Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 51
9. Her brother along with her parents insist that she 14. The official imposition of “Lysenkoism” on Russian
biologists, with is chilling effects on scientists in
remain in school. countless related fields, illustrate vividly the
dangers of government interference with science.
A. insist B. insists A. illustrate vividly the dangers of government
interference with science
C. are insisting B. illustrate the dangers of government
interference with science vividly
D. were insisting C. illustrates vividly the dangers of government
interference with science
E. have insisted D. vividly illustrate the dangers of government
interference with science
10. Since neither her nor the Dean were willing to veto E. vividly illustrate how dangerous can be
government interference with science
the curriculum changes, they went into effect as of
15. It is natural that baby eagles, ———— to their mother.
September 1. A. while still in their nest, do submits
B. while still in their nest, are submitted
A. her nor the Dean were willing C. while still in their nest, submit
D. while still in their nest, submits
B. she nor the Dean was willing
16. No supreme court decision ————, who meet in
C. her not the Dean wished private, have conferred on the case in question.
A. are ever given until the justices
D. she or the Dean was willing B. has ever given until the justices
C. is ever given until the justices
E. she nor the Dean were willing D. ever gives until the justices
11. A broad range of opinions was represented between 17. Public discussion of our international and
domestic problems ———— by congressmen
the various members of the steering committee. who are actually interested only in reelection.
A. is being over politicized
A. A broad range of opinions was represented between B. are being over politicized
C. to be over politicized
B. A broad range of opinions were represented between D. overly politicizes
Answers with Explanations
C. A broad range of opinions had been held by
1. [D] subject singular n‡j verb I singular n‡e|
D. A broad range of opinions was represented among GLv‡b subject n‡jv the first| myZivs Option A, B, E
mwVK bq| Option C mwVK bq Kvib GLv‡b
E. Varying opinions were represented by Ac‡Ö qvRbxqfv‡e and e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
12. Fear of future nationalistic feelings and a conviction 2. [D] as well as. along with BZ¨vw` sentence-G
_vK‡j cÖ_g sub Abymv‡i verb e‡m| So, option A,
that natural resource endowments should be C ev`| Gevi option B n‡e bv KviY singular
noun-Gi cwie‡Z© †h pronoun Avm‡e ZvI singular
exploited for the welfare of the residents of the n‡e| and Øviv hLb `ywU subject hy³ nq ZLb verb
plural nq| Option E mwVK bq Kvib GLv‡b also-Gi
country, rather than for private profit, are shared by e¨envi AcÖvmw½K| myZivs mwVK DËi D|
all managers of extractive industries there.
A. rather than for private profit, are
B. rather than for private profit, is
C. irregardless of private profit, is
D. as opposed to private profit, is
E. and not necessarily for private profit, is
13. Despite their avowed opposition to the strike, no
one from among the dozens of nonunion workers
were willing to cross the picket line.
A. from among the dozens of nonunion workers were willing
B. of the dozens of nonunion workers were willing
C. was willing from among the dozens of nonunion workers
D. from among the dozens of nonunion workers was willing
E. from the dozens of nonunion workers were willing
52 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
3. [D] Neither-Gi mv‡_ nor nq| or emv‡bvi Kvi‡b option 10. [B] Neither ------ nor, Either ------ or cfÖ w„ Z
A, C, E mwVK bq| Neithernor-Gi c‡i verb structure-G verb e¨envi Kiv nq closest subject
singular n‡e bv plural n‡e ZvB depend Ki‡e verb-Gi Abhy vqx| G‡¶‡Î verb n‡e Gi KvQvKvwQ subject 'the
closest subject-Gi Dci| mZy ivs singular subject 'the dean'| myZivs The Dean-Gi mv‡_ singular verb
subsequent fire'-Gi mv‡_ verb 'were' e¨envi Kivi 'was' e¨eüZ n‡e| Option C, D mwVK bq KviY
Kvi‡b option B mwVK bq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi D| neither-Gi mv‡_ nor e¨envi Kiv nqwb|
4. [B] GLv‡b underline Kiv As‡ki sub n‡j a federal
law and a provincial law| and-Gi Av‡Mi I c‡ii 11. [D] A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ n‡j among e¨eüZ nq| myZivs option
subject-Gi mv‡_ article e¨envi Kiv n‡j mvaviYZ A, B mwVK bq| Option C mwVK bq KviY GwU
subject wU plural wn‡m‡e Mb¨ nq| meaning-Gi cwicš’x| Option E mwVK bq KviY
There + verb to be + subject gZvg‡Zi wfbœZv eySv‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ A broad range
of opinions e¨envi Kwi|
5. [C] either --- or, correlative conjunction e‡j G 12. [A] GLv‡b principal clause-Gi sub n‡jv fear of
parallel structure follow Ki‡Z nq| †h‡nZz or-Gi c‡i future nationalistic feeling and a conviction hv
verb| myZivs either-Gi c‡iI verb Ki‡Z n‡e| myZivs plural| mZy ivs Gi mv‡_ verb-wUI plural n‡e|
option A, D, E mwVK bq| Ac‡Ö qvRbxq Kgv (,) e¨envi
Kivi Kvi‡b option B mwVK bq| 13. [D] from †_‡K workers ch©šÍ n‡jv prepositional
6. [D] which GKwU relative pronoun Ges GwU wVK Zvi phrase hv subject n‡Z cv‡i bv| mZy ivs subject n‡jv
antecedent Abyhvqx verb †bq| GLv‡b which-Gi no one hv singular meaning c`Ö vb K‡i| myZivs verb
antecedent n‡jv propositions hvi mv‡_ plural verb 'were' emv‡bvi Kvi‡Y option A, B, E mwVK bq|
'were' use Ki‡Z n‡e| myZivs option A, C, E mwVK Option C mwVK bq KviY no one-Gi modifier 'from --
bq| Option B mwVK bq Kvib principal clause-Gi ----- workers' wVK Zvi cici e¨envi n‡e|
subject 'the set'-Gi mv‡_ verb singular n‡e| mZy ivs 14. [C] GB sentence-Gi subject 'the official
mwVK DËi D| imposition ------'Gi mv‡_ singular verb jvM‡e Ges
7. [B] everyone-Gi mv‡_ singular verb 'has' e¨eüZ n‡e| vividly adverb wU †h‡nZz verb †K modify Ki‡Q †m‡nZz
myZivs option A, C, E mwVK bq| Avgiv Zvi mvnvh¨ Qvov
mdj n‡Z cviZvg bv| Gi Bs‡iwR nj without his help we wVK Gi ci ci em‡e|
couldn't ----------| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option B| 15. [C] baby eagles-Gi Rb¨ plural verb jvM‡e| myZivs
8. [A] c`Ö Ë sentence-Gi subject 'the incidence'-Gi option A, D mwVK bq| option B n‡e bv KviY baby
mv‡_ singular verb e¨envi n‡e weavq option B, C, D eagles-iv wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i‡K gv‡q‡`i Kv‡Q mgc©Y K‡i|
mwVK bq| Option E mwVK bq Kvib †Kvb wKQyi mv‡_ ZvB GLv‡b passive pattern e¨eüZ bv n‡q active
m¤•K…©Z A‡_© correlate-Gi mv‡_ preposition 'with' pattern e¨eüZ nq|
e¨envi nq| myZivs mwVK DËi A| 16. [C] passive pattern-G wb‡Z n‡e| KviY supreme
9. [B] along with, together with, as well as, court decision wb‡R wb‡R ˆZwi nq bv eis GwU AvBb
cYÖ qbKvix ms¯’v ev cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨iv K‡i _v‡K|
accompanied by ------- BZ¨vw` Øviv `wy U subject hy³
n‡j verb me©`v cÖ_g subject Abyhvqx nq| mZy ivs Her
brother-Gi mv‡_ singular verb, 'insists' e¨envi n‡e| 17. [A] meaning Abhy vqx passive pattern e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q
Option D mwVK bq Kvib GwU Pjgvb †Kvb KvR bq weavq Ges public discussion †h‡nZz singular meaning cÖ`vb
continuouse sense correct ans. n‡e bv| K‡i ZvB singular verb 'is' e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 53
‘ing’ forms (gerunds and participles)
Section Verbal wewfbœ A‡_© gerund-Gi e¨envi
09
Verbal (a) GKB mg‡q msNwUZ `ywU KvR: (b) c‡~ e© msNwUZ KvR:
Infinitives
I enjoy reading books. I regret having talked to him.
Gerund
v + ing I dislike criticizing others. She is angry about not
being + v3 Infinitive Participle having been invited.
to + v v + ing negative use of ‘ing’ forms
having+v3
Not knowing what to do, I went home.
to be + v3 v3 She is angry about not having been invited.
to have + v3 having + v3
gerund-Gi c‡~ e© possessive adjective e‡m, Avi
present participle-Gi ci object pronoun e‡m|
I don’t mind your going without me.
Does my smoking annoy you?
After dropping him off at school, I came back.
‘ing’ forms-Gi Av‡M pronoun-Gi object (me, him, them)
having been + v3 to have been + v3 iƒcI e‡m| we‡kl K‡i verb-Gi c‡i I ‘ing’ form-Gi gv‡S †`Lv
wewfbœ A‡_© infinitive-Gi e¨envi hvq| ZLb e¨vcviUv `vovq Ggb: verb + object + ‘ing’ form
a) KvRwU GL‡bv nq wb, c‡i n‡e A‡_©: I saw him getting out of car.
I don't mind them going without me.
I want to go with you. Nobody can stop him doing what he wants to.
I am preparing to take the exam. nice, no good, no use, any use, worth, no
b) KvRwU Pjgvb A‡_©: difficulty, no fun, ---- BZ¨vw` k㸇jvi ci ‘ing’ form
He seems to be facing problems. nq| †hgb:
He was seen to be playing. I have no difficulty going there.
Verbs that are always followed by gerund
c) KvRwU †kl n‡q †M‡Q A‡_©:
Appreciate Give up Put off
It was nice to have gone with you. Avoid Imagine Quit
Can’t help Involve Recall
He claims to have studied the chapter. Can’t stand Keep Resent
passive infinitive
There are a lot of chapters to be finished. (Passive sense) Complete Practice Resist
negative infinitive
Prevent Finish
infinitive-†K negative Kiv n‡j to-Gi c~‡e© not emv‡Z nq|
Delay Keep on Resume
Deny Mention Risk
"I am sorry that I didn’t come on Thursday." G negative Discuss Mind Spend
sentence-wU‡K reduce Kiv n‡j sentence-wU n‡e wbgœiƒc: Dislike/Detest Miss Tolerate
I am sorry not to have come on Thursday. Enjoy Postpone Understand
for + N/P + infinitive
Verbs that are always followed by infinitive
The idea was for her to learn English. Afford Determine Plan
Agree Endeavor prepare
It is important for the meeting to start on time. Appear Expect Pretend
Some Special Usage of Infinitive Arrange Fail Promise
purpose cÖKv‡k infinitive e¨eüZ nq| Ask Force Refuse
I have come here to teach you. Attempt Hesitate remind
I am going to leave now, so as not to be late. Beg Hope Seem
Desire Demand persuade
To pass in the exam, study very hard. strive wish Cause
Ordinal number (first, second, third etc.) h³y Tell Instruct choose
phrase-†K modify Ki‡Z infinitive e¨eüZ nq| Tend invite Claim
He is the first person to go there. Threaten Learn Consent
wb‡gœv³ verb-¸‡jvi ci bare infinitive nq| A_©vr to Dn¨ _v‡K: Wait Manage Convince
Want neglect Dare
Please, make, let, help Order Offer Decide
54 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Verbs that are followed by gerund or infinitive forget ,remember, regret, stop, try
Forget
without change in meaning love Forget + infinitive is used when we fail to do
bother can’t bear Deserve Hate
something because we did not remember to do it.
Verbs that may be followed by gerund or Example: John forgot to call his mother on her
birthday. (John did not call his mother.)
infinitive depending on the context Forget + gerund is used when we can no longer
acknowledge, consider advise, allow, recall something that happened in the past. This
structure is not very common and is usually used
encourage, forbid, permit, recommend, require in a negative or question-form sentence.
Example: I will never forget going to Cox’s Bazar for
Gerund is usually used after both of them, but if they the first time.
Regret
are followed by an object or used in passive pattern, Regret + infinitive is usually used with a reporting
verb in the infinitive position.
they take infinitive. Example: I regret to inform you that your son has
passed sway.
1. He acknowledged going there. Regret + gerund is used when we wish something
2. We’re considering buying a new car. in the past hadn’t happened.
Example: Since Rahim has come to know about it, I
3. It is generally acknowledged to be true. regret not inviting him to the party.
Remember
4. This award is considered to be a great honor. Remember + infinitive can be said to be the
opposite of forget + infinitive.
5. He advised me to apply at once. Example: John forgot to call his mother on her 53rd
birthday, but he remembered to call her on her 54th.
6. He advised applying at once. Remember + gerund is used when we recall
admit, report something that happened in the past.
Example: She can still remember arriving at the
Gerund is usually used after both of them, house for the very first time.
Stop
but if they are used in passive pattern, they stop doing sth : ‘We stopped taking pictures’
means ‘We were no longer taking pictures.’
take infinitive. stop to do sth : ‘We stopped to take pictures’.
means ‘We stopped what we were doing so that
1. She admitted having driven the car without we could start taking pictures.’
Try
insurance. Try meaning ‘attempt’ takes infinitive
Try meaning ‘do something as an experiment’
2. The neighbors reported seeing him takes gerund.
1. I tried to solve the problem
3. The appointment is now admitted to have 2. The photocopier is not working. Try pressing
been a mistake. the green button.
4. The house was reported to be in excellent
condition
begin, start, continue, cease
Either infinitive or gerund may be used after all of
them without any difference in meaning, but the
infinitive is more usual when they are followed by
understand, see, realize, and matter.
1. I began working/to work.
2. He continued living/to live in Dhaka.
3. I started to understand/understanding his
true nature.
4. It ceased to matter/mattering whether or not he
came here.
Intend
American English- infinitive & British English-
Gerund. If it is followed by an object, we
must use infinitive.
1. I intend to sell/selling it.
2. I intend him to take over/taking over the department.
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 55
Go on Present Participle vs Perfect Participle:
Go on means ‘continue doing the same thing’ and
Participle n‡jv verb-Gi nonfinite iƒc hvi `y‡Uv e¨envi
is normally followed by gerund. But it is used with an i‡q‡Q tense-Gi w`K †_‡K-
infinitive when it means ‘do or say something new’.
