Capibaras while they are emv‡Z n‡e| option A I D-†Z finite verb cvIqv hvq|
evK¨wU‡Z GKwU ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv‡Z Ges passive
Answers with Explanations meaning _vKvq option A mwVK DËi n‡e|
1. [D] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv millions of American
17. [D] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv public defender programs|
Children| †h‡nZz c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv †h‡nZz c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb
†bB, †m‡nZz gap-G finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| option D-†Z
finite verb †bB, †m‡nZz gap-G finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| finite verb cvIqv hvq|

option B I D-†Z finite verb cvIqv hvq| sub plural 18. [C] evK¨wU‡Z sub n‡jv The Bennington Memorial| †h‡nZz
cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k sub-Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB, †m‡nZz
nIqv‡Z verb-wU enjoys bv n‡q enjoy n‡e|| gap-G finite verb emv‡Z n‡e| option A I C-†Z finite verb
cvIqv hvq| sub singular nIqv‡Z option C mwVK DËi |
2. [C] cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k GKwU finite verb (involves) †`qv Av‡Q
19. [D] cÖ`Ë sentence-G GKwU finite verb `iKvi| Option A
hvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv sub †bB| gap-G GB finite verb-wUi Rb¨ mwVK bq Kvib GLv‡b GKwU AwZwi³ subject 'it' †`Iqv Av‡Q|
Option B mwVK bq Kvib GLv‡b GKwU AwZwi³ clause
subject emv‡Z n‡e| option C I D-†Z sub cvIqv hvq| marker Ges GKwU AwZwi³ subject †`Iqv Av‡Q| Option C
mwVK bq Kvib GwU non finite verb|
verb-wU singular nIqv‡Z sub-I singular n‡e|
20. [C] that --- South America ch©šÍ n‡j dependent
3. [C] c‡Ö kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k GKwU finite verb (is) †`qv Av‡Q hvi clause| ZvB Avgv‡`i GKwU independent clause `iKvi|
cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k independent clause-Gi sub wKsev finite
Rb¨ †Kv‡bv sub †bB| gap-G GB finite verb-wUi Rb¨ verb †bB| gap-G ZvB sub I finite verb DfqB emv‡Z
n‡e| option C-†Z sub I finite verb cvIqv hvq|
subject emv‡Z n‡e| option C-†Z sub cvIqv hvq|

4. [B] cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k GKwU finite verb (depicted) †`qv Av‡Q hvi

Rb¨ †Kv‡bv sub †bB| gap-G GB finite verb-wUi Rb¨ subject

emv‡Z n‡e| option B I C-†Z sub cvIqv hvq| Option C mwVK

bq, KviY art gviv hvqwb; gviv wM‡qwQ‡jb artist|

5. [A] cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë As‡k GKwU finite verb (is) †`qv Av‡Q hvi Rb¨

†Kv‡bv sub †bB| gap-G GB finite verb-wUi Rb¨ subject

emv‡Z n‡e| option A -†Z sub cvIqv hvq| option C-†Z

sub-Gi mv‡_ GKwU verb-I _vKv‡Z Bnv mwVK bq|

6. [D] When --- means ch©šÍ GKwU dependent clause|

ZvB Avgv‡`i GKwU independent clause `iKvi| cÖ‡kœ cÖ`Ë

As‡k independent clause-Gi finite verb (increases)

†`qv Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv sub †bB| gap-G GB finite verb-

wUi Rb¨ subject emv‡Z n‡e| option A I D-†Z sub cvIqv

hvq| verb-wU singular nIqv‡Z sub-I singular n‡e|

7. [A] Although --- brown ch©šÍ GKwU dependent

clause| ZvB Avgv‡`i GKwU independent clause

`iKvi| cÖ‡kœ c`Ö Ë As‡k independent clause-Gi finite

verb (is) †`qv Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv sub †bB| gap-G

GB finite verb-wUi Rb¨ subject emv‡Z n‡e| option A-

†Z sub cvIqv hvq| Although-h³y ev‡K¨ but wKsev

nevertheless e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 5

Classification of Dependent Clause Some Important Rules
Dependent Clause-†K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v
Difference between That and What
1. Noun clause; 2. Adjective clause; 3. Adverb clause Difference-1:

Details of Noun Clause That + Complete Sense: A_©vr that memgq GKwU m¤ú~Y© fact
†h dependent clause noun-Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K noun cÖKvk Ki‡e Ges that Gi c‡i GKwU c~Y©v½ fact e¨eüZ n‡e|
clause e‡j| GLb Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi noun-Gi KvR Kx Kx| What + Incomplete Sense: A_©vr what memgq GKwU m¤ú~Y©
sentence-G noun gj~ Z wZbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K: fact cKÖ vk Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges what Gi c‡i GKwU
(1) verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e incomplete fact e¨eüZ n‡e|
(2) verb-Gi object wKsev complement wn‡m‡e
(3) preposition-Gi object wn‡m‡e Examples:
GKwU m¤ú~Y© dependent clause hw` Dc‡i DwjøwLZ †Kv‡bv KvR 1. That/what he has done the work is certain.
K‡i Zvn‡j D³ dependent clause-wU noun clause n‡e| 2. That/what annoys me is her present.
wb‡gœv³ sentence-¸‡jv j¶ Kiv hvK:
Explanation: c_Ö g sentence wUi mwVK DËi n‡e that|
What he has done is wrong. KviY GLv‡b “he has done” GKwU m¤ú~Y© c~Y©v½ fact| Ab¨w`‡K
subject wØZxq sentence wUi mwVK DËi n‡jv what KviY “annoys
me” ‡Kv‡bv m¤ú~Y© fact bq|
I thought that he would pass the exam.
object Difference-2:

He was criticized for what he had done. That Gi c~‡e© reference (noun ev pronoun) _vK‡Z cv‡i|
object of preposition What Gi c~‡e© reference (noun ev pronoun) _vK‡e bv|

Noun clauses g~jZt wZbfv‡e MwVZ n‡q _v‡K| Examples:
(1) wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq statement ‡_‡K| G mg¯Í 1. The book that/what I wanted is missing.
2. That/what I wanted is missing.
noun clause ¸‡jv clause marker that w`‡q ïiæ nq |
Explanation: c_Ö g sentence wUi mwVK DËi n‡e that|
That Srabon is a good student is known to all. KviY GLv‡b that Gi c~‡e© reference wn‡m‡e the book Av‡Q|
I believe that Sohel can arrange this program. Ab¨w`‡K wØZxq sentence wUi mwVK DËi n‡jv what KviY
what Gi c~‡e© reference e¨eüZ nq bv|
(2) wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq yes/no questions †_‡K| G mg¯Í
noun clause ¸‡jv clause marker whether ev if w`‡q ïiæ nq| Difference-3:

I do not know whether he will join us. That Gi c~‡e© Preposition e¨eüZ nq bv|
My plan depends on if he will cooperate us. What Gi c‡~ e© Preposition e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

(3) wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq information questions Example:
†_‡K| G mg¯Í noun clause ¸‡jv ‡h-words: what, 1. He was appreciated for what/that he had done for
where, when etc. w`‡q ïiæ nq|
the society.
Tell me where he lives.
I know how he solved the problem. Explanation: GLv‡b mwVK DËi n‡jv what KviY Gi cÖ_‡g
The following is a list of noun clause markers. Preposition wn‡m‡e for e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|

Noun clause markers Examples [Exception: Srabon and Karim are the same in that/
what both of them came from Bangladesh.
That indicates a fact I know that he will go. [Here: That means since]

What focuses on a fact instead What he did is unknown. Nominal That Clause
of expressing it completely Nominal that clause GKwU important type of noun
clause. Clause marker that hy³ clause-wU hw` subject-
When indicates a time He told us when he would Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K nominal that clause e‡j| G‡¶‡Î
reach home. that clause-wUi wVK c‡i GKwU finite verb _v‡K Ges m¤úY~ ©
that clause-wU finite verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Where indicates a place I do not want to tell where I
found this book. Structure: That + Subject + finite verb + Verb (singular) + Ext

Why indicates a reason I do not know why he left so early.

Who indicates a person I know who did it.

How many/ How much Can you tell me how many
indicates a quantity/ an amount boys you saw here?

How indicates a manner He showed us how he
solved the problem.

Which indicates a choice Tell me which pen you want.

Whose indicates a I have found out whose

possession book you stole. Nominal that clause

Whom indicates a person I know whom you called. A_©vr, that Gi ci GKwU clause (subject + verb + ext)

Whether indicates two I did not know whether I _vK‡e Ges Gi wVK c‡iB GKwU singular verb _vK‡e|
should bring my bike or
leave it at home. Example:

If indicates alrernatives I didn't know if I should That Bangladesh is a developing country ,is known to all
bring my bike Nominal that clause verb

6 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

Examples: Example:

Incorrect : That the earth revolves around the sun it Do you know where he went?
wasn’t believed until the fifteenth century Could you tell me what time it is?

Correct : That the earth revolves around the sun wasn't Question word ¸‡jv single word- I n‡Z cv‡i ev phrase-
I n‡Z cv‡i| Phrase Gi g‡a¨ whose + noun, how many,
believed until the fifteenth century. how much, how long, how often, what time, Ges what
kind n‡jv me©vwaK cÖPwjZ|
Incorrect : It is that we need to move is sure.
I have no idea how long the interview will take.
Correct : That we need to move is sure. Do they know how often the bus runs at night?
Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?
Incorrect : Is likely that the library is closed. I'll tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.
The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.
Correct : That the library is closed is likely.
 g‡b ivL‡e question word wU hw` wb‡RB sub Gi KvR K‡i
Incorrect : She will win is almost certain. Zvn‡j g~j question Ges embedded question Gi word
order GKB n‡e|
Correct : That she will win is almost certain.
Question: Who will paint that picture?
Sample Practice: Embedded question: They can't decide who will
1. —— begin their existence as ice staff of
paint that picture.
crystals over most of the earth seems likely. Question: Whose car is parked in the lot?
Embedded question: The police can't determine
A. Raindrops B. If raindrops
whose car is parked in the lot.
C. What if raindrops D. That raindrops More examples:
Incorrect : I didn't understand what did he say.
Explanation: mwVK DËi n‡jv D| KviY GwU GKwU Nominal that Correct : I didn't understand what he said.
Incorrect : Do you know how much do they cost?
clause Gi cÖkœ| GLv‡b that Gi ci subject n‡jv “raindrops”, Correct : Do you know how much they cost?
Incorrect : I wonder when is her birthday.
verb n‡jv “begin” Ges Ótheir existence as ice staff of Correct : I wonder when her birthday is.
Incorrect : Could you please tell me where is the post office?
crystals over most of the “earth” n‡jv extension Ges Gi wVK Correct : Could you please tell me where the post office is?
Sample Question:
c‡iB GKwU singular verb wn‡m‡e seems i‡q‡Q| 1. Art critics do not all agree on what —— a

Embedded Question painting great.
Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †R‡bwQ †h, ‘noun clause’ information questions
A. qualities make
†_‡K MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| Information question wU hLb noun clause B. are the qualities for making
C. qualities to make
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, ZLb †mwUi word order wU mvaviY question Gi gZ D. do the qualities that make

nq bv Ges question wU embedded question wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ nq| Explanation: Avgiv Rvwb, Subordinate clause–G question
pattern e¨eüZ nq bv| †h‡nZz GLv‡b “Art critics do not all
wb‡gœv³ structure wU j¶¨ Kwi- agree on” Principle clause ZvB “what” h³y cluase wU
Subordinate clause. GRb¨ what Gi ci subject + verb
A_©vr subordinate clause-G KL‡bvB Question Pattern e¨eüZ bv n‡q e¨eüZ n‡e| hv ïay option (A) ‡Z cvIqv hvq| Option (C) correct
bq KviY subject Gi ci “to make” non-finite verb n‡e|
Noun Clause Pattern ev Embedded Question pattern e¨eüZ n‡e|
Exercise:
G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡gœv³ structure e¨eüZ n‡e:
wb‡Pi Sentence ¸‡jv interrogative sentence. †Zvgv‡K
Question Pattern Noun Clause Pattern question sentence wU‡K GKwU clause Gi ci e¨envi Ki‡Z
(Embedded n‡e| Clause Gi mv‡_ Question wU join Ki‡Z c‡Ö qvRbxq
WH Word + changes Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
Aux+Subject+………….. Question pattern)
sub + verb + WH 1. What will he do? I'm not sure ——
Word + sub + verb 2. Whose book is it? They haven't discovered ——
Or, Aux+ Sub+verb + 3. How much will it cost to repair the car? The
WH Word + sub + verb
mechanic told me ——
Òms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z †M‡j, Subordinate Clause–G WH Word Gi ci Auxiliary Verb ev g~j 4. How was the murder committed? The police are
Verb e¨eüZ bv n‡q “Subject + Auxiliary Verb ev g~j Verb” e¨eüZ n‡e|Ó
still trying to decide ———
awi, GKwU Question: Where have you come from? 5. How tall is John? Do you know ——
6. How well does she play the guitar? You can't imagine —
GB Question wU hw` "I don’t know"-Gi mv‡_ †hvM Kwi Zvn‡j 7. When will the next exam take place? Do you know ——
8. Where did they spend their vacation? Angela told me —
"I don’t know" + "where have you come from" 9. Why are they buying a new house? I don't know ——
 I don’t know where you have come from. 10.How long does the class last? The catalog doesn't say —

Ind. clause dep. clause

Av‡iv wKQy example j¶ Kwi:

Question: where will the meeting take place?

Embedded question:

We have not found out where the meeting will take place.

Q word sub verb

Question: why did the plane land at the wrong airport?

Embedded question: the authorities can not figure

out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.

Q word sub verb

g‡b ivL‡e Embedded question wU‡Z Question word Ges

Subject Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb µ‡gB auxiliary verb em‡e bv|

Embedded question wU hw` Avi GKwU question Gi mv‡_

h³y nq, Zvn‡j wb‡gœv³ structure wU use e¨eüZ n‡e|

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 7

Answers: The following is a list of noun clause markers.
1. what he will d
2. whose book it is Noun clause Examples
3. how much it would cost to repair the car
4. how the murder was committed markers
5. how tall John is?
6. how well she plays the guitar That indicates a fact I know that he will go.
7. when the next exam will take place?
8. where they spent their vacation What focuses on a What he did is unknown.
9. why they are buying a new house
10.how long the class lasts fact instead of expressing

 mskq ev AwbðqZv cÖKv‡k if ev whether e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| it completely

Example: I don’t know that Dr. Hoopkins’ office is on the floor. When indicates a time He told us when he would

Dc‡iv³ Sentence–G that e¨envi Kiv fzj| KviY, Sentence reach home.
wU‡Z mskq cKÖ vk †c‡q‡Q| Avi mskq cÖKv‡k Avgiv if ev
whether e¨envi Kwi| Where indicates a place I do not want to tell where I

Correct Answer: I don’t know if (whether) Dr. Hoopkins’ found this book.
office is on the floor.
Why indicates a reason I do not know why he left so early
 Noun Clause G that hw` object Gi KvR K‡i Zvn‡j
Zv‡K Dn¨ ivLv hvq| Who indicates a person Who sent the letter is a

Example: People know that the earth is round. mystery to me.
or, People know the earth is round.
How many indicates Can you tell me how many
†h dependent clause noun-Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K noun
clause e‡j| GLb Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi noun-Gi KvR Kx Kx| a quantity boys you saw here?
sentence-G noun g~jZ wZbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K t
How much indicates I wonder how much he wants
1. verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e
2. verb-Gi object wn‡m‡e an amount
3. preposition-Gi object wn‡m‡e
wb‡gœv³ sentence-¸‡jv j¶ Kiv hvK: How indicates a manner He showed us how he

What he has done is wrong. solved the problem
subject
Which indicates a choice Tell me which pen you want.
I thought that he would pass the exam.
object Whose indicates a I have found out whose

He was criticized for what he had done. possession book you stole.
object of preposition
Whom indicates a person I know whom you called
Noun clauses g~jZt wZbfv‡e MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|
1. wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq statement mg¯Í noun If indicates alternatives My plan depends on if he

clause ¸‡jv clause marker that w`‡q ïiæ nq | will cooperate us.

That Srabon is a good student is known to all. Whether indicates I do not know whether he
I believe that Sohel can arrange this program.
alternatives will join us or stay back.
2. wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq yes/no questions †_‡K| G mg¯Í
noun clause ¸‡jv clause marker whether ev if w`‡q ïiæ nq|  Noun clause-Gi cÖkœ mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gvœ ³ welq¸‡jv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e:

I do not know whether he will join us.  That Ges What-Gi cv_©K¨
My plan depends on if he will cooperate us.
Dependent clause-G GKwU Z_¨ (fact) m¤úyY©iƒ‡c
3. wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq information questions †_‡K| G mg¯Í
noun clause ¸‡jv wh-words: what, where, when etc. w`‡q ïiæ nq| cÖKvwkZ n‡j clause marker wn‡m‡e that e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘

Tell me where he lives. Z_¨ (fact)-wU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ bv n‡j what e¨eüZ nq|
I know how he solved the problem.
That/What he got is known to all. [GLv‡b 'he got'

gv‡b †m †c‡qwQj; wKš‘ Kx †c‡qwQj, Zv D‡jøL †bB; A_©vr

Z_¨ (fact)-wU m¤ú~Yi© ƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq wb| ZvB what n‡e|]

That/What he got the prize is known to all. ['he got the

prize' Øviv Z_¨ (fact)-wU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nIqvq that n‡e|]

preposition-Gi ci clause marker wn‡m‡e that-Gi

cwie‡Z© what e¨eüZ nq|

He was acclaimed for that/what he had done for the poor.

 Embedded Question

noun clause-G KL‡bv question pattern use nq bv|

G †¶‡Î subordinate clause-Gi structure nq wbgœiƒc:

WH word + sub + v

I know what have you thought. (Incorrect)
I know what you have thought. (Correct)

Tall me what is your name. (Incorrect)
Tall me what your name is. (Correct)
 Nominal That Clause

that clause-wU hw` subject-Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K
nominal that clause e‡j| G‡¶‡Î that clause-wUi
wVK c‡i GKwU finite verb _v‡K Ges m¤úY~ © that clause-
wU finite verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

That Bangladesh is a developing country is known to all.
nominal that clauseverb

8 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

 That Clause as Object Answers with Explanations

That clause hw` object-Gi KvR K‡i Zvn‡j clause 1. [D] evK¨wU‡Z as ..... of the earth ch©šÍ n‡jv prepositional
phrase| that clause-wU seems verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e
marker that-†K sentence †_‡K ev` †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| KvR Ki‡Q hv GKwU noun clause| noun-Gi gZ noun
clause-I †Kvb finite verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z
I wish that I were a bird. cv‡i| that hy³ noun clause hLb GKwU m¤ú~Y© fact wn‡m‡e
†Kvb GKwU finite verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i ZLb
or, I wish I were a bird. Zv‡K nominal that clause e‡j| Gi structure-Uv n‡jv

 If or Whether as noun clause marker that + sub + finite verb + .. .. + finite verb

mskq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ clause marker wn‡m‡e if/whether e¨eüZ n‡e| G sentence-G that clause-wU wØZxq verb 'seems'-
Gi subject wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
I do not know that/whether he comes. 2. [B] mvaviYZ preposition-Gi c‡i clause marker
wn‡m‡e that e‡m bv| mZy ivs option AGes D ev`| Avi
Notice: Noun clause-†K reduce Kiv hvq bv| dependent clause-G KLbI question pattern nq bv
e‡j option C ev`| mZy ivs mwVK DËi B|
Exercise: (Noun Clause) 3. [D] Sentence-wU‡Z verb Av‡Q jvM‡e sub| Avi †hUv n‡Z cv‡i
GKwU noun/pron. ev GKUv noun clause | option A Ges C
1. —— begin their existence as ice the staff of n‡e bv KviY G¸‡jv DËi Ki‡j sentense-G `yÕwU independent
clause Ges option B Ges D-Gi g‡a¨ B n‡e bv KviY
crystals over most of the earth seems likely. dependent clause-G question pattern nq bv|
4. [C] nominal that clause-Gi mΖ (that + sub + finite verb
A. Raindrops B. If raindrops + .. .. + finite verb) cy‡ivcwy i bv wgjvq option A mwVK DËi
bq| principal clause-G GKvwaK finite verb _vKvq option B
C. What if raindrops D. That raindrops mwVK bq| option D emv‡j sentence-G †Kvb principal
2. Scientists cannot agree on —— related to other clause Ly‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv weavq GwUI mwVK DËi bq| myZivs
mwVK DËi option C| GLv‡b what h³y dependent clause-
orders of insects. wU is verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
5. [A] noun clause-G KL‡bv question pattern e¨envi nq
A. that fleas are B. how fleas are bv| G‡¶‡Î subordinate clause-Gi structure nq wbgœiƒc:

C. how are fleas D. fleas that are WH word + sub + verb

3. —— is a narrow strip of woods along a stream in 6. [A] sentence-wU‡Z sub I Av‡Q finite verb I Av‡Q hv n‡jv
Independent clause| Avi evwK †hUv Avm‡e †mUv n‡e
an open grassland. dependent clause| Avi dependent clause-G
question pattern nq bv| mZy ivs C I D ev`| Avi A Ges B-
A. Ecologists use the term "gallery forest" Gi g‡a¨ B n‡e bv KviY that GKUv fact-†K represent K‡i
†hUv what K‡i bv Avi GLv‡b m¤ú~Y© fact represent nqwb|
B. What do ecologists call a "gallery forest"
7. [D] noun clause-G KL‡bv question pattern e¨envi nq bv|
C. "Gallery forest" is the term ecologists use mZy ivs option A mwVK bq| option B I C mwVK bq, KviY
GLv‡bv †Kv‡bv dependent clause †bB| myZivs mwVK DËi D|
D. What ecologists call a "gallery forest"
4. —— so incredible is that these insects 8. [C] †Kv‡bv welq m¤ú‡K© mskq cKÖ v‡k noun clause-G
clause marker wn‡m‡e if/whether e¨eüZ nq|
successfully migrate to places that they have
9. [D] question-1-Gi e¨vL¨v †`L‡Z n‡e|
never even seen. 10. [B] sub Ges finite verb Av‡Q| myZivs evwK †hUv Avm‡e

A. That makes the monarch butterflies' migration †mUv n‡e Dependent clause| ZvB option B n‡jv
answer| g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, GLv‡b †Zv †Kv‡bv clause
B. The migration of the monarch butterflies is marker †bB| Avm‡j that objective pronoun wnmv‡e
use n‡j that-†K Dn¨ ivLv hvq|
C. What makes the monarch butterflies' migration

D. The migration of the monarch butterflies, which is
5. Art critics do not all agree on what —— a

painting great.

A. qualities make B. are the qualities for making

C. qualities to make D. do the qualities that make

6. In order to grow vegetables properly, gardeners
must know ——.

A. what the requirements for each vegetable are

B. that the requirements for each vegetable

C. what are each vegetable's requirements D.

that is required by each vegetable
7. When —— is not known.

A. was the wheel invented B. the invention of the wheel

C. inventing the wheel D. the wheel was invented
8. For many years people have wondered ——

exists elsewhere in the universe.

A. that life B. life which

C. whether life D. life as it

9. —— of all modern domestic poultry is the red

jungle fowl is widely believed.

A. The ancestor B. The ancestor is

C. How the ancestor D. That the ancestor
10. Ancient philosophers believed —— around the earth.

A. to revolve the sun B. the sun revolved

C. in revolving the sun D. the sun revolving

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 9

Details of Adjective Clause She needs a secretary who types fast. (clause
†h dependent clause †Kv‡bv word ev phrase-Gi c‡i e‡m D³
marker who wb‡RB subject-Gi KvR Ki‡Q)
word ev phrase -wU‡K modify K‡i Zv‡K adjective clause e‡j|
This is the patient whom the doctor treated. (clause
Srabon, who is regarded as the best student in the
class, has got the lowest mark in the exam. marker whom bq; the doctor subject-Gi KvR Ki‡Q)
The man who works in this office is my classmate.  hLb clause marker which, whom Ges that
The University of Dhaka, which is an extremely
competitive place, is the prime university of the country. 'adjective clause'-G object-Gi KvR K‡i ZLb clause
The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table. marker-wU‡K ev` †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
The glass that is on the table contains milk.
This is the patient whom the doctor treated.
Dc‡iv³ Underline Subordinate Clause ¸‡jv Noun Gi c‡i  This is the patient the doctor treated.
e‡m Zv‡K Modify Ki‡Q| †hgb t who is regarded as the best
student in the class. GB AskwU ‘Srabon’ Gi c‡i e‡m Zvi I liked the book which you recommended.
m¤ú‡K© Additional Information w`‡q Zv‡K Modify Ki‡Q|  I liked the book you recommended.

Adjective clause-†K `By fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v  adjective clause hy³ sentence-G wb‡gœv³ structure-
I cwijw¶Z n‡Z cv‡i:
(1) Restrictive clause (2) Non-restrictive clause
adjective clause-†K reduced Kivi ci hw` †Kv‡bv noun
Restrictive Clause (Specify K‡i): phrase cvIqv hvq Zv‡K appositive e‡j| Dc‡ii sentence-
†h adjective clause word-Gi c‡i e‡m word-Gi A_©‡K wbw`©ó wU‡Z 'an extremely competitive place' GKwU appositive|
K‡i, Zv‡K restrictive clause e‡j| †hgb: wØZxq D`vni‡Y "who 'appositive' sentence-Gi ïiæ‡ZI e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
works in this office" clause-wU Øviv †Kvb man-Gi K_v ejv n‡”Q
Zv wbw`©ó Ki‡Q| ZvB GwU restrictive clause| An extremely competitive place, the University of
Non-restrictive Clause (Additional Information ‡`q):
Dhaka is the prime university of the country.

 adjective clause-Gi c‡~ e© quantity word e¨eüZ n‡j
structure n‡e wbgœiƒc:

†h adjective clause word-Gi c‡i e‡m word m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ quantity word + of + clause marker
Z_¨ †`q, Zv‡K non-restrictive clause e‡j| †hgb: cÖ_g D`vni‡Y
"who is regarded as the best student in the class" clause- Example: I read some articles, all of them/which were useful.
wU Srabon m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ w`‡”Q| GLv‡b Srabon-†K wbw`©ó
Kivi wKQz †bB| ZvB GwU non-restrictive clause|  appropriate meaning-Gi Rb¨ adjective clause-Gi

c~‡e© preposition use n‡Z cv‡i|

in/at which †hUv‡Z

The following is a list of adjective clause markers. on which hvi Dc‡i

Clause by/through which hvi Øviv
Markers
Use Example for which hvi Rb¨ (e¯‘)

who Subject (e¨w³evPK) She needs a secretary for whom hvi Rb¨ (e¨w³)

who types fast. of which hvi

whom Object (e¨w³evPK) This is the patient whom Example: This is the topic ———.

the doctor treated. A. which we will write our report.

whose Possessive Mr. Rahman is the man B. that we will write our report.

(e¨w³evPK/e¯‘evPK) whose house I rented. C. on which we will write our report.

which Subject/Object That is a topic which D. on that we will write our report. [Ans. C]

(e¯‘evPK) interests me. (which as subject)  Adjective clause-Gi marker hw` object-Gi KvR K‡i Zvnv‡j

I liked the book which you clause marker-wU‡K (whom, which, that) ev` †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

recommended. (which as object) This is the book that I wanted to have.

that Subject/Object Art that is in public places or, This is the book I wanted to have.

(e¨w³evPK/e¯‘evPK) can be enjoyed by everyone. Reduced Adjective Clause

(that as subject) Adjective clause-†K reduce Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| reduce Kivi

The painting that Mr. Karim †¶‡Î clause marker Ges be verb ev` w`‡Z nq|

bought was very expensive

(that as object). The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.
 The woman waving to us is the tour guide.
where Adverb (place) Here is the site where the

bank plans to build its new The letter which was written last week arrived today.
 The letter written last week arrived today.
headquarters.

when Adverb (time) This is the hour when the The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.
The pitcher on the table is full of iced tea.
children usually go to bed.
Adjective clause-G be verb hw` bvI _v‡K Zvic‡iI clause-
 Ab¨vb¨ clause-Gi b¨vq adjective clause-GI GKwU

subject I GKwU finite verb _v‡K| ‡Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wU reduce Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hLb Adjective clause-G be verb

clause marker wU wb‡RB subject-Gi KvR K‡i| Avevi _v‡K bv ZLb clause-wU reduce Kivi Rb¨ clause marker ev`

†Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Ab¨ GKwU subject _v‡K| w`‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ`Ë verb-wUi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

10 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

I don't understand the article which appears in today's paper.  The house built in the forest doesn't have electricity.
 I don't understand the article appearing today's paper.  The books that I checked out of the library are due today.