1. He said nothing but just went on to work/working. a) Present Participle: (going, chopping, eating)
b) Perfect participle: (having gone, having
2. After discussing the economy, the minister then
chopped, having eaten)
went on to talk about/talking about foreign policy.
Dread j¶ Kwi:
Dread is followed by gerund but but the infinitive is
used with think a) Eating my lunch, I took the car to the station
b) Having eaten my lunch, I took the car to the station
1. I dread being/to be sick.
cÖ_‡g ev‡K¨ GUv mean K‡i †h, eating Ges driving car GKB mgq
2. I dread thinking/to think what will happen
Be afraid (of), be sorry (for), be ashamed (of)
be afraid of/sorry for/ashamed of + gerund n‡qwQj| wØZxq evK¨ Øviv eSy vq: LvIqv (eating) †kl Kivi ci Avwg
drive K‡iwQjvg| Tense-Gi w`K †_‡K wØZxq evK¨wU correct|
be afraid/sorry/ashamed + infinitive
1. She was afraid of upsetting her parents. ev‡K¨ Present Participle Øviv †evSvq †h `wy U KvR GKB
2. Don’t be afraid to ask if you don’t understand. mgq N‡U‡Q|
Like
In American English, like can be followed by either
gerund or infinitive. Perfect Participle Øviv †evSvq †h GKwU KvR †kl nevi ci
In British English, Av‡iKUv KvR Kiv n‡q‡Q|
I like doing something means I enjoy doing it.
I like to do something means I think it is right to do it. Exercise: Problems on Verbal
Note that, would + like/love/hate/ prefer are 1. ——— for a career in dance generally begins at
usually followed by infinitive. an early age.
Prefer
Prefer to do/doing something A. People train B. That people train
Prefer doing something to doing something else C. If training D. Training
Ex- I prefer driving to traveling by train. 2. A baby's first teeth ————— are generally the
Verbs + Prepositions That Are Followed By the Gerund lower incisors.
Admit to Approve of be better off count on confess to A. appearance B. appear
depend on Give up insist on keep on look forward to
object to put off Rely on succeed in take to C. to appear D. in appearing
think about think of Worry about
Adjectives + Prepositions that are followed by 3. A climbing helmet ——— protection for a rock-
the gerund climber's head from falling rocks and other hazards.
Accustomed to afraid of capable of fond of A. to provide B. provides
Intent on interested in successful in tired of
Nouns + Prepositions that are followed by the C. providing D. that provides
gerund 4. Power tools require careful handling ———
Choice of excuse for intention of method for injuries.
method of Possibility of reason for
Adjectives that are followed by the infinitive A. by avoiding B. they avoid
Anxious able boring C. to avoid D. that avoid
common dangerous difficult 5. An electromagnet is created ——— electrical
Eager easy good current through a coil of wire.
hard Pleased prepared
ready resolute strange A. by passing B. passes by
Usual C. to be passed D. passed
56 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
6. ——— at home requires only three types of Answers with Explanations
chemicals, several pieces of simple equipment, 1. [D] GKwU finite verb †`Iqv Av‡Q| mZy ivs jvM‡e GKwU
sub| sub-wU n‡Z cv‡i GKwU noun / noun clause /
and running water. noun phrase / gerund / infinitive | A_©vr †h¸‡jv sub
wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| Gevi option A n‡e bv KviY †Kv‡bv
A. For the development of film clause marker †bB| option B-†Z clause marker
_vKv m‡Ë¡I n‡e bv KviY that GKwU fact-†K represent
B. To develop film K‡i| hv GLv‡b Ki‡Q bv| option C n‡e bv KviY clause
marker Avm‡e ZLbB hLb `ywU finite verb GKwU
C. When film is developed sentence-G _vK‡e| so answer n‡e option D|
D. In developing film 2. [C] ordinal number (first, second, third etc.) hy³
7. The purpose of cost accounting is ——— involved phrase-†K modify Ki‡Z infinitive e¨eüZ nq| Active
meaning †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b answer n‡e option C|
in producing and selling a good or service.
3. [B] sentence-wU‡Z †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB| So answer B|
A. as a determination of its costs 4. [C] Require-Gi c‡i infinitive nq|
5. [A] GKwU electro-magnet †K m„wó Kiv nq electrical
B. the costs determined
current passing-Gi Øviv| †Kvb wKQz Øviv wKQz Kiv eySv‡Z
C. that determines the costs Avgiv mvaviYZ by + verb(ing) e¨envi Kwi|
6. [B] D‡Ïk¨ ev purpose cÖKv‡k infinitive e¨eüZ nq| So
D. to determine the costs answer n‡e B|
8. ——— was one of the most difficult tasks 7. [D] ÒD‡Ïk¨Ó eySv‡Z infinitive (to + v1) e¨envi nq|
8. [A] finite verb GKUvB hv n‡jv was| Avi faced n‡jv non-
pioneers faced on their journeys west.. finite verb | So finite verb-Gi Rb¨ GKUv sub jvM‡e|
9. [B] Ability-Gi c‡i infinitive Avi able-Gi c‡i
A. Crossing rivers B. While crossing rivers gerund nq Exp- I have ability to do the work
C. Rivers being crossed D. By crossing rivers I am able doing the work
9. Energy can be defined as the ability ———.
10. [B] gap-Gi Av‡M preposition| So eySvqB hv‡”Q †h
A. do working B. to do work verb-wU Avm‡e †mUvi mv‡_ ing hy³ n‡e|
C. doing work D. work to be done 11. [C] question 10-Gi explanation †`L|
12. [C] Af¨vm eySv‡Z used to-Gi `ywU rule Av‡Q| These
10. The process of ——— by hand has changed
are given below-
little since the fifteenth century. used to + verb in simple
be / get + used to + (verb + ing)
A. to bind books B. binding books
wKš‘ GB sentence-G used to e¨envi A‡_© Ges passive meaning-G
C. books are bound D. bound books use Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB Gici verb-Gi base form n‡e|
11. A crescent wrench has adjustable jaws for —— 13. [A] c`Ö Ë sentence-G subject n‡jv the crystals|
subject plural n‡j verb I plural n‡e|
a nut, bolt, or pipe. 14. [B] Allow verb-Gi c‡i infinitive nq|
15. [A] ordinal number (first, second, third etc.) hy³
A. to grip B. they grip phrase-†K modify Ki‡Z infinitive e¨eüZ nq|
passive meaning †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b mwVK DËi A|
C. gripping D. gripped
12. Compressed air is ——— air brakes, pneumatic
tools, and other machinery.
A. used to powering B. to use powering
C. used to power D. in use by powering
13. Some people believe that the crystals of certain
minerals ———— curative powers.
A. have B. having
C. that have D. to have
14. The narrow blades of speed skates allow ———
speeds of up to 30 miles per hour.
A. for skaters maintaining B. skaters to
maintain C. skaters maintain D.
maintenance by skaters
15. The first library ———— in the Nebraska
Territory was built in Fort Atkinson in 1870.
A. to be established B. was established
C. could establish D. to establish
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 57
Section Conditionals He would tell you about it if he were here.
(He won't tell you about it. He's not here.)
10
If he didn't speak so quickly, you could understand him.
Conditional sentence-G GKwU kZ© Ges GKwU djvdj _v‡K| (He speaks very quickly. You can't understand him.)
G‡¶‡Î djvdjwU k‡Z©i Dci wbf©i K‡i| If we had know that you were there, we would have
written you a letter.
Conditional sentence `y ai‡bi nq| h_v: (We didn't know that you were there.) (We didn't
write you a letter.)
1. Real conditional; 2. Unreal conditional
She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
real conditional GKwU ev¯eÍ djvdj cÖKvk K‡i, hv ÔNU‡Z cv‡i (She didn't sell the house.) (She didn't find the right buyer.)
ev NU‡eÕ hw` kZ©wU ev¯eÍ vwqZ nq| †hgb: ÔIf I have free time, I If we hadn't lost our way, we would have arrived sooner.
will go there.Õ—sentence-wU‡Z Avgvi hvIqv n‡Z cv‡i, hw` (We lost our way.) (We didn't arrive early.)
Avwg Aemi mgq cvB; A_©vr, hvIqvi KvRwU NUv m¤¢e| real Sample Questions:
1. If I had some money, I —— you.
conditional-Gi structure-wU n‡e wbgœiƒc:
A. would will help B. would help
REAL CONDITIONS C. would have helped D. help
2. If I had seen you, I —— you.
if + subject + simple present tense...+ subject + mmcwaiualnlsyt A. would will help B. would help
C. would have helped D. help
+ [verb in simple form] or, subject+ [verb in simple form] Answer Key: 01. B; 02. C.
Some important rules regarding conditional sentence:
Unreal conditional `yB cÖKvi| h_v: Rule # 1
(i) present/future unreal conditional; ‘if’ Qvov †h Clause A_©vr Main clause (Result Clause)-
wU‡Z †h Result ev cwiYwZi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv hw` wPišÍb mZ¨
(ii) past unreal conditional. automatic, habitual fact, scientific fact nq Zvn‡j result
clause-wU present tense-G nIqv fvj|
Present/future unreal GKwU Aev¯Íe djvdj cÖKvk K‡i, hv
If you heat ice, it turns to water.
NU‡Z cviZ wKšyÍ NU‡e bv, KviY kZ©wU ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e bv| †hgb: If price goes up, demand of that product decreases.
ÒIf I had free time, I would go there.Ó—sentence-wU‡Z G‡¶‡Î (will+ verb) w`‡jI P‡j| Z‡e Present DËg|
Avgvi hvIqv m¤¢e bq, KviY Avwg Aemi mgq cve bv| A_©vr, Rule # 2
‘The verb ‘to be’ will ALWAYS appear as ‘were’ in
hvIqvi KvRwU NUv Am¤¢e| present/future unreal unreal conditional.
conditional-Gi structure-wU n‡e wbgœiƒc: A_©vr [If+Past+(would+verb)] m‡– Î if h³y clause-G ‘to be’ verb
wn‡m‡e am/is/are/was BZ¨vw` emv‡j fjy n‡e| †Kej ‘were’ em‡e|
PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONS
I could go to the beach if it —— so hot.
if + subject + simple past tense ...... + subject + A. isn’t B. wasn’t C. weren’t D. won't
would Rule # 3
could + [verb in simple form]
might present/future unreal conditional-Gi A_© wVK †i‡L if h³y
clause-Gi structure-wU wbgœiƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i:
past unreal conditional GKwU Aev¯eÍ djvdj cKÖ vk K‡i, hv
AZx‡Z NU‡Z cviZ wKš‘ N‡U wb, KviY kZ©wU ev¯ÍevwqZ nq wb| If + past + ...... + would/could/might + v1 .
†hgb: ÒIf I had had free time, I would have gone
there.Ó—sentence-wU‡Z Avgvi hvIqv m¤¢e nq wb, KviY Avwg Were + sub + ...... + would/could/might + v1 .
Aemi mgq cvB wb| A_©vr, hvIqvi KvRwU NUv Am¤¢e wQj| past
unreal conditional-Gi structure-wU n‡e wbgœiƒc: If I were you, I would help him.
Were I you, I would help him.
PAST UNREAL CONDITIONS
would
if + subject + past perfect ...... + subject + could
might
+ have + [verb in simple participle]
Examples of different types of conditionals:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
We will have plenty of time to finish the project before
dinner if it is only ten o'clock now.
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this
weekend.
(I don't have the time. I'm not going to the beach with you.)
58 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
past unreal conditional-Gi A_© wVK †i‡L if hy³ clause-Gi 2. My father pays her fees, other wise she here.
structure-wU wbgœiƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i: (a) isn’t (b) won’t be (c) wouldn’t be
(d) would haven’t been
If + sub + had + v3 + ..... + would/could/might + have + v3 .
3. I used my calculator, otherwise I longer.
Had + sub + v3 + ..... + would/could/might + have + v3 . (a) will be (b) would be
(c) won't be (d) wouldn't have been
If I had seen him, I would have helped him. Answer Key: 1.C; 2.C; 3.D;
Had I seen him, I would have helped him. Rule # 7
Sample Questions: unless †Kej real conditional-Gi m–‡Î e¨envi nq| A_©vr
1. ——, I would help you. If + present (negative) + uture
A. I were you B. If I were you Unless + present (negative) + future
C. If I was you D If I had been you A‡b‡K e‡j _v‡Kb if-Gi e`‡j unless mKj †¶‡Î e¨envi Kiv
2. ——, I would have helped you. hvq| Avm‡j GUv structural Abmy v‡i nq Z‡e wbZvšÍB †Rvi K‡i
A. I had seen you B. If I have seen you evbv‡bv| ev¯‡Í e ïay real conditional-Gi †¶‡Î unless-Gi
C. Had I seen you D. If I were you e¨envi j¶ Kiv hvq|
Answer Key: 01.B; 02.C.
Rule # 4 I –––– the job unless the pay is too low.
if / unless: (a) take (b) took
if-Gi g‡Zv unless w`‡qI conditional nq Z‡e if A_© hw` (c) would take (d) will take
(positive) Avi unless A_© Ôhw` bvÕ (negative) I’ll be in all day unless the office ––––.
Unless you start at once, you will be late (a) phones (b) would phone
If you don’t start at once, you will be late
(c) will phone (d) phoned
Rule # 5 Rule # 8
If it whaedren'tnboet en GKwU e¨vcvi †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e if/unless h³y clause-wU KL‡bv
If it
but for future tense-G nq bv| present/past/past perfect n‡Z cv‡i|
Dc‡i Dwjwø LZ `ywU expression-G cwie‡Z© but for e¨envi Kiv Rule # 9
hvq| A_©vr GB `ywU expression-Gi replacement wn‡m‡e but ‘if’ _vK‡jB †h sentence-wU conditional Zv wKš‘ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
for emv‡bv hvq| bx‡Pi sentence-wU j¶ Kwi:
He always helps me. But for his help I would be poor. I don’t know if he will be there.
You helped me a lot. But for your help, I would not g‡b n‡e GUv mwVK bq| KviY if h³y clause-wU KL‡bv future nq
have succeeded. bv e‡j Rvwb|
1g sentence-wU present n‡j ‘but for’ hy³ sentence- wKšÍy eyS‡Z n‡e rule c‡Ö hvh¨ wQj conditional sentence-Gi
wU‡Z (would + verb) em‡e| †¶‡Î †hLv‡b if Øviv Ôhw`Õ A_©vr kZ© †`Iqv n‡e| GLv‡b if kãwU
1g sentence-wU past n‡j ‘but for’ hy³ sentence-wU‡Z ‘whether’ A‡_© e¨envi n‡q‡Q| ZvB sentence-wU mwVK|
(would have + v3) em‡e| Rule # 10
My father pays my fees. But for that I wouldn’t be here. ‘if’ hy³ clause-Gi mv‡_ bZzb †Kv‡bv sub-ordinate clause Zv if-h³y
The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time. clause-Gi tense-†K follow Ki‡e, principal clause-†K bq|
Rule # 6 If I had lots of money, I would give to someone who
Use of ‘other wise’ asked for it.
Gi wbR¯^ m~Î Av‡Q ÔifÕ-Gi g‡ZvB| If I had seen him, I would have given him whatever
1. future sense + otherwise + Future 2. present + he had wanted.
otherwise + (would + verb) Rule # 11
3. past + otherwise + (would have + v.p.p) Use of Hope
Sample Questions: Rule # 11.1
1. you must be back before midnight; otherwise we out Hope verb-wU sentence-G present form-G _vK‡j cieZx©
A. lock B. will lock clause-G (will+verb) n‡e|
C. will be locked D. would be locked We hope that he will come.
E. would have been locked I hope that you will pass in the exam
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 59
Rule # 11.2 Exercise: Conditionals
wKšyÍ cieZx© clause ev that hy³ clause-G hw` yesterday/ 1. If water is heated to 212 degrees F —— as steam.
ago/last month BZ¨vw` past clues _v‡K Zvn‡j †mB clause- A. it will boil and escape B. it is boiling and escaping
Gi verb n‡e Past tense-G| C. it boil and escape D. it would boil and escape
We hope that he came yesterday. 2. If services are increased, taxes ————.
I hope that you passed in the last exam. A. will probably go up B. probably go up
Rule # 11.3 C. probably up D. going up probably
Avevi, hope verb-wU hw` past tense ev past perfect-G 3. If Americans ate fewer foods with sugar and salt,
their general health ———— better.
_v‡K Zvn‡j cieZx© verb-wU (would+verb)n‡e| A. be B. will be C. is D. would be
He hoped that I would come. 4. According to some historians, if Napoleon had
Atom hoped that he would do better in the exam. not invaded Russia, he —— the rest of Europe.
Rule # 11.4 A. had conquered B. would conquer
hope hw` past tense-G _v‡K Ges cieZx© clause-G hw` C. would have conquered D. conquered
past marker _v‡K Zvn‡j †mLv‡b past perfect tense n‡e| 5. If humans were totally deprived of sleep, they—
hallucinations, anxiety, coma, and eventually, death.
He hoped that I had come yesterday. A. would experience B. experience
Rule # 12 C. would have experienced D. had experienced
Use of Wish 6. Football teams don’t play in the Super Bowl
Hope I wish-Gi A_© GKB n‡jI e¨enviMZ w`K †_‡K G‡`i championship ——— either the National or the
g‡a¨ A‡bK cv_©K¨| American Conference.
bx‡Pi sentence-¸‡jv fv‡jv K‡i j¶ Kwi: A. unless the win B. but they win
C. unless they will win D. but to have won
a) I wish (that) he came home 7. If the primary candidates ——— more on the
b) I wish he had come home yesterday issues, the results of the election would have
c) I wished he had come home been quite different.
d) We wish that you could/would come home tonight A. have focused B. had focused
ˆewkó¨: C. focused D. were focused
1. Sentence-G wish _vK‡j cieZx© clause-wU past tense 8. Unless a public official —— with the regulations,
n‡e| [Example (a)] he can be removed from office at any time.
2. wKšÍy cieZx© clause-G hw` past marker (yesterday, A. will comply B. had complied
C. complies D. complied
ago, last) _v‡K c‡ii clause-wU past perfect tense-G 9. Lately, several linguists have come to the
n‡e| [Example (b)] conclusion that if we —— to model cognitive
3. wish verb-wU past form-G _vK‡j c‡ii verb-wU processes for language in a manner different
(had+v3) gv‡b past perfect n‡e| [Example (c)] from other mental functions, we would not have
4. wish hy³ sentence-Gi cieZx© clause-G future
an adequate theory of language.
A. are B. had been C. will be D. were
marker (tomorrow, next.....) _vK‡j 10. Several business would stand to lose a great
(could/would+verb) n‡e| (Example (d) deal of money if open traded agreements ———
Rule # 13 — followed.
Use of As if / As though A. have not been B. had not being
C. are not being D. were not being
1. sub + v1 + {as if / as though} + sub + v2 Answers with Explanations
ˆewkó¨: 1 [A] If clause wU present form-G _vKvq principal
i) as though / as if-Gi Av‡Mi sentence-wU present tense-G clause-G subject Gici will/can/must/may+V1
_vK‡j c‡ii clause-Gi verb past tense-G n‡e| e¨eüZ n‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option A|
ii) wØZxq clause-G ïay be verb em‡j †Kej were emv‡Z n‡e| 2. [A] If clause wU present form-G _vKvq principal
He talks as if he went there. clause-G subject Gici will/can/must/may+V1
He talks as though he were a king. e¨eüZ n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option A|
2. sub + v2 + as if / as though + sub + v3 3. [D] If clause-wU past indefinite form-G _vKvq principal
He talked as though he had gone there. clause-wU‡Z subject Gici would/could/might+V1
He talked as if he had been a king. e¨eüZ n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option D|
60 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
4. [C] If clause-wU past perfect tense-G _vKvq principal 15. Joel wished that he ——— (spend) his vacation
clause wU‡Z subject Gici would/could/might+have+V3
e¨eüZ n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option C| on the Gulf Coast next year.
16. I ——— (accept) if they invite me to the party.
5. [A] If clause-wU past indefinite form-G _vKvq principal 17. If your mother — (buy) that car for you, will you be happy?
clause-wU‡Z subject Gici would/could/might+V1 18. If he —— (decide) earlier; he could have left on
e¨eüZ n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option A|
the afternoon flight.
6. [A] Principal clause wU‡Z present sense cÖKvk nIqvq 19. Had we known your address, we —— (write) you a letter.
unless clause-wU‡ZI simple present e¨eüZ n‡e| 20. If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain ——
myZivs mwVK DËi option A| option C mwVK bq KviY if ev
unless clause-G KLbI future tense e¨eüZ nq bv| (leak) inside.
7. [C] Principal clause-wU‡Z sub+would+verb (GLv‡b 21. Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she
meaning Abymv‡i passive pattern e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q) _vKvq if wishes that she ——— (study) harder last night.
clause wU simple past n‡e| mZy ivs, mwVK DËi option C|
22. My dog always wakes me up if he —— (hear)
8. [C] Principal clause wU‡Z sub+can+verb (GLv‡b meaning
Abymv‡i passive pattern) _vKvq unless clause wU simple strange noises.
present tense-G e¨eüZ n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option C| 23. If you —— (see) Mitu today, please ask her to call me.
24. If he —— (get) the raise, it will be because he
9. [D] Principal clause-wU‡Z subject Gici would+V1 _vKvq if
clause wU simple past n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option D| does a good job.
25. The teacher will not accept our work if we ——
10. [D] Principal clause-wU‡Z would+V1 _vKvq if clause wU simple
past tense-G e¨eüZ n‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option D| (turn) it in late.
Instant Exercise 26. Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade
students as though they —— (be) adults.
Supply the correct form of the verb in parentheses
27. If he had left already, he —— (call) us.
for each of the following sentences. Review the 28. If they had known him, they —— (talk) to him.
formulas if you have trouble. 29. He would understand it if you —— (explain) it to
1. Jony talks to his dog as if it ——— (understand) him.
2. If they had left the house earlier, they ——— him more slowly.
30. I could understand the French teacher if she ——
(be; negative) so late getting to the airport that
they could not check their baggage. (speak) more slowly.
3. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I —— (give) 3I. We would rather ——— (stay) home tonight.
it to my sister for her birthday. 32. Mr. Jones would rather ——— (stay) home last night.
4. If I had seen the movie, I — (tell) you about it last night. 33. The policeman would rather ——— (work)’n
5. Had Bob not interfered in his sister’s marital
problems, there —— (be) peace between them. Saturday than on Sunday.
6. He would give you the money if he ——— (have) it. 34. Maria would rather that we — (study) more than we do.
7. I wish they ——— (stop) making so much noise 35. Shaki would rather that I — (marry; negative) last year.
so that I could concentrate.
8. She would call you immediately if she —— Solution:
(need) help.
9. Had they arrived at the sale early, they ——— 1 understood 19. would-have written
(find) a better selection.
10. We hope that you —— (enjoy) the party last night. 2. would not have been 20. will leak
11. If you have enough time, please ——— (paint)
the chair before you leave. 3. will give 21. had studied
12. We could go for a drive if today ——— (be) Saturday.
13. If she wins the prize, it will be because she —— 4. would have told 22. hears
(write) very well.
14. Mike wished that the editors ——— (permit) him 5. would have been 23. see
to copy some of their material.
6. had 24. gets
7. Had stopped 25. turn
8. needed 26. were
9. would have found 27. would have called
10. enjoyed 28. would have talked
11. paint 29. explained
12. were 30. spoke
13. writes 31. stay
14. had permitted 32: have stayed
15. could spend 33. work
16. will accept 34. studied
17. buys 35. hadn’t married.
18. had decided
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 61
5. Used to: Af¨vm cÖKv‡k use nq|
Section Modal Auxiliaries I) used to + v1
II) be/become/get + used to +'v+ing'
11
I got used to (walk) in the morning.
1. may/might/could + v1: Present wKsev Future-Gi
possibility cÖKvk K‡i| Ans: walking
He is not in the meeting. He ——— some other work. CNG is used to (power) automobiles.
A. would have B. may have had Ans: power (Af¨vm cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q bv|)
C. should have D. might have D 6. Should:
2. may/might/could + have +v3: Past-Gi possibility cÖKvk K‡i| I) Recommendation cKÖ v‡k use nq|
He was absent from the class yesterday. He —— sick II) Expectation cKÖ v‡k use nq|
He is studying hard. He should / must do well.
A. would be B. may have been It is very hot today. It should / must rain.
C. could be D. might have B 7. Should have + v3: Unfulfilled obligation cÖKv‡k use nq|
3. must: Srabon did very badly in the exam. He (study) harder.
i) Complete obligation cKÖ vk K‡i| Ans: should have studied
One should / must sign a check to cash it. Exercise- 1 : Modal Verbs
ii) Logical conclusion-G use nq| 1. Thomas received a warning for speeding. He
a) About past event: Sub + must have + v3 (should have driven/shouldn't have driven) so fast.
2. I was used to ______ (eat) at noon when I started school.
He seems to be happy. He (pass) the exam. 3. Jeanette did very badly on the exam. She _____
Ans: must have passed (study) harder.
4. John isn't here yet. He ________ (forget) about our meeting.
b) About present event: Sub + must be + (v+ing)/adj. 5. When I was young, I used to _______ (swim) every day.
He seems to be happy. He (have) a nice time.
Ans: must be having 6. German called us as soon as his wife had her
baby. He ___________ (be) very proud.
He has come to a party after a long time. He
(be) happy now. 7. Don't worry. Some day you will get used to
___________ (speak) English.
Ans: must be
8. Mr. Jones would rather _____ (stay) home last night.
c) About an event that happens repeatedly: Sub + 9. The policeman would rather ___________ (work) on
must + v1 Saturday than on Sunday.
He always comes late in the class. He (start) 10. He used to _______ (like) her, but he doesn't anymore.
11. George would rather _________ (study; negative) tonight.
late from his home.
Ans: must start
4. would rather: 12. Eve had to pay $5.00 because she wrote a bad
check. She _________ (deposit) her money before
i) Present Preference: Sub + would rather + v1 + (A than B)
I would rather play Cricket than Football. she wrote a check.
13. We would rather ___________ (stay) home tonight.
ii) Past Preference: Sub + would rather + have + v3 14. Alexis failed the exam. He ______ (study; negative) enough.
+ (A than B) 15. He used to ________ (eat) dinner at five o'clock.
16. Maria would rather that we ________ (study) more than we do.
I would rather have stayed home yesterday.
iii) Present unreal: Sub + would rather + that + sub + v2 17. Where do you think Juan is today? I have no idea.
I would rather that you joined us in the program. He (should have slept/may have slept) late.
iv) Past Unreal: Sub + would rather + that + sub + had + v3 18. George missed class today. He (might have
I would rather that you hat not missed the last class. had/might had had) an accident.
v) Subjunctive: Sub + would rather + that + sub + v1 19. Robert arrived without his book. He (could have
I would rather that he take the exam.
lost/would have lost) it.
Sample Questions
20. Henry's car stopped on the highway. It (may
1. I would rather that ————.
run/may have run) out of gas.
A. you had applied for the job Answer
B. you applied for the job 1. shouldn't have driven 11.not study
C. you should apply for the job 2. eating 12.should have deposited
D. you are to apply for the job 3. should have studied 13.stay
2. Srabon ———— last night
4. must have forgotten 14.had not studied
A. had studied B. would rather study 5. swim 15.eat
C. should study D. would rather have studied 6. must have been 16.studied
3. I would rather ———— last week. 7. speaking 17.may have slept
A. you came B. you did not came 8. have stayed 18.might have had
C. you had come D. you come 9. work 19.could have lost
Ans: 1.B 2.D 3.C 10.like 20.may have run
62 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Exercise- 02: Modal Auxiliaries Comparisions
1. By the time a baby has reached his first birthday, he should, Section
without the help of an adult, ——— Sit up or even stand up.
12
A. to be able to B. able to
†Kv‡bv N/P-Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v (Adj) Ges N/P e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨
C. to be able D. be able to
2. The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there —— parts of speech (verb, adj, adv. etc)-Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, ˆewkó¨
Long-term climate changes in many areas during the past. (adv)-Gi wfZi gvÎvi cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i comparison. A_©vr Adj I
A. must have been B. must be Adv-Gi degrees of difference †evSv‡Z Comparison e¨eüZ nq|
C. must have D. must Degrees of Comparisons
3. The general public ——— a large number of computers
Positive Comparative (unequal) Superlative
now, because prices are beginning to decrease. The house is My house is bigger This is the biggest house
A. must buy B. must have bought big than your house in the village
C. must be buying D. must buying Shaki is smart Shaki is smarter than Rabbi is the smartest in
4. Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the Nixon the group
United States end in divorce, about half of the children Rana is a good Rana is better than Rana is the best teacher
in American must ——— In single-parent homes.
teacher any other teacher
cÖvq cÖwZwU cix¶vq comparison †_‡K cÖkœ Avm‡Z †`Lv hvq| Zv‡`i
A. grow up B. to grow up wfZi †ewki fvMB Av‡m comparative form †_‡K| Zzjbvi w`K
C. growing up D. have grow up (Degrees of difference) †_‡K comparison `By ai‡bi:
5. In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that Comparative Degree
graduates will ——— About English, languages,
Equal Comparison Unequal Comparison
literature, history, and other social sciences.