Dc‡iv³ D`vni‡Y adjective clause wU‡Z †Kvb be verb wQj  The books checking out of the library are due

bv| ZvB cÖ_‡g clause marker which ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges today. (Incorrect: Cannot be reduced)
 The woman whose son is blocking the entrance works upstairs.
‘appears’ verb-wU -ing form ‘appearing’-G cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|  The woman blocking the entrance works

GLv‡b D‡jLø Kiv `iKvi †h, mKj adjective clause-‡KB wKš‘ upstairs. (Incorrect: Cannot be reduced)
 The time when Andrew arrived was inconvenient.
reduce Kiv hvq bv| GKwU adjective clause ‡K ïay ZLbB  The time arriving was inconvenient. (Incorrect:

reduce Kiv hvq hLb clause marker Gi wVK ci ci verb Cannot be reduced)
 The house where we grew up was torn down.
_v‡K| A_©vr clause marker-wU wb‡RB subject Gi KvR K‡i|  The house growing up was torn down. (Incorrect:

The woman that I just met is the tour guide. (reduce Kiv hv‡e bv) Cannot be reduced)

The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday. Exercise: Adjective Clause

(reduce Kiv hv‡e bv) 1. Cable cars are moved by cables —— underground

Dc‡iv³ D`vniY `ywU‡Z adjective clause-†K reduce Kiv and are powered by a stationary engine.

hv‡”Q bv| KviY that Ges which-Gi wVK ci ci verb wQj bv| A. they run B. that they run

That-Gi wVK ci ci subject 'I' wQj Ges which-Gi wVK ci ci C. run D. that run

subject 'you' wQj| 2. The melting point is the temperature —— a solid

More examples on reduced adjective clauses changes to a liquid.
 The man who is driving has a new car.
 The man driving has a new car. A. which B. at which C. which at D. at
3. There are six types of flamingos, all —— have
 Christopher de Hamel has published a book which
long legs, long necks, and beaks that curve
contains descriptions of illuminated manuscripts.
 Christopher de Hamel has published a book containing sharply downward.

descriptions of illuminated manuscripts. A. of them B. that C. of which D. they
 The magazine ad which was printed in Shoppers’ 4. Most folk songs are ballads ——— have simple

Weekly showed the city skyline. words and tell simple stories.
 The magazine ad printed in Shoppers' Weekly
A. what B. although C. when D. that
showed the city skyline. 5. After its introduction in 1969, the float process ——
 The ideas which had been presented in the
the world's principal method of manufacturing
previous meeting were discussed.
 The ideas presented in the previous meeting were discussed. flat sheets of glass.
 The man who is responsible said the underground
A. by which it became B. it became
water had a high salt content.
 The man responsible said the underground water C. became D. which became

had a high salt content. 6. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield
 Her name, which is Lou Ann, contains easy Scientific School, ———.

sounds for the deaf to pronounce. A. engineers were educated there
 Her name, Lou Ann, contains easy sounds for the
B. where engineers were educated
deaf to pronounce.
 The books that are on the table belong to Emma. C. in which were engineers educated
 The books on the table belong to Emma.
 The detective who is investigating the case has D. where were engineers educated

found an important clue. 7. Many of Louise Nevelson's sculptures consisted of a number
 The detective investigating the case has found of large wooden structures — in complex patterns.

an important clue. A. which she arranged B. she arranged them
 The detective who was investigating the case
C. which arranged D. arranged them
has found an important clue.
 The detective investigating the case has found 8. In addition to being a naturalist, Stewart E.
White was a writer ——— the struggle for survival
an important clue.
 The woman that was invited to join the club declined. on the American frontier.
 The woman invited to join the club declined.
 I like yogurt that is made in France. A. whose novels describe B. he describes in his novels
 I like yogurt made in France.
 The house that has been built in the forest C. his novels describe D. who, describing in his novels
9. William Samuel Johnson, ——— helped write the
doesn't have electricity.
Constitution, became the first president of Columbia

College in 1787.

A. whom he had B. and he had

C. who had D. had

10. The instrument panel of a light airplane has at
least a dozen instruments ———.

A. the pilot must watch

B. what the pilot must watch

C. which the pilot must watch them

D. such that the pilot must watch them

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 11

Answers with Explanations 5. The Massachusetts State House, —— in 1798,

1. [D] principal clause †`qv _vK‡j evwK †hUv Avm‡e †mUv n‡jv was the most distinguished building in the

dependent clause| Zvn‡j C ev‡` †h †KvbUv n‡Z cv‡i| United States at that time.

GLv‡b cables-Gi relative pronoun wn‡m‡e that e¨eüZ A. completing B. which was completed

n‡q‡Q hv Zvi c‡ii verb run-Gi sub wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| C. was completed D. to be completed

myZivs bZzb subject 'they' A_©en bq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi C| 6. The solitary scientist ——— by himself has in

2. [B] evK¨wUi A_© n‡jv 'The melting point n‡jv †mB many instances been replaced by a cooperative

temperature †hUv‡Z GKwU avZe c`v_© Zij c`v‡_© iƒcvšÍwiZ scientific team.

nq| hv‡Z/†hUv‡Z A_© cÖKv‡k at which e¨eüZ nq| A. to make important discoveries

3. [C] Quantity word-Gi †¶‡Î adjective clause-Gi mÎ~ wU n‡jv- B. important discoveries were made

Quantity word+ of + clause marker. C. has made important discoveries

myZivs mwVK DËi C| D. making important discoveries

4. [D] GLv‡b ballads GKwU noun-hvi relative pronoun 7. Geometry is the branch of mathematics —— the

wn‡m‡e that e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q hv Zvi c‡ii verb have-Gi properties of lines, curves, shapes, and surfaces.

sub wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| A. that concerned with

5. [C] †Lqvj Ki sub n‡”Q the float process hvi †Kv‡bv B. it is concerned with

verb †bB| mZy ivs mwVK DËi C| C. concerned with

6. [B] GKUv place-†K indicate Kivi Kvi‡Y clause marker D. its concerns are

‘where’ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| option D mwVK bq, KviY dependent 8. Joseph Henry, ——— director of the

clause-G question pattern nq bv| myZivs mwVK DËi B| Smithsonian Institution, was President Lincoln's

7. [A] which clause marker-wU Zvi antecedent "large adviser on scientific matters.

wooden structures"-Gi cwie‡Z© e‡m‡Q| large A. the first B. to be the first

wooden structures wb‡R†K arrange Ki‡Z cv‡i bv C. was the first. D. as the first

weavq bZbz GKwU subject `iKvi hv n‡jv she| mZy ivs 9. Amber is a hard, yellowish-brown —— from the

option C I D mwVK bq| clause marker †bB weavq resin of pine trees that lived millions of years ago.

option B mwVK bq| myZivs mwVK DËi option A| A. substance formed B. to form a substance

C. substance has formed D. forming a substance

8. [A] independent clause Qvov bZbz †Kv‡bv clause 10. The National Road, ——— of the first highways

sentence-G hy³ n‡Z n‡j clause marker jvM‡e| in North America, connected the East Coast to

Stewart E. White wQj †jLK hvi Dcb¨vm.......| hvi A_© the Ohio Valley.

cKÖ v‡k whose e¨eüZ nq| A. which one B. it was one

9. [C] ev‡K¨i A_© n‡jv- William Samuel Johnson whwb msweavb C. one D. was one

wjL‡Z mnvqZv K‡iwQ‡jb| GLv‡b William Samuel Johnson- Answers with Explanations

Gi relative pronoun wn‡m‡e who e¨eüZ n‡e hvi Zvi cieZ©x 1. [A] GwU GKwU reduced adjective clause-Gi cÖkœ| gj~ Z

verb had helped-Gi sub wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| GwU wQj- which act ..... hv‡K reduce Kivi Rb¨ clause

10. [A] cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ GKwU independent clause †`Iqv Av‡Q| GLb marker which-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges g~j verb (act)-

Avgv‡`i GKwU dependent clause `iKvi| option B mwVK bq, Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| mZy ivs mwVK DËi A|

KviY what-Gi c–‡e© reference (noun/pronoun) e¨eüZ nq 2. [B] GwU GKwU reduced adjective clause-Gi cÖkœ|

bv| option C mwVK bq, KviY them kãwU redundant| option plants grown-Gi original adjective clause n‡jv-

D mwVK bq, KviY such that †Kv‡bv clause marker nq bv| plants which are grown hv‡K reduce Kivi Rb¨ which

Option A mwVK| g~jZ option A-†Z wQj- which the -†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges be verb are-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q|

pilot must watch| wbqgvbmy v‡i adjective clause-Gi 3. [A] GwU GKwU reduced adjective clause-Gi ckÖ œ| a

clause marker hw` object-Gi KvR K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K design-Gi ci k~b¨¯’v‡b reduced adjective clause

ev` †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b which object-Gi KvR Kivq e¨eüZ n‡e| hvi original adjective clause wQj- a

sentence †_‡K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| mZy ivs mwVK DËi A| design which was patterned hv‡K reduce Kivi ci

Exercise 2: Reduced Adjective Clause a design patterned n‡q‡Q| mZy ivs mwVK DËi A|

1. Aerodynamics is the study of the forces ——— on 4. [C] GwU GKwU reduced adjective clause-Gi cÖkœ| a filter

an object as it moves through the atmosphere.

A. acting B. act C. are acting D. acted placed-Gi original adjective clause n‡jv- a filter which
2. ——— for their strong fiber include flax and hemp.
is placed hv‡K reduce Kivi Rb¨ which-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q
A. Plants are grown B. Plants grown
Ges be verb is-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi C|
C. Plants that grow D. To grow plants
5. [B] evK¨wUi A_© n‡jv- The Massachusetts State House, hv
3. In 1821, the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, was laid out in
a design ———— after that of Washington, DC. complete Kiv n‡qwQj 1798 mv‡j, .......| myZivs mwVK DËi B|

A. patterned B. was patterned 6. [D] GwU GKwU reduced adjective clause hvi original

C. a pattern D. that patterned form n‡jv- the solitary scientist who makes
4. ——— in front of a camera lens changes the
important discovery hv‡K reduce Kivi Rb¨ who-†K
color of the light that reaches the film.
ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges g~j verb (make)-Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM
A. Placed a filter B. A filter is placed

C. A filter placed D. When a filter placed Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi D|

12 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

7. [C] GwU GKwU reduced adjective clause-Gi cÖkœ| Reduced Adverb Clause
hw` adverb clause Ges principal clause-Gi subject GK
original adjective clause n‡jv- which is concerned nq, Z‡e adverb clause-†K reduce Kiv hv‡e| reduce Kivi
†¶‡Î subject Ges be verb ev` w`‡Z n‡e|
hv‡K reduce Kivi Rb¨ which-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges be
Examples:
verb is-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi C|  When astronauts are orbiting the Earth, they don't

8. [A] GwU GKwU reduced adjective clause-Gi cÖkœ| Joseph feel the force of gravity.
 When orbiting the Earth astronauts don't feel the
Henry, the first director of the Smithsonian institution,-
force of gravity.
Gi original adjective clause n‡jv- Joseph Henry, who  Although it had been damaged, the machine was

was the first director of the Smithsonian institution,hv‡K still operational.
 Although damaged, the machine was still operational.
reduce Kivi Rb¨ who-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges be verb was-  Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.
 Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.
†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi A|
 adverb clause-G be verb hw` bvI _v‡K Zvic‡iI clause-wU
9. [A] substance formed-Gi original adjective clause reduce Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hLb adverb clause-G be verb
_v‡K bv ZLb clause-wU reduce Kivi Rb¨ subject ev` w`‡Z
n‡jv- substance, which is formed hv‡K reduce Kivi n‡e Ges cÖ`Ë verb-wUi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

Rb¨ clause marker which-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges be  Although he feels sick, the speaker will take part
in the seminar.
verb is-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi A|
 Although feeling sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
10. [C] the national road, one of the......America,-Gi  When you give your speech, you should speak

original adjective clause n‡jv- the national road, loudly and distinctly.
 When giving your speech, you should speak
which is one of the......America hv‡K reduce Kivi
loudly and distinctly.
Rb¨ clause marker which-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges be
 g‡b ivL‡e, When/while _vK‡j Gi ci ciB Present
verb is-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi C| Participle nq Ges evwK As‡k Subject + verb nq|

Details of Adverb Clause Exercise:
Clause: After they sang two songs, they did a dance.
†h 'dependent clause' principal clause-Gi time, place, Reduced: After singing two songs, they did a dance.

reason, condition, purpose, result, manner wKsev Note: (i) Because Øviv KviY †evSv‡j, Zv D‡V hv‡e Gs †m

contrast cKÖ vk K‡i Zv‡K adverb clause e‡j| Abyhvqx verb Zvi form change Ki‡e|

Some people like to listen to music while they are Clause: Because the house has been remoldeled, it
will fetch more on the market.
studying. (Time) Reduced : Having been remolded, the house will
fetch more on the market.
Wherever I looked, I found fingerprints. (Place)
Note: (ii) ‡h mKj Adverb clause Gi ïiæ‡Z as ev as soon
Because the speaker was sick, the program was
as _v‡K, Zv‡`i‡K Reduced Kiv hvq bv| †hgb-
canceled. (Reason)
Correct: As he was walking, he kept stopping to
If you work hard, you can pass the exam. (Condition) look at the flowers.
Incorrect: As walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.
I worked hard so that I could pass the exam. (Purpose) More Examples on reduced adverb clauses
 After they sang two songs, they did a dance.
The traffic was so heavy that we arrived an hour late. (Result)  After singing two songs, they did a dance.
 Before he answered the phone, he grabbed a
He carried out the plan as I said. (Manner)
pencil and notepad.
Although he studied hard, he was unable to pass the  Before answering the phone, he grabbed a

exam. (Contrast) pencil and notepad.
 Once he had been challenged to play tennis,
Adverb Clause-wU Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z ev †k‡l _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Tim wouldn't stop practicing.
ïiæ‡Z _vK‡j Kgv (,) Øviv Zv Sentence n‡Z c„_K _vK‡e|  Once challenged to play tennis, Tim wouldn't

The following clause markers are some of the stop practicing.
 We worked on the project until we finished it.
common ones used to introduce an adverb clause.  We worked on the project until finishing it.
 When he is working on a car, Jan always zorks overtime.
A. Clause markers indicating time  When working on a car, Jan always works overtime.
 While George was in London, he wrote daily.
after once  While in London, George wrote daily.

as since

as long as until

as soon as when

before while

B. Clause markers indicating place

where wherever

C. Clause markers indicating reason

because since as

D. Clause markers indicating condition

if only if unless

E. Clause markers indicating purpose

in order that least so that

F. Clause markers indicating result

so ... that such ... that

G. Clause markers indicating manner

as as if as though just as

H. Clause markers indicating contrast

although even though though while whereas

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 13

 Although he was hurt, Jack managed to smile. Answers with Explanations
 Although hurt, Jack managed to smile.
 Though I am capable of making cakes, I prefer 1. [C] gap-wU‡Z GKwU clause marker jvM‡e| Small
sailboats A‡bK mn‡RB Dwë‡q †h‡Z cv‡i hw` Zv‡`i‡K
to bake cookies. mZK©Zvi mwnZ handled Kiv bv nq| mZy ivs answer n‡e C|
 Though capable of making cakes, I prefer to
2. [B] sentence-wU‡Z clause `ywU G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ contrast
bake cookies. ev wecixZ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Q| mZy ivs answer n‡e B|
 While I am fond of Jeff, I don't want to marry him.
3. [D] GwU GKwU reduced adverb clause msµvšÍ ckÖ œ|
 While fond of Jeff, I don't want to marry him. when added to a ....... -Gi original adverb clause
 When I work, I forget to eat. n‡jv- when it is added to a .......hv‡K reduced Kivi
 When working, I forget to eat. Rb¨ subject it-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges be verb is-†K
 While he was studying, he heard the explosion. ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi D|
 While studying, he heard the explosion.
4. [D] reason ev Kvib cÖKv‡k clause marker wn‡m‡e
 When the boy was told to go to bed, he began to cry. since e¨eüZ nq|
 When told to go to bed, the boy began to cry.
 After she graduated, her parents retired. 5. [B] principal clause †`Iqv Av‡Q| mZy ivs evwK †hUv Avm‡e
 After graduating, her parents retired. (Incorrect: †mUv n‡e Dependent clause| ZvB option C Ges D ev`|
Avi A Ges B-Gi g‡a¨ A ev` KviY during n‡jv preposition
Cannot be reduced) Ges preposition-Gi c‡i em‡e phrase|

Exercise: Adverb Clause 6. [C] but GKwU conjunction| Avi conjunction h³y K‡i `ywU
simple sentence-†K| myZivs option A, B Ges D ev`| Avi
1. Small sailboats can easily capsize —— they are finite verb †Zv sentence-G †`IqvB Av‡Q| mZy ivs sub jvM‡e|

not handled carefully. 7. [C] principal clause †`Iqv Av‡Q| evwK AskwU n‡e
Aek¨B dependent clause| myZivs jvM‡e GKwU clause
A. but B. which C. if D. so marker, sub Ges finite verb | ZvB answer n‡e C.

2. ———— they are tropical birds, parrots can live 8. [C] GwU GKwU reduced adverb clause msµvšÍ cÖkœ|
although managed by an ....... -Gi original adverb
in temperate or even cold climates. clause n‡jv- although it is managed by an .......hv‡K
reduced Kivi Rb¨ subject it-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges be
A. Despite B. Even though verb are-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi C|

C. Nevertheless D. But 9. [D] principal clause †`Iqv Av‡Q| mZy ivs evwK †h AskUzKz
Avm‡e Zv n‡e dependent clause| dependent clause-
3. ——— added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the Gi Rb¨ sub Ges finite verb †`Iqv Av‡Q, jvM‡e clause
marker| sentence-wU‡Z condition ev kZ© cÖKvk Kiv
freezing temperature of that liquid. n‡”Q| ZvB answer n‡e D|

A. That B. As is C. It is D. When 10. [D] GwU GKwU reduced adverb clause msµvšÍ cÖkœ|
although invisible to the.... -Gi original adverb
4. —— advertising is so widespread in the United States, clause n‡jv- although it is invisible to the.... hv‡K
reduced Kivi Rb¨ subject it-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges
it has had an enormous effect on American life. be verb is-†K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi D|

A. Why B. The reason More Discussion on Sentence Structure

C. On account of D. Since Restrictive & Non-Restrictive Clauses

5. —— toward shore, its shape is changed by its Adjective clause-Gi `ywU function Av‡Q| h_v—
a) Restrictive Clause: †h Adjective clause noun-†K
collision with the shallow sea bottom. modify Kivi mgq relative pronoun Øviv-Gi antecedent-†K
mywbw`©ó K‡i †`q Zv‡K restrictive adjective clause e‡j| †hgb: All
A. During a wave rolls B. As a wave rolls
the students who have missed the final will fail the course.
C. A wave rolls D. A wave's rolling
GLv‡b Adjective clause (who have.....final) All the
6. —— are increasingly linked over long distances students-†K mwy bw`©ó K‡i w`‡”Q| hw` G clause-wU bv _v‡K—All
the students will fail the course—evK¨wUi A_© change
by electronic communications, but many of them n‡q hvq| GLv‡b eySv‡”Q mKj students-B course-G fail
Ki‡e, A_P g~j ev‡K¨ ejv wQj ïaygvÎ †h mKj students final
still prefer face-to-face encounters. exam miss K‡i‡Q †Kej ZvivB fail Ki‡e| ZvB Adj clause
(who have......final)-wU All the students-†K redefine Ges
A. Although people B. Despite people limited K‡i w`‡”Q| ZvB GwU restrictive clause|

C. Today people D. The fact that people

7. —— together in one place, they form a community.

A. When people who live B. When people living

C. Whenever people live D. Whenever living people.
8. —— managed by an independent governor and

board of directors, the Bank of Canada is owned

by the Canadian government.

A. And yet B. In spite of it

C. Although D. It is

9. ——— pieces of rope are of different thickness,

the weaver's knot can be used to join them.

A. Two of B. What two

C. Two such D. If two

10. ——— invisible to the unaided eye, ultraviolet

light can be detected in a number of ways.

A. Although is B. Despite

C. Even though it D. Although

14 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

j¶ Kwi, Appositive Shifting Error

b) Non restrictive clause: I saw my boss who was Appositive ev reduced Adjective clause-†K ev‡K¨
doing some shopping. mvaviYZ modified noun-Gi Av‡M ev c‡i emv‡bv hvq| †hgb-

GLv‡b adjective clause (who was ---- shopping)-wU my boss- Rajib, a family friend, could be trusted to do this.
Gi m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Information cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| restrictive clause- A family friend, Rajib could be trusted to do this.
Gi g‡Zv GwU my boss-†K re-defined ev limit K‡i w`‡”Q bv| Our track, a useless piece of junk, finally quit working.
GB e³e¨wU AviI ¯úó †evSv hv‡e hw` adjective clause-wU ev` A useless piece of junk, our track finally quit working.
w`‡q wPšÍv Kwi: I saw my boss.
GLv‡b my boss †Zv my boss-B| A‡_©i w`K †_‡K †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b wKš‘ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, appositive hv‡K modify Ki‡Q Zv noun bv n‡q
n‡jv bv| ZvB GB adjective clause-wU non restrictive clause, hv pronoun n‡j †m‡¶‡Î pronoun-Gi c‡i appositive emv‡bv hv‡e bv|
modified noun-†K limited ev re-defined K‡i bv|
j¶ Kwi, Incorrect : I, a hopeless romantic, always want
movies to have happy endings.
 Restrictive: Contract terms that are approved by
Correct : A hopeless romantic, I always want
the board are vague. movies to have happy endings.
 Non restrictive: Contract terms, which are approved
Incorrect : He, a noted expert on politics, is often
by the board, are vague. quoted on Channel I.

Restrictive sentence-wU Øviv mean K‡i †h, ïaygvÎ †h Correct : A noted expert on politics, he is often
terms-¸‡jv approved n‡q‡Q board Øviv †m¸‡jvB ïay vague| quoted on Channel I.
A_©vr ejv hvq †h †h term-¸‡jv approved nq wb †m¸‡jv‡K
vague ejv hvq bv| Non restrictive sentence Øviv eySvq †h, Concept Check:
mKj contract terms-B vague|  Which of the following sentences is incorrect?

Learning Insights: a. She, the most popular actress, appeared in the film
b. The most popular actress she appeared in the film.
Clause-wU restrictive bv non restrictive GiKg †Kv‡bv cÖkœ bv c. Mosarof Karim, the most popular actor,
n‡jI Gi use †_‡K cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i| restrictive I non restrictive-
Gi g‡a¨ cv_©‡K¨i GKwU we‡kl w`K n‡jv comma-Gi e¨envi| appeared in the film.
restrictive clause-G modified noun-Gi ci comma e¨envi nq d. The most popular actor, Mosarof Karim
bv| non restrictive clause-G comma e¨envi nq|
 modified noun + comma + relative pronoun _vK‡j appeared in the film.

Zv non restrictive clause| DËi n‡e a; KviY personal pronoun-Gi ci appositive e‡m bv

 modified noun + no comma + relative pronoun Deleting ‘That’ from That Clause
cÖkœ solve Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv A‡bK mgq †`L‡ev †h ev‡K¨ `ywU
_vK‡j Zv non restrictive clause| clause hy³ n‡q‡Q wVKB A_©vr `ywU finite verb Av‡Q, wKš‘ clause
marker ev conjunction †bB| G‡Z confused nevi wKQy †bB|
Decision Rules: e¨vcviwU n‡jv A‡bK mgq that Dn¨ Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i|
ckÖ œ n‡jv KLb that Dn¨ Ae¯’vq _vK‡e Avi †mUv Avgiv wKfv‡e
 noun-Gi ci comma _vK‡j Zvici KL‡bvB that e¨envi eSy ‡ev| mnR study tip n‡jv ev‡K¨ clause marker that
n‡e bv| that-Gi cwie‡Z© which e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr _vK‡j Avi noun clause-wU object-Gi KvR Ki‡j †mB
non-restrictive clause-G that e¨eüZ n‡e bv| clause Dn¨ ivLv hvq| †hgb—

Concept-Check: We know that we are able to carry.
We know we are able to carry.
 Our first house, —— was in Mirpur, Still belongs to us.
It seems that we made a mistake.
A. that B. what C. which D. who It seems we made a mistake.

GLv‡b noun-Gi ci Adjective clause Av‡Q Ges noun-Gi It appears that the meeting was canceled.
It appears the meeting was canceled.
ci comma Av‡Q| ZvB that n‡e bv| who e¨w³evPK noun-
GLv‡b cÖwZwU evK¨B mwVK ïay wØZxq expression-G that Dn¨ Ae¯’vq Av‡Q|
Gi mv‡_ e‡m| ZvB who n‡e bv| What ev‡K¨ cÖkœevPK ÕwKÕ Gi GLv‡b cÖwZwU subordinate clause-B principal clause-Gi
verb-†K ÔwKÕ Øviv cÖ‡kœi DËi †`q| ZvB G¸‡jv noun clause|
A‡_© e‡m ZvB GUvI n‡e bv| ZvB answer-which. †hgb cÖ_g ev‡K¨ I know that ....-†K hw` cÖkœ Kwi †h Avwg wK
Rvwb? (know what?) Zvn‡j Dˇi cvIqv hv‡e we are able to
 noun-Gi ci comma bv _vK‡j Zv restrictive clause carry A_©vr cy‡iv clause-wU what-Gi Reve †`q| ZvB noun
Ges G‡¶‡Î that/which ev Ab¨ WH words em‡e| clause Avi noun-Gi ïiæ‡Z that _vK‡j Zv Dn¨ ivLv hvq| g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e, declare, mention, report, state G verb-¸‡jvi
I need the names that you collected. ci bZzb clause ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡j G‡`i ci that Aek¨B w`‡Z n‡e|
I need the names which you collected.
The cars that are already in line get to in first. Incorrect: Arif Mentioned he was going to USA.
The cars which are already in line get to go in first. Correct: Arif Mentioned that he was going to USA.

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 15

Action Verb vs Linking Verb The City was laid out in a design patterned after that
Kv‡Ri nature Abhy vqx verb-†K gyjZ `ywU category-†Z fvM Kiv hvq:
of Washington D.C.
A. Action Verb B. Linking Verb
†Lqvj Kiæb after that-Gi ci †Kv‡bv verb †bB| Zvi gv‡b

Action Verb: It animates a sentence either physically after that ev‡K¨ CM bv| After A_ev that hw` CM n‡Zv

(swim, jump, whistle etc) or mentally (think, dream, believe, Zvn‡j G‡`i c‡i Aek¨B GKwU finite verb _vK‡Zv|

suppose, love etc). Action verb makes sentence move G A‡bK mgq that ev‡K¨ pronoun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| G‡¶‡Î that CM bq|

ai‡bi verb cÖKvk K‡i †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘ wK Ki‡Q (what they did ...) That person disturbs me.

Linking Verb: cix¶vi Rb¨ linking verb †PbvUvB †ewk Interrogative Question-Gi †¶‡Î WH word-wU ckÖ œ Kivi
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| linking don’t express any action but help
Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| GwU CM. bq
complete statements about the subject by describing
What is your name (What CM bq)
or identifying it G verb-¸‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘ wK Ki‡Q †m
m¤ú‡K© describe K‡i bv; eis e‡j Zviv †K (what they are?)  I don’t know what your name is.

A_©vr Linking verb links its subject to a classification, v cm v
state of being (Ae¯’v), quality For example.
As, since, till, until, before, after GB k㸇jv ev‡K¨ ïay

Jony is happy. Preposition wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
Mitu feels hot.
 Raindrops begin their existence as ice.
Maria is a doctor.
 It has been raining since morning.
GLv‡b evK¨¸‡jv Øviv sub wK K‡i Zv ejv n‡”Q bv eis Zviv †K ev

Zv‡`i wK Ae¯’v Zv cKÖ vk Ki‡Q| ZvB G verb-¸‡jv action  The exam continues till Monday.
verb bq eis linking verb|
 Please come back to office before noor.
List of linking verbs: be, become, go, grow, turn,
G‡Zv exception †`‡L f‡qi wKQy †bB| †mvRv K_v CM-Gi

make, remain, change, stay, look, smell, sound, hear, AšfÍ z©³ k㸇jv‡K ZLbB CM ejv hv‡e hLb ev‡K¨ Kgc‡¶ `wy U

feel, seem, appear. verb avK‡e Ges k㸇jv Kgc‡¶ 1wU verb-Gi Av‡M em‡e|

G verb-¸‡jv A‡bK mgq action verb I linking verb `fy v‡eB Ab¨w`‡K non-clause marker-¸‡jv clause marker-Gi

e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G verb-¸‡jv †h linking verb wn‡m‡e cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ kã ev k㸔Q hv CM-Gi A_© wVK iv‡L wKš‘

e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Zv †Pbvi mnR Dcvq nj: G‡`i ci finite verb ev clause e‡m bv| AZGe CM-Gi ci

ev‡K¨ G verb-¸‡jv‡K be verb Øviv replace Ki‡Z n‡e hw` G

verb-wU linking verb nq Zvn‡j replace Kivi ciI-Gi GKUv clause e‡m ev finite verb e‡m, wKš‘ non-clause marker-
reasonable meaning _vK‡e| †hgb-
Gi ci †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv finite verb _v‡K bv|

Origin: The dog smells bad. Clause Marker Non Clause Marker

Replace: The dog is bad. Since/ Because Because of / due to / on

GLv‡b replace Kivi ciI reasonable meaning Av‡Q| ZvB account of

smell GLv‡b linking verb. though/ although Inspite of / Despite

Origin: The dog smelled the man’s boot when/ while During
Replace: The dog is the man’s boot
As Like
GLv‡b G evK¨wU Øviv †Kv‡bv reasonable meaning `vou vq bv|
ZvB GLv‡b smell linking verb bq| ZvB answer n‡e is| So that, In order that In order to, So as to

verb I subject-Gi gv‡S prepositional phrase Av‡Q hv Inc : He chose that university because of it has fine reputation.
ev‡K¨ subject KLbB n‡Z cv‡i bv| G wbqgwU Avgiv 1bs wbq‡g Cor : He chose that university because of its fine reputation.

†R‡bwQ| Inc : Her father lived there during the summer was running.
Cor : Her father lived there during the summer.
Clause Markers vs Non-clause Markers
BwZc~‡e© Avgiv †R‡bwQ CM `wy U clause-†K †hvM K‡i| G‡¶‡Î CM-Gi Exercise:
wVK Wvb w`‡Ki A_© CM-Gi mv‡_ †h clause-wU hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K Supply either because or because of as appropriate.
Dependent ev subordinate clause e‡j| Gi ¸iæZ¡c–Y© ˆewkó¨ n‡jv 1. It was difficult to deliver the letter ––– the sender
ev‡K¨ Gi Ae¯’vb| †hgb Avwg hw` 2-Gi mv‡_ 2 †hvM Ki‡Z PvB †m‡¶‡Î 2
had written the wrong address on the envelope.
2 + = ? Gfv‡e wjL‡j wK n‡e| wjL‡Z n‡e 2+2=4| CM I Abyiƒcfv‡e 2. We decided to leave early — the party was boring.
3. Rescue attempts were temporarily halted –– the
(v+v) A_ev (+v,v) AvKv‡i ev‡K¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| A_v©r clause  CM 
bad weather.
clause, clause A_ev CM  clause, clause n‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z 4. They visited their friends often –– they enjoyed their company.
5. Paul cannot go to the football game ––– his grades.
n‡e `wy U verb A_©vr `ywU clause †hvM Kivi †¶‡Î CM Aek¨B Kgc‡¶ Answer: 1. because, 2. because, 3. because of, 4.
because, 5. because of.
GKwU CM ev verb-Gi Av‡M _vK‡Z n‡e| ev‡K¨ hw` Avcwb †`‡Lb `ywU

vebr-Gi ci CM AšÍf©y³ †Kv‡bv kã e¨envi n‡q‡Q Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Zv

†Kv‡bv µ‡gB CM bq| †hgb

16 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

Determinants of Extension C. “I ate ..............“ G ev‡K¨ ate what? gv‡b Kx
†L‡qwQj? Gi Reve †`qv hvq| Z‡e Kv‡K Lvq (indirect
The normal sentence structure: object) Gi Reve nq bv| ZvB GB ev‡K¨i structure
Sub + verb + Extension (object, complement, modifier) n‡e subject + verb + object|

ckÖ œ n‡Z cv‡i †h, interrogative, operative, exclamatory "He will come ......." come what? Gi †Kv‡bv Reve nq bv, ZvB
Gme sentence _vK‡j assertive ev normal sentence wb‡q GwU intransitive verb; Gi c‡i †Kv‡bv object e‡m bv| GLv‡b
Av‡jvPbv †Kb| Gi KviY GKgvÎ normal sentence B me‡P‡q Adverb emv‡bv hv‡e hv where? when? how? why? Gme cÖ‡kœi
RwUj iƒc aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB sentence-Gi MVb †KŠkj Ges Reve †`q| ZvB ev‡K¨i structure n‡e: sub + verb + adverb|
G‡K exclamatory Kivi mechanism Rvbv _vK‡j G †_‡K “He is sick ......‘ GLv‡b sick GLv‡b adj, mZy ivs GwU object
A‡bK ai‡bi sentence MVb Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K portative, nq| GwU subject-†K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB G ev‡K¨i structure
exclamatory etc. sentence-Gi MVb A‡bK mnR; ZvB n‡e subject + verb + Modifier.
She selected him ..... G ev‡K¨ him’ already object wn‡m‡e
MBA, BBA Admission Test GMA1, GRE, TOFFEL, Av‡Q hv select verb-Gi mv‡_ mivmwi hy³| GLv‡b hw` him-†K
caption wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv nq Z‡e evK¨wU `vovq She selected
SAT, BCS, PSC-Gi g‡Zv mKj ¸iæZ¡cY– © cix¶vq normal him captain Zvn‡j him = captain GKB e¨w³| Zvn‡j captain
sentence †_‡K ckÖ œ nq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, ev‡K¨ †h ai‡bi verb n‡jv object him-Gi complement A_©vr ev‡K¨i structure n‡jv
e¨eüZ nq Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i sentence-Gi structure MwVZ
nq| Av‡jvP¨ verb-¸‡jv n‡jv: sub + verb + object + object – complement.

A. Ordinary verb (go, come, eat, see, etc): Rabbi sent me the photographs. Avgiv Rvwb verb-†K ÔwKÕ Øviv
 Intransitive cÖkœ Ki‡j cvIqv hvq direct object Avi ÔKv‡KÕ ev ÔKvi Rb¨ / cÖwZÕ
 Transitive Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j cvIqv hvq Indirect object GB ev‡K¨ ÔwK cvwV‡qwQjÕ?
Gi Rev‡e the photographs” Avi ÔKv‡K cvwV‡qwQjÕ Gi Rev‡e me
1. Intransitive verb-Gi †Kv‡bv Kg© ev direct object Av‡m hv Indirect object Zvn‡j G ev‡K¨i structure `vov‡jv
_vK‡j A_v©r verb-†K wK (what) Øviv cÖkœ K‡i †Kv‡bv DËi
n‡e bv, †hgb- subject + verb + object (Indirect) + object + (Dir)

She sleeps too much Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv Øviv GwU cÖZxqgvb nq †h verb-Gi nature-Gi
I walk in the morning Dci wbf©i K‡i ev‡K¨i structure-†Kgb n‡e| Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h
wKQy verb Ggb †h¸‡jvi ci †Kej complement ev Modifier
GLv‡b Kx Nygvq? ev Kx nv‡U? Gm‡ei †Kv‡bv DËi nq bv| emv‡bv m¤¢e (Linking verb) | Avevi wKQy verb-Gi ci ej Direct
wKš‘ KLb Nygvq/nv‡U, Kxfv‡e Nygvq/nv‡U BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœi Reve object (ÔwKÕ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hv cvIqv hvq) emv‡bv m¤¢e (Transitive
n‡Z cv‡i| verb) Avevi wKQy ( verb Ggb hv‡`i ci Direct I Indirect object
2. Transitive verb-Gi Kg© ev direct object nq A_©vr `ywUB emv‡bv hvq (Intransitive verb)
What? Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb-
 Complement Extended:
He shows me the ball Object complement:
He sent me a letter 1. We elected him chairman.
2. She selected him captain.
wK †`Lvq? DÏi-ball wK cvwV‡qwQj? DËi. a letter. 3. We consider him a thief.

- Verb with single object 1. him = chairman GKB e¨w³
- Verb with double object 2. him = captain GKB e¨w³
- Factitive verb 3. him = a thief GB e¨w³
- Have (has, had) wZbwU ev‡K¨B him ev‡K¨i object wn‡m‡e _vKvq h_vµ‡g chairman,
B. Linking verb captain I a thief n‡jv GB ev‡K¨i object (him) complement.
- be: am, is, are, was, were
- feem, seem, appear etc.  Subject Complement:
Introduction to Object, Complement, Modifier:
1. We teachers are very proud of being a
“He is a student” G ev‡K¨ is n‡jv principal verb member of the association.
Avi a student object bq| He = Student  a
2. You girls are very troubling.
student = complement 3. Mr. Srabon, our principal is coming to days ceremony

GLv‡b we = teachers; GKB e¨w³
you = girls GKB e¨w³
Mr. Srabon = our principal GKB e¨w³
G‡¶‡Î teachers, girls, our principal h_vµ‡g we, you,
Mr. Srabon-Gi complement Ges Giv ev‡K¨i subject
nIqvq G‡`i ejv nq subject complement|

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 17

Groups with individual parts

Section Noun & Its Usage cash hardware money traffic

02 change homework news furniture

clothing jewelry postage garbage

A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. equipment junk research mail

Usage food luggage scenery sand
Noun e¨eüZ nq-
fruit makeup slang
1. Verb Gi subject wKsev object wn‡m‡e
Things with no definite form:

1. Contribution/contribute to the charity Liquids Gases Solids shampoo ice

organizations is greatly needed. beer air butter soup ice cream
2. We appreciated his brave/bravery.
3. His rude/rudeness surprised me. blood carbon monoxide cheese tea meat

4. Unless protected areas are established, Royal coffee fire cotton water powder
Bengal Tiger will face possible/possibly/the
possibility of extinction. cream fog film win salt

2. Gerund, Infinitive wKsev participle Gi object wn‡m‡e gasoline hydrogen flour toothpaste soap

honey oxygen glass wood smoke

juice pollution sugar wool

milk oil steam

Things that have tiny parts too small to count

1. Maintaining consistent/consistency is very important. corn grass salt

2. To see his happy/ happiness is disturbing for me dirt hair sugar
3. Observing the difficult/difficulties in the
dust rice wheat
assignment, we left it.
Natural phenomena
3. Preposition Gi object wn‡m‡e
darkness heat snow

1. Rahim was admired for his sincere/sincerity dew humidity sunshine

2. You should not answer to a question without electricity light thunder

know/ knowing it properly. fire lightning weather

Count and Non-count nouns fog rain wind

gravity

Distinction between count & non-count nouns: Ailments

Sl. Countable Noun Uncountable Noun cancer heart disease smallpox

1. MYbv Kiv nq| cwigvc Kiv nq| cholera malaria strep throat

2. Count noun-Gi singular Non count-Gi †Kvb flu polio

Ges plural Dfq form- plural form †bB| †hgb- Academic subjects

B Av‡Q| †hgb- lots of He has got a lot of art history music

books, plenty of informations. biology linguistics physics

apples (Incorrect) chemistry literature poetry

He has got a lot of economics mathematics psychology

information. engineering Statistics science

A_©vr Gi mv‡_ s/es †hvM nq bv| Other

3. Count noun-Gi c‡~ e© Non Count noun-Gi Activities gymnastics, athletics, etc.

msL¨vevPK kã e¨envi c~‡e© msL¨vevPK kã e¨envi Games cards, darts, billiards, etc.

Kiv hv‡e| †hgb- three Kiv hvq bv| †hgb- There Diseases mumps, measles, rabies, etc.

books, five apples were four luggages Languages Russian, Spanish, French, etc.

with them. (Incorrect) Liquids blood, coffee, gasoline, milk, oil,
soup, syrup, tea, water, wine, etc.
There was luggage
with them. (Correct) Special types of Nouns

4. Count noun-Gi c~‡e© Non count-Gi c~‡e© a/an These nouns Scissors, Glasses, Trousers,
a/an em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| †hgb-
are always Vegetables, belongings, goods,

a book, an apple He bought a furniture. plural cloths, surroundings, Ashes,

(Incorrect) Thanks, Annals, Arrangements,

He bought furniture. (Correct) Riches, Wages, Billiards

Z‡e the n‡Z cv‡i hw` These Nouns Physics, Athletics, arts,
wbw`©ó K‡i ejv nq|
look Like Gymnastics, Politics, statistics,

Important non count nouns Plural but they optics, Innings, News,
Abstract nouns:
are singular mathematics, economics

vocabulary These Nouns Nobility, Aristocracy, folk, People,
work
advice health music grammar slang look Like children, *cattle, *police, public,
art help time
beauty homework news happiness truth singular but aristocracy, gentry, nobility,
confidence honesty unemploy
courage hospitality noise education ment they are plural peasantry (K…lKm¤úª`vq), poultry,
crime importance fun
education information nutrition hate poetry perfumery (mMy wÜ `ªe¨), artillery,
enjoyment intelligence prose
experience justice patience knowledge

patience laughter vermin (Bu`yi¸‡jv), clergy etc.

pride life

progress love Example: The people are generally considered to be
ignorant fellows.
accomodation luck

18 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

** wKQz Noun Av‡Q hviv Singular Ges Plural-G AcwiewZ©Z Usage of Determiners
form- G _v‡K| A_©vr Plural n‡jI G‡`i mv‡_ KL‡bvB s bv|
†hgb: Determiner

sheep, deer, pair, dozen, score, canon, salmon, Determiners n‡jv special kind of adjective. Ab¨vb¨
adjectives Gi g‡Zv determiners noun ‡K eYb© v K‡i|
gross Determiners ‡K Aek¨B noun Gi mv‡_ agree Ki‡Z nq|
** wKQz determiner Av‡Q hviv ïay Count Noun Gi mv‡_
Example: e¨eüZ nq Ges wKQz Av‡Q hviv ïay Non-count Noun Gi mv‡_B
e¨eüZ nq| Avevi wKQz Count Noun/ Non-count Noun
I saw ten sheep and five deer. Df‡qi mv‡_B e¨eüZ nq| wb‡¤œ jÿ¨ Kiæb–

He bought five dozen oranges from Nagpur.

Nouns with Both Count and Non-count Meanings

Some nouns may be used as count or as non count

nouns depending on their meaning. The most Where to use Determiners

important of those are listed below: Before plural all, some, a lot of, a great deal of,

Count Meaning Non- Meaning count and non the majority of, plenty of, enough,
noun count
noun count Noun more, most, any

Agreement a contract agreement 1. the state of sharing the Before plural many, few, a few, only a few, a

same opinion count Noun large/small number of, the number of,

2. approval several, both, these, those, one of the

3. concord Before non count much, little, a little, only a little, a

business a specific business 1. the activity of trade and Noun large/small amount of, the amount

company commerce.

2. work of, this, that.

decision a choice or decision decisiveness Before singular each, every, another, many a/an,

judgment count Noun this, that, any

fire an event fire the flames, light and heat

glass a container glass material With count With Non- With count With Non-count
Nouns
Honor an award honor respect Nouns count Nouns Nouns

language a specific type language any language few, a few, little, a little, all (of the) all (of the)
the few the little some (of the) some (of the)
life a specific life any life only a few, only a little,
person’s many much

light a lamp light the absence of darkness number of amount of a lot of a lot of

Several —— a great deal of a great deal of

noise a specific noise all sounds Another —— almost all (of the) almost all (of the)
paper sound paper
1. a specific material Both —— A any
room document room
space 2. a newspaper space space a, an, the the that, this, those, these that, this
a part of a floor 1. room
war an empty area war 2. the universe Fewer – than less — than none, one, two, three none
for a specific
purpose all wars more – than more — than
a specific war
** Few Ges Little GKB A‡_© e¨eüZ nq, wKš‘ ‘Few’ Plural

Count noun-Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ nq Ges ‘Little’ Non-count

noun-Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Few Ges

Little-Gi c~‡e© ‡h‡Kvb Modifier (a/ an/ the/ the very/

work an artistic work 1. employment very + few/ little) e¨eüZ n‡jI GKB wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
creation 2. any activity
Exercise:

Count and non count nouns with similar meanings Incorrect: there is few time to waste.

The following are pairs of nouns with similar Correct : There is little time to waste.

meanings, but one is a count noun and the other is a Choose the correct answer:

non count noun. Remember these nouns. ** Although southern California is densely populated,
—— live in the northern part of the state.
Count noun Non-count noun

a climate/ climates Weather A. a little people B. a few the people

a laugh, laughs Laughter C. few people D. a little of people Ans: C

a human being/ human Humanity ** Little and Few Gi A_© me mgq Negative nq, G‡`i A_©-

beings Not a lot/ ‡bB ej‡jB P‡j| wKš‘ G‡`i c‡~ e© a em‡jB positive

a job/ jobs Work A_© nq| a few, a little Gi A_© some/ wKQz| †hgb– I have

a machine/ machines Machinery few friends– GB evK¨wUi A_© n‡”Q ÓAvgvi eÜz †bB ej‡jB

a man/ men Mankind P‡j|Ó Avevi, I have a few friends –GB evK¨wUi A_© n‡”Q

a snowflake/ snowflakes Snow ÒAvgvi †ek wKQz eÜz Av‡Q|Ó ZvB hw` Few/ a few A_ev Little/

a sunbeam/ sunbeams sunlight; sunshine a little `ywUB GK mv‡_ Av‡m Zvn‡j A_© ey‡S use Ki‡Z n‡e|

a traffic jam/ traffic jams Traffic Exercise:

advertisement advertising Incorrect: Give me little butter, please.

Exercise: Correct : Give me a little butter, please. (some)

Incorrect: California has a good weather. ** Dc‡i DwjøwLZ cwÖ ZwU sentence-B Grammar-Gi w`K

Correct : California has good weather.

Or, California has a good climate. †_‡K mwVK| A little w`‡q nu¨v †evaK A_© cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q|

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 19

Choose the correct Answer: ** wKQz Noun Av‡Q hv‡`i mv‡_ ‘s/es’ bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Giv
** —— is currently available to researchers and Plural Countable noun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq (G‡`i ci
plural verb nq)| †hgb:
physicians who study and treat Acromegaly, a

glandular disorder characterized by enlargement *People, children, *cattle, *police, public, aristocracy,
gentry, nobility, peasantry (K…lK m¤úª`vq), poultry,
and obesity. perfumery (myMwÜ `ªe¨), artillery, vermin (Bu`yi¸‡jv), clergy etc.

A. The little information B. Few information

C. Little information D. A few information Ans: C

Examples of usage of Determiners Example: The people are generally considered to be

There are some cookies in the jar. (Count) ignorant fellows.

There is some water on the floor. (Non-count) ** wKQz Noun Av‡Q hviv Singular Ges Plural-G AcwiewZ©Z form- G

Did you eat any food? (Non-count) _v‡K| A_©vr Plural n‡jI G‡`i mv‡_ KL‡bvB s bv| †hgb:

Do you serve any vegetarian dishes? (Count) sheep, deer, pair, dozen, score, canon, salmon, gross

How much money will we need? Example:

They ate so much cake that they started to feel sick. I saw ten sheep and five deer.

Much effort will be required to solve this problem. He bought five dozen oranges from Nagpur.

How many children do you have? ** Avgiv Rvwb, Uncountable Noun memgq singular nq

They had so many books that they had to stack them in the hall. wKš‘ Gi GKK ¸‡jv plural nq Ges verb singular nq|

Many Americans travel to Europe each year. Time 50 hours/ one hour

Some important rules regarding noun and determiner Money 100 dollars/ one dollar

1. Non count noun Gi c‡~ e© the e¨eüZ nq bv| wKš‘ Non count e¨wZµg: Taka–100 taka + Singular

noun Gi ci prepositional phrase _vK‡j the e¨eüZ n‡e| Weight 20 kgs/ one kg verb

1. Music/The music appeals to all Length 20 metres/ one metre

2. Music/The music of western world is a threat to ours. Distance 20 miles/ one mile

2. Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †R‡bwQ †h Non count noun Gi c‡~ e© A/An Example:

wKsev Number e¨eüZ n‡e bv| Z‡e Ab¨ GKwU count noun- I am five hundred miles away from home.

Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡q non-count noun-Gi mv‡_ A/An wKsev Four months is a long time between the letters.

Number e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î structure-wU n‡e ** wKQz Non-count noun †hgb: [food, meat, money,

number + count noun + of + non-count noun sand, time] Count-noun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i hw` Zv

†hgb Avgiv a furniture ej‡Z cvwi bv; wKš‘ a piece of wewfbœ ai‡bi eSy vq|

furniture ej‡Z cvwi| GKBfv‡e Avgiv two luggage ej‡Z ‡hgb: Crops- wewfbœ cÖKvi dmj, Foods -wewfbœ cKÖ vi Lvevi,
Waters -Rjvkq, Times-evi, (wewfbœ mgq)|
cvwi bv; wKš‘ two pieces of luggage ej‡Z cvwi|

Correct the following sentences: Example:

Incorrect: I have bought two equipments. This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden

Correct : I have bought two pieces of equipments. me to eat.

Incorrect: He gave me a good advice. We have too much time on this homework.

Correct : He gave me a good piece of advice. she has been late for class six times this semester.

 g‡b ivL‡e †h, wb‡Pi Singular Ges Plural expression - I have done this several times.
¸‡jv idiomatic:
He studies meats.
a piece of advice a piece of bread a piece of equipment a piece of furniture Previous Year’s Question:
** —— can be grown on arid land.
a piece of information a piece of jewellery a piece of luggage a piece of mail
a piece of music a piece of news a piece of toast a loaf of bread A. Only a few crops B. Only few crop
a slice of bread an ear of corn a bar of soap a bolt of lightning

a clap of thunder a gust of wind C. Only a little crops D. Only little crop Ans: A

Exercise: Exercise:

Incorrect: Each furniture in this display is on sale for Incorrect: Each furniture in this display is on sale for

half price. half price.

Correct : Each piece of furniture in this display in Correct : Each piece of furniture in this display in

on sale for half price. on sale for half price.

Choose the correct Answer: Choose the correct Answer:
** Hybrids have one more —— per plant than the 1. Hybrids have one more —— per plant than the

other varieties. other varieties.

A. corns B. ear of corn A. corns B. ear of corn
D. corn’s ears C. corn ears D. corn’s ears
C. corn ears Ans: B Ans: B
Previous Year’s Question:
2. As a safety measure, the detonator for a nuclear device may
** I need —— soap to wash my dress with. be made of _______ each of which is controlled by a different

A. any B. a piece of C. a D. much Ans: B employee.

Count noun mvaviYZ GKv e¨eüZ nq bv| nq GwUi c~‡e© A. twoequipments

determiner _vK‡e A_ev GwU plural n‡e| B. two pieces of equipments

** Since he had no job, he was looking for ___. C. two pieces of equipment

A. a work B. a job C. job D. works Ans: B D. two equipment pieces Ans: C

20 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

Previous Year’s Question Uses of Other, another, the other

** I need —— soap to wash my dress with. Singular Nouns One Another, Another, another, The Other
Plural Nouns Some Other/others, Other/others,…... The Other
A. any B. a piece of C. a D. much Ans: B
Rule-3: Count noun mvaviYZ GKv e¨eüZ nq bv| nq GwUi
Positions First Middle Last

c‡~ e© determiner _vK‡e A_ev GwU plural n‡e|  One/Another/Other/The Other + (Noun)+Verb
 Others+ (No Noun)+Verb
 Since he had no job, he was looking for _____
1. another + singular count: One more
A. a work B. a job C. job D. works B
2. the other + singular count: The last of the group
 It is generally believed that an M.B.A. degree is
good preparation for a career in ________. 3. other + plural noun/ non-count noun: More of the group

A. a business B. business 4. the other + plural noun/ non-count noun: All the rest

C. businesses D. one business B Rule # 1: another kãwU †Kej ZLbB e¨envi Kiv hv‡e hLb

** Avgiv Rvwb, Uncountable Noun memgq singular nq another Øviv †h N/P-†K †evSv‡bv n‡”Q Zv hw` singular Ges

wKš‘ Gi GKK ¸‡jv plural nq Ges verb singular nq| count noun nq| singular Ges Count noun bv n‡j

Time 50 hours/ one hour another bv e‡j other ej‡Z n‡e|

Money 100 dollars/ one dollar I have done it. Please give me other homework.
I don’t want this pencil. Please give me another.
e¨wZµg: Taka–100 taka + Singular
Rule # 2: Other-Gi ci N/P em‡j Other-Gi mv‡_ KL‡bvB
Weight 20 kgs/ one kg verb s/es †hvM n‡e bv|

Length 20 metres/ one metre There are 20 students in the class. 5 students are
absent today and the other students are present.
Distance 20 miles/ one mile
(GLv‡b the others ejv hv‡e bv)
Example:

I am five hundred miles away from home. Exercise:

Four months is a long time between the letters. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of other.
1. This pen isn’t working. Please give me — (singular)
** wKQz Non-count noun †hgb: [food, meat, money,

sand, time] Count-noun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i hw` Zv 2. If you’re still thirsty, I’ll make ——— pot of coffee.
wewfbœ ai‡bi eSy vq|
3. This dictionary has a page missing. Please give
‡hgb: Crops-wewfbœ cKÖ vi dmj, Foods -wewfbœ cKÖ vi Lvevi, me — (the last one)
4. He does not need those books. He needs ——.
Waters -Rjvkq, Times-evi, (wewfbœmgq)|

Example: (all the remaining)

This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden 5. There are thirty people in the rooms. Twenty are from

me to eat. Latin America and ——— are from ——— countries.

We have too much time on this homework. 6. Six people were in the store. Two were buying meat.
—— looking at magazines. —— was eating a candy
she has been late for class six times this semester.

I have done this several times. bar. —— were walking around looking for more food.
7. This glass of milk is sour. —— glass of milk is sour too.
He studies meats.
8. The army was practicing its drills. One group was
Previous Year’s Question: doing artillery practice. ——was marching; ——was

** —— can be grown on arid land.

A. Only a few crops B. Only few crop at attention; and —— was practicing combat tactics.
9. There are seven students from Japan. ———are
C. Only a little crops D. Only little crop Ans: A

Rule-4: from Iran, and ———are from ———places.

Hundred, thousand, million etc. hw` wbw`©ófv‡e e¨eüZ nq 10.We looked a four cars today. The first two were far
Zvn‡j plural n‡e bv| wKš‘ hw` Awbw`©ó fv‡e e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j plural too expensive, but —— ones were reasonably priced.
n‡e| In this case there will be of after these words.
Answer Key: 1. another or the other; 2. another; 3. the

1. Five hundred/hundreds boys are attending the program. other; 4. the others; 5. the others, other; 6. Another,

2. Hundred/Hundreds of boys are attending the program. Another, The others; 7. The other; 8. Another, another,

Rule-5: Noun functioning as Adjective the other; 9. Others, the others, other; 10. the other;

GKvwaK noun cvkvcvwk _vK‡j †kl noun wU noun nq Ges Exercise-5: Other, another, the other
c~‡e©i noun ¸wj adjective Gi KvR K‡i| †h noun adjective
Gi KvR K‡i †mwU plural n‡e bv| 1. There are three kinds of solar eclipses; one is

total, another is annular, and _____________.

1. The committee consisted of six member/members. A. the another is partial B. the partial is other

2. We formed two six- member/members team/teams. C. other is partial D. the other is partial

3. I studied a 5-page/pages book. 2. Some plants are annuals; ________ are biennials;

4. I studied 5 page/pages of the book. the rest are perennials.

MCQs: A. some another B. another

1. The evolution of vertebrates suggests development C. others D. other
form a very simple heart in fish to a _________ in man.
3. Of the two new teachers, one is experienced and ______.