†Pbvi Dcvq: †Pbvi Dcvq:
A. know B. know how C. knowledge D. knowing
6. Harvard ——— a school for men, but now it is as ....... as Adj/Adv+er
so ....... as
coeducational, serving as many women as men. the same ...... as * Amdoj/rAed+vA+dej/avdv + than
different from *
A. was used B. used to be
C. was used to D. was used to be of the two
7. To check for acidity, one had better ———
Equal Comparison
litmus paper.
`ywU entity (mËv) ev c¶ Ggb nq †h, Zviv mgvb A_ev mgvb bq|
A. use B. using C. to use D. useful
8. Rhododendrons would rather ——— In shady (Same or not same)
Examples:
places, and so would azaleas.
a. My book is as interesting as your book (or, yours).
A. to grow B. growing C. grown D. grow b. His car runs as fast as a race car.
9. A good counselor would rather that the patient —— c. He is not as tall as his father.
d. His job is not so difficult as my job (or, mine)
— his of her own decisions after being helped to e. My house is the same height as his (house)
f. He has the same weight as his brother.
arrive at a general understanding of the alternatives. g. Our climate is different from Canada’s.
h. Shuvo is different from his brother.
A. makes B. making C. will make D. made Rule:
10. The great apes, a generally peaceful species, —
as/so ..... as-Gi gv‡S Adj/ Adv-Gi positive degree n‡e| wKš‘
— in groups. the same ..... as-Gi gv‡S Aek¨B noun form w`‡Z n‡e|
A. would rather living B. would rather live
C. would rather they live D. would rather lived
Answers with Explanations
1. [D] Should GKwU modal verb hvi ci verb Gi simple
You are as old as she.
form e¨eüZ nq| myZivs mwVK DËi option D|
Alom is as small as Jewel.
2. [A] Logical conclusion-G events in the past eySv‡Z must
You are the same age as she.
Gici have+V3 e¨eüZ nq| myZivs mwVK DËi option A|
Alom is the same size as Jewel.
3. [C] Logical conclusion-G events in the present eSy v‡Z Adjctive-Gi wb‡gœv³ Noun format-¸‡jv g‡b ivLv `iKvi:
must Gici ve+Ving e¨eüZ nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option C| Adjective Noun (†kªwYevPK)
4. [A] Repeated action cÖKv‡k logical conclusion G must Gici old, young age
verb Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| myZivs mwVK DËi option A| tall, tiny, small height
5. [A] Will Gici verb Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| myZivs large, big, small size
mwVK DËi option A| long, short length
6. [B] Past-G cÖPwjZ wQj hv GLb †bB-GB A‡_© used to Gici deep, shallow depth
verb Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| myZivs mwVK DËi option B| wide, narrow width
7. [A] Had better GKwU modal verb hvi ci verb Gi heavy, light weight
base form e¨eüZ nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option A| sour, sweet, chilly taste
8. [D] Present preference-eSy v‡Z would rather-Gici verb Rule: Negative comparison-Gi †¶‡Î as ... as-Gi e`‡j so ... as
Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option D| use Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î `wy UB correct n‡e Z‡e as .... as B †ewk cÖPwjZ|
9. [D] Present unreal cÖKv‡k would rather-Gici As Ges than-Gi pronoun-Gi subject form e‡m| Informal
that+sub+V2 e¨eüZ nq| myZivs mwVK DËi option D| English-G A‡bK mgq as/than-Gi ci object form †`Lv hvq|
10. [B] Present preference-eySv‡Z would rather-Gici verb Mazhar is not as tall as I (am).
or, Mazhar is not so tall as I (am).
Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option B|
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 63
Unequal Comparison 4. No sooner sentence-Gi ïiæ‡Z em‡j Aci clause-
Unequal comparison-G comparative I superlative degre e¨eüZ nq| Gi Av‡M than Aek¨B emv‡Z n‡e|
Example: No sooner had we started out for Chittagong
Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other. than it started to rain.
The car runs faster than his (car).
The exibit is less impressive than last year’s. 5. No longer = Not anymore.
The watch is far more expensive than mine.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon. 6. of the two ev of the pair _vK‡j the + comp.-G
Rule: Adj/Adv hw` GK ev `By syllable wewkó nq Zvn‡j †ewki fvM sentence MwVZ nq|
†¶‡Î ‘er’ †hvM K‡i comparative degree-†Z cwiYZ Kiv nq| GKB
fv‡e †h Adj/Adv.-Gi †k‡l wb‡gœv³ suffix h_v: –ed, –ful, –ing, –ish of the three/ four --- _vK‡j superlative.
and –ous _v‡K Zv‡`i Av‡M more †hvM K‡i comp. degree Kiv nq|
Ab¨ mKj †¶‡Î more kãwU adj/adv-Gi Av‡M †hvM nq| Mollik is the smarter of the two.
1. thick thicker, small smaller, cold colder Mollik is the smartest of the three.
2. more useful, more boring, more hated
3. more beautiful, more important, more believable 7. Like/ Unlike
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e GKB mv‡_ –er I more e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv; Like A, B, is ...... Unlike A, B, is ...
Zvn‡j fjy n‡e| †hgb: more quicker fjz |
A, like B, is ....... A, unlike B, is .....
Comparisons (Advanced Points)
1. wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e †h sentence-wU GKB iKg ev similar things A is like B. A is unlike B
ev concepts-Gi g‡a¨ compare Ki‡Q| Ab¨_vq fyj n‡e| A and B are alike. A and B are not alike.
Inc: The duty of a policeman is more dangerous than a teacher. [GLv‡b A I B-†K KvíwbK N/P aiv n‡q‡Q]
[sentence-G duty-Gi mv‡_ teacher-Gi Zjz bv n‡”Q hv Am¤¢e] Like Tareq, Sagar is a cricketer.
Cor: The duty of a policeman is more dangerous than Sagar, like Tareq, is a cricketer.
that of a teacher.
Sagar is like Tareq.
Inc: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor.
Sagar and Tareq are alike.
[drawing-Gi mv‡_ instructor-Gi Zzjbv nq bv]
8. Comparative-G than-Gi ci any, many, most, all k㸇jv
Cor: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s.
Example: mivmwi e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| G‡`i mv‡_ other kãwU †hvM n‡e|
John's car runs better than Mary's.
(Mary's = Mary's car) e¨w³ †evSv‡Z anyone/ anybody-Gi ci ‘else’ nq|
The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California. than any other+N/p
(that of = the climate of)
than most other+N/p
Class in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
(those in = the classes in) than anyone else
The basketball games at the university are better 9. youngest, next, first GB superlative-Gi ci infinitive e‡m|
than those of the high school.
(those of = the games of) The next to speak was Ms. Jarin.
Your accent is not as strong as my mother's He is the first man to climb the tree.
(my mother's = my mother's accent)
10. far farther farthest (`i~ Z¡ †evSv‡Z) far further
My sewing machine is better than Jane's
(Jone's = Jane's sewing machine) furthest (additional/extra †evSvq Avevi distance I mean K‡i)
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Zzjbvi welq hw` GKB nq Ges Gi Av‡M possessive old older oldest (of people and things)
form _vK‡j c‡ii As‡k concept (welq) †K Dn¨ ivL‡Z nq|
old elder eldest (of people only; chiefly
Jon’s car runs faster than Mary’s. (Mary’s = Mary’s car)
used comparison within family)
2. Number multiples h_v: half, twice, three times, four
times,........ BZ¨vw` Gi ci equal comparison (so/as..... as) e‡m| late latter last [position/Ae¯’vb eySvq]
subject + verb + number multiple + as + + late later latest [mgq eySvq]
(noun) + as + prnoonuonun mmaucnhy 11. inferior, superior, prior, anterior, posterior, senior, junior-G
The jacket costs twice as much as the other one.
Monir has half as many students as I had last year. adj-¸wji comparative MV‡bi mgq G‡`i ci than bv e‡m to e‡m|
3. GKwU sentence-Gi ïiæ hw` the + comparative Øviv ïiæ nq Nixon is senior to me.
Zvn‡j Aci clause-Gi ïiæ I the + comparative Øviv n‡Z
n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, 1g sentence-G †h comp. word-wU Riaj is superior to me.
e‡m‡Q, wØZxq sentence-GI †m GKB word-wU em‡e GgbwU
bq| g~j kZ© n‡jv comparative construction-G n‡Z n‡e| 12. Unequal comparison †K AviI †Rvi w`‡Z comparative
The more you read, the less you fail. form Gi c~‡e© much wKsev far use nq|
The higher we flew, the worse Tania felt.
subject + verb + mfuocrh + aaddjevcetrivbe+ er + than + prnoonuonun
for more adjective noun
much less adverb pronoun
{ } { } { } { }subject + verb ++
+ + than +
Harry's watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw night was much less
interesting than the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
His car is far better than yours.
13. Certain comparatives that are now used as positives
Former, Latter, Elder, Hinder, Upper, Inner, Outer, Utter
14. Certain comparatives having no positive or
superlative degree
Interior, Exterior, Ulterior, Inferior, Superior, Prior, Anterior,
Major, Minor Posterior, Senior, Junior
64 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
15. Adjectives that cannot be compared 10. Modern blimps like the famous Goodyear blimps —
—— the fist ones in that they are filled with helium
Square, Round, Perfect, Eternal, Universal, Unique
Exercise: instead of hydrogen.
1. This summary is (the better / the best) of the pair.
2. This is the (most prettiest / most pretty / A. differ from B. different from
prettiest) dress in the store. C. is different from D. different
3. Your heritage is different (from/than) mine.
4. Who is the (most/more) famous novelist in the country? 11. After the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, the
5. This painting is (less impressive / least United States had ——— it had previously owned.
impressive) than the one in the other gallery. A. twice more land than B. two times more land than
6. The colder the weather gets, (sicker / the sicker) I feel.
7. You have more experience than (anybody / C. twice as much land as D. two times much land than
12. In the Great Smoky Mountains, one can see —
anybody else) applying for the position.
8. The museum is the (farther/farthest) away of ———— 150 different kinds of trees.
the three buildings. A. more than B. as much as
9. George Washington is (famous/more famous) than John Jay.
10. She takes her responsibility (serious / more C. up as D. as many to
13. It has been estimated that ————— one hundred
seriously) than anyone else I know.
11. The (later/latter) part of the address contained thousand men participated in the gold rush of 1989.
some important points. A. approximate B. until
12. Our hotel suite is (farther/further) from the
C. as many as D. more
elevator than yours is. 14. The Disney Amusement Part in Japan is ———
13. Comparing other types of weather, we find the sunset —— Florida or California.
(more colorful / most colorful) after a rainstorm. A. the largest than the ones in
14. My suit is (less appropriate/least appropriate) than hers.
15. Tuesday was the (cloudier/cloudiest) day of the week. B. larger than the ones in
C. larger the ones in
D. the largest of the ones
15. The blue whale is ——— known animal, reaching
a length of more than one hundred feet.
Answer Key A. the large B. the larger
1. the better 6. the sicker 11. latter C. the largest D. most largest
16. ——— apples are grown in Washington State.
2. prettiest 7. anybody else 12. farther
A. Best B. the most good
3. from 8. farthest 13. more colorful
C. The best D. The better
4. most 9. more famous 14. less appropriate 17. One's fingerprints are —————.
5. less impressive 10. more seriously 15. cloudiest A. different from those of any other person
Exercise: Comparisons B. different from any other person
1. Wild strawberries are ——— as cultivated strawberries.
C. different any other person
A. not so sweet B. not as sweet D. different from another person
C. less sweeter D. not as sweeter 18. The total production of bushels of corn in the United
2. Sea bass ————— freshwater bass. States is ——— all other cereal crops combined
A. are larger than B. are larger the A. more as B. more than that of
C. are as large D. are larger C. more of D. more that
19. Often weighting ————— 100 pound, large
3. Automobiles, airplanes, and buses use more
energy per passenger ———.
dongs are used to pull sleds in the snow.
A. as do trains B. than trains do A. more than B. just an
C. trains do D. like trains C. than it is D. than
4. Although we often use "speed" and "velocity" 20. ———— common nuclear reaction, cold fusion
interchangeably, in a technical sense, "speed" is not does not require a high temperature.
always ——— "velocity."
A. Alike B. It is unlikely
A. alike B.thesameas C. similar D. as
5. The vegetation in temperate zones all around the world is —--. C. It is not like D. Unlike
A. similar B. like C. same D. as Answers with Explanations
6. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are ——
1. [B] equal comparison use n‡e `ywU mgRvZxq entity-Gi
——— most other ground squirrels. Rb¨| GB sentence-wU‡Z wild strawberries and
A. like to B. like as C. like D. alike cultivated strawberries-Gi mgRvZxq entity n‡jv sweet|
7. Some retirement communities will not sell g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e GB compare, positive A_ev negative `y‡UvB
property to new residents unless they are about n‡Z cv‡i| Avi G‡¶‡Î as --- as form use Kiv nq|
————— the rest of the residents. 2. [A] `wy U Amg entity-Gi Rb¨ use n‡e unequal
A. the same age B. the same old comparison Avi G‡¶‡Î form Uv n‡e|
C. the same age as D. the same old as i) more .... than [Two or more syllable]; ii) less .... than
8. Although the name was not popularized until the [Two or more syllable];iii) er .... than (one syllable).
Middle Ages, engineering ———— civilization.
GLv‡b (iii) Abmy v‡i mwVK DËi Option A|
A. as old as B. is as old as
3. [B] comparative degree-†Z as use n‡e bv; n‡e than|
C. that is old as D. as old as that
9. The works of Picasso were quite ——— during 4. [B] option A answer n‡Z cvi‡Zv hw` like _vK‡Zv| option C
various periods of his artistic life. answer n‡Z cviZ hw` similar-Gi c‡i to _vK‡Zv| Avi option
A. differ B. different D n‡e bv KviY as-Gi c‡i person’s name or personal
C. different form D. different than pronoun _vK‡e| So answer n‡e D|
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 65
5. [A] `ywU Rules †`L‡j answer Kiv mnR n‡e- Section Question Making
i) Noun1+V+the same as / like / similar to + Noun2 13
ii) Noun1+Noun2+V + the same / alike / similar Structure
So answer n‡e A g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, GKwU cÖkœ MVb Kivi mgq subject-Gi Av‡M aux.