A. four-chamber heart B. four-chambers heart A. the others are not B. another is inexperienced
C. four-chamber hearts D. four-chamber’s heart
2. That magnificent _____________ temple was C. the other is not D. other lacks experience

4. Lee contributed fifty dollars, but he wishes he

constructed by the Chinese. could contribute _____________.
A. eight-centuries-old B. eight –century’s-old
A. one other fifty dollars B. the same amount also

C. old-eight-centuries D. eight-century-old C. another fifty D. more fifty dollars

Answer: 1-A, 2-D Answers: 1. D, 2. C, 3. C, 4. C

Accurate Grammar A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 21

Use of Kind & Type Answers:
Kind Ges Type GB word `ywU hLb Singular number-Gi
1. a noise 8. some 15. too much
mv‡_ e‡m †m‡ÿ‡Î kind Ges type e¨eeüZ nq; wKš‘ hw` Plural
2. advice 9. doesn't 16. this
number-Gi mv‡_ e‡m †m‡ÿ‡Î kinds Ges types n‡q hvq|
3. very good weather 10. Your hair is... it. 17. too much

Plural number ktyipnedss   of  Plural count noun  4. bad luck 11. much 18. few
  count  5. job 12. a little 19. less
  
Non  noun 6. journy 13. those 20. too much

Dr. Masud gives several + types + of homework. 7. total chaos 14. fewer

We saw several + kinds + of birds. More Excercise
1. ——— have amphibious attributes, although not
kind  singular count noun 
Singular number     of    all are amphibians.
 type   Non  count noun 
A. Much quadrupeds B. More quadrupeds

One + type + of homework is a lab report. C. Many quadrupeds D. A quadruped
2. A desert receives less than twenty-five ——— of
One + kind + of show is news.

Choose the correct Answer: rainfall every year.

** According to estimates by some botanists, A. centimeter B. a centimeter
there are ——— of plants.
C. centimeters D. of centimeters
3. ——— at 212 degrees F. and freezes at 32 degrees F.
A. seven thousand type B. seven thousand types

C. types of seven thousand D. types seven thousand Ans: B A. Waters boils B. The water boils

Use of Each & Every C. Water boils D. Waters boil

`ywUi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU eySv‡Z each e‡m| 4. It is generally believed that an M.B.A. degree is
good preparation for a career in ————
wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z ‡Kvb KvR nIqv eySv‡Z every e‡m|
A. a business B. business
each Gi ci of e‡m wKš‘ every Gi ci of e‡mbv|
C. businesses D. one business
Each + noun; or each + of + the noun
5. Unemployment compensation is money to support an
Every + noun; (not every + of the + noun) unemployed person while he or she is looking for ——.

Choose the correct answer: A. job B. a job C. works D. a work

1. In a football match,—— team has eleven players. 6. Fire-resistant materials are used to retard ——

A. every B. each C. all D. none Ans: B of modern aircraft in case of accidents.

2. The bus service is excellent there’s a bus —— ten minutes. A. a damage to the passenger cabin

A. each B. every B. that damage to the passenger cabin

C. all D. each and every Ans: B C. damage to the passenger cabin
D. passenger cabin’s damages
Exercise: 7. Hybrids have one more —— per plant that the

1. 'Did you hear (a noise / noise) just now? No, I

didn't hear anything. other varieties.

2. Sue was very helpful. She gave us some very A. corns B. ear of corn
C. corn ears D. corn’s ears
useful (advice / advise).

3. We had (very good weather / a very good 8. According to estimates by some botanists,
there are —— of plants.
weather) while we were on holiday.

4. We were very unfortunate. We had (bad luck / a bad luck). A. seven thousand type B. seven thousand types

5. It's very difficult to find a (work / job) at the moment. C. type of seven thousand D. types seven thousand
9. —— trees is a custom that many people engage
6. Our (travel / journey) form London to Istanbul

by train was very tiring. in to celebrate Arbor Day.

7. When the fire alarm rang, there was (total A. The plant B. Plant

chaos/ a total chaos). C. Planting D. To planting
10. —— is not a new idea.
8. I had to by (a / some) bread because! wanted to

make some sandwiches. A. The planning of cities B. Cities to plan them

9. Bad news (don't / doesn't) make people happy. C. Plan cities D. to planning cities
11. Sunspots are known to cause —— enormous
10. (Your hair is / Your hairs are) too long. You increase in the intensity of the sun’s

should have (it / them) cut.

11. Shaki doesn't have (many / much) information. electromagnetic radiation

12. I would like (a few / a little) salt on my dish. A an B. a C. some D. one
12. ———— of Country-Western singers may be
13. He had (that / those) cards last day.

14. There are (less / fewer) students in this section related to old English ballads.

than in the next section. A. The music B. Music

15. There is (too much / too many) good news on C. Their music D. Musics
13. ———— is an ancient source of energy.
television tonight.

16. I do not want (these / this) money. A. The wind B. Winds C. Wind D. A wind
14. At Woolworth’s first five-and-ten-cent store, ——
17. This is (too many / too much) water to drink. —— more than a dime.

18. A (few / little) people left the place.

19. Would he like (less / fewer) tea than this? A. neither items cost B. items not cost

20. This mobile costs (too much / too many). C. items none costing D. no item cost

22 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Accurate Grammar

15. One of —— of the late Middle Ages was Saint 7. [B] Non count noun Gi c‡~ e© A/An wKsev Number
e¨eüZ n‡e bv| Z‡e Ab¨ GKwU count noun-Gi mvnvh¨
Thomas Aquinas, a scholar who studied under wb‡q non-count noun-Gi mv‡_ A/An wKsev Number
e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î structure n‡e-
Albertus Magnus.
number + count noun + of + non-count noun
A. the thinkers who was great B. the great thinker
†hgb an ear of corn| mZy ivs mwVK DËi B|
C. the greatest thinkers D. who thought greatly 8. [B] seven thousand GKwU msL¨vevPK kã| ZvB Gi ci

16. Although southern California is densely populated, plural countable noun e¨eüZ n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi B|
9. [C] planting tree A_© n‡jv- e„¶ †ivcb hv sentence-G
—— Live in the northern part of the state.
sub wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| option A I B mwVK bq, KviY
A. a little people B. a few the people G¸‡jv A_©en bq| option D mwVK bq, KviY to-Gi ci
verb-Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi C|
C. few people D. a little of people 10. [A] is GKwU singular verb| ZvB Gi Rb¨ GKwU
singular subject wn‡m‡e the planning of cities
17. Although the Ojibwa Indians bought frequently e¨eüZ n‡e| option D mwVK bq, KviY to-Gi ci verb-
with the Sioux, they didn’t have ——— With Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi A|
11. [A] vowel-Gi Av‡M an e‡m|
early white settlers. 12. [A] Non-count noun-Gi c‡~ e© mvaviYZ the e‡m bv|
Z‡e noun-wUi hw` prepositional phrase _v‡K Zvn‡j
A. much contact B. lost contact the n‡e| †hgb - Av‡Q e‡j the music n‡e| Avi hw` of
western country bv _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j ïaygvÎ music n‡e|
C. many contact D. large contact 13. [C] wind n‡jv non-count noun ZvB Gi c‡~ e© a, the e¨eüZ
n‡e bv Ges GwU plural-I n‡e bv| GRb¨ mwVK DËi C|
18. ——— is currently available to researchers and 14. [D] cost verb Gi wZbwU iƒc n‡jv cost, cost, cost|
option A mwVK bq, KviY neither-Gi ci singular
physicians who study and treat acromegaly, a glandular subject e¨eüZ nq| option B I C A_©en bq| GLv‡b
option D-†Z 'no item' singular subject nIqv m‡Ë¡I
disorder characterized by enlargement and obesity. cost-Gi mv‡_ 's' n‡e bv, KviY sentence-wU past
tense-G e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
A. The little information B. Few information 15. [C] A‡b‡Ki mv‡_ Zzjbvi †¶‡Î superlative degree
use Kiv nq| myZivs mwVK DËi C|
C. Little information D. A few information 16. [C] people GKwU count noun| ZvB Gi c‡~ e© little
e¨eüZ n‡e bv| GRb¨ option A I D mwVK bq| option
19. ——— can be grown on arid land. B mwVK bq, KviY few/a few/the few + plural count
noun e¨eüZ nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi C|
A. Only a few crops B. Only few crop 17. [A] contract n‡jv non-count noun| ZvB Gi c~‡e©
many e¨eüZ n‡e bv| lost contact, large contact
C. Only a little crops D. Only little crop †Kv‡bv A_©en mwVK english expression bq| myZivs
20. Only ———— of the breeds of cattle have been mwVK DËi A|
18. [C] information GKwU non count noun| ZvB Gi c‡~ e©
brought to the United States. few A_ev a few e¨eüZ n‡e bv| option A mwVK bq,
KviY uncountable noun-Gi c‡~ e© mvaviYZ the e¨eüZ
A. a small amount B. a little amount nq bv| myZivs mwVK DËi C|
19. [A] crops n‡jv count noun| ZvB Gi c‡~ e© little e¨eüZ
C. a small number D. a little number bv n‡q few e¨eüZ n‡e| option B mwVK bq, KviY few/a
few/the few + plural count noun e¨eüZ nq| only
Answers with Explanations few ev only little †Kvb mwVK expression bq| mwVK
expression n‡jv only a few ev only a little.
1. [C] quadrupeds gv‡b n‡jv PZzlc` cÖvYx| hv GKwU 20. [C] breeds n‡jv count noun| GRb¨ Gi Av‡M
amount bv n‡q number n‡e| option D mwVK bq, KviY
countable noun| option A mwVK bq, KviY Gi c~‡e© much 'littel' count noun-Gi Av‡M e¨eüZ nq|

bv n‡q many n‡e| option B mwVK bq, KviY comparative

degree-†Z e¨en¨Z nq| option D mwVK bq, KviY cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœ

'have' verb wnmv‡e Av‡Q, ZvB Gi c‡~ e© singular subject (a

quadruped) e¨eüZ n‡e bv| myZivs mwVK DËi C|

2. [C] sentence-wU‡Z twenty-five †`Iqv Av‡Q| Gi c‡i

†h noun Avm‡e Zv n‡e plural count noun| GRb¨

centemeters n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi C|

3. [C] Water n‡jv Non-count noun| GwU mvaviYZ

plural nq bv Ges Gi c~‡e© the e¨eüZ n‡e bv| GRb¨

option A, B, D mwVK bq| myZivs mwVK DËi C|

4. [B] business k‡ãi A_© hw` the activity of trade and

commerce (e¨emvq I evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg) nq Zvn‡j Zv non

count noun| Avi hw` business Øviv GKwU wbw`©ó company-

†K eySvq Zvn‡j Zv count noun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| GLv‡b

business kãwU non count noun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB

GwU plural n‡e bv Ges Gi c‡~ e© msL¨vevPK kã e¨eüZ n‡e bv|

5. [B] option A mwVK bq, KviY job GKwU count noun,

ZvB Gi c‡~ e© determiner em‡e A_ev GwU plural n‡e|

option C I D mwVK bq, KviY non count noun

mvaviYZ plural nq bv Ges Gi c~‡e© article e¨eüZ n‡e

bv| mZy ivs mwVK DËi B|

6. [C] GLv‡b damage GKwU non-count noun| ZvB Gi

plural n‡e bv Ges Gi c‡~ e© determiner wn‡m‡e a/an

em‡e bv| myZivs mwVK DËi C|

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 23

Section Usage of Pronoun Rule–03
03
Preposition Gi ci e¨eüZ n‡e object pronoun|
Usage of Pronouns
Example:
Pronouns take the place of nouns. That is, Pronouns 1. Rahim sat between karim and I/me.
are used instead of nouns to avoid repetition. There 2. People like they/them always look for help from others.
are several different kinds of pronouns in English: 3. Everyone but he/him completed the assignment
subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive 4. None but she/her can do it.
pronouns, reflexive pronouns, relative pronouns, 5. No one but he/him can think about it.
reciprocal pronouns, relative pronouns. 6. Who but he/him can do it?
Remember the following forms Rule–04

Noun Gi cwie‡Z© †h kã e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Pronoun e‡j| Gerund-Gi c‡~ e© e¨eüZ n‡e possessive adjective I
present participle I infinitive Gi c‡~ e© e¨eüZ n‡e object
Pronoun ¸‡jv n‡”Q pronoun| that means:

i. Personal Pronoun: I, we, he, she, they, you. Subject + 8 Verbs+ Object Pronoun + V+ing (Present participles)
Subject + Not in 8 Verbs + possessive adjective + V+ing (Gerund)
ii. Possessive Pronoun: Mine, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs.
Example:
iii. Reflexive Pronoun: Myself, ourselves, yourself, 1. Rahim heard you/your calling me.
2. I dislike his/him shouting at me.
yourselves, himself, herself. 3. I observed his/him coming out of his home.
4. He objects to me/my going to the conference.
iv. Demonstrative Pronoun: this, that, those, these. 5. I dislike him/his coming here.

v. Indefinite Pronoun: Any, one, some, nobody, Note: Present participles are used after the
following verbs: see, watch, observe, notice,
anybody, many, everyone, all. hear, listen, find, catch
Rule–05
vi. Relative Pronoun: Who, whom, whose, which, that.
(Possessive adjective + Noun) Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ n‡e
vii. Interrogative Pronoun: Who, whose, whom, which, what. possessive pronoun|

viii. Distributive Pronoun: Each, either, neither. Example:
1. Your test was harder than we/us/our/ours.
ix. Reciprocal Pronoun: Each other, one another. 2. We have our books. Do you have your/yours?
Rule–06
Subjective Objective Possessive form Reflexive
Subject I object hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j object pronoun Gi
Pronoun Pronoun Possessive Possessive Pronoun cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ n‡e Reflexive pronoun|

Adjective Pronoun Example:
1. We sometimes talk to us/ourselves.
I me my mine myself 2. If you want to eat more, help you/yourself.
3. He will pay for him/himself.
We us our ours ourselves 4. You'll stick (you/your/yourself) with the pins if you

You you/thee/ your/thine yours yourself/ are not careful.
Rule–07
thou yourselves
Subject wb‡R KvR K‡i‡Q e‡j emphasize Kiv n‡j wKsev Subject
It it its its itself GKv KvR K‡i‡Q mean Kiv n‡j e¨eüZ n‡e Reflexive pronoun|

He him his his himself Example:
1. I repaired the machine myself.
She her her hers herself 2. Jack was sitting by him/himself in a corner of the room.

They them their theirs themselves Note: by + Reflexive = alone
Rule–08
One one one’s
KZ¸‡jv Verb reflexive pronoun mn e¨eüZ nq, †hgb t
who whom whose avail, enjoy, absent, present, pride BZ¨vw`|

Rules regarding pronoun: Example:
Rule–01 1. He availed himself of the opportunity.
2. She absented herself from the meeting.
Pronoun hw` verb Gi Subject wnmv‡e KvR K‡i Zvn‡j subject 3. Do not pride yourself on your wealth.
pronoun e¨eüZ n‡e Ges pronoun hw` verb-Gi object wnmv‡e 4. She plumes herself on her beauty.
KvR K‡i Zvn‡j object pronoun e¨eüZ n‡e|

Example:
1. He told karim and I/me about his trip.
2. We are better than they/them.
3. He is not as fast as I/me.
4. He likes you more than she/her.
Rule–02

Be verb Gi ci e¨eüZ n‡e subject pronoun|

Example:
1. It is he/him in the picture.
2. It is/are they/them who is/are arranging the program.
3. The next president is likely to be he/him.

24 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

Rule–09 4. To understand ancient Egypt. Dr. Malcolm has
studied its hieroglyphics and tried to interpret ——.
Preposition ‘of ’ Gi c‡i Possessive Pronoun e¨envi Kiv nq
A. it B. itself C. them D. themselves
hv ‘one of several’ †evSvq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ GKRb‡K

†evSv‡Z of Gi c‡i possessive pronoun e¨eüZ nq| 5. The dialect that is spoken in Olimbos is so old that
many of —— words date back to the time of Homer.
Example:

1. A friend of me/mine is getting married. A. its B. hers C. his D. theirs

2. Rahim had an argument with a neighbor of his/him. 6. One of the by-products of growing older is the
Rule–10 tendency of one’s idols to fall form —— pedestals.

Indefinite Pronoun Gi Rb¨ Which/what e¨envi bv K‡i A. they B. their C. them D. themselves

that e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Indefinite Pronouns ‡hgb : all, 7. As the bare mountains turned green, the people
found …… lolling forward to spring.
anyone, anything etc.
Example: A. they B. their C. them D. themselves
8. The police academy trams ——— dogs to fetch
1. I know all which/what/that he said.

2. I want anything which/that appeals me. things on command.

3. The officer wanted to anything which/what/that is pure A. its B. hers C. his D. theirs
Rule–11
9. The Italian dramatist and poet Ugo Betti was a judge
Superlative degree- ‡Z who/whom/which e¨eüZ bv n‡q who gained literary recognition late in ———— life.

that e¨eüZ nq|

Example: A. him B. their C. his D. them

1. He is the best orator whom/that I have ever seen. 10. The prickly pear anchors ———— on rocky,

2. It is the best which/that I received. barren slopes and grows to about 3 meters high.
Rule–12
A. it B. their
1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person Gi Pronoun ev
C. itself D. themselves
Noun me hw` GKB ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j (231) GB wbqg
11. New chemicals are not always tested to
follow Ki‡Z n‡e| Example: You, he & I went there. determine if ———— will cause cancer of

wKš‘ †`vl ¯^xKv‡ii e¨vcvi n‡j (123) GB order follow Ki‡e| genetic mutations.

Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB verb plural n‡Z n‡e| Example: I, you, and A. it B. he C. she D. they

he are to blame. 12. When Franklin Roosevelt became very ill, his
Rule–13
wife began to take a more active role in politics,
Who, which, what–G mKj Interrogative pronoun–Gi and many people believed that that ————

cieZ©x Subject ‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ that e‡m| and the president shared his responsibilities.

Example: A. she B. her C. herself D. hers

1. Who is the man that says so? 13. According to the Christian Bible, when the

2. Which is the pen that you like most? disciples say Jesus after he had risen from the

3. What is it that you conceal from me? dead, they said, ——.

Exercise: Pronoun A. “It is him.” B. “It is he.”

1. ——— in many college and universities, Latin is C. “It is his.” D. “It is himself.”

no longer spoken as an everyday tongue. 14. Moby Dick is a mythical account of evil and
revenge as shown by Captain Ahab’s pursuit of
A. Although they are still studied the whale that had wounded —— earlier in life.

B. Although he is still studied

C. Although this still studied A. he B. his C. him D. to him

D. Although it is still studied 15. Since the Earth’s crust is much thicker under the
2. Most labor unions provide insurance benefits ——.
continents, equipment would have to be capable of
A. at your members B. in they members
drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to investigate
C. for their members D. for its members the mantle ——.
3. Many people hate to eat in restaurants by ———.

A. themselves B. theirselves A. beneath them B. beneath their

C. himself D. ourselves C. beneath its D. beneath they

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 25

16. One property of radioisotopes is that —— decaying 10. [C] sub Ges object hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j objective wnmv‡e
reflexive pronoun e¨envi Kiv nq| GRb¨ GLv‡b the prickly
occurs in half-lives over a long period of time. pear-Gi reflexive pronoun wn‡m‡e itselves e¨eüZ n‡e|
A. they B. them C. they’re D. their
11. [D] sub †h‡nZz plural mZy ivs sub-†K follow K‡i †h
17. Sports medicine experts agree ice should be pronoun Avm‡e Zv n‡e plural| ZvB new chemicals-
Gi pronoun wn‡m‡e they e¨eüZ n‡e|
applied immediately when an athletes suffers an
injury to —— leg. 12. [A] gap-wU †h pronoun em‡e Zv Roose Velt-Gi
wife-†K wb‡`©k Ki‡e| Avi pronoun-wU Avm‡e shared
A. its B. an C. the D. his verb-Gi subject wnmv‡e| ZvB GLv‡b she e¨eüZ n‡e|

18. Charlie Chaplin was a comedian ——— was 13. [B] be verb-Gi ci subjective pronoun e¨eüZ nq|
14. [C] verb-Gi c‡i pronoun-Gi objective form use n‡e|
best known for his work in silent movies.
GRb¨ had wounded-Gi objective wn‡m‡e him e¨eüZ n‡e|
A. who B. which C. whose D. that 15. [A] preposition-Gi c‡i pronoun-Gi object form

19. In a parliamentary system, it is not the monarch use n‡e| GLv‡b beneath n‡jv preposition| GRb¨
but the prime minister ————. beneath-Gi ci them e¨eüZ n‡e|
16. [D] gerund (v + ing)-Gi Av‡M pronoun-Gi possessive
A. whom the real power B. who has the real power form use n‡e| GLv‡b decaying n‡jv gerund|
17. [D] sentence-wU‡Z leg ej‡Z athletes-Gi leg-†K indicate
C. whom has the real power D. who the real power Ki‡Q| so pronoun-wU n‡e person-†K wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb|
18. [A] a comedian GKRb e¨w³‡K refer Ki‡Q hvi
20. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat relative pronoun wn‡m‡e who e¨eüZ n‡e|
and digest animals much larger than ————. 19. [B] clause marker-wU wb‡RB subject wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q weavq
Gi ci verb e¨eüZ n‡e| subject wn‡m‡e who e¨eüZ n‡e|
A. it B. itself C. its D. it has 20. [B] evK¨wUi A_© n‡”Q Ómv‡ci †Pvqv‡ji KvVv‡gv mvc‡K Ggb
cvÖ Yx †L‡Z I nRg Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i hv mv‡ci wb‡Ri †P‡qI
Answers with Explanations

1. [D] pronoun me mgq antecedent-†K follow K‡i e‡m|

Avi Antecedent gv‡b n‡jv sentence-wU‡Z †h noun Av‡Q

Zv‡K eSy vq| GLv‡b sentence-wU‡Z noun n‡jv Latin|

Latin-Gi subject-B pronoun wn‡m‡e 'it' e¨eüZ n‡e|

2. [C] evK¨wU‡Z subject n‡jv most labor unions hv plural|

ZvB Gi possessive adjective wn‡m‡e their e¨eüZ n‡e|

3. [A] sub Ges object hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j reflexive pronoun

use Kiv hvq| evK¨wU‡Z subject n‡jv many people hv

reflexive pronoun wn‡m‡e themselves wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e| eo|Ó †Rvo †`qv A‡_© reflexive pronoun e¨eüZ nq|

4. [C] to interpret-Gi object wn‡m‡e objective pronoun e¨eüZ Detailed Use of Relative Pronoun

n‡e| ZvB option B I D mwVK bq| option C mwVK bq, KviY Subject Object Possessive
Who, whoever Whom, whomever Whose
hieroglyphics (mvs‡KwZK wPýmg–n) n‡jv GKwU plural noun| For persons Which, whatever Which, whatever Whose
For things that that Whose
ZvB Gi pronoun wn‡m‡e 'them' e¨eüZ n‡e| For Persons / things

5. [A] gap-wU‡Z GKwU pronoun use n‡e| †hUv follow

Ki‡e Zvi Antecedent-†K| GLv‡b †h pronoun-wU n‡e WHICH ONE IS CORRECT!!!!!!

†mUv n‡e dialect-Gi cwie‡Z©| †h‡nZz dialect singular, Whoever Anyone who
Whomever Anyone whom
ZvB Gi cwie‡Z© its e¨eüZ n‡e| whatever Anything what
If references Who/whom
6. [B] pedestal GKwU noun ZvB Gi c~‡e© possessive

adjective wn‡me their n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi B| If no references Whoever/whomever

7. [D] sub Ges object hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j objective wnmv‡e N/P + Who / Whom/which/that ……..Whoever /

reflexive pronoun e¨envi Kiv nq| GRb¨ GLv‡b people- whomever / whatever
Structure:
Gi reflexive pronoun wn‡m‡e themselves e¨eüZ n‡e| 1. Clause _____ Clause Verb = Subject Pronoun
2. ____ Verb = Whoever
8. [A] Noun hw` singular nq Z‡e Gi follower wnmv‡e †h subject 3. If not the above 2 structures, then = Object Pronoun
Who/Whom/Whoever/Whomever
pronoun Avm‡e †mUvI singular n‡e| ZvB the police
cÖ_‡g g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, 'who' wKsev 'whoever' subject-Gi KvR
academy-Gi possessive adjective wn‡me its e¨eüZ n‡e| K‡i Ges 'whom' wKsev 'whomever' object-Gi KvR K‡i|

9. [C] evK¨wU‡Z subject n‡jv Vgo Betti| Gi

possessive adjective wn‡me his e¨eüZ n‡e|

26 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

Example: 8. Give the prize to (who/whoever/whomever) you please.
1. He is the person who can help you.
9. (Who/Whom/Whoever/Whomever) is appointed will find
sub verb
2. She is the girl whom Rahim selected. the position very challenging.

obj. sub. verb 10. Rahim (who/whom/whoever/whomever) I expected to
come didn’t come.
who/whom †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k K‡i,
whoever/ whomever †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k bv K‡i Answers:
Awbw`©ó †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Bw½Z †`q|
1. [who] 6. [whoever]
2. [whoever] 7. [whom]
3. [whoever] 8. [whomever]

4. [whom] 9. [Whoever]

Example: 5. [Whomever] 10.[whom]
1. Talk to whoever can help you.
we: `ª. Ab¨vb¨ Relative Pronoun-Gi Detailed Use †kLvi Rb¨
sub verb
2. I will work with whomever Rahim selected. Module 1-Gi Adjective Clause Aa¨vqwU fv‡jvfv‡e co‡Z n‡e|

obj. sub. verb Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

ev‡K¨ parenthesis statement (GKwU AwZwi³ Z_¨g~jK Agreement 1:
clause) _vK‡j wkÿv_©xiv gv‡S gv‡S who/whom msµvšÍ c‡Ö kœ
GKwU Pronoun-†K Aek¨B Zvi Noun (hvi cwie‡Z© GUv e‡m)

Gi mv‡_ m½wZc‚Y© n‡Z n‡e|

weåvwšÍ‡Z c‡o| GKwU D`vniY †`Lv hvK Inc : Heera is interested in mathematics and their application
Cor : Heera is interested in mathematics and its application

He is the person who/whom I think can help you. Inc : In spite of its small size, these cameras can take very

A‡bK wkÿv_©x gap-Gi wVK ci ci 'I' †`‡L g‡b Ki‡e †h, GLv‡b gap- good pictures
Gi ci subject †`qv Av‡Q ZvB gap-wU‡Z object 'whom' emv‡bv Cor : In spite of their small sizes, these cameras can
DwPZ| GKUz †Lqvj Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e GB evK¨wU Ges cÖ_g D`vniYwUi
g‡a¨ g~jZ †gŠwjK †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB, GLv‡bI 'can help' verb-wUi take very good pictures.
Rb¨ subject cÖ‡qvRb| 'I think' GLv‡b †Kej GKwU parenthesis
statement hv DËi Kivi †ÿ‡Î D‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| Agreement 2:
ev‡K¨ parenthesis statement Av‡Q wKbv Zv eSy vi Rb¨ †`L‡Z
n‡e gap-Gi wVK ci †h clause-wU i‡q‡Q Zv QvovI evK¨wU sentence-Gi subject-Gi mv‡_ h_vh_ m½wZ †i‡L subject
KvVv‡gvMZfv‡e (structurally) mwVK wKbv| †evSvi myweav‡_© wb‡P Abhy vqx h_vh_ possessive pronoun emv‡Z n‡e| (Pronoun
parenthesis statement (ps)-h³y wKQz evK¨ †`qv n‡jv: Antecedent Agreement)

Inc : He as well as I have done our work

1. He is a person who I feel confident can do this job. Cor : He as well as I has done his work
Inc : He is one of you who is doing his duty.
sub ps verb Cor : He is one of you who are doing your duty.
Agreement 3:
2. You will talk to whoever you are optimistic can help you.
hw` †Kv‡bv sentence-G pronoun e¨envi Kiv nq †m †¶‡Î
pronoun-Gi Av‡M GKB e¨w³ Ges msL¨vi Rb¨ Aek¨B GKwU
noun _vK‡Z n‡e|

sub ps verb Inc : Ali dislikes politics because they are corrupt.

3. Select whoever you think is the best qualified. GLv‡b they Øviv Kv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡”Q Zv

sub ps verb sentence †_‡K ¯•ó bv| G‡¶‡Î pronoun

parenthesis statement-h³y ev‡K¨i parenthesis statement-wU e¨envi Kiv wVK bv|

wPwýZ K‡i D‡cÿv Ki‡j mn‡RB who/whom msµvšÍ cÖkœ wkÿv_©xiv Cor : Ali dislikes politicians because they are corrupt.

mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Or, Ali dislike politics because the politicians are corrupt.
Decision Rule: The error will remain until you revise
Exercise: Who/Whom to supply a specific antecedent or to get rid of the
pronoun altogether.
1. He is a person (who/whom/whoever/whomever) I feel
confident can be relied on. Sample Questions:
1. The television programs we allow —— to watch
2. You will talk to (who/whom/whoever/whomever) you are
optimistic can help you. influence their learning.