6. [C] like A_© hLb ÕgZÕ nq ZLb Zv‡K Avgiv preposition wn‡m‡e verb Aek¨B wb‡Z n‡e| hw` †Kv‡bv aux. verb sentence-G bv
_v‡K Zvn‡j do/does/did-Gi correct form use Ki‡Z n‡e|
Mb¨ Kwi| comparison-G like-Gi ci preposition to _vKvq MVbMZ w`K †_‡K question ev interrogative sentence `yB ai‡bi nq:
option A mwVK bq| Option B mwVK bq Kvib, like-Gi ci as 1. yes/no questions: c‡ª kœi Reve nv/bv w`‡q Kiv hvq|
fyjfv‡e e¨envi Kivi Kvi‡b| GwU mwVK nZ hw` option wU as like
as _vKZ| Option D mwVK bq explanation 5 (ii)-Gi Kvi‡b| Gi structure-wU Ggb:
7. [C] question 5 Gi explanation †`L| the same-Gi c‡i
noun n‡e| age n‡jv noun Ges old n‡jv adjective| auxiliary/ be/ do, does, did + subject + verb ----- ?
8. [B] engineering sub-wUi †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB| ZvB DËi B| Example:
9. [B] different-Gi `wy U rules Av‡Q|
# Is Mitu going to university today?
1. Noun (singular) + verb + different from + Noun (singular)
be sub verb
2. Noun (plural) + verb + different. so answer n‡e different
10. [A] Differ n‡jv finite verb| GB sentence-G that-Gi c‡ii UKz z n‡jv # Have you seen the movie before?
dependent clause| Avi Av‡Mi AskUzKz n‡jv Independent clause aux sub verb
hvi †Kv‡bv finite verb †bB| so answer n‡e differs option C answer
n‡Z cvi‡Z hw` is-Gi ¯’v‡b are _vK‡Zv|KviY subject n‡jv plural| 2. Information/ WH questions: GLv‡b Reve nuv/bv w`‡q
11. [C] comparison-G multiple number use Ki‡Z n‡j nq bv| †Kv‡bv Information w`‡Z nq| Gai‡bi question-
stricture-wU n‡e: sub + fv + multiple number + as + Gi Rb¨ WH word-¸‡jv auxiliary verb (hv sub-Gi
Av‡M em‡e)-Gi Av‡M e‡m| Gi structure-wU Ggb:
many/much + noun + as + sub2
(a) WH word + aux + subject + verb + ....? [hw`
12. [A] †h‡nZz gap-Gi c‡i †h noun-wU wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q †mUv n‡jv subject _v‡K]
count noun| myZivs Gi Av‡M count noun dependable
determiner/ adjective em‡e| Avi comparison-Gi †¶‡Î Example:
count noun-Gi c~‡e© em‡e as many as ev more than ZvB
option D Ges option B mwVK expression bq| What did Monir buy at the store?
WH aux sub v
13. [C] People n‡jv count noun ZvB Gi mv‡_ determiner Whom does Mridul know from DU?
as many as e¨envi n‡e| Option A mwVK nZ hw` When did you see the movie?
approximately _vKZ| Option D mwVK nZ hw` more- (b) Question Word Subjects
Gi ci than _vKZ| Option B A_©en bq|
wh word hw` GKwU interrogative sentence-G sub-Gi
14. [B] `Õy wU wRwb‡mi comparision-G large Gi comparative form ¯’jvwfwl³ nq A_©vr H wh word-wU hw` H ev‡K¨i sub nq, Zvn‡j H
larger e¨eüZ n‡e| Ges Gi ci Aek¨B than e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| evK¨‡K interrogative Kivi Rb¨ auxiliary-i cÖ‡qvRb †bB| A_©vr,
15. [C] large Gi superlative form n‡jv largest Ges When 'who' and 'what' are subjects, make question
superlative degree-Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| without do, does, did.
Incorrect: Who did phone?
16. [C] me‡P‡q fv‡jv Av‡cj¸‡jv wasinghton state G Drcvw`Z Correct: Who (sub) phoned?
nq| GB meaning G good-Gi superlative degree 'best' Incorrect: What did happen last night?
use n‡e Ges Gi c~‡e© Aek¨B the e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Correct: What (sub) happened last night?
17. [A] cÖ_gZ rule n‡jv different-Gi c‡i from n‡e| so option BUT, What did he say? (Object)
C answer n‡e bv| Then †Lqvj Ki one’s fingerprint-Gi
mv‡_ Ab¨ person-Gi fingerprint-Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡”Q| Same thing happens when sub begin with,
†m‡¶‡Î B Ges D answer n‡Z cvi‡e bv| KviY option which, what, how much/many.
`Uy v‡ZB one’s fingerprint-Gi mv‡_ Ab¨ person-†K Zzjbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hUv Avm‡j illogical| So answer n‡e A| Incorrect: Which team did win?
Correct: Which team win?
18. [B] more-Gi c‡i than e‡m| wKš‘ †Lqvj Ki option A-†Z Incorrect: How many people did work here?
Av‡Q as, option C-†Z Av‡Q of Ges option D-†Z Av‡Q Correct: How many people work here?
that hv n‡jv m¤úY~ © fjy | So eySvB hv‡”Q answer n‡e B| Incorrect: How many people you saw?
Correct: How many people (obj) did you (sub) see?
19. [A] 100 pound Gi †ewk enb Kiv A‡_© weighting more than 100
pound-B best ans| option B mwVK bq, KviY 100-Gi c‡~ e© an e‡m bv| Tag questions
option C mwVK bq, KviY GLv‡b bZzb GKwU subject I verb Avbv n‡q‡Q evsjv GKwU e³‡e¨i mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv ÕZvB bv?Õ
†Kv‡bv clause marker QvovB| option D mwVK bq, KviY adjective-Gi K_vwU use Kwi| †hgb:
comparative form Qvov than KL‡bv GKv em‡Z cv‡i bv| mygb †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj, ZvB bv?
English-G GB msw¶ß ckÖ œwU‡K ejv nq tag question hv MVb
20. [D] comma-Gi c‡i †h clause Av‡Q †mUv negative Ki‡Z nq Gfv‡e:
meaning w`‡”Q| ZvB coma ’i Av‡Mi AskUKz z negative
clause n‡Z cv‡i A_ev negative phrase n‡Z cv‡i| Gevi ....... aux + (not) + sub?
option A answer n‡e bv KviY positive meaning †`q|
option B n‡e bv KviY Unlikely-Gi ¯’v‡b Unlike n‡e| option ˆewkó¨:
C n‡e bv KviY †Kv‡bv clause marker †bB| So answer D (a) g~j sentence-G †h aux verb _vK‡e tag Kivi mgq †mB aux-†K Avb‡Z
n‡e| hw` gj~ sentence-G aux bv _v‡K Zvn‡j do/does/did Avb‡Z n‡e|
(b) gj~ sentence hw` negative nq A_©vr sentence-G not
_vK‡j tag question-G not Avm‡e bv| Avi sentence-
wU affirmative n‡j tag question-G not w`‡Z n‡e|
(c) tag question-G g~j sentence-G e¨eüZ subject-wUi
pronoun iƒc e¨eüZ n‡e|
66 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Example: Section Pattern of Expression
It’s raining now, isn’t it?
I have been to Cox’s Bazar, haven’t I? 14
I talked with Riaj morshed yesterday, didn’t I?
You won’t be leaving for another hour, will you? Affirmative & Negative Agreement
Tag Question (Advanced Points) Affirmative Agreement
1. I am .... Gi tag question n‡e aren’t I? / aint I? hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘ †Kv‡bv wKQy K‡i Avi Aci †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘ H GKB KvR
K‡i ZLb wØZxq sentence-G H Kv‡Ri K_v wØZxqevi cby ive„wË bv K‡i so ev too
Example: I’m late, aren’t I? w`‡q cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î wØZxq sentence-wUi structure n‡e wbgœiƒc:
2. Imperative sentence-Gi †¶‡Î tag question n‡e
won’t you / will you / would you / can you / can’t
you / could you? and + so + aux + sub
Give one me a hand, won’t you?
Or and + sub + aux + too/also
Open a window, would you?
Don’t forget, will you? Example:
I am happy. you are happy.
Won't you me‡P‡q †ewk e¨envi nq| Avi negative
imperative n‡j will you-i e¨envi †ewk nq| I am happy and you are too.
3. Let _vK‡j tag-G shall n‡e| sub wn‡m‡e here, there Or, I am happy and so are you.
_vK‡j GivB tag-G sub position-G hvq|
Some important rules:
Lets go there, shall we?
There is he, isn’t there? Rule # 1: too ev so w`‡q MVb Kivi mgq check K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e †h 1g sentence-wU affirmative wK bv| KviY affirmative
4. gj~ sentence-G negative word- hardly, barely, rarely, bv n‡j too / so w`‡q MVb Am¤¢e|
scarcely, seldom, never, little, few _vK‡j tag-G not Avm‡e bv| Rule # 2: wØZxq sentence-G ïay Auxiliary e¨envi n‡e| G‡¶‡Î 1g
sentence Abmy iYxq| Gi gv‡b GB bq 1g sentence-G †h aux Av‡Q,
He hardly goes to market, does he? ney û †mB aux c‡ii sentence-G Avm‡e| subject Abmy v‡i change
n‡Z cv‡i| Avi gj~ sentence-G †Kv‡bv aux bv _vK‡j wØZxq
5. bx‡Pi sentence-¸‡jv †`wL: sentence-Gi subject Abmy v‡i do/does/did Avb‡Z n‡e|
Nothing can happen, can it? He is going to school and I am too/ so am I.
I am working now and they are too/so are they.
Nobody phoned, did they? / did anybody? Shovon goes to Bims college and Zahid does too/so
does Zahid.
Somebody wanted a drink, did they? She goes to school and her brothers do too/so do her
brothers.
6. Non-auxiliary ‘Have’: sentence-G have/has/had hw` principal
verb wn‡m‡e _v‡K Avi †Kv‡bv aux.bv _v‡K Zvn‡j tag-G have/has/had Rule # 3: too w`‡q statement ˆZwi Ki‡j sub + aux + too
nq, British English-G| Avi American English-G do/does/did Avi so w`‡q Ki‡j so + aux + sub (A_©vr D‡ëv) nq|
n‡e| Avi evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b American English †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨|
Mridul went to the mountains and we did too or so did we.
Your father has a bad back, hasn’t / doesn’t he?
Rule # 4: have / has / had hw` 1g sentence-G aux
You have a car, haven't you / don't you? verb wn‡m‡e _v‡K Zvn‡j affirmative statements-G
auxiliary wn‡m‡e have/has/had Avm‡e| wKš‘ 1g sentence-
Practice question G Giv hw` principle verb wn‡m‡e Av‡m Zvn‡j statement-G
auxiliary wn‡m‡e do/does/did †`Iqv DËg|
1. The meeting will hold at ten ————?
He has lived here for five years and you have too/so have you.
A. won't it B. did you C. isn't it He has a early appointment and I do too/ so do I.
E. don’t you Negative Agreement
D. wouldn't it
2. He was absent from the meeting ——? The So/too †hfv‡e affirmative agreement-G KvR K‡i
†Zgwbfv‡e either I neither, negative agreement-G KvR
appropriate tag question is: K‡i| GLv‡b 1g sentence-wU negaitve nq Z‡eB c‡ii
sentence-G Kv‡Ri cybivew„ Ë bv K‡i either I neither Øviv Kiv
A. aren't he B. won't he C. isn't he nq| G‡¶‡Î wØZxq sentence-wUi structure n‡e:
E. wasn’t he
D. hasn't he
3. He wanted to go home tomorrow, ————?
A. will he B. won't he C. ain't he
E. didn’t he
D. doesn't he
4. He will go home tomorrow, ————?
A. will he B. won’t he C. ain’t he
D. doesn’t he
E. none of the above
5. Let’s go for a walk, ———— we?
A. shouldn’t B. haven't C. hasn't
D. should E. shall
6. Do as I say ———?
A. can you B. can't you C. do you
D. don't you E. are you and + neither + aux + sub
7. The meeting held at ten ————?
Or and + sub + aux (negative) + either
A. won't it B. did it C. isn't it
Example:
D. wouldn't it E. none I didn’t see Shuvo yesterday. Nixon didn’t see shuvo yesterday.
8. You never say what you're thinking, ————? I didn’t see shuvo yesterday and Nixon didn’t either.
I didn’t see shuvo yesterday and neither did Nixon.
A. are you B. never you C. isn't itr
D. do you E. don’t you GLv‡b neither Av‡m ïiæ‡Z Avi neither w`‡j not †`Iqvi
9. We had to wait till the train arrived ————? c‡Ö qvRb †bB KviY neither wb‡RB negative|
A. had we B. didn't C. had us Shimul hasn’t seen the movie yet and I haven’t
either/neither have I.
D. None of the above E. all He hardly goes to stadium and Asif does not
10. We’ve seen ‘Matir Moina’ ———— either/neither does Asif.
A. had we? B. didn’t we? C. haven’t we?
D. don’t?
E. none
Answer Key: 1.A; 2.E; 3.E; 4.B; 5.E; 6.B; 7.E; 8.D; 9.D; 10.C.
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 67
Exercise: Subjunctive
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ hw` Pvq †h Ab¨ e¨w³ wKQy KiæK, †m‡¶‡Î subjunctive
(i) Affirmative Agreement
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother ——— too. e¨envi Kiv nq| subjunctive n‡jv wØZxq ev Dependent clause-
2. They will leave at noon, and I ——— too. Gi verb-wU base form-G n‡e A_©vr verb-Gi mv‡_ s/es, ing,
3. He has an early appointment, and so —— I.
4. She has already written her composition, and so aux e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| structure-wU wbgœiƒc:
–– her friends. sub + subjunctive word + that + sub + verb (base form) + ...
5. Their plane is arriving at nine o'clock, and so—— mine.
Answers: 1. does; 2. will; 3. have; 4. have; 5. is. Subjunctive g~jZ Verb–Gi Base form Gi e¨envi‡K †evSvq|
GUv e¨envi Kiv nq dependent clause–G hLb principal
(ii) Negative Agreement clause indicate K‡i †h GKRb Pv‡”Q Ab¨ †KD ev †Kv‡bv Group
wKQz KiæK ev GKUv situation Pv‡”Q †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv ‡nvK|
1. The children shouldn't take that medicine, and * Subjunctive mood G †Kvb auxiliary wKsev model
—— should she.
auxiliary use n‡e bv|
2. We don't plan to attend the concert, and —— do they.
3. I don't like tennis, and he doesn't ————. The principal clause may contain any of the following verbs:
4. She didn't see anyone she knew, and —— did Tim.
advise demand prefer require
5. The Yankees couldn't play due to the bad
weather, and ——— could the Angels. ask insist (‡RvivRywi Kiv) propose stipulate (kZ©
Answers: 1. neither; 2. neither; 3. either; 4. neither; 5. neither. Av‡ivc Kiv)
command move recommend suggest
(iii) Negative Agreement decree (AvBb Rvwi Kiv) order request urge (Av‡e`b Kiv)
1. That scientist isn't too happy with the project, Subjunctive G Aek¨B that clause _vK‡e| GUv A‡bK mgq
and neither ——— her supervisors.
omit K‡i infinitive e¨envi Kiv nq|
2. We can't study in the library, and they ——— either.
3. I haven't worked there long, and neither ——— you. We urge that he leave now.
4. You didn't pay the rent, and she ——— either: We urge him to leave now.
5. They didn't want anything to drink, and neither — we. The principal clause may also contain any of the
Answers: 1. are; 2. can't; 3. have; 4. didn't; 5. did. following nouns:
Sample Questions demand insistence requirement proposal
1. Pioneer men and women endured terrible recommendation request preference suggestion
hardships, and ———.
Example:
A. so do their children B. neither did the children The recommendation that we be/are evaluated
C. also the childs D. so did their children has been approved.
2. Canada does not require that U.S. citizens
It is the suggestion of many experts that we
obtain passports to enter the country, and ——.
be/are more careful while dealing with NGOs.
A. Mexico does neither B. neither Mexico does The committee refused the request that the
C. Mexico doesn't either D. either does Mexico
3. Most foreign students don't like American coffee, and —. prerequisite would be/be waived
The principal clause may containany of the following adjectives:
A. I don't too B. neither don't I advised necessary recommended urgent
C. either don't I D. neither do I
important obligatory required imperative
Answer Key: 1.D; 2.C; 3.D. mandatory proposed suggested
Know / Know how Example:
know, learn, teach-G verb-¸‡jvi c‡i hw` infinitive (to+verb) e‡m (a) We urge that he leave now. (leaves n‡e bv)
Zvn‡j G verb-¸‡jvi ci how e‡m| Ab¨fv‡e know how n‡e hw` Gi (b) The university requires that all its students take this course.
ci infinitive _v‡K Avi c‡i infinitive bv _v‡K Zvn‡j how n‡e bv| (c) The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
Abir knows how to play tennis well. (d) It is essential that every child have the same opportunity
Shawon knew the answer to the question.
(e) Our advice is that the company invest in new office.
Nobody knows how to get to the turnpike.
Exercise: (f) It is necessary that he find the book.
1. The fourth graders —— to multiply.
2. How many people here —— to ski? ˆewkó¨:
3. We —— about Mary's engagement to James. (a) Subjunctive word-¸‡jv †h idea cKÖ vk Ki‡Q Zv gj~
4. The chemistry students —— the formula for salt.
important Ges desirable.
5. Although he has been driving for fifteen years, (b) sentence-G Kgc‡¶ `ywU clause _vK‡e hv clause
he doesn't ––– to change a tire properly.
marker 'that' Øviv h³y _vK‡e| Z‡e A‡bK †¶‡Î that Dn¨
6. Leon —— that his friends would react to his proposition. Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ that _vKv evÃbxq| Avgv‡`i
7. Nobody —— to get to the turnpike yesterday. j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e `ywU clause Av‡Q wK bv|
8. The owner of the store was away, but she —— (c) dependent clause-G am, is, are, was, were-Gi
e`‡j ‘be’ e¨envi n‡e:
It is important that shaki be here now (is n‡e bv)
about the robbery. The director asked that he be allowed to advertise.
9. We —— to type before we entered the university.
10. He doesn't —— to dance, but he tries. (d) `ywU clause format bv cvIqv †M‡j ev clause marker that bv
_vK‡j subjuctive word-¸‡jvi c‡i mvaviYZ (to+verb) nq-
Answer Key: 1. know how; 2. know how; 3. know; 4. We urge that he leave now.
We urge him to leave now.
know; 5. know how; 6. knew; 7. knew how; 8. knew;
9. knew how; 10. know how. GKBfv‡e the doctor suggested the patient to stop smoking.
68 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Exercise: CAUSATIVE VERBS
Correct the errors in the following sentences; if there The causative verbs are used to indicate that one person
causes a second person to do something for the first
are no errors, write correct. person. One can cause somebody to do something for
1. The teacher demanded that the student left the room. him or her by paying, asking, or forcing the person. The
causative verbs are: have, get, make, help, let.
2. It was urgent that he called her immediately. The sentences with causative verbs follow the
3. It was very important that we delay discussion. structure mentioned below:
4. She intends to move that the committee suspends Have
get
discussion on this issue. sub + make + N/P + verb + ......
let
5. The king decreed that the new laws took effect help
the following month. ˆewkó¨-1: Causative nevi Rb¨ have/get/make/let/help-Gi ci Aek¨B
6. I propose that you should stop this rally. n/p _vK‡Z n‡e| n/p bv _vK‡j causative-Gi wbqg follow n‡e bv|
7. I advise you take the prerequisites before registering ˆewkó¨-2: Causative verb-Gi ci †h n/p-wU _v‡K Zv Zvi c‡i emv verb-
wUi KvR hw` wb‡R K‡i Z‡e H n/p-†K doer of the action ejv n‡e|
for this course.
I have Srabon clean the room.
8. His father prefers that he attends a different university. I helped Raza find the room.
9. The faculty stipulated that the rule be abolished. Dc‡ii evK¨ `ywU‡Z Srabon Ges Raza verb-Gi KvR wb‡R
m¤úv`b Kivq Zviv GLv‡b doer|
10. She urged that we found another alternative. ˆewkó¨-3: Causative verb-Gi ci †h n/p e‡m Zv hw` n/p-Gi
cieZ©x verb-Gi KvRwU wb‡R bv K‡i eis H Kv‡Ri dj receive K‡i
Answer Key: Zvn‡j H noun/pronoun-†K receiver of the action ejv n‡e|
1. The teacher demanded that the student leave the room. Example:
Sharif had the car repaired.
2. It was urgent that he call her' immediately. I get my hair cut.
3. Correct. Mr. Rejaul help this book publish.
4. She intends to move that the committee 1g ev‡K¨ the car wb‡R repair-Gi KvR K‡i bv eis Mvwo‡K †givgZ Kiv nq|
Pjz wb‡R Kv‡U bv eis Pjz KvUv nq| eB wb‡R publish nq bv, †KD eB publish
suspend discussion on this issue. K‡i| ZvB GLv‡b †Kv‡bv noun-B doer bq eis receiver of the action.
5. The king decreed that the new laws take effect Example:
1. I have Rajon repair the car. (Rajon = doer)
the following month. 2. I got Rajon to repair the car. (Rajon = doer)
3. I have the car repaired. (the car = receiver)
6. I propose that you stop this rally. 4. I got the car repaired. (the car = receiver)
7. I advise that you take the prerequisites before Rules for causative Verbs
registering for this course or I advise you to take the
prerequisites before registering for this course. 1. Make
8. His father prefers that he attend a different university. Make + doer + V1
Example:
9. Correct. 1. The manager made the sales representatives
10. She urged that we find another alternative. (attend) the conference.
2. The sales representatives were made (attend)
Need
Want, need, require GB verb-¸‡jvi subject hw` e¨w³evPK (Active) the conference.
3. She made a cup of tea (serve) her guest.
nq Z‡e G‡`i c‡i infinitive em‡e| Avi G‡`i subject hw` Ae¨w³evPK
Exception: Make + (to + verb1
(passive) nq Zvn‡j G‡`i ci (v+ing) A_ev (to be+v3) n‡e| 1. If not causative verb.
2. In the passive pattern.
Doer as subject Example:
1. I made a cup of tea (serve) Srabon.
If used as main verb ------ sub + need + (to+verb) 2. I was made (complete) the job.
If used as modal verb ------ sub + need + Base form 2. Let
My friend needs to learn Spanish. Let + doer + V1
You need not drive alone tonight. Let + reciver + (be + V3
Receiver as subject Example:
1. The teacher let the students (leave) class early.
Sub + need + [verb ing] .... 2. Let the work (complete) as soon as possible.
to be + [verb participle]
in past
The grass needs cutting.
Or, The grass needs to be cut.
In need of
It is also possible to use the expression in need of in
some cases instead of using need as a verb.
Because need is not a verb in this case, it must be
preceded by the verb be. Study the following rule.
subject + be + in need of + noun
Jill is in need of money. (Jill needs money.)
The roof is in need of repair. (The roof needs to be repaired.)
Exercise: Need
1. It is too hot and my hair needs -------- (cut).
2. The flowers need to be ------- (water).
3. James needs --------- (attend) the program.
4. John will need -------- (complete) the course next year.
5. His piano needs --------- (tune).
Answers: 1. Cutting/to be cut; 2.watered; 3.attend;
4.complete; 5. tuning/to be tuned.
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 69
3. Get Exercise: Causative Verbs
Get+ doer + (to+V1)
1. Psychologists believe that incentives ————
to increase our productivity.
Get + receiver +V3 A. make us want B. make us to want
NB: Doer = object; Receiver = no object [for C. making us want D. makes us wanting
other verb]. 2. Lobbyists who represent special interest groups
Example: get —— that benefits their groups.
1. I get my washing machine (wash) my shirt.
2. Ronaldo got Rooney (send off) during the last world cup. A. Congress to pass the legislation
3. Reza got Runy (kick) out from the club.
4. I got my shirt (washed). B. Congress passed the legislation
4. Have C. The legislation to pass by Congress
D. The legislation that Congress passing
3. Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist
—— their teeth.
Have + doer + V1 A. fill B. filled C. filling D. to be filled
Have + receiver + V3
Example: 4. The Immigration and Naturalization Service often —
—— their visas if they fill out the appropriate papers.
A. lets students extend
1. I had my car (wash). B. lets students for extend
2. I had my friend (type) all of my papers. C. letting students to extend
3. I had my computer program (solve) the problem. D. let students extending
4. I had my HW (do) by Srabon. 5. In partnership with John D. Rockefeller, Henry
5. Help Flager ———— the Standard Oil Company.
A. helped forming B. helped form
Help + doer + V1/ (to+V1) C. he helped form D. helping to form
Example: 6. In The Wizard of Oz, the wizard could not help
1. John helped her (wash) the dishes. Dorothy ————.
Exercise-A: Causative verbs A. that she return to Kansas
B. return to Kansas
1. The president had his advisors (arrange) a press
C. returning to Kansas
conference. D. returned Kansas
2. James has his shirts (cleaned) at the drycleaners. _____ 7. General Grant had General Lee —— him at
3. Pat is having her car (repair) this week. ______ Appomattox to sign the official surrender of the
4. Anna got her paper (type) by a friend. _______ Confederate forces.
5. Mary got her husband (arrest). _______ A. to meet B. met C. meet D. meeting
(Exception: a person is the complement, but the Answers with Explanations
second clause is passive). 1. [A] Make ‘causative verb’-Gi ci doer (us) _vKvq
6. Mark got his transcripts ……… (send) to the university. c`Ö Ë verb wU base form-G e¨eüZ n‡e|
7. We will have to get the Dean ……… (sign) this form. 2. [A] Get GKwU causative verb Ges Zvi ci doer
(congress) _vKvq cÖ`Ë verb wU to+verb n‡e|
8. The teacher let me ………… (leave) the classroom.
‘congress’ GLv‡b doer KviY Zviv wb‡RivB AvBb cvm K‡i|
9. We have to help Janet ………… (find) her keys.
10. He got used to having me ………………. (do) his work. 3. [A] Have GKwU causative verb Ges Zvi ci doer (the
dentist) _vKvq cÖ`Ë verb wU base form-Gi n‡e| ‘the
Answers: 1. arrange; 2. Cleaned; 3. Repaired; 4. type 5.
dentist’ GLv‡b doer KviY ‘dentist’ wb‡RB `vuZ fill K‡i|
arrested; 6. sent; 7. to sign; 8. leave; 9. find/to find; 10. do
More examples of causative verbs: 4. [A] Let GKwU causative verb Ges Zvi ci the students
The president had his advisors arrange a press conference. (doer) _vKvq ‘extend’ verb wU base form-G e¨eüZ n‡e|
George is getting his teachers to give him a make-up exam. 5. [B] Help GKwU causative verb hvi ci v1/to+v1 e¨eüZ
Mary has had a friend type all of her papers. nq| option ‘C’ mwVK bq ‘form’ finite verb wUi Rb¨ GKvwaK
John is having his father contact the officials. subject n‡q hvq| option D emv‡j sentence-G †Kv‡bv
The editor had the contributors attend a composition workshop. finite verb Lyu‡R cvIqv hvqwb e‡j GwUI mwVK DËi bq|
Morris got his dog to bring him the newspaper. 6. [B] Help GKwU causative verb Ges Zvi ci Dorothy n‡jv
James has his shirts cleaned at the drycleaners. doer| myZivs G‡¶‡Î cÖ`Ë verb wU base form G n‡e|
Pat is having her car repaired this week. 7. [C] Have GKwU causative verb Ges Zvi ci General Lee n‡jv
Anna got her paper typed by a friend. doer| myZivs G‡¶‡Î cÖ`Ë verb wU base form-G e¨eüZ n‡e|
70 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Used to Section Styles of Expression
'Used to' K_vwU `y‡Uv A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| 15
Af¨vm A‡_©
Used to Illogical Modifiers
e¨envi nIqv A‡_© (Passive sense) GKwU phrase †h word-†K modify ev refer K‡i †mB word-wU
phrase-Gi wVK ci ci em‡e| hw` Zv bv Kiv nq Z‡e phrase-wU
'Used to' Af¨vm A‡_© dangling modifier (Illogical modifier) n‡e; A_©vr phrase-wUi
gva¨‡g A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e Ab¨ GKwU word-†K modify Kiv n‡e|
Af¨vm gj~ Z `By ai‡bi nq: AZxZ Af¨vm hv GLb †bB Ges
Inc: While walking on the beach, the ship was found by the man.
eZ©gvb Af¨vm hv Av‡M nq‡Zv wQj bv A_ev AZxZ †_‡K ïiæ n‡q
GLv‡b Òwhile walking on the beachÓ participial phrase-wU
GLbI Av‡Q| G `wy Ui e¨enviMZ structure wfbœ| GKRb e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q; ZvB GB phrase-Gi ci GKRb e¨w³
n‡e| phrase-wUi ci the ship n‡Z cvi‡e bv; KviY phrase-wUi
1. N/P + used to + verb (base) AZxZ Af¨vm hv GLb †bB| ci the ship wjLv n‡j A_© `uvov‡e ship-wU ˆmK‡Z nvUwQj|
2. N/P + 'be' / get / become / grow + used to+ verb Cor : While walking on the beach, the man found the ship.
Inc : After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man.