3. (Who/Whom/Whoever/Whomever) gets this offer will A. a children B. our children
not even think for a little while to accept it.
C. our child D. their childs
4. Our headmaster (who/whom/whoever/whomever) I
think we all respect is arriving here soon. 2. The more hemoglobin one has, the more oxygen
is carried to ——— cells.
5. (Who/Whom/Whoever/Whomever) I asked for support
supported me. A. one B. its C. their D. one's

6. Select (whom/whoever/whomever) you think is the best 3. A university bookstore that sells used textbooks
qualified. stocks —— along with the new ones on the shelf

7. Rahim (who/whom/whoever/whomever) I believe to be under the course title.
honest can be relied on.
A. its B. their C. a D. them

Answer Key: 1.B, 2.D, 3.D

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 27

Rule-2:

Section Adjective & Adverb Feel, If there is There will be
Look,
04 Smell, Noun/Pronoun/Preposition Adverb
Taste
Adjective Noun–‡K modify K‡i| Zviv mvaviYZ Noun Gi If there is no There will be

Av‡M e‡m| Zviv Verb to be, Linking Verb Gi c‡i e‡m| Noun/Pronoun/Preposition Adjective

Adjective before nouns Rahim is a careful driver. Example:
 He tasted the food suspicious/suspiciously.
Adjective after linking verbs That song sounds nice.  The soup tasted delicious/deliciously
 He looked calm/calmly.
Rule-2: Adverbs verbs †K modify K‡i| Adverbs ‡`Lvq  He looked angry/angrily at the crowd.

Kxfv‡e GKRb KvR K‡i A_ev †Kv‡bv wKQz Kxfv‡e N‡U?  Avevi Linking verb–Gi ci hw` adjective Ges adverb `ywUB

Adjectives, participles and other adverbs ‡KI Adverbs
modify K‡i|

Adverbs modifying Rahim drives carefully. e¨eüZ nq, Zvn‡j cÖ_‡g adverb Ges c‡i adjective e¨eüZ
n‡e| A_©vr- Subject + linking verb + adverb + adjective
verbs We did not go out because it was

raining heavily. Rule-3: Be, Become, Remain can be followed by
noun phrases as well as adjectives.
Adverbs modifying The food is extremely good. Example:
 He remained sad even though I tried to cheer him up.
adjectives  He remained chairperson of the board despite the opposition.
Rule-4:
Adverbs modifying It was a rapidly changing situation
participles

Adverbs modifying He learns languages incredibly quickly.

other adverbs

Example: Generally, he is more serious in the meeting. Appear
Seem
Finally, he became the president of the committee. Sound There will be Adjective
Stay
Position of Adjectives

Rule-2: Some participle adjective like (applying, Exercise: Linking Verb
taken, caused, found, provided) can not be used 1. The music sounded too (noisy/noisily) to be classical.
2. Your name sounds (terrible/terribly).
before noun. 3. The food in the restaurant always tastes (good/well).
4. The campers remained (calm/ calmly) despite
Example: None of the candidates applying/
the thunderstorm.
applying candidates were accepted. Answers: 1.Noisy 2.Terrible 3.Good 4. Calm
Rule-3: Other participle adj. like (stolen, affected,
Forms of Adverbs
broken ) can be used both before or after the noun.
Example: My pen was among the things stolen/

stolen things.

Rule-4: Other participle adj. like (present, concerned, Rule-1: Most adverbs are formed from adjective+-ly:
responsible) can used both before and after noun happy→ happily; nice→ nicely

depending on the meaning.

Example: i) I would like to thank all the people Adjective + ly = Adverb
concerned / concerned people. Noun + ly = Adjectives (e.g. cowardly, friendly,
lively, lonely, brotherly, motherly),
Adjective with linking verbs

Be Appear Feel In + a/an + Adjective with ly + fashion/manner/way

Become Seem Look Example:
 He smiled at me friendly/in a friendly way.
Remain Sound Smell Stay  She waved her hands lively/ in a lively fashion.
 He passed his married life happily/in a happy manner.
Taste Turn Rule-2: Some adverbs have two forms i) ending with
ly; ii) the other not. We can use both of them.
Rule-1: Linking verbs do not show action. Linking i) I will be there as quickly/quick I can.
ii) Try to sing loud/loudly in the last verse.
Verb will be modified by Adjectives and all other
Cheap(ly) Clean(ly) Clear(ly) Fine(ly) Slow(ly) Thin(ly)
verbs will be modified by Adverbs.

Example:

He works silently. (adverb)

He remains silent. (adjective)

Example: He looked calm/calmly.

28 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

Rule-3: Some words are both adjectives and adverbs. An Rule-6. Adverbs (form wfbœn‡j A_©I wfbœ nq)

interesting thing is that we find other adverbs with different He came late. (†`wi) I haven't seen him lately. (m¤úÖwZ)

meanings when we add the suffix-ly to them. Here are the The team played fair. He did fairly well in his

most important of these words. (PgrKvi) examination. (†ek, †gvUvgywU)

Adjective Adverb Adverb My grandparents live I nearly made a mistake. (cvÖ q)
Close (wbKU, wbweo) Close (wbK‡U) Closely (wbweofv‡e) quite near. (wbK‡U)
Deep (Mfxi) Deep (Mfx‡i) Deeply (AZ¨šÍ, m¤ú~Y©fv‡e)
Fair (wbi‡c¶, b¨vqm½Z) Fair (b¨vqm½Zfv‡e) Fairly (‡gvUvgwy U) We had to work hard. They could hardly find their
Hard (K‡Vvi) Hard (K‡Vvifv‡e) Hardly (K`vwPr)

High (DPu z) High (DuPz‡Z) Highly (AZ¨šÍ, cÖksmvi mv‡_) (K‡Vvi) way. (K`vwPr)

Near (wbKU) Near (wbK‡U) Nearly (cÖvq) The boy climbed high She is highly interested in

Late (†`ix) Late (†`ix‡Z) Lately (m¤cÖwZ) up the tree. (D”P) history. (LyeB)
Short (msw¶ß) Short (nVvr) Shortly (kxNÖB)

Sharp (Zx¶è) Sharp (wVK) Sharply (KK©kfv‡e) Position of Adverbs
Rule-1: Adverb of Manner, place, time use n‡e
Rule- 4: There are some other words that are both verb Ges object Gic‡i| hw` wZbwUB GK mv‡_ _v‡K Zvn‡j
order wU n‡e
adjectives and adverbs. Here is a list of those words.

Adjective Adverbs

That is a very fast train. It goes very fast.

He has gone to the far East. We didn't walk very far.

It is a straight road. It runs straight for miles. MPT

I am afraid he is not well. (healthy) He can sing well.

Exercise: Choose the correct form

1. English and German are (close/closely) related. Manner Place

2. Fortunately, my best friend lives very Time

(close/closely) by. Correct the following sentences:

3. He did (fair/fairly) well in his examination.  He works everyday sincerely at his office

4. The athletes have been practicing very (hard  He attends passionately classes everyday at school

/hardly) for Athens. Rule-2: Adverb of frequency-(AOF) (always,

5. I could (hard/hardly) hear him at the back. never, usually, often) use n‡e subject I verb

6. I've (near/nearly) finished the book you gave me. gvSLv‡b | verb Gi mv‡_ hw` auxiliary verb hy³ _v‡K

7. My grandparents live quite (near/nearly).

8. The car stopped (short/shortly) at the gate. Zvn‡j Giv use n‡e aux. verb I main verb Gi gvSLv‡b|

9. I think you have spent too much money (late/lately). Verb = 1 word ( Sub + AOF + Main Verb)

10. They always get home (late/lately) on weekends. Verb = 2 or more words ( Sub + Aux + AOF + Main Verb)

11. You'll have to hit the ball quite (high/highly) to Verb = BE verb( Sub + BE verb + AOF)

get it over that net.

12. The Concorde used to fly much (higher/highly) Use the adverb in the bracket in the following sentences:

than most other airplanes.  I participate in this competition (always)

13. He's very (high/highly) thought of within the company. Correct: I always participate in this competition

14. Their son has been a (deep/deeply) disappointment to them.  He has passed a test (never)

15. He is (deep/deeply) grateful for our support. Correct: He has never passed a test

Answers: 1.closely; 2. close; 3. fairly; 4. hard; 5.  He is late ( never)
Correct: He is never late
hardly; 6.nearly; 7. near; 8.short; 9.lately; 10.late;
Rule-3: Even, only, so, too, very †h word wU‡K
11.high; 12.higher; 13.highly; 14. deep; 15. deeply

Rule-5. Adjectives Ges Adverbs (same form)

Adjective Adverbs modify Kivi wVK †m word Gi c‡~ e© use n‡e|

That is a very fast train. It goes very fast. See how the following sentences change in meaning

He is a hard worker He works hard. as we change the position of only.

He has gone to the far East. We didn't walk very far.  Only Rahim has worked for two hours.

It is a straight road. It runs straight for miles.  Rahim has only worked for two hours.

I saw a dead bird in the garden. He was dead drunk.

That is a very high building. The birds are flying high.  Rahim has worked for only two hours.

She is a pretty girl. That is a pretty good picture. Use of Enough

My shoes are too tight. Hold tight. Rule-1: Enough noun Gi c‡~ e© Ges adjective wKsev

I'm afraid he is not He can sing well. adverb Gic‡i e¨eüZ n‡e|

well. (healthy) Example:

This is the short way home. The teacher cut him short in  He is enough talented/talented enough to pass this test.
 I do not have enough money/money enough for a holiday.
the middle of the

presentation. (interrupt)

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 29

Practice Questions: Structure-1: so that
He studies hard so that he can pass the test.
1. When our body does not get ——, it can not He studied hard so that he could pass the test.
I am learning English so that I will be able to speak.
make the glucose it needs. Structure 2: so + adj/adv + that
Naeem ran so fast that he broke the last record.
A. enough food B. food as enough Structure 3: so + (many/much/few/little) + noun + that
I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult for me.
C. food enough D. enough the food He invested so much money that he couldn’t abandon it.
Structure 4: such + a/an + adj + noun + that
2. The definitions for "gram calories" or "calories" It was such a hot day that we couldn’t go outdoors.
It is such a interesting book that he can’t put down it.
are —— for most engineering work. Structure 5: so + adj + a/an + noun + that
It was so hot a day that we couldn’t go outdoors.
A. accurate as enough B. enough accurate It is so interesting a book that he can’t put down it.
Structure 6: such + adj + plural noun / non-count
C. accurate enough D. as accurate enough noun + that
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
3. A seventeen-year-old is not —— to vote in election. This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Exercise:
A. old enough B. enough old Following the formulas, use either so or such in these
sentences as appropriate.
C. as old enough D. enough old as 1. The sun shone ——— brightly that Jarin had to

Answer Key: 1.A 2.C 3.A put on her sunglasses.
2. Raja was ——— a powerful swimmer that he
Use of Quite and Rather
always won the races.
Rule-1: ‘Quite’ means less than ‘very’ but more than 3. There were ——— few students registered that
‘little’. So rather and quite are similar but the
difference is the class was cancelled.
i) Positive idea = quite 4. We had ——— wonderful memories of that place

ii) Negative idea = Rather that we decided to return.
5. We had ——— good a time at the party that we hated to leave.
Example: 6. The benefit was ——— great a success that the
She is quite/rather intelligent but quite/rather lazy.
Rule-2: Quite goes before Adj. while Rather goes promoters decided to repeat it.
before or after Adj. 7. It was — a nice day that we decided to go to the beach.
8. Jane looked — sick that the nurse told her to go home.
Example: 9. Those were ——— difficult assignments that we

i) It is a quite a long way/ a quite long way. spent two weeks finishing them.
ii) It is a rather a long way/ a rather long way. 10. Ray called at — early hour that we weren’t awake yet.
Answer Key: 1.so; 2.such; 3.so; 4.such; 5.so; 6.so
Use of So, Such, Too, Much and very 7.such; 8.so; 9.such; 10.such.
Rule-7: Very = Positive degree or Present Participle
Rule-1: So, such and too are followed by Cause-----
Effect but very are not followed by any result. Much = Comparative degree and Past Participle.
Example: Example: i) He is very/ much strong.
i) He is too/so/verysmart that he can manage anyone.
ii) He is too/so/very glad to meet Rahim. ii) He is a very/much strong man.
iii) He is too/so/very weak to walk. iii) He is very/ much stronger than I.
iv) I am much/very obliged to my friends.
Bs‡iwR‡Z cause I result cKÖ v‡ki Rb¨ gj– Z `wy U expression
eûj cÖPwjZ:

i) so .... that ii) such .... that

Avgv‡`i cix¶vq GLvb †_‡K †h ckÖ œ Av‡m Zvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i

Rvb‡Z n‡e KLb so n‡e Avi KLb such n‡e| j¶ Kwi:

 We had —— good a time at the party that we

hated to leave.

A. so B. such C. too D. so that

G ev‡K¨ wØZxq clause-G that Av‡Q ZvB bZzb K‡i so that

wjL‡j redundancy n‡e| ZvB d fyj| too --- that nqbv| too

wjL‡j c‡ii As‡k to _vK‡Z nq hv G ev‡K¨ †bB| Zvn‡j so &
such G `y‡Uvi g‡a¨ †h †Kv‡bv 1Uv Ans. n‡e| GLb so n‡e bv
such n‡e Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †`L‡Z n‡e gap Ges that-
Gi gvSLv‡b wK wK Av‡Q| GUv Rvbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i bx‡Pi

structure-¸‡jv j¶ Kwi

30 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

More on Adverb 9. When a woman becomes pregnant ———— in

Rule-1: Negative adverbs (hardly, barely, rarely, life, she encounters additional risks in delivering
scarcely, seldom, never) cannot be used with other
a healthy baby.

negative words like (no, not) A. lately B. lateness C. latest D. late
10. ——— on clear days one can see the snowcap

Rule-2: [very, extremely, deeply] cannot be used of Mount Rainier from Seattle.
with upgradable adjectives (impossible, invaluable,
A. Sometime B. Some

and furious). Rather they should be qualified by C. Sometimes D. Somestime
[completely, totally or absolutely].
Answers with Explanations
Exercise: Adjective & Adverb
1. [A] enough-Gi `ywU rule Av‡Q| rule `ywU bx‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
1. When your body does not get ———— it cannot
Enough + Noun

make the glucose it needs. Adjective / Adverb + Enough

GLv‡b food n‡jv noun|

A. enough food B. food as enough 2. [C] accurate n‡jv adjective ZvB accurate-Gi mv‡_

C. food enough D. enough the food enough-Gi mwVK expression n‡jv accurate enough|

2. The definitions for “gram calories” or “calories” 3. [A] Kvib ---- djvdj A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ mwVK structure n‡jv:

are —— for most engineering work. so + adjective/ adverb + that

A. accurate as enough B. enough accurate versatile and durable adjective nIqvq mwVK DËi n‡e A|

C. accurate enough D. as accurate enough 4. [A] so Ges such-Gi `ywU rule Av‡Q| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
3. Oil paints are ———— they have become the
so Ges such ïaygvÎ that clause hy³ sentence-G
most popular painter’s colors.
use nq| Avi rules-¸‡jv n‡jv:

A. so versatile and durable that 1. So + adj/adv

B. so versatile and durable than 2. So + adj + noun
C. such versatile and durable as
3. Such + a/an + adjective + noun So + adj +

D. such versatile and durable a/an + noun
4. Water is ———— that it generally contains
4. So+ many/much/little/few +Noun
dissolved materials in greater or lesser amounts.
c`Ö Ë cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ 3 bs rule wU Abmy iY Ki‡Z n‡e|

5. [B] cause and result express Kivi Rb¨ `ywU rule Av‡Q:

A. such an excellent solvent 1. too ------ to
B. such excellent a solvent
2. so ------ that
C. such a excellent solvents
cÖ`Ë cÖ‡kœi to †`‡L Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi 1 bs rule-wU AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

D. a such excellent solvent 6. [A] cause and result cKÖ v‡k

5. The tiny pictures on microfilm are ———— 1. too ------ to

small to be read with the naked eye. 2. so ------ that e¨eüZ n‡e|

A. so B. too C. much D. such so, such and too are followed by result but very

6. Young rivers have no flood plains and their valleys are not followed by any result.
are ——.
c`Ö Ë ev‡K¨ cause and result cKÖ vk Kiv nqwb| ZvB

A. very narrow B. too narrow Dc‡iv³ structure `wy U Abmy iY Kiv n‡e bv| mZy ivs GLv‡b

e¨eüZ n‡e very narrow

C. so narrow D. narrowly 7. [B] linking verb-Gi c‡i use n‡e adjective|

7. If one is suffering from a psychosomatic illness, 8. [B] continuously gv‡b GKUvbv, Avi continually gv‡b

which is a disease contributed to by mental Uvbv Z‡e †_‡g‡_‡g| Gevi sentence-wUi meaning
anxiety, one may still feel very ————.
†Lqvj Ki‡j answer Kiv mnR n‡e|

A. badly B. bad C. worsely D. worser 9. [D] late wb‡RB adverb| mZy ivs late-†K adverb Ki‡Z -

8. A symbol of the ancient competition, the Olympic ly †hvM Kivi c‡Ö qvRb †bB| c`Ö Ë ev‡K¨ verb-†K modify
flame burns ———— throughout the games.
Ki‡Z GKwU adverb `iKvi| ZvB lateness (noun) Ges

A. in a continuous way B. continuously latest (adjective) e¨eüZ n‡e bv|

C. continually D. continual 10. [C] sometime = wKQy mgq| Avi sometimes = gv‡S gv‡S|

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 31

Example:

Section Preposition & Conjunction  Fred will be away by / until / by the time Monday.

05  Fred will be back by / until / by the time Monday.

Prepositions are followed by words or phrases while  By / Until / By the time we get to the cinema, the

conjunctions are followed by clauses. film will already have started.

Conjunction Preposition Meaning  By / Until / By the time she arrived, most guests

Though, Although, In spite of, Despite Contrast had left.

Even though, While Like & As
 Like is a preposition meaning ‘similar to’ or ‘for
When, While, As For, During Time
example’. It is followed by a noun phrase.
Because, Since, As Because of, Due Reason  We use as before a clause.
 As can also be used as a preposition when it
to, On account of
means ‘in the position of’.
As Like Similarity

In order that, So that In order to, So as to Purpose Example:

Example:  She is a teacher as/like me.

 We respect him because / because of his honesty.  He performed the job as/like I asked him.

 He took the course so that / so as to get a better job.  I worked as/like a driver for two years.

 She stayed at work late so that / so as to she If, In case, Unless
 We use If when the action takes place only if the
could complete the work.
condition is met.
Though, Although, Even though, In spite of, Despite  We use In case when the action takes place
 After Though, Although, Even though we use
before the condition is met.
subject + verb  We use Unless when the action takes place if the
 After In spite of, Despite we use a noun, a
condition is not met.
pronoun (this, that, what etc.) or –ing form.
Example:
Example:
 You can get chance in DU if/unless you study hard.
 I could not sleep although / despite I was very tired.
 Take an umbrella if / in case / unless it rains.

 I did not get the job in spite of / though having all  You can not take the exam if / in case / unless

the necessary qualifications. you get the admit card.

When, While, As Coordinate Conjunctions:
 We use as/while if two actions happen at the same
Conjunctions Use Example

time. We use when if one thing happen after another. And Addition He is a player and a

Example: musician.

 When / As I reached home, I had a bath. Or Choice, The plant can be grown in

 I watched her as / when she opened the letter. Possibility a house or in a garden.
 We use as if two things happen together over a long period.
But Contrast He is educated but ill

Example: mannered.

 As / When the day went on, the weather got worse. Nor Negation He has never taken a
 We use as (time) for actions and happenings, not for
class in Accounting, nor

situations. We will have to use when or while in this case. does he want to.

Example: So Effect It was a bright day, so she

 The doorbell rang while / as we were asleep. put on her sunglasses.

 Rahim got married when / as he was 23. Correlative conjunctions:

For & During Conjunctions Use Example
 We use for + a period of time to say how long
Both ----- and Addition Both Rahim and Karim are

something goes on. my friend.
 We use during + noun to say when something happens.
... as well as... Addition Rahim as well as Karim is

Example: my friend.

Both ... and ... Addition He plays cricket and

 We watched television for/during two hours last night. as well as Football as well as Tennis.

 I fell asleep for/during the film. Not only ... but Addition He studied not only Finance

 I hope to see Tom during/while I am in Dhaka. also but also Accounting.

By, Until, By the time Either .... or Choice, I want either a pen or a pencil.
 Something continues until a time in the future or
Possibility

something happens in the future. Neither.... Nor Negation Neither Rahim nor karim
 Something happens by a time in the future.
 By the time something happens/happened, was present.

Not ..... but Exclusion The capital of Bangladesh is

something else will have happened/had happened. not Chittagong but Dhaka.

32 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

Use of some important Prepositions Communications

Rule-1: Date/year/month Preposition Example Nouns Example Sentences
 Clock time (smallest)-------at
 Day/date----------------------on On telephone I spoke to him on the
 Month/year------------------in
Internet telephone yesterday.
Example:
 His birthday ----- May. radio, television I read about it on the
 His birthday ----- May 10.
 His birthday ----- May 10, 1991. Internet.

But: I heard the news on the

In + the +morning/ evening/ afternoon radio.

At= night/ noon Remember that

Rule-2: Time We say on the committee/jury/staff/panel (group of people)
 In time----------Unspecified earlier
 On time-------Routine time/ scale time But, we say in the army/air force (Profession)

Example: Where prepositions are NOT used
 The students reached the school --------.
 The class was started---------------------. NO Words and Example Sentences

Rule-3: Page Number Preposition Phrases
 Normally--------------at
 Position----------------on in, on, at home Sally went home.

Example: this morning I met my classmates this morning.
 See -------page 10.
 Open -----page 20. this afternoon We will arrive this afternoon.
 This diagram is----------page 10.
every week We have an exam every week.
Rule-4: City
 City (part)----------at last Tuesday Neil did his laundry last Tuesday.
 City (Whole)-------in
 Address ------------at next year Betty will return next year.

Example: Exercise: Preposition
 He lives --- Mirpur.
 He lives --- 61,Mirpur. 1. As densely populated as the city is, there are
 He lives ---Mirpur----Dhaka. surprisingly few people seen ——— the streets.

Rule-5: Street and Road A. to B. at C. of D. on
 Address---------at
 Name------------on 2. Although it is difficult ————, a frog is more likely
 In the street/ road
to be smooth and wet, and a toad rough and dry.
Example:
 He lives --- College Street. A. distinguishing among a frog and a toad
 He plays --- the Street.
 He lives --- Rasel Square. B. distinguish a frog and a toad

More on Preposition C. between a frog and a toad distinguish

Transportation D. to distinguish between a frog and a toad
3. ——— of the United States form southern New
Preposition Example Nouns Example Sentences
Hampshire in the north to Virginia in the south, a
In car, truck, taxi I went to Dhaka in my car.
vast urban region has been defined as a
On bus, train, ship, I went there on the bus.
megalopolis, that is a cluster of cities.
plane, bicycle, foot We traveled to Toronto
A. On the northeastern seaboard
on the train.
B. It is in the northeastern seaboard

C. That the northeastern seaboard

D. At the northeastern seaboard
4. Most stores in large American cities close ——

five or six o’clock on weekdays, but the malls in

the suburbs stay open much later.

A. at B. in C. on D. until

5. —— a mayor, many city governments employ a

city manager.

A. Beside B. Besides C. And D. Also
6. Everyone ———— albinos has a certain amount

of pigment in the skin to add color.

A. but B. that C. without D. not

7. Some forms of mollusks are extremely useful as
food, especially the bivalves — oysters, clams,

and scallops. D. so
A. such B. such as C. as

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 33

8. ——— under Chief Tecumseh, the Shawnees 7. [B] D`vniY †`Iqvi Av‡M wKQy expression use Kiv nq|

lost most of their lands to whites and were †hgb: such as; for example(s); for instance(s)

moved into territories. 8. [A] contrast meaning-G noun phrase-Gi c~‡e© use

A. In spite of resistance B. In spite resistance n‡e in spite of ev Despite| ïay in spite, spite of,

C. Spite of resistance D. Spite resistance spite †Kvb mwVK expression bq|

9. ——— in the cultivation of a forest, trees need 9. [C] Because n‡jv clause marker Ges sub-

more careful planning than any other crop does.

A. Because the time and area involved coordinating conjunction | Avi because of n‡jv

B. For the time and area involving preposition| because of + phrase Ges Because

C. Because of the time and area involved + clause e¨eüZ nq|

D. As a cause of the time and area involved 10. [C] B †_‡K A djvdjwU cvIqv †M‡j expression-wU n‡e

10. It is now believed that some damage to tissues A result from B|
may result——— them to frequent X-rays.
11. [C] For Preposition-Gi c‡i (v+ing) n‡e
A. the exposing B. from exposure

C. from exposing D. expose 12. [C] Preposition-Gi c‡i (v+ing) n‡e|

11. The most exact way known to science ——— 13. [A] GK Kvj †_‡K Av‡iK Kvj ev GK ¯’vb †_‡K Av‡iK ¯’vb

the age of artifacts is based on the radioactivity cKÖ v‡k (From --- to) use Kiv nq|

of certain minerals. More Exercise: Conjunction

A. for to determine B. for determine 1. The belief in life after death is prevalent in both
primitive societies ———— advanced cultures.
C. for determining D. to determining

12. Ladybugs are brightly colored beetles that help A. and B. and in C. and also D. also

farmers by ———. 2. The terrain in North Carolina includes both the
highlands and the Coastal Plain, ———— the
A. eat other insects B. to eat other insects

C. eating other insects D. other insect’s eating Piedmont Plateau between them.

13. The Copper Age lasted ——, after which bronze A. as well as B. also

was introduced. C. and too D. and so

A. from about 5000 B.C. to about 3700 B.C. 3. Amniocentesis can be used not only to diagnose
fetal disorders ———— the sex of the unborn
B. about from 5000 B.C. to about 3700 B.C.

C. for about 5000 B.C. to about 3700 B.C. child with 95 percent accuracy.

D. about 5000 B.C. to about 3700 B.C. A. but determining B. but also determining

Answers with Explanations C. but also determine D. but also to determine
4. It is usually ——— Lava but gas that kills people
1. [D] street / street corner / coast / river / a ship / a

train / a plane G¸‡jvi c‡~ e© preposition on e‡m| during volcanic eruptions.

2. [D] Difficult adjective-Gi c‡i infinitive nq| A. not only B. not C. neither D. no
5. Technically, glass is a mineral and ————
3. [A] the northeastern seaboard-Gi c‡~ e© preposition

wn‡m‡e on e¨eüZ nq| A. water so B. water is so

4. [A] clock time (precise time)-Gi c‡~ e© at e‡m| C. so is water D. so water is

5. [B] Beside gv‡b near Avi Besides gv‡b in addition 6. Although they are both grown in the United

to| evK¨wUi A_© n‡jv ÕGKRb †gqi QvovI (in addition States and exported abroad, corn is not native to

to), A‡bK city governments GKRb wmwU e¨e¯’vcK America and winter wheat ————.

wb‡qvM K‡ib|Ô mZy ivs GB ev‡K¨ besides e¨eüZ n‡e| A. is neither B. isn’t either

6. [A] But preposition Ges conjunction `wy UB n‡Z cv‡i| C. isn’t neither D. is either

Avi But hLb preposition wnmv‡e KvR K‡i ZLb Gi A_© 7. A communications satellite orbits the Earth at
the same rate that the Earth revolves ————
nq Qvov| GKwU group †_‡K hLb †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K
over a fixed point on the surface.
exclude Kiv nq ZLb except wKsev but e¨envi Kiv nq|
A. so it can remain B. so that it can remai
ZvB GLv‡b without bv n‡q but e¨eüZ n‡e|
C. it can remain D. so can remain

34 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

8. Bacterial spores germinate and sprout ——— c‡Ö kœ cÖ`Ë evK¨wUi `wy U evK¨ wQj:

favorable conditions of temperature and food supply. Technically, glass is a mineral.
Water is a mineral.
A. when encountering of B. when they encounter
G `ywU ev‡K¨i gv‡S affirmative agreement Kivi c‡i
C. when they will encounter D. when the encounter of evK¨wU `vwo‡q‡Q Technically, glass is a mineral and
so is water| mZy ivs mwVK DËi C|
9. Bliindfish, which spend their whole lives in 6. [B] `wy U negative ev‡K¨i wµqv hw` GwK nq, †m‡¶‡Î G‡`i gv‡S
caves, have ——— eyes nor body pigments. negative agreement Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î structure n‡jv:

A. non any B. neither C. nor D. without 1. 1st sentence + And + neither + aux + sub
2. 1st sentence + And + sub + aux (negative) + either
10. Specialty stores, unlike department stores,
handle only one line of merchandise ——— a c‡Ö kœ cÖ`Ë evK¨wUi `wy U evK¨ wQj:

limited number of closely related lines. corn is not native to Ameica.
winter wheat is not native to America.
A. either B. but C. instead D. or
11. Thomas Eakins studied not only painting ——— G `ywU ev‡K¨i gv‡S negative agreement Kivi c‡i
evK¨wU `vwo‡q‡Q corn is not native to Ameica winter
—— anatomy when he was training to become wheat isn't either| mZy ivs mwVK DËi B|
7. [B] GKUv sentence-G ïay GKUv Independent clause
an artist. _vK‡e| evwK hZ clause Avm‡e me n‡e dependent
clause| GLv‡b so that Avb‡Z n‡e hvi A_© Ôhv‡Z K‡iÕ|
A. moreover B. but also 8. [B] when-Gi ci clause e¨eüZ nq| ZvB option A I
D mwVK bq| option C n‡e bv, KviY clause of time-G
C. as well D. and future tense nq bv|
9. [B] correlative conjunctions wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e
12. Although topology is the youngest branch of neither .... nor ....|
geometry, ——— is considered the most 10. [D] specialty stores nq GKwU cY¨ mvwo A_ev m¤•K©hy³
K‡qKwU cY¨ mvwi wb‡q e¨emvq K‡i| ZvB GLv‡b or e¨eüZ n‡e|
sophisticated. 11. [B] correlative conjunctions wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e not
only .... but also ....|
A. but it B. So it C. it D. however it 12. [C] kb– ¨¯’v‡b cieZx©‡Z GKwU verb Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ subject
`iKvi| ZvB GLv‡b singular verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e it
13. In 1923 Jean Toomer wrote a book titled Cane e¨eüZ n‡e|
which combined fiction ——— poetry to describe 13. [A] evK¨wUi A_© †_‡K Avgiv eSy ‡Z cvwi Cane mgšq^
K‡iwQj fiction Ges poetry-†K|
the experience of being Black in the United States. 14. [C] correlative conjunctions wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e
either .... or ....|
A. and B. to C. also D. or 15. [A] evK¨wUi A_© Abmy v‡i GLv‡b so e¨eüZ n‡e|

14. Enedive can be used ————— as a salad

green or as a cooking vegetable.