(ing) eZ©gvb ev progressive habit †evSv‡Z| Cor : After Jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten
Example: by a shark.
Inc : While cooking, her hands were burnt.
1. I used to go to school. (AZxZ Af¨vm hv GLb †bB) Cor : While cooking, she burnt her hands.
Examples:
2. I am used to going to University. (Progressive habit) While walking along the road, a box was found by
Srabon. (INCORRECT)
'Used to' e¨envi A‡_© While walking along the road, Srabon found
a box. (Correct)
"Used To Øviv hw` Af¨vm bv n‡q Ôe¨eüZ nqÕ A‡_© Use nq The participle phrase 'While walking along the road'
Zvn‡j: N/P + be +used to + verb (base) correctly modifies the actual subject 'Srabon'.
Example: A_©vr g~j K_v nj, Dangling Modifier solve Kivi mgq †`L‡Z n‡e
Sentence-Gi Subject-Gi mv‡_ Gi Av‡Mi Kgv (,) w`‡q Ave× AskUKz z
1. The book is used to solve common English match Ki‡Q wKbv| Avevi, object Gi mgq †`L‡Z n‡e object Gi c‡ii
Kgv (,) w`‡q Ave× AskUzKz object Gi mv‡_ match Ki‡Q wKbv| object ev‡`
mistakes. (GLv‡b eBwU e¨envi nq Ggb A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Ab¨ noun I pronoun Gi †¶‡Î †`L‡Z n‡e G‡`i c‡ii Kgv (,) w`‡q Ave×
†Kv‡bv Af¨vm eySvq bv|) AskUzKz H noun ev pronoun Gi mv‡_ match Ki‡Q wKbv| †hgb
1. Subject Gi †¶‡Î:
Sample Questions
A retired professor, the students were beaten by Mr. Miler.
1. Once that bingo hall ———— to be a cinema
GLv‡b, A retired professor (GKRb AemicÖvß Aa¨vcK)-GB
A. used B. was used word UKz z wK Subject wn‡m‡e the students †K modify
Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Aek¨B bv| ZvB Modifier I Subject †K
C. had used D. was being used match K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e-
2. I ——— to smoke five years ago, but now I've stopped. A retired professor, Mr. Miler beat the students.
A. used B. was used GLb, A retired professor K_vUKz z wVKB Mr. Miler †K
modify Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
C. had used D. was being used 2. Object Gi †¶‡Î:
3. He ———— that is very bad. I was attracted by the paint, a person of arts.
A. smokes B. uses to smoke GLv‡b, a person of arts (wkívbiy vMx e¨w³) wK Zvi Av‡Mi
Object wn‡m‡e emv the paint (wPÎwkí) †K modify
C. used to smoke D. is used to smoke Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Aek¨B bv| ZvB Modifier I Object †K
match K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e-
4. I ———— very hard last month.
The paint attracted me, a person of arts.
A. work B. used to work
GLb, a person of arts K_vUzKz wVKB me †K modify
C. used to working D. was used to work Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
5. I didn't use to ———— a car. 3. Object Qvov Ab¨ noun ev pronoun-Gi †¶‡Î:
A. drive B. driving C. driven D. be driven I read the book in the room, written on etymology.
6. I wasn't used to ———— a big car.
GLv‡b, written on etymology (cZ½weÁv‡bi Ici wjwLZ)
A. drive B. driving C. driven D. be driven K_vUKz z wK the room †K modify Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Aek¨B bv,
ZvB Modifier I Noun wU‡K wVKgZ ewm‡q wjL‡Z n‡e-
7. At the beginning I couldn't understand
Londoners because I ———— to the accent In the room I read the book, written on etymology.
A. didn't used B. wasn't used GLb, written on etymology K_vUKz z wVKB the book
†K modify Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
C. hadn't used D. used
8. I —— to —— in London but it was hard at the beginning.
A. used ... drive B. am used ... driving
C. used ...driving D. don't use ... drive
9. Little by little, he become used to ——— drugs
A. take B. taking C. took D. be taken
10. You will soon get sued to ——— in the country.
A. Live B. lived C. living D. be lived
11. It took them a long time to grow ——— Up in the
middle of the night.
A. Use to get B. Used to get
C. Using to getting D. used to getting
12. Insulin is used to ———— diabetic patients
A. cure B. curing C. be cured D. have cured
AnswerKey:1.A;2.A;3.A; 4.B;5.A; 6.B;7.B; 8.B;9.B;10.C;11.D;12.A.
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 71
wb‡Pi Q‡K c`Ë Example ¸‡jv Zjz bv Ki: 2. Modifier-Gi wb‡gœv³ basic rules-¸‡jv g‡b ivLv `iKvi-
Misplaced Example Correction A. keep modifiers as near as possible to the
Structure words they modify
present Walking along theWalking along the beach, B. Avoid odd and unnatural word order.
participle beach, the ship wasthe men spotted the ship. C. Avoid unnecessary separation of closely
spotted by the men.
related parts of the sentence
Based on this study, theBased on this study, Example:
Avoid : I bought a jacket in a west wood shop made of lether.
past participlescientist could makeseveral conclusions could Use : I bought a jacket made of lather in a west wood shop.
Avoid : They decided after the next meeting to hold a dance.
several conclusions. be made by the scientist. Use : They decided to hold a dance after the next meeting.
reduced While peeling onions, hisWhile he was peeling onions, 3. wewfbœ adverbs we‡klZ only, just, almost, nearly, even,
hardly Ges merely-Gi e¨env‡i we‡kl mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
adverb eyes began to water. his eyes began to water. KviY G‡`i placement-G fjy n‡j ev‡K¨ meaning
change n‡q hvq| †hgb:
clause
I almost ate the whole fish
adjective Warm and mild, everyoneEveryone enjoys the I ate almost the whole fish
phrases
enjoys the climate of thewarm, mild climate of the c_Ö g evK¨ Øviv eySvq †h Avwg cvÖ q †L‡Z hvw”Qjvg wKš‘
cieZ©x‡Z LvB bvB| wØZxq evK¨ Øviv †evSvq †h Avwg
Virgin Islands. Virgin Islands †L‡qwQjvg| GLv‡b almost kãwU the whole-†K modify
Ki‡Q| hvi A_© Avwg cÖvq c‡y iv gvQwU †L‡qwQjvg|
expressions Like most cities, parking is aLike most cities, San Francisco
Exercise: Dangling Modifiers
with like orproblem in San Francisco. has a parking problem.
1. Fearing economic hardship, —————.
unlike A. many New Englanders emigrated to the
Midwest in the 1820s
Two ways of Correction of the sentence B. emigration from New England to the Midwest
took place in the 1820s
1. Phrase hv‡K modify K‡i‡Q Zvi cv‡k emv‡Z n‡e| C. it was in the 1820s that many New
Englanders emigrated to the Midwest
2. Phrase-wU‡K clause evbv‡Z n‡e| D. an emigration took place in the 1820s from
New England to the Midwest
Exercises:
2. Rich and distinctive in flavor, ————.
1. Before singing the school song, a poem was A. there is in the United States a very important
nut crop, the pecan
recited. [Incorrect] B. the most important nut crop in the United
1st Method: Before singing the school song, -------. States, the pecan
2nd Method: C. farmers in the United States raise pecans, a
very important nut crop
2. To determine its value, the book will be D. pecans are the most important nut crop in the
United States
appraised. [Incorrect]
1st Method: To determine its value, --------------------. 3. Orbiting from 2.7 to 3.6 billion miles from the sun, ——.
2nd Method: A. the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered
Pluto in 1930
3. Attacked by an angry mob, the gashes in the B. Pluto was discovered by the astronomer
Clyde Tombaugh in 1930
boy's throats were life threatening. [Incorrect] C. it was in 1930 that the astronomer Clyde
1st Method: Attacked by an angry mob, --------------. Tombaugh discovered Pluto
2nd Method: D. the discovery of Pluto was made by Clyde
Tombaugh in 1930
Study the following sentences carefully
4. A popular instrument, ————.
Inc: After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man. A. only a limited role has been available to the
Cor: After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark. accordion in classical music
Inc: Guiding us through the museum, a special B. there is only a limited role for the accordion in
popular music
explanation was given by the director. C. classical music provides only a limited role
Cor: Guiding us through the museum, -------------------. for the accordion
Inc: After painting the car, it was given to the man's D. the accordion has played only a limited role
in classical music
wife by the man.
Cor: After painting the car, ----------------------------------. 5. Unlike most birds, ————.
Inc: After winning the tennis match, the victory made A. the heads and necks of vultures lack feathers
B. feathers are not found on the heads and
Nancy jump for joy. necks of vultures
Cor: After winning the tennis match, ---------------------. C. vultures do not have feathers on their heads and necks
D. there are no feathers on vultures' heads and necks
Misplaced Modifier
1. Misplace Modifiers †_‡K †h ai‡bi cÖkœ nq Zv Answer Kivi
Rb¨ ïay Grammatically correct wKbv Zv check KivB h‡_ó
bq| Modifier-wU Clear I exact wKbv ZvI check Ki‡Z n‡e|
A_©vr the answer must be free from awkwardness and
ambiguity| G‡¶‡Î GKvwaK grammatically correct
sentence-Gi †¶‡Î †h option-wU shorter & more concise
A_P clear in meaning ZvB n‡e answer|
Q. The women have protested their being overlooked
for promotion.
A. their being overlooked for promotion
B. themselves being overlooked for promotion
C. their overlooking for promotion
D. overlooking themselves for promotion
E. themselves as overlooked for promotion
GLv‡b C option-wU me‡P‡q †QvU n‡jI ‘being’ ev` †`qv‡Z A_©
cwieZ©b n‡q hvq| b, d, e option-¸‡jv grammatically
incorrect. ZvB option a B n‡e answer|
72 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
6. Widely reproduced in magazines and books, ——. 13. Using a device called a cloud chamber, ———.
A. Ansel Adams depicted the Western wilderness A. experimental proof for the atomic theory was
in his photographs found by Robert Millikin
B. the Western wilderness was depicted in the B. Robert Millikin's experimental proof for the
photographs of Ansel Adams atomic theory was found
C. Ansel Adams' photographs depicted the C. Robert Millikin found experimental proof for
Western wilderness the atomic theory
D. it was through his photographs that Ansel D. there was experimental proof found for the
Adams depicted the Western wilderness atomic theory by Robert Millikin
7. Smaller and flatter than an orange, ———. 14. Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats
A. a tangerine is easy to peel and its sections can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
separate readily A. Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal
B. the peel of a tangerine is easily removed and heart-beats can be detected by the twelfth
its sections are readily separated week of pregnancy.
C. it's easy to peel a tangerine and to separate its sections B. Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the
D. to peel a tangerine is easy, and its sections twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler
can be readily separated ultrasound device.
C. Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth
8. Like the federal government, ————. week of pregnancy, a physician can use a
A. taxation provides most of the funds for state Doppler ultrasound device.
and local governments as well D. By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal
B. state and local governments obtain most of heartbeats can be detected using a Doppler
their funds through taxation ultrasound device by a physician.
C. through taxation is how state and local E. Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a
governments obtain most of their funds physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the
D. funds are provided from taxation for state twelfth week of pregnancy.
and local governments
15. Delighted by the reported earnings for the first
9. Originally settled by Polynesians around 700 AD, ——. quarter of the fiscal year, it was decided by the
A. Hawaii received its first European visitor in 1778, company manager to give her staff a raise.
when Captain James Cook landed there A. it was decided by the company manager to
B. Hawaii's first European visitor, Captain give her staff a raise
James Cook, landed there in 1778 B. the decision of the company manager was to
C. in 1778 the first European, Captain James give her staff a raise
Cook, visited Hawaii C. the company manager decided to give her
D. the first European to visit Hawaii was Captain staff a raise
James Cook, landing there in 1778 D. the staff was given a raise by the company manager
E. a raise was given to the staff by the company manager
10. Unlike most modernist poets, ——— based on Answers with Explanations
ordinary speech.
A. Robert Frost's poems were 1. [A] ‘Fearing economic hardship’-GB phrase wU †Kvb
B. the works of Robert Frost were person †K modify K‡i weavq mwVK DËi option A|
C. Robert Frost wrote poems that were
D. the poetry written by Robert Frost was 2. [D] ‘Rich and distinctive in flavor’-GB phrase wU †Kvb
GKwU Lv`¨ Dcv`vb‡K modify K‡i weavq mwVK DËi option D|
11. Named for its founder, —— in Ithaca, New York.
A. in 1865 Ezra Cornell established Cornell University 3. [B] ‘Orbiting from ...... the sun’-GB phrase wU mvaviYZ
B. Cornell University was established in 1865 by Ezra Cornell †Kv‡bv MÖn‡K modify K‡i †Kbbv MÖnivB m‡~ h©i Pviw`‡K orbiting
C. it was in 1865 that Cornell University was K‡i; †Kv‡bv astronomer bq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option B|
established by Ezra Cornell
D. Ezra Cornell established Cornell University in 1865 4. [D] ‘A popular instrument’ GB phrase wU †Kv‡bv GKwU
instrument †K modify Ki‡Q weavq mwVK DËi option D|
12. While living in New Orleans, ——— the Creole GLv‡b, ‘the according’ n‡jv musical instrument|
people of Louisiana.