A. such B. both C. either D. neither
15. Glucose does not have to be digested, ————

it can be put directly into the bloodstream.

A. so B. While C. and since D. nor

Answers with Explanations

1. [A] correlative conjunctions wn‡m‡e mwVK

expression n‡jv both A and B|

2. [A] correlative conjunctions wn‡m‡e G ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ

n‡e both A and B as well as C|

3. [D] correlative conjunction-G parallel structure Abyhvqx

not only + v1 --------- but also + v1 e¨eüZ n‡e|
4. [B] correlative conjunctions wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e

not .... but ....

5. [C] `wy U affirmative ev‡K¨i wµqv hw` GwK nq, †m‡¶‡Î

G‡`i gv‡S affirmative agreement Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î

structure n‡jv:

1. 1st sentence + And + so + aux + sub

2. 1st sentence + And + sub + aux + too*/also

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 35

Section Tense & Sequence of Tense Present Perfect Tense

06 a. †Kv‡bv KvR hv AZx‡Z ïiæ n‡qwQj Ges GLb Zv †kl n‡q‡Q:

Tense He has done the work.

Present Indefinite Tense b. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgq D‡jøL †bB Z‡e KvRwU m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡Q †evSv‡Z:

a. Af¨vmMZ †Kv‡bv KvR: Cats drink milk. John has traveled around the world.
b. †h †Kv‡bv mvaviY KvR hv Avgiv me©`v K‡i _vwK: He lives in Dhaka.
c. †h‡Kvb mvaviY mZ¨ ev ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨: The earth moves c. †Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z ïiæ n‡q GL‡bv Pj‡Q †evSv‡Z:
(we‡klfv‡e non continuous verb-Gi †¶‡Î; Ges GB
round the sun. ev‡K¨ mgq D‡jøL _vK‡e|)

d. fwel¨r †Kv‡bv KvR ev avivevwnK Kv‡Ri eY©bv: We arrive in I have been in Delhi for seven years.

Paris at 2.00, spend two hours there and leave d. evi evi †Kv‡bv NUbv NU‡Q †evSv‡Z: I have failed my
again at 4.00.
driver’s test twice.
e. †h verb-mg–n‡K continuous tense-G cKÖ vk Kiv hvq bv
Zv‡`i †¶‡Î indefinite tense nq: I see a bird. e. wbKUZg AZxZ (this morning, this evening, today
etc)-Gi †¶‡Î: I have not seen you this morning.
Non-continuous Verbs:
1. Verbs of perception: see, hear, smell, notice, recognise Present Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Verbs of appearing: appear, look, seem
3. Verbs of emotion: want, wish, desire, feel, like, a. †Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z ïiæ n‡q GL‡bv Pj‡Q †evSv‡Z:
(American English-G GLb G tense-Gi e¨envi †bB
love, hate, hope, refuge, prefer ej‡jB P‡j| ZeyI Avgiv GB tense e¨envi Ki‡ev hw` ev‡K¨
4. Verbs of thinking: think, suppose, believe, agree, since+time / for+time D‡jLø _v‡K Avi †h Kv‡Ri K_v ejv
n‡”Q Zv wVK GB gny ‡– Z© Pjgvb)
consider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand,
imagine, mean, mind, promise, deny swear He has been sleeping for two hours.
5. Verbs of possession: have (Possess) own, He has been playing since morning.
possess, belong to, contain, consist of be verb
GLv‡b since/for + time Av‡Q sleep/play Ggb KvR-Gi
GB verb-¸‡jv mvaviYZ present Indefinite tense-G †¶‡Î hv wVK GB gny ‡– Z© NU‡Q| ZvB Present Perfect
e¨envi nq| G‡`i continuous tense nq bv| Continuous tense n‡e| wKš‘
f. hLb †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri wfZi routine sense †`Lv hvq:
I have lived in Mirpur since 1988.
Whenever it rains, the roof leaks. I have known him for seven years.

g. Exclamatory sentence hLb here/there Øviv ïiæ nq: GLv‡b cÖ_g ev‡K¨ live Øviv mvaviYfv‡e Pjgvb KvR †evSvq| A_©vr
Gi gv‡b GB bq †h wVK G gyn–‡Z© Avwg Mirpur-G Ae¯’vb KiwQ|
Here comes the bus! There she goes. hw` Avwg wVK GB gyn–‡Z© Mirpur-G _vKZvg Zvn‡j have been
living ej‡j wVK n‡Zv| wØZxq evK¨wUi verb (known) non
h. Quotation eY©bv Kivi mgq: Keats says “A thing of continuous nIqvq Present perfect †jLv n‡q‡Q|

beauty is a joy forever” Past Indefinite Tense

i. Subordinate clause-Gi †¶‡Î hLb Zv time ev a. †Kv‡bv KvR hv AZx‡Z †kl n‡q wM‡q‡Q hvi dj GLb Avi
condition cKÖ vk K‡i: eZ©gvb †bB †evSv‡Z: He finished the job.

I will wait till you finish your launch. b. AZxZ †Kv‡bv Af¨vm ev mvaviY NUbv †evSv‡Z: She always
If it rains, we will get wet.
carried books.
Present Continuous Tense
c. ev‡K¨ †Kv‡bv Past marker (yesterday, ago, last etc)
a. GB gny ‡– Z© †h NUbv NU‡Z‡Q: _vK‡j: She came home yesterday.

He is watching television. Past Continuous Tense

b. Ggb KvR hv GKwU Period of time a‡i Pj‡Q: a. AZx‡Zi †Kv‡bv Pjgvb NUbv †evSv‡Z: He was talking to

His condition is improving. me at 9 pm.

c. fwel¨‡Zi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Abôy vb (meeting, ceremony, AGM, etc): b. †Kv‡bv KvR Pjgvb Ae¯’vq Av‡iKwU KvR NU‡j Pjgvb KvRwU
continuous tense n‡e: When Mark came home she
Bob & Bill are meeting tonight.
was watching television Or she was watching
d. c_Ö g ev‡K¨i sense-Gi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L wØZxq ev‡K¨ GKB television when Mark came home.
sense e¨eüZ n‡j:
c. `ywU KvR AZx‡Z GKB mgq Pjgvb n‡j: Martha was
Let us go out now. It isn’t raining any more.
watching television while John was reading a
e. †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri intention (B”Qv, cwiKíbv BZ¨vw`) ev Prediction n‡j: book Or while John was reading a book. Martha
was watching television.
I am going to meet Tom.
It is going to rain.

f. †Kv‡bv mvgwqK KvR eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q, Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h wVK
GB gyn‡– Z© Zv Pj‡Q:

I am reading “Twilight” at home.

(GLv‡b Avwg GB gny –‡Z© evmvq Zv bq| evK¨wUi gv‡b nj Avwg
evmvq _vKvKvjxb GB eBwU cowQ|)

36 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

Past Perfect Tense Special features of verb tenses

a. GKB ev‡K¨ `ywU NUbv Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e Ges `ywU NUbvB “When” or "While”—Decision Rules
AZx‡Zi n‡Z n‡e| `ywU NUbvi wfZi †h NUbvwU Av‡M m¤úbœ
n‡q‡Q Zv Past Perfect tense-G n‡e Ges AciwU Past KLb When n‡e Avi KLb While use Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wb‡q eiveiB
Indefinite n‡e: I had eaten rice before I went to wfbœ gZvgZ I weZK© _vK‡jI when-while-Gi concept †_‡K Lye
mn‡RB Zv mgvavb m¤¢e| Gi concept-¸‡jv wbgœiƒc-
school. Rule-1: hw` `ywU NUbv Ggb nq †h GKwU NUbv NUvi ci Av‡iKwU
N‡U‡Q Zvn‡j when n‡e|
b. Principal Clause hw` Past tense-G _v‡K Avi
subordinate clause-G hw` Past marker (yesterday, When / While I went to his office, I found him sleeping.
ago, last etc) _v‡K Zv‡e Subordinate Clause-Gi
verb Past Perfect tense n‡e: GLv‡b Avwg c_Ö ‡g Awd‡m wM‡qwQ Zvici †`L‡Z †c‡qwQ †h †m
Nygv‡”Q A_©vr GKwU KvR †kl nevi ci Av‡iKUv ZvB|
He said that he had gone there yesterday. Rule-2: hw` `wy U NUbv Ggb nq †h Zv GKB mg‡q Pjgvb Z‡e while-use n‡e|

c. Subordinate Clause hw` already past tense-G _v‡K Avi When / While Jony was reading, Rabbi was watching TV.
Principal Clause-†K hw` GgZve¯’vq Past Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq
Zvn‡j Subordinate Clause-wU Past Perfect n‡q hv‡e| GLv‡b ¯úóZ `ywU NUbv Pjgvb| `ywU NUbvB continuous tense-
G Av‡Q| ZvB ans. While.
He says that he went there. Rule-3: hw` `wy U NUbv Ggb nq GKwU KvR Pjgvb Ae¯’vq Av‡iKwU KvR
He said that he had gone there ïiæ nq A_©vr nVvr K‡iB bZzb KvR ïiæ nq Zvn‡j when n‡e|
I wish I went there.
I wished I had gone there. When / While students were gossiping, the teacher
entered the classroom.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
GLv‡b student-iv Mí Kivi mgq teacher cÖ‡ek Kij| cÖ‡ek Kivi
a. Past Perfect tense-Gi g‡ZvB GLv‡b `‡y Uv verb B Past KvRwU nVvr K‡i ïiæ nq Ges ¶Y¯’vqx †gqv‡`i nIqvq ans. when.
tense-Gi n‡e Ges †h NUbvwU Av‡M N‡U‡Q †mB Clause-G wKš‘ When / while students gossiping the teacher was
(since/for+time) _vK‡j †mB Clause-wU Past Perfect
continuous tense-G n‡e| G‡¶‡ÎI H Clause wVi teaching them.
verb-†K H gny ‡– Z© Pj‡Z _vKv †evSv‡Z n‡e Ges verb-wU
non continuous verb †hb bv nq| GLv‡b `ywU KvRB Pjgvb †evSv‡”Q| ZvB while

It had been raining for two hours before he came. Concept-Check:
He had been sleeping since morning before she left.
wKš‘ Munna had lived there for two years before he left. `wy U NUbv GKmv‡_ NU‡jB †h Zv while n‡e Zv bq| `wy U NUbv
Pjgvb †evSv‡j while Avi GKwU KvR Pjgvb Ae¯’vq Av‡iKwU
Future Indefinite Tense KvR ïiæ n‡j when n‡e|
Rule-4: wKQy verb Av‡Q hv continuous iƒ‡c cKÖ vk Kiv hvq
a. fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR msNwUZ n‡e †evSv‡j: He will meet bv| ZvB G‡`i †¶‡Î `‡y Uv gZvgZB correct| j¶ Kiæb:

the chairperson. When/While he was in Delhi, they were enjoying
Dewali festival.
Future Continuous Tense When/While I understand the topic, children are
making noise
a. fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR Pj‡Z _vK‡e †evSv‡j (we: `ª: ev‡K¨
continuous marker _vK‡jB †Kej future continuous GLv‡b He was in Delhi / I understand the topic `‡y Uv
tense answer Kiv DËg Ab¨_vq Future indefinite) verb-B non-continuous verb hv continuous sense ¯úóZ
†evSv‡jI continuous tense-G †jLv nq bv| ZvB
Continuous marker  at that time, at the time, when/while—decision-Gi mgq G‡`i‡K continuous ai‡Z
next ....., till / until + time etc. n‡e| Zvn‡j Answer wbf©i Ki‡e Aci NUbvi Dci| †`L‡Z n‡e
I shall be reading a novel at that time. Aci NUbvwU Pjgvb bvwK nVvr K‡i ïiæ n‡qwQj| GLv‡b Aci `ywU
At noon tomorrow, I will be taking the children to clause-B continuous (they were enjoying--- / children
their piano lessons. were making ---) | ZvB `y‡Uv †¶‡ÎB answer n‡e while|
wKš‘ When/While he was Delhi, his father died.
Future Perfect Tense
When/While I understood the topic, he came to my house.
a. fwel¨‡Z `wy U NUbv _vK‡j `ywU NUbvi g‡a¨ †hwU Av‡M NU‡e
†mwU Future Perfect tense Ges AciwU Present GLv‡b Aci `ywU NUbv ¯^í mg‡qi Ges nVvr K‡i NUvi g‡Zv hv
Indefinite| G‡¶‡Î ev‡K¨ Aek¨B `ywU Clause _vK‡e| He †Kv‡bv Pjgvb KvR bq| ZvB answer n‡e when|
Rule-5: †h verb-¸‡jv use n‡”Q †m¸‡jv‡K fv‡jvfv‡e check
will have finished the work before you come. K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e Zv continuous sense cKÖ vk K‡i wKbv| KviY
A‡bK mgq A‡bK verb-†K Indefinite tense-G †jLv nq hv
b. ev‡K¨ by + time, before + time _vK‡j verb-wU Future Avm‡j continuous sense cÖKvk Ki‡Q Ges GmKj †¶‡Î
Perfect tense-G wjL‡Z n‡e| clause-†K continuous ai‡Z n‡e|

I will have finished the book by 2011.
I will have done the job before this December.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

a. By + time / before + time †h ev‡K¨ _vK‡e Ges H ev‡K¨
hw` for / since + time _v‡K Zvn‡j verbwU future
perfect continuous tense n‡e: By the end of the

month he will have been working for ten years.

b. ev‡K¨ `wy U future NUbv _vK‡j Ges †h NUbvwU Av‡M N‡U‡Q
†mB clause-G (since / for + time) _vK‡j

It will have been raining for two hours before he comes.

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 37

When / While Martha was watching television, 1g evK¨wUi A_© n‡jv †g‡qwU Avmvi Av‡M †m iæg Z¨vM Ki‡e|
GLv‡b `wy U NUbvB future| KviY †g‡qwU GL‡bv Av‡mwb Avi †mI
John read a book. GL‡bv iæg Z¨vM K‡iwb| Z‡e †g‡qwU Avmvi Av‡MB Z¨vM Kivi
KvR †kl n‡e ZvB †h KvRwU Av‡M nq †m KvRwU perfect tense-
GLv‡b verb-wU past indefinite tense-G †jLv _vK‡jI j¶ Ki: G wjL‡Z nq| future-Gi †¶‡Î Aek¨ perfect Avi indefinite-
Gi Ley cv_©K¨ †bB| ZvB future perfect tense-G bv wj‡L
sentence-Gi evsjv meaning read-Gi A_© ÔcowQjÕ †evSv‡e| future indefinite tense-G wjL‡jI Zv correct †hgb:

ZvB verb-wU continuous sense nIqvq answer n‡e while| He will leave the room before she comes.
He leaves the room after she will come.
Usage of “For/Since”
c‡Ö kœ fill in the blank-Gi option-G for I since `y‡UvB †`qv  mvaviY A‡_© †Kv‡bv NUbv mPivPi N‡U ev NU‡Q Ggb fve cÖKvk
Ki‡j before/after-Gi †¶‡Î †h NUbv Av‡M N‡U Zv
_vK‡j A‡bK †¶‡Î QvÎ-QvÎxiv confusion-G c‡o hvq †h for Present Perfect Tense-G †jLv hvq| †hgb-

n‡e bv since| Gi mnR mgvavb n‡jv: He has left the room before she comes.

for + msL¨v + mgq since + mgq Gi gv‡b nj †g‡qwU Avmvi Av‡MB †m iæg Z¨vM K‡i| Zvi gv‡b G
KvRwU mPivPi NU‡Q A_© Habitual fact ZvB Present Perfect.
A_©vr for use Ki‡ev hw` gap-Gi ci msL¨v+ mgq `ywUB _v‡K| †hgb:
Decision rules
for five minutes. (msL¨v + mgq) 1. Before/After `ywU clause-Gi gv‡S _vK‡j Before-Gi Av‡Mi

for ten hours (msL¨v + mgq) clause Avi after-Gi c‡ii clause-wU perfect tense-G n‡e|
Avi Aci clause-wU mPivPi Indefinite Tense-G nq|
for two days (msL¨v + mgq)
I had eaten rice before I went to school.
for seven months (msL¨v + mgq) I went to bed after I had come from school.

Since use Ki‡ev hw` gap-Gi ci mivmwi mgq D‡jøL _v‡K| †hgb: 2. Before / After Øviv evK¨ ïiæ n‡j (G‡¶‡Î `wy U clause B
G‡`i c‡i _v‡K) Before-Gi †¶‡Î wØZxq clause ev
Since morning (mgq) principal clause-wU, after-Gi †¶‡Î 1g clause ev
subordinate clause-wU perfect tense-G nq|
Since evening (mgq)
Before I went to school, I had eaten rice.
Since Monday (mgq) After I had come from school, I went to bed.

Since January (mgq) 3. Perfect tense-wU Present / Future Perfect tense n‡e
bv Past Perfect n‡e Zv g–jZ wbf©i Ki‡e Aci Clause-wU
Since Last year (mgq) †Kvb Tense-G Av‡Q Zvi Dci|

Concept check questions: Q.1: I —— (finish) my homework before they came.

1. for / since 1998 Aci clause-wU Past Indefinite; ZvB before-Gi Av‡Mi
2. for / since 8 O’clock clause-wU Past Perfect (had finished) n‡e|

3. for / since last month Q.2: I —— (finish) my homework before they come.

4. for / since last two months - Aci clause-wU present _vKvq before-Gi Av‡MiwU
Future perfect / Future Indefinite n‡e|
Answers:
Ans. will have finished /will finish.
1. 1998 GKwU eQi‡K †evSvq A_©vr ïay mgq| ZvB Gi c‡~ e© since e‡m|
Use of Yet and Already
2. gap-Gi ci msL¨v (8) _vK‡jI O’clock Avjv`vfv‡e †Kv‡bv mgq evK¨¸‡jv j¶ Kwi:

eySvq bv| for nevi kZ© (msL¨v + mgq) cyiY K‡i bv| ZvB since a. I have already finished the work.
b. I haven’t finished the work yet.
3. gap-Gi ci last month Av‡Q hv ïay mgq ZvB since c. I have yet to finish the work.
Explanation:
4. GLv‡b msL¨v (two) + mgq (months) _vKvq for n‡e|
a. already kãwU Principal Ges auxiliary verb-Gi g‡a¨
Use of Before and After e‡m| already †h ev‡K¨ e‡m Zv Positive evK¨|
Before/After Øviv `wy U clause †hvM Kiv n‡j †evSvB hvq †h GKwU
b. yet e‡m ev‡K¨i †k‡l| yet †h ev‡K¨ e‡m Zv negative evK¨|
NUbv Aci NUbvi Av‡M N‡U‡Q| G‡¶‡Î tense-Gi e¨envi¸‡jv wbgœiƒc: c. b I c bs ev‡K¨i A_© GKB| (b) †_‡K (c) ev‡K¨i mw„ ó Gfv‡e:

a. In case of past events:  I haven’t finished the work yet.
 I have yet to finish the work.
i. Past Perfect Tense + Before + Past Indefinite
GLv‡b yet-†K auxiliary ci wb‡q Avmv hvq| G‡¶‡Î
ii. Past Indefinite + After + Past Perfect i) yet ZLb wb‡RB negative word wn‡m‡e KvR Kivq ‘not’ D‡V hvq|
ii) Principal verb-wU v3 †_‡K cwieZ©b n‡q infinitive n‡q hvq|
Example:

He had left the room before he came.

He left the room after he had come.

The patient had died before the doctor came.

The patient died after the doctor had come.

b. In case of future events:

i. Future Perfect + Before + Present Indefinite

ii. Present Indefinite + After + Future Perfect.

Example:

He will have left the room before she comes.

He leaves the room after she will have come

38 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

Past Indefinite vs Past Perfect  hLb Avgiv AZx‡Z N‡U hvIqv †Kv‡bv KvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z PvB ev
j¶ Kwi, †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kwi ZLb present perfect e¨envi Kwi bv|

 The bank stood where the library was. Incorrect : John has left home last night.
Correct : John left home last night.
 All things you told me I heard before. Incorrect : When have they arrived?
Correct : When did they arrive?
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z evK¨ `wy U correct g‡b n‡jI evK¨ `ywU fyj, cÖ_g
evK¨wUi K_v wPšÍv Kwi- GLv‡b bank I library AZx‡Z GKB mgq  Use present perfect to say how much we (go)
GKB RvqMvq Ae¯’vb K‡i, GUv Am¤¢e| `y‡Uv past indefinite use have done up to now.
Ki‡j GiKgB meaning `vou vq| A_P nIqv DwPZ Av‡M †hLv‡b
library-wU wQj GLb †mLv‡b bank-wU Av‡Q| A_©vr GKwU Av‡M,  I have done six different jobs since Monday.
Av‡iKwU c‡i, N‡U‡Q| ZvB †hwU Av‡M N‡U‡Q Zv past perfect
 I have done no work so for today.
AvKv‡i wjL‡Z n‡e| correct evK¨ `ywU GiKg n‡e
 Use present perfect to say how often things have
 The bank stood where the library had been. happened upto now.
 All things you told me I had heard before.
 That’s a wonderful film. I have seen it 3 times.
 g‡b ivLv `iKvi Past Perfect tense ev‡K¨ use Ki‡Z n‡j ev‡K¨ Aek¨B-
1| `wy U NUbv _vK‡Z n‡e Ges `‡y UvB AZxZ n‡e|  He has been Ireland once.
2| mgmvgwqK NUbv bq eis GKwU NUbv †kl nevi ci
Av‡iKwU N‡UwQj Ggb †evSv hv‡e| Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
3| GQvovI sequence of tense, if, wish, would rather,
as if, as though etc. Gi †¶‡Î past perfect †`Lv hvq|  Use perfect tense mostly for finished actions use present
perfect continuous mostly for unfinished actions
Present Perfect vs Past continuing upto now [often when we say how long]
 hLb Avgiv GKmv‡_ present Ges past-†K wPšÍv Kie ZLb
 I’ve repaired the car. [Finished Action]
normally present perfect use Kie| For example,
 I’ve been repairing the car for two days
 I’ve written to John, so he knows what is [Unfinished Action]

happening now.  Use present perfect to say how much or how often
 I’ve made a cake, would you like some?
 I’ve traveled nine countries this year
 Look, I’ve bought a new dress.
 I’ve been traveling all this year
Finished Present Perfect Present Action  We don’t use continuous with be, have (possess
Action
A‡_© ), Know and other Known continuous verb
letter writing I’ve written to John John Knows now
making cake I’ve made a cake I’m offering you some now  I’ve been here since Tuesday.
buying new dress I’ve bought a dress I’m showing you now
Incorrect: I’ve been being here since tuesday
 hLb Avgiv ïagy vÎ past-†K wPšvÍ Kwi, ZLb simply past
tense use Kwi|  How long have you had your car

For example:  I have known him seven years

 She wrote me a lot of letters  We use present perfect for very long unchanging situation.
Comparison: He has been standing here for two hours.
 I made a cake for the children but they didn’t like it But, The castle has stood on the hill for nine hundred years.
 I bought a new dress last Tuesday.
Sequence of Tense
 hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv news/info c_Ö gevi cÖ`vb Kwi ZLb cÖvqB ‡h wbqgvbymv‡i Sub–ordinate clause-Gi verb–Gi tense,
present perfect use Kiv nq| Avi hLb H news-Gi Principal clause–Gi verb–Gi tense–‡K Abmy iY K‡i,
details-G P‡j hvB ZLb Avgiv past tense use Kwi| Zv‡K Sequence of Tense e‡j|

First news  The minister has met business leaders Practice–01
Past details  They talked for two hours
First news  Joheb has gone to Australia Principal Clause–G Present tense ev Future tense n‡j
Past details  He left last night Sub–ordinate clause n‡Z cv‡i †h †Kv‡bv tense-
First news  I’ve found your keys
Past details  Thanks where were they? Principal Clause 1. Present Indefinite
(Present tense 2. Present Continuous

ev Future tense) 3. Present Perfect
4. Past Tense (‡h †Kv‡bv)
5. can/may/will + verb–Gi base form

Examples:
1. I see that Delowar is writing a letter.
2. Do you know who is riding the bicycle?
3. I know that he is writing his Composition.
4. I hope that he arrived safely.
5. He says that he will look for a new job.
6. He says that he did/does/will do this.
7. Rony will say that he is happy. (Present)
8. He will say that he was fine.

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 39

Practice–02 Exercise-A: Tense & Sequence of Tense

Principle clause hw` past tense G _v‡K Zvn‡j 1. He is staying/stays with his friend for his final exam.

dependent clause I Aek¨B corresponding past tense 2. The room is smelling/smells very bad because of being

G _vK‡e| locked for a long time.

Principal Clause 1. Past Indefinite 3. His English improves/is improving.

(past tense) 2. Past Continuous 4. I have gone/went to Chittagong before

3. Past Perfect 5. He has seen/saw this movie thrice.

4. could/might/would + verb–Gi base form

* He informed me that he will/would go there the next day. 6. He has failed/failed his test twice but finally has passed.

Exception: 7. I am/have been here for seven days.

 (I) hw` dependent clause wU universal truth cÖKvk K‡i 8. I (listen to) the radio when my friend (call) me up.
9. I (prepare) for my exam at 8’o clock yesterday morning
Example:
1. Scientists found that the earth moves/moved 10. When we finished/had finished the exam, the

round the sun. teacher gave us the correct answers.
2. The ancient people believed that the earth is/was
11. Rahim was very tired. He (work) all day long.
the center of the universe, with all the stars
moving around it. 12. After returning, I discovered that someone

 (II) hw` sentence G `ywU time point Gi g‡a¨ compare Kiv nq| (break) into my room.

Example: Rahim worked harder than he does now. 13. I (complete) my graduation by 2018

 (III) hw` dependent clause wU inverted coma Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|

Example: 14. By the time he (leave) his home, I (reach) there.
1. He said, “I will join you”.
15. Let’s go out now. It is not raining/does not rain anymore.
2. He used to study more than he does now.
 (IV) If the subordinate clause is an adjective clause, it 16. Stop, he calls/is calling you.

may be in any tense as is required by the sense. 17. I have not seen/ did not see him this morning.

Example: 18. I had hoped that the situation changed/would change.

1. Yesterday I met a man who sells balloons. 19. More and more children go/are going to school now a days.

2. Yesterday I met a man who sold me a balloon. 20. The situation changed/ has changed little over

Sub–ordinate clause–hw` than, as well as, as, as to, the last five years.
so well, so well as BZ¨vw` Conjunction of comparison ev
relative pronoun (who, which, that) Øviv ïiæ nq, Z‡e 21. Rahim (be) the president of the club for ten
Principal Clause Past Tense–n‡jI Sub-ordinate
clause–wU †h †Kv‡bv tense n‡Z cv‡i| years next Friday.

22. I (complete) my graduation in three years.

Example: 23. It is time we (complete) our job.

I saw the man who does the work. (present) 24. It is three months since we (join) this office.

I saw the man who did the work. (past) 25. Rahim (arrive) home just now.

I saw the man who will do the work. (future) 26. He informed me that he will/would go there the next day.
Practice–03
27. Scientists found that the earth moves/moved round the sun.
Clause of time (Adverb Clause e.g. when, while,
28. The ancient people believed that the earth
before, after, until etc.) G future tense use n‡ebv|

Example: is/was the center of the universe, with all the

1. You will keep sitting here until he returns/will return. stars moving around it.

2. When he comes/will come home, I will talk to him 29. You will keep sitting here until he returns/will return.

BUT, I know when Rahim will return home 30. When he comes/will come home, I will talk to him.
Practice–04
Answer
`ywU Auxiliary Verb-Gi Rb¨ hw` GKB Form-i main Verb
`iKvi nq, Zvn‡j main Verb-wU‡K Share Kiv hvq| wKš‘ `wy U 1. is staying; 11. Had worked; 21. Will have been;
Auxiliary Verb-Gi Rb¨ hw` wfbœ Form-i main Verb `iKvi 2. Smells; 12. Had broken; 22. Will complete;
nq, Zvn‡j Main Verb-†K c_„ Kfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e|
3. Is improving; 13. Will have, completed; 23. Completed;
4. Have gone;
Example: 14. (Left, had reached)/ 24. joined;
5. Has seen;
(leaves, will have reached);

** Inflation in the United States has not and, we 15. Is not raining; 25. Has arrived;

hope, never will reach a rate of 20 percent a year. 6. Failed; 16. Is calling; 26. Would go;
7. Have been; 17. Have not seen; 27. Moves;
a. and, we hope, never will reach

b. reached and, we hope, never will 8. Was listening 18. would change; 28. Was;
to, called;
c. and hopefully never will reach 9. Was preparing; 19. Are going; 29. Returns;
10. Had finished; 20. Has changed; 30. Comes;
d. reached and, we hope, never will reach

e. reached and hopefully never will Ans: D

40 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

Exercise: Tense and Sequence of Tense 11. The TOEFL CBT ———— in effect since July

1. Scientists —— hard to find a new and effective 1998 in many countries.

treatment which ——— most-scared diseases. A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
12. If I —— you, I would take the introductory course
A. have been struggling, will cure

B. struggled, had been curing before trying to tackle the more advanced ones.

C. will struggle, have cured A. am B. be C. was D. were

D. are struggling, are being cured 13. Archaeologists believe that the calendar ———

E. have struggled, were curing by the Aztecs centuries before it appeared in
2. In two years many of our school friends ———,
Europe or the Middle East.
and then we ——— no hardship in keeping our
A. were inventing B. have been invented

international business going. C. had been invented D. being invented
14. Bacterial spores germinate and sprout —— favorable
A. graduated, had had
conditions of temperature and food supply.
B. are graduating, have had
A. when encountering of B. when they encounter
C. have graduated, will have
C. when they will encounter D. when the encounter of
D. graduate, would have will graduate, will have 15. —— a bridge builder, Gustav Eiffel designed the

3. The girls —— a game called ‘bomb’ for almost ten Eiffel Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1989.

minutes when the teacher suddenly —— the classroom. A. while B. when

A. have played, will enter B. were playing, entered C. it was when D. it while was

C. are playing, comes D. had been playing, entered 16. Penguins, the most highly specialized of all
aquatic birds, may live ——— twenty years.
E. played, was entering
4. It is five months since we —— over this company. A. before B. since C. for D. from

A. have taken B. had taken C. will take 17. People who have very little technical background
have ——— to understand computer language.
D. are taking E. were taking

5. When I ——— into him on the street, he said he A. learn B. learning C. learned D. learns
——— abroad for business affairs that evening. 18. Many books——— but one of the best is how to win

A. ran, was going B. will run, would go Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnage.

C. had run, is going D. have run, will be going A. have written about success

E. ran, will go B. written about success

6. The government ——— action into increasing taxes C. have been written about success
as soon as they ——— by the IMF authorities.
D. about successful

A. takes, will be urged B. took, had been urged 19. By the middle of the twenty first century, the
computer ——— a necessity in every home.
C. is taking, have been urged D. had taken, were urged

E. will take, have urged A. become B. becoming

7. Don’t you think it ——— time we ——— typing C. has become D. will have become

this report? 20. Although the research scientists had hoped that the
new drug interferon ——— to be a cure of cancer,
A. has been, have started B. is, started
its applications now appear to be more limited.
C. will be, are starting D. was, started
A. prove B. had proven
E. would be, had started
C. would prove D. will prove
8. China ——— in terms of cultural values over the
21. The giraffes survive in part because it ————
past five years.
the vegetation in the high branches of trees
A. changed B. is changing C. has changed
where other animals have not grazed.
D. will have, changed E. had changed
A. to reach B. can reach
9. I feel lucky to have found a well paid job on time,
otherwise I ———— for a job now. C. reaching D. reach

22. Hydrogen Peroxide —— as a bleaching agent because

A. will be looking B. have looked it effectively whitens a variety of fibers and surfaces.

C. am looking D. would be looking A. used B. is used

E. were looking C. is using D. that it uses

10. I —— quite a low grade in the English exam, so 23. The first transistor was basically a small chip
I —— harder and harder.
made of germanium onto one surface of which
A. have got, was studying B. got, am studying two pointed wire contacts ———— side by side.

C. will get, have studied D. get, will have studied A. are made B. made

E. had got, will study C. were made D. making

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 41

24. Ancient people believed that ———— with a 37. A great deal of thought has ———— into the

sun and a moon rotating around it. designing of a concert hall.

A. the earth was the center of the universe A. went B. going C. to go D. been gone

B. the earth is the center of the universe 38. Many healthful properties of fiber have ———

C. the center of the universe is earth for years.

D. the universe has earth at the center A. known B. be knowing
25. Iron ———— for weapons and tools in the
C. knew D. been known

Bronze Age following the Stone Age. 39. The vessel that sank may ———— the gold and

A. is generally used B. generally used jewels from the dowry of Catherine of Aragon.

C. was generally used D. used generally A. carry B. be carried
26. From 1926 until her death, Margaret Mead ——
C. have to carry D. have been carrying
New York’s American Museum of Natural History.
40. Galileo ———— his first telescope in 1609.

A. was associated with B. associated with A. builds B. built

C. is associated with D. associated C. building D. were built
27. During his formative years, Ronald Regan ——
Answers with Explanations

on a firm in Illinois. 1. [A] sentence wUi evsjv A_© Ki‡j `vovq, weÁvbxiv GKwU bZzb

A. has lived B. lived C. living D. had living Ges Kvh©Kix wPwKrmv c×wZ Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Q hv most

28. Experiments in the sonic imaging of moving scared diseases †_‡K gvbyl‡K cure K‡i Zzj‡e| Avi
objects —— in both the united states and
†Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z ïiæ n‡q GL‡bv Pj‡Q meaing G present

Europe well before the second world war began. perfect cont. tense e¨envi n‡e| fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQz n‡e

A. were inventing B. have been invented GB meaning G future tense e¨eüZ n‡e|

C. had been invented D. being invented 2. [E] `yB eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Avgi A‡bK ¯‹zj eÜz graduate n‡e
29. Water safety experts feel we should ———— at
Ges Avgv‡`i Avš@R©vwZK e¨emvq Pjgvb ivL‡Z Avi

as young an age as possible. †Kv‡bv mgm¨v _vK‡e bv| myZivs eySvB hv‡”Q GwU future

A. begin to teach children to swim indefinite tense indicate K‡i|

B. begins taught children to swim 3. [D] when gv‡S gv‡S before/after-Gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i|

C. beginning to teach children to swim GLv‡b when gv‡b before. AZx‡Z `wy U KvR Gi g‡a¨ †hUv

D. began to teach children to swim Av‡M n‡q‡Q Zvi Rb¨ past perfect Ges c‡iiUvi Rb¨
30. The US legislative system —— based upon a
past simple tense use Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b teacher

multiparty system, but historically, the serious iæ‡g c‡Ö ek Kivi c‡~ e© girls bomb bv‡gi GKwU †Ljv

candidates have come from only two parties. †LjwQj| AZxZ Kv‡ji period of time (for almost ten

A. it is B. since it is minutes) eSy v‡Z past perfect cont. tense e¨eüZ nq|

C. being D. is 4. [A] It is time, It is high time etc G¸‡jv n‡jv wKQy

31. In 1970, the Canadian scientist George Kell —— that expression hvi c‡i simple past use Ki‡Z nq|

warm water freezes more quickly than cold water. 5. [A] clause of time-G future tense use nq bv| myZivs

A. proved B. proving C. proves D. prove option B mwVK bq| Avi sequence of tense Abhy vqx
32. The rebuilding of Inca capital Cuzco was —— in
he said-Gi c‡ii Ask ev clause-Gi past NUbv‡KB
the 1460s.
refer Ki‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi A|
A. begun B. beginning C. began D. begin
6. [B] AZxZKv‡j msNwUZ `wy U KvR eYb© v Ki‡Z mvaviYZ
33. Only through diplomatic means can a formal
agreement be ————. A‡c¶vKZ… c~‡e©i KvRwU past perfect tense Ges c‡ii

A. reach B. to reach C. reaching D. reached KvRwU past ind. nq| Avi c`Ö Ë sentence G †h‡nZz
34. Hollywood film producers have been regularly —
miKvi wb‡R wb‡R‡K urge K‡i bv, eis Zv‡K urged Kiv
——— millions of dollars for a film.
nq| †m‡nZz GLv‡b passive pattern use Ki‡Z n‡e|

A. budgeted B. budgeting 7. [B] It is time, It is high time etc G¸‡jv n‡jv wKQy

C. budges D. budget expression hvi c‡i simple past use Ki‡Z nq|

35. The film processing company has ———— a 8. [C] sentence wUi meaning Ki‡j `vovq over the

means of developing the 62-year old film that past 5 years, china culture-Gi w`K †_‡K A‡bK

might solve the mystery. cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q| immediate past eySv‡Z Avgiv present

A. devising B. devised perfect tense use Kwi|

C. been devised D. devise 9. [D] on time-G Avwg GKwU job †c‡qwQ| †mRb¨ Avwg lucky|

36. Platinum ———— a rare and valuable metal, Avi bv †c‡j Avwg GL‡bv LRuy ‡Z _vKZvg| wKš‘ †c‡q †MwQ so

white in color, and next to silver and gold, the †LvuRvi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Avwg GL‡bv LyuR‡Z _vKZvg GB

easiest to shape.

A. is B. was C. has been D. be meaing G would be looking e¨eüZ n‡e|

42 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

10. [B] sequence of tense Abymv‡i exam-G Av‡M low grade 24. [A] Ancient people believe KiZ †h, earth wQj
cvIqv n‡q‡Q hv simple past meaning †`q Ges GLb A‡bK universe-Gi centre Ges sun I moon-Gi Pviw`‡K
covïbv Ki‡Z n‡e hv present meaning †`q| cÖ`w¶Y KiZ| wKš‘ Avm‡j Zv åvš@ aviYv wQj e‡j GLv‡b
universal truth-Gi wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| Rather
11. [C] Rjy vB 1998 mvj †_‡K the Toefl CBT' A‡bK †`‡k sequence of tense Abyhvqx past form use Ki‡Z n‡e|
cPÖ wjZ Av‡Q| Avi AZx‡Z ïiæ n‡q GKwU KvR GLbI Pj‡Q
eySv‡Z present perfect cont. tense use nq| 25. [C] Bronge Age G Weapon Ges tools G Iron e¨envi
Kiv nZ| hv GKB mv‡_ past tense Ges passive
12. [D] present unreal conditional sentence-Gi pattern refer's K‡i| myZivs mwVK DËi C|
structure. structure Uv n‡jv
26. [A] associate verb wU mvaviYZ passive pattern-Gi
It + s + v (past form), S + would + v(simple form) e¨envi nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi n‡e option A and option
C-Gi g‡a¨| Option C mwVK bq Kvib, sentence wU past
unreal past eySv‡Z be verb 'were' nq| meaning cÖ`vb K‡i| †Kvb wKQiy mv‡_ RwoZ meaning-G
13. [C] AZxZKv‡j msNwUZ `wy U KvR eSy v‡Z before-Gi Av‡M associated with e¨eüZ nq|

past perfect Ges c‡i past Ind. tense e¨eüZ nq| 27. [B] Ronald Regan Zvi kvmbvg‡j 'on a firm in Illions'-G
14. [B] when clause marker Gi ci GKwU sub I GKwU evm KiZ hv simple past tense †K Indicate K‡i|

finite verb jvM‡e hv ïagy vÎ option B Ges C †Z cvIqv 28. [C] AZxZKv‡j msNwUZ `wy U KvR eySv‡Z before-Gi Av‡M past
hvq| option C mwVK bq KviY clause of time G future perfect Ges c‡i past Ind. tense e¨eüZ nq| meaning
tense use nq bv| Abymv‡i GLv‡b passive pattern e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
15. [A] when Ges while-Gi g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv major cv_©K¨
†bB| Z‡e when Ges while GK mv‡_ _vK‡j while n‡e 29. [A] should-Gi ci present obligation eSy v‡Z verb-
phrase-Gi c~‡e© Avi when n‡e clause-Gi c~‡e©| Gi present form e¨envi Kiv nq| Avi we-Gi mv‡_
16. [C] wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© since Ges Awbw`©ó mg‡qi c‡~ e© for verb begins bv n‡q begin n‡e|
e‡m| GLv‡b, penguine G 20 eQi RxebKvj m¤ú‡K© ejv
Av‡Q hv Awbw`©ó A_©‡KB indicate K‡i| 30. [D] cÖ`Ë sentence-G GKwU finite verb `iKvi| Option A
point of time eySv‡Z since Ges period of time eSy v‡Z mwVK bq Kvib GLv‡b GKwU AwZwi³ subject 'it' †`Iqv Av‡Q|
for e¨eüZ nq| Option B mwVK bq Kvib GLv‡b GKwU AwZwi³ clause
17. [C] have Gi ci verb-Gi past participle form nq| marker Ges GKwU AwZwi³ subject †`Iqv Av‡Q| Option C
18. [C] A‡bK eB †Wj Kv‡b©Mx Øviv wjwLZ n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz many mwVK bq Kvib GwU non finite verb|
books GB sent.-Gi subject Ges eB wb‡R wb‡R‡K wjL‡Z
cv‡i bv eis GwU‡K †Kv‡bv †jLK Øviv †jLv nq| myZivs Avgv‡`i 31. [A] sentence-Gi evsjv A_© Ki‡j `vuovq 1970 mv‡j
Aek¨B passive pattern use Ki‡Z n‡e| KvbvwWqvb weÁvbx RR© †Kj cgÖ vY K‡iwQj †h, -----| hv
19. [D] by + future time gv‡b fwel¨‡Zi wbw`©ó †Kvb mg‡qi simple past indicate K‡i|
g‡a¨ wKQy Kiv‡K eySvq Ges †m‡¶‡Î sent. G verb wU
future perfect tense Abhy vqx nq| 32. [A] Inca capital Cuzco-Gi rebuilding 1460 mv‡j ïiæ
20. [C] sequence of tense Abhy vqx 'that' clause marker Gi n‡qwQj| GKB mv‡_ past Ges passive meaning cÖ`vb K‡i|
Av‡Mi clause Gi tense Abyhvqx c‡ii clause Gi tense n‡e|
21. [B] because GKwU clause marker Ges Gi ci 33. [D] Can be-Gi c‡i v3 n‡e|
subject it †`Iqv Av‡Q, c`Ö Ë clause G †Kv‡bv finite 34. [B] Present perfect cont. tense-G have been-Gi
verb bv _vKvq gaap-G Aek¨B GKwU finite verb em‡e|
option-¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kej B Ges D n‡jv finite verb| ci ving e¨eüZ nq|
option D mwVK bq, KviY subject it-Gi mv‡_ verb
singular n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option B| 35. [B] have/has + v3
22. [B] hydrogen peroxide †K bleaching agent wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Kiv nq hv passive meaning c`Ö vb K‡i| myZivs 36. [A] universal fact Abhy vqx verb-Gi present form n‡e|
mwVK DËi option B| 37. [C] has verb-Gi ci option A I B grammatically
23. [C] two wire contact †K side by side made Kiv
nq| myZivs mwVK DËi Aek¨B passive pattern-G n‡e| fyj| Option D mwVK bq Kvib go GKwU intransitive
Avi seq. of tense Abyhvqx clause marker-Gi Av‡Mi verb hvi passive pattern nq bv|
I c‡ii clause-G wgj †i‡L past form use Kiv n‡q‡Q| 38. [D] meaning Abymv‡i passive pattern-G Ki‡Z n‡e|
39. [D] past possibility-Gi †¶‡Î structure-wU n‡jv-

Subject + may/might/could + have + v3

40. [B] Sentence-Gi A_© Ki‡j `vou vq Gallileo 1906 mv‡j
Zvi first telescope built K‡iwQ‡jb| hv mvaviY AZxZ ev
simple past-Gi meaning eSy vq|

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 43

b) †Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z ïiæ n‡q eZ©gvb mgq ch©šÍ Pj‡Q| Giƒc †evSv‡Z:

Section Right Forms of Verbs  Choose the correct sentence. (PSC: 2004)

07 A. I am here since Monday
B. I have been here since Monday
1. The Present Indefinite: Af¨vmMZfv‡e, mvaviY mZ¨ ev
wPišÍb mZ¨ wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k †hme KvR Anin N‡U, C. I am here from Monday

†mme KvR‡K Present Indefinite Tense Øviv cÖKvk Kiv D. I was here since Monday
nq| j¶Yxq †h, Gme KvR ejvi mgq N‡U bv A_©vr wbw`©ó
e¨vL¨v: sentence-wUi A_© Avwg †mvgevi †_‡K GLv‡b AvwQ A_©vr
†mvgevi †_‡K GLv‡b Avgvi Ae¯’vb ïiæ n‡q‡Q Ges GLbI Pj‡Q|

†Kv‡bv mg‡qi mv‡_ Giv m¤ú³„ bq| ZvB †KD †KD G  Present Perfect Tense-G my¯úó AZxZ Ávcb kã, †hgb:
yesterday, ago last BZ¨vw`i D‡jÐL _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv, hw` _v‡K
Tense-†K Timeless Tense-I e‡j _v‡Kb|

 Choose the right verb: Zvn‡j sentence-wU‡K Past Indefinite Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb:

Rabindranath’s stories often –––– surprise  Avwg MZKvj †Zvgvi wPwV †c‡qwQ| Gi mwVK Abey v`: (PSC: 2004)

endings. (DU ‘D’ Unit 2000-2001) A. I have had your letter yesterday.
B. I received your letter yesterday.
A. had B. have C. hasD. have had

e¨vL¨v: ÔAvKw¯§K mgvwßÕ iex›`ªbv‡_i †QvU M‡íi GKwU mvaviY C. I had received your letter yesterday.

ˆewkó¨ hv GKwU Af¨vmMZ ev mvaviY mZ¨ NUbv| ZvB GLv‡b D. I am received your letter yesterday.
4. The Present Perfect Continuous:
Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ n‡e|
2. The Present Continuous: eZ©gv‡b †Kv‡bv KvR Pj‡Q, a) †Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z ïiæ n‡q GLbI Pj‡Q Ges fwel¨‡ZI
Pj‡Z cv‡i Giæc †evSv‡Z Present Perfect Continuous
GLbI †kl nq wb, Giƒc †evSv‡Z Present Continuous Tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:
Tense e¨eüZ nq| mvaviYZ ejvi mgq KvRwU NU‡Z _v‡K
A_ev ejvi mgq bv NU‡jI KvRwU Pjgvb, GLbI †kl nq wb  Choose the correct sentence. (PSC: 2003)

Ggb †evSvq| †hgb: A. It is raining for three days.
B. It has been raining for three days.
 The baby  because it is hungry now. C. It rained for three days.

A. is crying B. cries C. is D. are D. It was raining for three days.

e¨vL¨v: wkïwU GLb A_©vr eZ©gv‡b ¶az vZ© Ges e³v K_vwU ejvi b) †Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z ïiæ n‡q P‡j AvmwQj Z‡e m¤cÖwZ ev
GBgvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q Giƒc †evSv‡ZI Present Perfect
mgqB wkïwU Kv`u ‡Q| †Zgwbfv‡e: Continuous e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: You look tired. Have
you been working very hard? †Zgwbfv‡e -
 It’s 10 a.m. now. The sun ––– in the eastern sky.

A. shines B. is shining

C. has been shining D. had been shining  Jashim looks sick. (PSC: 2001)
A. He has suffered for fever for the last 3 days.
The Non-continuous Verbs: wKQy wKQy verb Av‡Q hviv

Continuous Tense-G e¨eüZ nq bv| G‡`i g‡a¨ Common B. He has been suffering from fever for the last 3 days.
C. He has been suffering with fever for the last 3 days.
Verb-¸‡jv n‡jv:

be, have (gvwjKvbv A‡_©), like, love, hate know, believe, D. He has been suffering of fever for the last 3 days.

understand, belong, see, hear, want, wish.  †hme Verb-Gi Continuous nq bv †mme Verb hw` Present
Linking Verbs- seem, look, taste, appear, feel, smell etc. Perfect Continuous-G e¨eüZ n‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K
Present Perfect Tense-G e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb:
 †hme Verb-Gi Continuous nq bv †mme Verb hw`
Present Continuous-G e¨eüZ n‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K  Choose the correct sentence: (PSC: 2001)
Present Indefinite Tense-G e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb:
†m GLb Avgv‡K wek¦vm Ki‡Q/Kwi‡Z‡Q| A. He has been absent from Friday.
B. He has been absent since Friday.

Incorrect: He is believing me now. C. He is absent since Friday.

Correct: He believes me now. D. He was absent since Friday.

3. The Present Perfect: AZx‡Z msNwUZ †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri eZ©gvb cÖvmw½KZvB e¨vL¨v: Dc‡ii evK¨wUi A_© †m ïµevi †_‡K Abcy w¯’Z| n‡Z,
n‡”Q Present Perfect Tense| G Tense `y A‡_© e¨eüZ nq:
†_‡K, hver, a‡i (since, for) BZ¨vw` _vK‡j present
a) †Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z ev GBgvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q wK Zvi dj ev perfect continuous tense nIqvi K_v| wKš@y
cvÖ mw½KZv GLbI we`¨gvb: sentence-wUi g–j verb n‡”Q be hvi continuous nq bv|
ZvB present perfect Ki‡Z n‡e| A_v©r He+has+been
 Just now he –––– his dinner but he says he’ll see (be-Gi past participle)
you when he’s finished. 5. The Past Indefinite: AZx‡Zi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv mg‡q †Kv‡bv
KvR msNwUZ n‡qwQj, Giƒc †evSv‡Z Past Indefinite Tense
A. is having B. has had C. was having D. had e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:

e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b have A_© ÔLvIqvÕ| †hgb- Avwg mKv‡ji bv¯vÍ  He ––– here yesterday. k~b¨¯’v‡b Kx n‡e? (PSC: 1993)

†L‡qwQ- I have had breakfast. GLv‡b have-wU Auxiliary A. has come B. came
Verb Avi had-wU g–j verb ‘have’-Gi past participle. myZivs
†m GBgvÎ Lvevi †L‡q‡Q- Just now he has had his dinner. C. had come D. was coming

44 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

6. The Past Continuous: AZx‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR PjwQj, †kl nq 11.Sequence of Tenses: GKwU sentence-G GKvwaK
Tense e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L
wb| Giƒc †evSv‡Z Past Continuous Tense e¨eüZ nq|

†Zgwbfv‡e AZx‡Zi `ywU mgmvgwqK KvR when/while Øviv hy³ h_vh_fv‡e e¨envi KivB Sequence of Tenses, †hgb

n‡j when/while h³y AskwU Past Continuous nq, AciwU  Before my father —— a house on the plot, paddy
nq Past Indefinite. D‡jÐL¨, while-Gi ci subject _vK‡j

G wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨| (wKš‘ while-Gi ci subject bv G‡m mivmwi was grown here.

verb G‡j Gi mv‡_ ing h³y n‡e| †hgb: While walking in A. constructing B. constructed

the garden, he broke his leg.) C. constructs D. did construct

 My uncle arrived while I ––– the dinner. (BCS: 24th) e¨vL¨v: sentence-wUi 2q As‡k Past Tense e¨eüZ

A. would cook B. had cooked n‡q‡Q| myZivs 1g As‡k Past e¨envi Ki‡j Tense-Gi

C. cook D. was cooking avivevwnKZv, i¶v nq| †Zgwbfv‡e:

7. The Past Perfect: AZx‡Zi `yÕwU µwgK NUbvi †¶‡Î †hwU

Av‡M N‡U †mwU Past Perfect Avi Ab¨wU Past Indefinite  I  to his house yesterday but could not meet
him. (DU: D-unit 1996-1997)
nq| mvaviYZ before-Gi c‡~ e© Ges after-Gi c‡i Past

Perfect Tense nq, Ab¨ As‡k nq Past Indefinite. A. went B. would go

 My friend ––– before I came. (PSC: 2003) C. have gone D. was gone

A. would be leaving B. had been leaving 12.principal clause-Gi verb hw` past tense nq Zvn‡j

C. had left D. will leave subordinate clause-Gi verb narration-Gi wbqg

 The doctor ––– after the patient had died. sentence- Abhy vqx mvaviYZ corresponding past tense nq| A_©vr

wUi Rb¨ wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë mwVK verb wbe©vPb Kiæb: (PSC: 2003) Present Indefinite _vK‡j Past Indefinite nq
Present Continuos _vK‡j Past Continuous nq
A. had come B. was come Present Perfect _vK‡j Past Perfect nq

C. was coming D. came

8. The Past Perfect Continuous: AZx‡Zi `wy U µwgK

NUbvi †¶‡Î GKwUi Av‡M Ab¨wU PjwQj Giƒc †evSv‡Z Pjgvb Past Indefinite _vK‡j Past Perfect nq
future _vK‡j would nq| †hgb:
KvRwU Past Perfect Continuous Tense-G nq| Ab¨wU nq

Past Indefinite. G Tense-Gi e¨envi Ley B mxwgZ|

 Hakim ––– for a new room mate before he was Find out the correct option:

finally succeeded. (PSC: 2005)  It seemed that -
A. the day will never end
A. has been looking B. will be looking

C. had been looking D. has looked B. the day would never end
C. the day never ends
e¨vL¨v: sentence-wUi wØZxq As‡k is _vK‡j mwVK DËi n‡Zv D. the day never ended

A, was _vKv‡Z DËi n‡e C| e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b 1g As‡k Past Tense Av‡Q Ges 2q As‡k

9. The Future Indefinite: fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR NU‡e Giƒc

†evSv‡Z future indefinite tense e¨eüZ nq| G‡¶‡Î fwel¨r Future A_© _vKvq will-Gi ¯’‡j would n‡e|
13.`ywU fwel¨r NUbv Conjunction (when, before, after, till,
ÁvcK kã †hgb: tomorrow, next etc _vK‡Z cv‡i| D‡jÐL¨,
until, etc) Øviv h³y n‡j Conjunction hy³ As‡k Present
sub-ordinating conjunction-hy³ sentence-G GKB mv‡_ Indefinite nq Ges Aci As‡k Future Indefinite nq|

`wy U future Indefinite nq bv| A_©vr `ywU fwel¨r Kg©

conjunction Øviv hy³ n‡j conjunction-h³y AskwU present

Indefinite nq, Aci As‡k future indefinite e‡m| †Zgwbfv‡e `Õy wU mgmvgwqK AZxZ NUbv when/while Øviv
h³y n‡j when/while hy³ AskwU Past Continuous nq,
 I will phone you when I ––– the news. (PSC: Ab¨wU nq Past Indefinite. †hgb-

2001-2002)

A. am getting B. get

C. will get D. will be getting  When I ––– money, I will buy a dictionary. (DU: B-

10.The Future Perfect: Unit 1997-1998)

i) fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KvR †kl n‡q A. may get B. may be got

_vK‡e Giƒc eySv‡j Future Perfect Tense nq| C. will get D. get

 By 2010, I  for this firm 15 years. (DU: B-Unit  The light went out while I –––.

2001-2002)

A. will be working B. will work A. read B. had read

C. have worked D. will have worked C. was reading D. had been reading

ii) fwel¨‡Z `yÕwU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU Av‡M †kl n‡q _vK‡e Giƒc 14.`Õy wU wPišÍb mZ¨ sentence hLb when Øviv h³y nq ZLb

†evSv‡j m¤úbœ n‡q hvIqv KvRwU Future Perfect Tense DfqwUB Present Indefinite Tense n‡e|

nq Ges Ab¨wU nq Present Indefinite.  When water  it turns into ice.

 We shall .... the work before he comes. (PSC: 2004) A. freezes B. will freeze

A. finish B. have finished

C. finished D. be finishing C. would freeze D. froze

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 45

15.The Tense Markers: wKQy wKQy kã ev k㸔Q Av‡Q hv  I opened the door as soon as I  I the bell.
†`‡L †evSv hvq sentence-Gi Verb-wU †Kvb Tense n‡e| (BCS: 24th)
†mme kã‡K GLv‡b Tense Markers wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv
n‡jv| bx‡P Tense Markers-Gi GKwU ZvwjKv †`Iqv n‡jv: A. have heard B. was hearing

C. am heard D. heard

Tense Tense Markers  Which one is correct? (PSC: 1994)

1. Present always, often, sometimes, everyday, daily, regularly, A. He has come to me day before yesterday
Indefinite usually, normally occasionally, generally, etc.
2. Present now, at this moment, at this time, at present, still; look B. He would come to me day before yesterday
Continuous (Zvr¶wYK `„wó AvKl©Ygj– K), listen etc.
C. He had come to me day before yesterday
†hme verb-Gi Continuous nq bv †mme verb present
Continuous-G Avm‡j Zv‡`i‡K Present Indefinite Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- D. He came to me day before yesterday.

He believes me now. 20.i) sentence-G at that time, at that moment, then BZ¨vw`
_vK‡j Past Continuous Tense nq| †Zgwbfv‡e AZx‡Zi `ywU
3. Present already, just, Just now, yet, never, ever, lately, recently
Perfect mgmvgwqK NUbv while/ when/ as Øviv hy³ n‡j while/ when/
4. Present since, for, how long; hver, a‡i, n‡Z, †_‡K BZ¨vw` Øviv
Perfect Duration †evSv‡j| as hy³ AskwU Past Continuous Tense nq, Aci As‡k nq
Continuous †hme Verb-Gi continuous nq bv †mme verb hw` Present
Past Indefinite. Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv when h³y Ask Past
Perfect Continuous-G Av‡m Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K Present Perfect
Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: We have known each other since 1995. Indefinite n‡j Aci Ask Past Continuous nq|

 Complete the following sentence with the correct tense:
We were watching the news when the telephone –– (PSC)

5. Past yesterday, ago, long, ago, long since, last, last night, A. ringing B. had rung C. rang D. rung
Indefinite last week, last month, last year, as soon as, the day
 As the sun , I decided to go out. (BCS: 24th)
before yesterday, once.
6. Past at that moment, at that time, then etc Ges while/ A. shines B. has shone
Continuous when/as Øviv h³y `ywU AZxZ NUbvq while/ when h³y AskwU Past
C. shine D. was shining
Continuous nq|
ii) While-Gi wVK c‡i subject _vK‡j AZx‡Zi †¶‡Î Past
7. Past AZx‡Zi `wy U µwgK NUbvi †¶‡Î before-Gi c‡~ e© Ges after-Gi c‡i e‡m|
Perfect Continuous Tense nq| wKš‘ While-Gi wVK c‡i subject bv
8. Future tomorrow, next, next week/year, coming, ensuing, in
Indefinite the days/ years to come. †_‡K mivmwi verb _vK‡j D³ verb-Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| †hgb:

9. Future by, by this time, by (time, month, year), next (time,  Rahim argued against war- (BCS: 21th)
Perfect month, year), by next (time, month, year)
A. While his brother discusses the effects of pollution
16.`wy U eZ©gvb NUbv hw` while/when Øviv hy³ nq Zvn‡j while/
when hy³ AskwU Present Continuous nq| †hgb- B. While his brother discussed the effects of pollution

C. While his brother was discussing the effects of pollution

 Don’t make a noise while your father –––. (BCS: 24th) D. While his brother had discussed the effects of pollution

21.AZx‡Z `wy U µwgK NUbvi †¶‡Î before-Gi c~‡e© Ges after-Gi

A. is being asleep B. is sleeping c‡i Past perfect Tense nq, Ab¨wU nq Past Indefinite.

C. asleep D. has slept  I reached the station after the train (to leave) (PSC: 2002)

17.sentence-G already, just, just now, yet, never, ever, A. I reached the station after the train has left

lately, recently BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Present Perfect Tense nq| B. I reached the station after the train has been left

 Which of the following is correct? (PSC: 2001) C. I reached the station after the train left
A. Did you finish the work yet?
B. Did you finished the work yet? D. I reached the station after the train had left
C. Have you finish the work yet?
22.sentence-G tomorrow, next, coming, ensuing, in the

days/years to come BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Future Indefinite Tense nq|

D. Have you finished the work yet? He (come) home tomorrow

18.Sentence-G hver, a‡i, n‡Z †_‡K A‡_© for ev since _vK‡j Ans: He will come home tomorrow.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense nq| Z‡e D‡jÐL¨, 23.sentence-G by this time, by (time, month, year),
†hme verb-Gi Continuous nq bv †mme Verb-G Tense-G
Avm‡j Zv‡`i‡K Present Perfect Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: next (time, month, year) by next (time, month,

year) BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Future Perfect Tense nq| †hgb:

 Choose the correct sentence. (PSC: 2004) bx‡Pi sentence-Gi kb– ¨¯’v‡b †KvbwU Dch³y n‡e?
A. He lives here for five months
B. He is living here for five months  Next August, Lata and Tanim –– for 10 years. (PSC: 2003)
C. He has been living here for five months
A. are married B.have been married

D. He live here for five months C. will have been married D. will marry

19.Yesterday, ago, long ago, long since, last, last 24.It is time, it is high time BZ¨vw`i ci subject _vK‡j

night, last week, last month, last year, the day Verb-wU Past Tense-Gi nq| Avi G‡`i ci subject bv

before yesterday, as soon as BZ¨vw` k㸔Q Past _vK‡j to + Verb nq|
Indefinite Tense wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgb:
 It’s time (you realize) your mistakes. Which of the

 bx‡Pi sentence-Gi kb~ ¨¯’v‡b †KvbwU Dchy³ n‡e? following clause best fits in the above sentence?
(BCS: 13th)

A. you realized B. that you realize

He  to Chicago just a few months ago. (PSC: 2003) C. you would realize D. you have realized

A. has moved B. had moved  It is time (do) the work (BCS: 13th)

C. would moved D. moved A. did B. doing C. does D. to do

46 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

25.Since Øviv `ywU evK¨vsk hy³ n‡j since-Gi c‡~ e© Present  Hardly had the train stopped (PSC: 2003)
Indefinite A_ev Present Perfect n‡j since-Gi ci
Past Indefinite Tense nq| Z‡e since-Gi Av‡M Past A. before we got down B. as we got down
indefinite _vK‡j Gi c‡i Past Perfect nq|
C. than we got down D. when we got down

 Choose the correct tense (PSC: 2001)

A. Scarcely had we started than it began to rain

 If is five months since we _____ over this company. B. Scarcely had we started when it began to rain

A. have taken B. will take C. Scarcely had we started but it started to rain

C. had taken D. are taking D. Scarcetly had we been started but it gegan to rain

26.sentence-G mind, cannot help, could not help, 31.have, has, having, to be-Gi ci eªv‡K‡Ui Verb-Gi

with a view to, look forward to, be used to, get Past Participle nq| †hgb:

used to, worth BZ¨vw`i ci †Kv‡bv Verb Avm‡j D³  Hasan has (to choose) the right path. (PSC: 2002)
Verb-Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| †hgb:
A. Hasan has chosed the right path
 I don’t mind ––– with the cooking but I am not
going to wash the dishes. (BCS: 24th) B. Hasan has choseing the right path
A. to help B. help C. helping D. for helping
C. Hasan has chosen the right path

D. Hasan has chose the right path

32.†Kv‡bv simple sentence-G hw` g–j verb-Gi ci AveviI

 Fill in the blank with right option. (eª¨v‡K‡U) verb Av‡m Zvn‡j cieZx© verb-wU nq (i) to+ gj

I am looking forward —— you. (BCS: 26th) verb bZez v (ii) verb-wUi mv‡_ ing h³y nq|

i) wb‡gœv³ verb--¸‡jvi ci mvaviYZ to+ verb nq:

A. to seeing B. seeing afford, agree, appear, ask, attempt, beg, begin,

C. to see D. to have seen continue, dare, decide, expect, fail, forget, happen,

 I went to the market with a view to –– a book. (PSC: 2003) hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage,

A. bought B. buy offer, prefer, pretend, promise, propose, refuse,

C. buying D. being bought regret, seem, start, try, want, wish.

27.Preposition-Gi ci †Kv‡bv Verb Avm‡j D³ Verb-Gi ii) wb‡gœv³ Verb-¸‡jvi ci mvaviYZ V+ing nq|

mv‡_ ing h³y nq| †hgb: admit, avoid, burst out, carry on, deny, enjoy, fancy, feel
like, finish, give up, go on, (can’t) help, keep/keep on,

 Choose the correct word for the gap in the sentence, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, risk, suggest.

My father insists on ..... quality materials for the  He gave up ... football when he got married. (BCS: 26th)

construction of our new house. (PSC: 2002) A. of playing B. to play C. playing D. play

A. use B. to use C. the use D. using  He intends to ... in the country for two months. (BCS: 25th)

28.It is no good, It is no use (†Kv‡bv jvf †bB, wbi_©K)-Gi A. live B. stay C. stop D. halt

ci Verb Avm‡j Zvi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| †hgb: 33.Make, hear, let, need, dare, had better, would

rather BZ¨vw`i ci verb-Gi present form nq Ges verb-

 Which one is the right in use? (PSC: 2001) Gi c‡~ e© to _vK‡j Zv D‡V hvq|

A. It is no good of the talk to him  I heard the baby  for his food. (PSC: 1993)

B. To talk him is of no good A. cry B. was crying C. crying D. cried
C. It’s no use talking to him
D. It’s of no use how talking to him  He did not let me  the guitar. (PSC: 2003)

29.Lest Øviv `ywU evK¨vsk h³y n‡j Lest h³y As‡ki subject-Gi ci A. to play B. play

should nq Ges g–j Verb-Gi Present form e‡m| †hgb- C. playing D. that I could play
34.Causative Verbs: wb‡R bv K‡i KvD‡K w`‡q †Kv‡bv KvR Kwi‡q

†bqvi Rb¨ have, get, let, help BZ¨vw` Causative Verbs

 Select the right word. e¨eüZ n‡j †m‡¶‡Î mvaviYZ `ywU Structure e¨eüZ nq:

he ran fast lest he ––– miss the train. (BCS: 26th) (a) have/ get+ object + v.p.p

A. can B. should C. could D. has (b) have/ let/ make/ help + obj + V-Gi present.

 Choose the correct word to fill in the blank. (PSC: 2003) N.B: ÔAvwg Pzj KvUv‡Z hvw”QÕ Gi Bs‡iwR ‘I am going to cut
Keep watch on my bag lest the thief ––– steal it. my hair.’ wjL‡j fyj n‡e| KviY ZLb wb‡R‡K bvwcZ ejv n‡q

A. might not B. should C. should not D. cannot hv‡e| ï× Bs‡iwR n‡e ‘I am going to have my hair cut.’
30.No sooner had ––– than, scarcely had ––– when,
(For more detailed study, please refer to "Causative Verbs")
hardly had ––– before-Gi c_Ö g Ask Past Perfect
 Select the correct form of verb. I got my car. (PSC: 2003)
†nZz Verb-Gi Past Participle nq Ges 2q As‡k Past
A. reparing B. repaired
Indefinite nq| D‡jÐL¨, no sooner-Gi mv‡_ than,
C. have repaired D. to be repaired
scarcely-Gi mv‡_ when, hardly-Gi mv‡_ when Av‡m;
 The speaker failed to make the audience –––– to
G welqwU gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e| †hgb:
him patiently. (BCS: 15th)

A. to listen B. listening C. listened D. listen

 Indentify the correct sentence: (PSC: 2003)  Where (DU: D unit 2001-2002)

A. did you cut your hair? B. have you cut your hair?

A. No sooner had we reached the station the train left C. did you cut your hair D. did you have your hair cut?
B. No sooner had we reached the station then the train left
C. No sooner had we reached the train had left N.B: Right forms of verbs m¤ú‡K© c~Yv©½ aviYv wb‡Z
D. No sooner had we reached the station than the train left
AviI †`L‡Z n‡e Subject-Verb Agreement, Voice,

Narration, Conditional sentences etc.

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 47

Section Subject-Verb Agreement 2. Subject with Accompaniment:
08
bx‡Pi expression Øviv hw` `ywU N/P-†K †hvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j

verb me©`v cÖ_g N/P-†K follow Ki‡e|

Subject singular n‡j verb-wU n‡e singular Avi subject plural along with among with

n‡j verb-I n‡e plural| Gi bvgB subject verb concord| G together with including

Aa¨vq †_‡K AwaKvsk competitive exam-G cÖkœ Av‡m| ZvB G with as well as

Aa¨vqwU problem solving method-G mvRv‡bv n‡jv| in addition to accompanied by

and not but not

G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ wk¶v_©xiv gj– Z †h ai‡bi mgm¨vq c‡o Zv wbgœiƒc: not to mention in the company of

 subject placement pitfalls (subject †KvbwU?) He as well as his two brothers is/are skillful drivers.

 singular-plural pitfalls (subject-wU singular bv plural?) N/P1 N/P2

Subject Placement Pitfall 3. Correlatives:

1. Modified subject: Either ........ or G‡`i †¶‡Î verb Zvi wbKeZ©x
Neither ......... nor N/P-†K follow Ki‡e|
sub-verb cvkvcvwk em‡jI A‡bK mgq subject †_‡K verb Avjv`v Not only ........ but also
Not ....... but
ivLv nq, hv answer Kivi mgq confusion mw„ ó K‡i| †hgb: ....... or .......

 The professor voted teacher of the year by the students Example: Either he or his two brothers is/are skillful drivers.

sub modifying phrase N/P1 N/P2

was/were travelling in india. [Ans. was]

verb 4. Here / There:
 The production of different types of materials is/are
A‡bK mgq verb I subject-Gi gv‡S prepositional
sub modifying phrase verb phrase X‡z K wM‡q cix¶v_©x‡K confuse K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i †h,
Avmj subject †KvbUv? j¶ Kwi:
required to produce a car. [Ans. is]
a. There is/are hidden away in a lonely house out on
welqwU n‡jv, subject-†K modify Kivi Rb¨ wKQy the health a brother and sister living alone.

words/phrase subject-Gi c‡i em‡Z cv‡i| Avi Avgv‡`i b. There is/are in United States and United Kingdoms
newspaper a self satisfaction that is not found in the papers.
Rb¨ ¸iæZc¡ Y~ © n‡jv cÖKZ… subject †KvbwU Zv L‡y R †ei Kiv|
cÖ_g ev‡K¨ subject n‡jv brother & sister; ZvB answer n‡e are|
Technique: g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, preposition-Gi ci †h noun _v‡K, Zv wØZxq ev‡K¨ subject n‡jv self satisfaction, ZvB answer n‡e is|
evK¨¸‡jv co‡j mn‡RB †evSv hvq †h, verb I subject-Gi gv‡S
sentence-Gi subject nq bv| preposition + noun = prepositional pharase Av‡Q, hv KL‡bvB ev‡K¨i subject n‡Z cv‡i bv|

prepositional phrase| sentence-Gi subject-wU prepositional 5. Relative Pronoun:

phrase Abhy vqx bq, prepositional phrase ce~ ©eZ©x cÖK…Z subject relative pronoun-Gi verb Zvi antecedent-†K follow
Ki‡e| A_©vr relative pronoun-wU hv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, †mwU
Abyhvqx nq| A_©vr prepositional phrase verb-†K cÖfvweZ K‡i bv| Abhy vqx verb-Gi form wba©vwiZ n‡e|

†hgb: The effects of the crime are devastating He is one of the students who is/are honest. [Ans. are ]

subject prepositional phrase

Exceptions: wb‡gœv³ †¶‡Î prepositional phrase verb-†K He is the one of the students who is/are honest. [Ans. is]
cfÖ vweZ Ki‡e:
a. subject wn‡m‡e fraction (fMœvsk) _vK‡j [i.e. one-third ...] He is the only one of the students who is/are honest. [Ans. is]
b. subject wn‡m‡e percentage _vK‡j [i.e. sixty percent ...]
c. subject wn‡m‡e Ggb determiner _v‡K‡j hv plural count I Singular Plural Pitfall
1. Words that always take singular verbs:
non-count Df‡qi mv‡_B e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i [i.e. all/some ...]
anybody somebody every + singular noun
Example: anyone someone each 
a. Two- fifths of the work has/have been finished. anything something either 
b. 40% of the students is/are absent today. everybody nobody neither 
c. None of the students is/are absent. everyone no one
everything nothing

G k㸇jvi c‡i verb memgq singular nq; KviY, Giv singular|

48 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

 each Øviv GKvwaK noun hy³ n‡jI Zv me©`v singular n‡e| Example:
A number of students is/are present today
†hgb: Each boy and each girl is / are present today. The number of students in the class is/are fifty
A many students is/are present today.
wKšyÍ each hw` noun-Gi c‡i hvq, Zvn‡j noun-wU plural Many a student is/are present today.
More than one student is/are present today.
n‡jI verb singular n‡e| †hgb: The students each More than two students is/are present today.

has to do a lot of work. wKšyÍ, A number like 5,000 is what we had in mind.
5. And Øviv hy³ N/P-¸‡jv hw` GKwU GKK (unique) A_© ev aviYv eSy vq
 either I neither-Gi †¶‡Î G‡`i ci or/nor bv _vK‡j G
ev mgwóMZfv‡e GKwU A_© eySvq †m‡¶‡Î verb me©`v singular nq|
rule c‡Ö hvR¨ n‡e|
Bread and butter is/are all I want.
2. Collective Noun: Slow and steady win/wins the race.
The crown and glory of life is/are character.
congress family group committee class
6. wewfbœ welq (subject of study) †hgb mathematics,
government jury minority public organization
economics, politics, physics, civics, statistics,
team army club crowd board
ethics k㸇jvi mv‡_ ‘s’ _vK‡jI k㸇jv singular.
council company corporation firm commission
Economics is/are my favourite subject.
parliament yale Mathematics go/goes his nightmere.

collective noun mvaviYZ singular ZvB G‡`i ci verb singular wK¯‘ subjects of study bv ewy S‡q Ab¨ wKQy eySv‡j G k㸇jv plural:

n‡e| wKšÍy G‡`i wfZi hw` wefw³/gZcv_©K¨ _v‡K, hv sentence-G ¯•ó Statistics show/shows that about 60% people are

†evSv hvq, Z‡e GB k㸇jvi c‡i sentence-Gi verb n‡e plural| uneducated. (MYbv eySv‡”Q)
His politics is/are very critical. (Kv‡iv ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ eySv‡”Q)
The committee has/have solved the problem.
My ethics is/are unbreakable.
The committee is/are divided in two parts.
Avevi, news, gallows (dvuwmi Kvô), whereabouts (PvjPjb),
The jury is/are going to decide the agenda. human rights k㸇jvI me©`v singular| †hgb:

The jury is/are debating the effects of the proposed policy. Human rights is/are an issue that affects every one.

'number + measurement' sentence-Gi sub wn‡m‡e em‡j 7. It kãwU always singular| Gi ci verb singular nq|
each, every-Gi ci N/P I verb `y‡UvB singular nq|
Zv collective noun-Gi KvR K‡i| ZvB verb singular nq| GKvwaK N/P hw` and Øviv †hvM _v‡K Avi cÖwZ N/P-Gi
Av‡M hw` each/every _v‡K Zvn‡jI verb singular n‡e|
Fifty dollars is/are a huge amount.
Each student is/are present today.
Two miles is/are too much to run in one day. Each boy and each girl is/are present today.
8. Plural-only Nouns; bellows, binoculars, forceps,
Twenty minutes is/are enough time for me. pincers, sheers, spectacles, data, criteria, livestock,
poultry, media, phenomena, scissors, shorts, pants, jeans,
3. Infinitive (to+verb), Gerund (v+ing), ev GKwU verbal tongs, trousers, braces, tights, tops, trunks, eyeglasses,
pliers, tweezers, aristocracy, people, cattle, peasantry,
phrase ev Dependent clause sentence-Gi subject
gentry, folk, police (British Eng.) k㸇jv me©`v plural|
wn‡m‡e em‡j verb singular nq|

To tell lies is/are a great sin.

sub

Telling lies is/are a great sin.

sub

Living expenses is/are increasing. (GLv‡b living

gerund bq, GwU adjective wn‡m‡e expenses-†K modify

Ki‡Q| expenses cÖKZ… subject nIqvq verb plural n‡e|

1. What they have is/are nothing.

2. What he has is/are nothing

4. a number of + plural noun + plural verb

the number of + plural noun + singular verb

(a) many + plural noun + plural verb

many a + singular noun + singular verb

more than one + singular noun + singular verb

more than two/three + plural noun + plural verb

Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 49

The peasantry of India is/are poor. 3. There (is/are) two types of calculus, differential
and integral.
Cattle is/are grazing in the field.
4. George Gershwin, together with his brother Ira,
'The + Adjective' sentence-G subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j (was/were) the creator of the first musical comedy
to win a Pulitzer Prize.
Zv me©`v plural nq|
5. In a chess game, the player with the white
The rich is/are not always happy. pieces always (move/moves) first.
The injured was/were taken to the hospital.
6. The Earth and Pluto (is/are) the only two planets
D‡jøL¨, 'The + Adjective'-Gi ci noun _vK‡j verb-wU H believed to have a single moon.
noun-†K follow Ki‡e|
7. A number of special conditions (is/are)
The rich man is/are not always happy. necessary for the formation of a geyser.
The rich people is/are not always happy.
8. Each of the Ice Ages (was/were) more than a million
Plural-only nouns with idiomatic meanings: years long.
accommodations (living arrangements);
9. The battery, along with the alternator and starter,
funds (money) Arms (weapons) (makes/make) up the electrical system of a car.

guts (courage) looks (appearance) 10. Teeth (is/are) covered with a hard substance called enamel.
11. The more-or-less rhythmic succession of economic booms
brains (intellect) manners (behavior)
and busts (is/are) referred to as the business cycle.
communications (means of communication) 12. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

pains (trouble) (varies/vary) from element to element.
credentials (records of documents) 13. All trees, except for the tree fern, (is/are) seed-

wits (intelligence) customs (duty) bearing plants.
14. Fifteen hundred dollars a year (was/were) the
9. wfbœ wfbœ c`ex and Øviv h³y n‡j GKvwaK c`exi Av‡M GKvwaK ‘The’
per capita income in the United States in 1950.
_vK‡j GKvwaK e¨w³‡K †evSv‡e ZvB verb plural n‡e| GKvwaK 15. Everyone who (goes/go) into the woods should

c`exi Av‡M †Kej GKwU ‘the’ _vK‡j †Kej GKRb e¨w³ †evSv‡e| recognize common poisonous plants such as
poison ivy and poison oak.
The president and director of the company is/are here today. 16. Many theories on this subject (have/has) been proposed.
17. The effects of that crime (are/is) likely to be devastating.
The president and the director of the company is/are here today. 18. None of the counterfeit money (have/has) been found.
19. None of the students (have/has) finished the exam yet.
10. Arithmetical operations-Gi c‡i singular verb nq| 20. No example (is/are) relevant to this case.
21. No examples (is/are) relevant to this case.
Twenty plus ten is/are thirty. 22. Neither Jony nor Nipa (is/are) going to the beach today.
23. Either Arif or his friends (are/is) going to the beach today.
11. Sentence G GKwU positive subject Ges GKwU 24. Neither Mitu nor her friends (are/is) going to class today.
25. Shuvo or his brothers (is/are) bringing the car.
negative subject _vK‡j verb positive subject 26. Not studying (has/have) caused him many problems.
27. Writing many letters (make/makes) her happy.
Gi mv‡_ agree Ki‡e| 28. The majority (believes/believe) that we are in no danger.
29. The majority of the students (believes/believe)
1. You but not I am/is/are ruining your/my future. him to be innocent.

2. It is/are not the faculty members but the head of the
department who prepare/prepares the final grade sheet.

Inflectional Possessives:

Singular Singular Plural Plural
Possessives
boy Possessive boys boys'
girl boy’s girls girls'
student girl’s students students'
student’s

Underline the form that correctly completes each sentence.

1. The first bridge to be built with electric lights
(was/were) the Brooklyn Bridge.

2. Ethics (is/are) the study of moral duties, principles,
and values.

50 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure

30. Fifty minutes (isn't/aren't) enough time to finish this test. 4. The doctrine applies in Canada, where there is a

31. Twenty dollars (are/is) all I can afford to pay for federal law and a provincial law that are each

that recorder. valid and consistent.

32. A number of the applicants (has/have) already A. is a federal law and a provincial law that are

been, interviewed. each valid and

33. The number of residents who (have/has) been B. are a federal law and a provincial law that are

questioned on this matter is quite small. each valid and

34. The number of days in a week (is/are) seven. C. are a federal law and a provincial law both of

35. The pliers (were/was) on the table. which are each valid and

36. The pair of pliers (were/was) on the table. D. is a federal law and a provincial law both of

37. Merrill, Lunch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith (is/are) which are each valid and

one of the best-known brokerage houses. E. are a federal law and a provincial law that are

38. Proctor & Gamble (is/are) a multinational company. each valid or

39. ‘Business Letters’ (are/is) a fine book. 5. Either you transfer the data which was

40. ‘Better Homes and Gardens’ (offers/offer) helpful demanded or file a report explaining why you did

redecorating ideas. not submit the overall annual figures.

Answer Key A. Either you transfer the data which was demanded

1. was; 2. is; 3. are; 4. was; 5. moves; 6. are; 7. are; 8. was; B. You either transfer the data, which was demanded

9. makes; 10. are; 11. is; 12. varies; 13. are; 14. was; 15. C. You either transfer the data which were demanded

goes; 16. have; 17. are; 18. has; 19. have; 20. is; 21. are; D. Either you transfer the data, which was demanded

22. is; 23. are; 24. are; 25. are; 26. has; 27.makes; 28. E. Either you transfer the data, which were demanded.

believes; 29. believe; 30. isn’t; 31. is; 32. have; 33. have; 6. The set of propositions which was discussed by the
panel have been published in the society journal.
34. is; 35. were; 36. was; 37. is; 38. is; 39. is; 40.offers;
A. which was discussed by the panel have
Exercise: Subject-Verb Agreement
B. which were discussed by the panel have

1. The first of a number of receptions and C. that was discussed by the panel has

testimonial dinners for the departing school D. which were discussed by the panel has

superintendent have been scheduled, with more E. which was discussed, by the panel, has

events still in the planning stage. 7. Everyone of us have understood that without

A. have been scheduled, with more events still him helping us we would not have succeeded in

B. have been scheduled, and with more events still our program over the past six months.

C. has been scheduled, and with more events still A. Everyone of us have understood that without

D. has been scheduled, with more events still him helping us

E. have been scheduled, and there is still more events B. Everyone of us has understood that without his helping us

2. Fame as well as fortune were his goals in life. C. Everyone of us have understood that without his help

A. Fame as well as fortune were his goals D. Everyone of us has understood that without

B. Fame as well as fortune was his goals him helping us

C. Fame as well as fortune were his goal E. Every single one of us have understood that

D. Fame and fortune were his goals without him helping us

E. Fame also fortune were his goals 8. On the African continent, the incidence of vitamin

3. Neither the earthquake or the subsequent fire deficiencies correlates positively with the level of

was able to destroy the spirit of the city dwellers. solar radiation.

A. or the subsequent fire was A. deficiencies correlates positively with

B. nor the subsequent fire were B. deficiencies correlate positively with

C. or the subsequent fire were C. deficiencies, correlate positively with

D. nor the subsequent fire was D. deficiencies correlate positively to

E. or the fire that occurred subsequently were E. deficiencies correlates positively to