A. a book of folklore, Bayou Folk; was written by 5. [C] ‘unlike most birds’-GB phrase wU †Kv‡bv birds
Kate Chapin about (cvwL)-†K modify Ki‡Q weavq mwVK DËi option C|
B. Bayou Folk, a book of folklore, was written by ‘vulture’ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv kKzb cvwL|
Kate Chapin about 6. [C] ‘widely reproduced in magazines and books’-GB
phrase wU †Kv‡bv mw„ óKg©/wkíKg©‡K modify K‡i weavq mwVK DËi
C. the subject of Kate-Chapin's book Bayou option C| GLv‡b Ansel Adam’s photograph’ n‡jv Ansel
Folk was the folklore of Adam Gi wkíKg© hv western wilderness †K e¨vL¨v K‡i|
D. Kate Chapin wrote Bayou Folk, a book about
the folklore of
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 73
7. [A] ‘smaller and flatter than orange’-GB phrase wU †Kv‡bv Rule 2:
fruit †K modify Ki‡Q weavq mwVK DËi option A| Tangerine
n‡jv †QvU AvKv‡ii GK ai‡bi m¯y ^v`y Kgjv‡jey| participle †h noun-Gi Av‡M e‡m †m noun-wU hw` participle-
Gi KvRwU bv K‡i eis H KvRwUi receiver nq Zvn‡j past
8. [B] ‘like the federal govt.-GB phrase wU Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
govt. †K modify Ki‡Q weavq mwVK DËi option B| participle e¨eüZ n‡e|
9. [A] ‘originally settled by Polynesian’s-GB phrase wU an amused audience (something amused the audience)
†Kv‡bv location †K modify K‡i weavq mwVK DËi option A|
an interested listener (†Kv‡bv wKQy listener-†K interested K‡i‡Q)
10. [C] ‘unlike most modernist poets’- GB phrase wU †Kv‡bv poet
wKsev person †K modify Ki‡Q weavq mwVK DËi option C| an exhausted workers (something exhausted the workers)
an excited people (something excites the people)
11. [B] ‘Named for its founder’-GB phrase wU †Kv‡bv Example:
cwÖ Zôvb‡K modify Ki‡Q hvi bvg Zvi cÖwZôvZv Abymv‡i The broken dishes lay on the floor.
w¯’i n‡q‡Q| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option B| Frozen food is often easy to prepare.
The exhausted runner too tired to move.
12. [D] ‘while living in New Orleans’-GB phrase wU †Kv‡bv The money stolen from the bank was recover.
person †K modify Ki‡Q weavq mwVK DËi option D| Exercise:
Choose the correct form of the participles used as
13. [C] ‘using a device called a cloud chamber’- GB adjectives in the following sentences.
phrase wU †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K modify Ki‡Q †h devise wU 1. The (breaking/ broken) dishes lay on the floor.
use K‡i‡Q| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option C| 2. The (trembling/trembled) children were given a
14. [E] ‘using a doppler ultrasound device’-GB blanket for warmth.
phrase wUI †Kv‡bv GKRb person †K modify K‡i‡Q| 3. Compassionate friends tried to console the
myZivs mwVK DËi option E|
(crying/cried) children.
15. [C] ‘Delighted by the reported earnings ....... the 4. The (interesting/ interested) tennis match
fiscal year’- GB phrase wU †Kv‡bv GKRb person †K caused a great deal of excitement.
modify K‡i‡e †h †Kv¤úwbi Avw_©K eQ‡ii 1g quarter -Gi 5. When James noticed the (burning/burnt) building,
Av‡q Lywk n‡q †Kv¤úvwb ÷vd‡`i †eZb, fvov ew„ × K‡ib|
raise kãwU GLv‡b ‘an increase in the amount of he notified the fire department immediately.
wages’ A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi option C| 6. The (exciting/excited) passengers jumped into the
Participles as Adjective lifeboats when notified that the ship was sinking.
GLv‡b j¶ Kwi— 7. The (smiling/smiled) Mona Lisa is on display in
1. He is a boring teacher. the Louver in Paris.
8. The wind made such (frightening/frightened) noises
2. He is a bored teacher.
that the children ran to their parents' room.
`wy U evK¨B mwVK| cÖ_g ev‡K¨ boring teacher-Gi gv‡b n‡”Q student- 9. The (frightening/frightened) hostages only
†`i Kv‡Q teacher-wU boring (weiw³Ki)| Avi wØZxq ev‡K¨ bored
teacher Øviv eySvq teacher student-†`i cÖwZ bored (wei³)| wanted to be left alone.
`By iKg participle e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y `wy U ev‡K¨i A_© m¤úY~ © wfbœ 10. We saw the (advancing/advanced) army from
n‡q †Mj| ZvB participle e¨env‡ii mgq mZK© _vKv Riæwi|
across town.
Rule 1: Answers: 1. broken; 2. trembling; 3. crying; 4.
interesting; 5. burning; 6. excited; 7. smiling; 8.
participle †h noun-Gi Av‡M e‡m †m noun-wU hw` pariciple frightening; 9. frightened; 10. advancing.
Øviv †h KvR eSy v‡bv n‡”Q Zv wb‡R K‡i A_ev participle-Gi
KvRwU NUvi Rb¨ wb‡R responsible _v‡K Z‡e present Redundancy
participle ev ing hy³ participle e¨eüZ n‡e| †Kv‡bv information hv already sentence-G P‡j G‡m‡Q Zv
an amusing proposal (proposal Avgv‡`i amuse K‡i) cybivq ejv n‡jv redundant| English-G wKQy kã Av‡Q hv
an interesting data (data Avgv‡`i interested K‡i) me©`v redundant Ges Zv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| G¸‡jv n‡jv:
an exhausting test (test Avgv‡`i exhaust K‡i)
an exciting match (match Avgv‡`i excite K‡i) Verbose / Redundant Concise/Standard
Dc‡ii cÖwZwU †¶‡Î, Modified noun is doer of the action
of the participle. A_©vr modified noun-wU participle-Gi Due to the fact that Because
action-Gi doer|
Owing to the fact that Because
Example:
In as much as Because
The crying baby came to Mr. Binion.
The trembling children were given a blanket. Which was when when
The smiling Mona Lisa is on display. For the purpose of + Gerund To + Verb
The man stealing money was arrested.
It was an exhausting 10 mile race. In order to + Verb To + Verb
So they can + Verb To + Verb
Not + Negative Adj Positive Adj
Fach and Every Every
He is a man who He is
--- is a --- that Is
Soccer is a game that Soccer is
The truth is that ----
74 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
The truth is that I was late I was late Exercise: Redundancy
The fact is that ---- 1. The reason we are late is due to the fact that
In a situation where Where the bus was delayed by heavy traffic.
The place where where A. due to the fact that the bus was delayed by
Progress forward Progress/ forward
Return back Return heavy traffic
Revert back Revert B. because the bus was delayed by heavy traffic
Sufficient enough Sufficient /Enough C. that the bus was delayed by heavy traffic
D. due to the fact that heavy traffic delayed the bus
E. that the delay of our bus was caused by
Compete together Compete heavy traffic
Reason because Reason 2. The reason I am supporting Senator Blanding is
Period of time Period/ Time because her extensive background in foreign
Join together Join affairs has made her uniquely qualified for a
Repeat again Repeat seat on this important subcommittee.
New innovation Innovation A. because her extensive background in foreign
Matinee performance Matinee affairs has made her uniquely qualified for
B. that her extensive background in foreign
Same identical Same / Identical affairs have made her uniquely qualified for
Two twins Twins C. that her extensive background in foreign
The time when When affairs has made her uniquely qualified for
Proceed forward Proceed / forward D. that her extensive background in foreign
In a condition where Where affairs has made her uniquely qualified to
E. because her extensive background in foreign
Advance forward Advance/ forward
affairs have made her uniquely qualified for
Inc: That was the time when I hit a home run.
3. The matter was referred back to committee since
Cor: That was the time I hit a home run.
the solution to the problem was different from the
Inc: We have sufficient enough money to buy the house.
one proposed earlier which was not practicable.
Cor: We have sufficient money to buy the house.
A. referred back to committee since the solution
Word Combination-Gi cvkvcvwk sentence-Gi †¶‡ÎI Zv to the problem was different from the one
proposed earlier which was not practicable
cÖ‡hvR¨| GKwU sentence hZ ms‡¶‡c mvejxjfv‡e A_© cÖKv‡k m¶g
†mwUB n‡e cÖ‡kœi DËi| cÖ‡kœi Dˇi active I passive voice-Gi B. referred to committee since the solution to
g‡a¨ active voice e¨envi Kiv DwPZ; KviY GwU less redundant| the problem was different from the one
Exercise: proposed earlier which was not practicable
Find the redundant word, if any, from the following sentences. C. referred back to committee since the solution
Example: The carpenter joined the two beams together to the problem was different than the one
with long nails. (Together is the redundant word.) proposed earlier which was not practical
1. After Jill had shown Tim how to insert the paper D. referred to committee since the solution to
once, she repeated the operation again. the problem was different than the one
2. The twins have the same identical birthmarks on proposed earlier which was not practicable
their backs. E. referred back to committee since the solution
3. I think we have sufficient enough information to to the problem was different form the one
write the report. proposed earlier which was not practical
4. When the roads became too slippery, we decided to 4. May I venture to say that I think this performance
5. return back to the cabin and wait for the storm to subside. is the most superior I have ever heard.
6. Nobody could get out of work early enough to A. May I venture to say that I think this
7. attend the matinee performance.
The mountain climbers proceeded forward on performance is the most superior
their long trek up the side of the mountain. B. May I venture to say that this performance is
Rita and her sister competed together in the musical
the most superior
talent show. C. May I say that this performance is the most superior
8. I think that we should come up with a new D. I think this performance is superior to any
innovation for doing this job. E. This performance is the most superior of any
9. The minister joined the bride and groom together in 5. If we cooperate together by dividing up the
work, we shall be able to finish quickly.
holy wedlock.
A. If we cooperate together by dividing up the work
10. My cousins love to play with the two twins from
across the street. B. If we cooperate by dividing up the work
Answer Key: 1. again; 2. identical or the same; 3. C. If we cooperate together by dividing the work
enough or sufficient; 4. back; 5. performance; 6. D. If we cooperate by dividing up the work together
forward; 7. together; 8. new; 9. together; 10. two; E. If we cooperate by dividing the work
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 75
6. Because we cooperated together, we divided up 3. [B] Referred back GKmv‡_ e¨envi Kiv redundant|
the work on the report which had been assigned. myZivs option A, C, E mwVK bq| option D mwVK bq KviY
A. together, we divided up the work on the different Gi mv‡_ appropriate preposition wn‡m‡e than
report which had been assigned. bv n‡q from n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option B|
B. together, we divided the work on the report
which had been assigned. 4. [D] "May I venture to say that I think"-m¤ú~Y© K_vwUi
C. we divided up the work on the report which cwie‡Z© I think e¨envi Kiv Av‡iv msw¶ß Ges mvejxj| myZivs
was assigned. option A, B, C mwVK bq| option E mwVK bq KviY
D. we divided the work on the assigned report. superior Gici appropriate preposition wn‡m‡e of
E. we divided up the work on the assigned report. e¨eüZ bv n‡q to e¨eüZ nq| myZivs mwVK DËi option D|
7. The senator rose up to say that, in her 5. [E] co-operate Gi mv‡_ together Ges divide Gi mv‡_
opinion, she thought the bill should be up e¨envi Kiv Redundant| myZivs mwVK DËi option E|
referred back to committee.
A. rose up to say that, in her opinion, she 6. [D] co-operate Gi mv‡_ together Ges divide Gi mv‡_
thought the bill should be referred back up e¨envi Kiv Redundant| myZivs mwVK DËi option D|
B. rose up to say that she thought the bill should
be referred back 7. [E] Rise Ges up GKmv‡_ e¨envi Kiv Redundant weavq
C. rose up to say that she thought the bill should option A, B, C, D mwVK bq| myZivs mwVK DËi option E|
be referred
D. rose up to say that, in her opinion, the bill 8. [D] The reason......because GKmv‡_ e¨envi Kiv
should be referred redundant| myZivs option A, B, E mwVK bq| option C
E. rose to say that she thought the bill should be referred mwVK bq KviY this year Gi number of accidents Gi
mv‡_ last year bq eis last year Gi number of
8. The reason that the number of accidents this accidents Gi Zzjbv Kiv nq| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option D|
year is greater than that of last year is because
Americans are uninterested in safety techniques. 9. [D] more Ges prefer GKmv‡_ e¨envi Kiv Redundant|
A. is greater than that of last year is because. mZy ivs option A, C, E mwVK bq| option B mwVK bq
B. is greater than last year is because KviY continue Ges on GKmv‡_ e¨envi Kiv
C. is greater than last year is that Redundant| myZivs mwVK DËi option D|
D. is greater than that of last year is that
E. is greater than the number of accidents last 10. [E] The reason......because GKmv‡_ e¨envi Kiv
year is because. redundant| myZivs mwVK DËi option E|
9. Julio found the new job more preferable to the one he Parallelism
had left so he decided to continue on for a while. 1. hLb †Kv‡bv sentence-G avivevwnKfv‡e ZvwjKv AvKv‡i
A. more preferable to the one he had left so he
decided to continue on `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK idea ev word ev phrase †`Iqv nq, ZLb
B. preferable to the one he had left so he mKj components-Gi Aek¨B grammatical form I
decided to continue on function GKB _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb:
C. more preferable to the one he had left so he
decided to continue She spends her leisure time biking, camping and fishing.
D. preferable to the one he had left so he He changed the oil, checked the tire pressure,
decided to continue and filled the tank with gas.
E. more preferable than the one he had left so He prefers writing to reading.
he decided to continue. He prefers to write rather than read.
He plans to either study medicine or major in biology.
10. The reason I came late to class today is He plans to study either medicine or biology.
because the bus broke down.
A. I came late to class today is because 2. evK¨ fjy n‡e hw`
B. why I came late to class today is because tense-Gi avivevwnKZv bó nq A_©vr error occurs in
C. I was late to school today is because
D. that I was late to school today is because case of unnecessary shifts in verb tenses-
E. I came late to class today is that Inc: She bought her ticket and sits in the first row.
Answers with explanations Cor: She bought her ticket and sat in the first row.
Unnecessary shifts from active to passive voice:
1. [C] Due to Ges Reason-GKB mv‡_ e¨envi Kiv Inc: I play cricket well but poker is played even better by me.
Redundant| myZivs option A, B, D mwVK bq| option Cor: I play cricket well but I play poker even better.
E Ges C Gi g‡a¨ option C †Z mnR I msw¶ßfv‡e A_© Unnecessary shifts in person:
cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| myZivs mwVK DËi option C| Inc: One should drive slowly and you should keep
2. [C] The reason......because GKmv‡_ e¨envi Kiv redundant| your eyes on the road.
mZy ivs option A, E mwVK bq| option B mwVK bq KviY Cor: One should drive slowly and keep one’s eyes on
extensive background Gici verb have bv n‡q has n‡e|
option D mwVK bq KviY Qualified Gici app. preposition the road.
wn‡m‡e for e¨eüZ nq| myZivs mwVK DËi option C| Cor: You should drive slowly and keep your eyes on the roa
76 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
3. In a series of three or more, the first two Exercise: Parallelism
1. Insects provide many beneficial services, such as ——
elements will establish a pattern. Ggb fvev wVK bq
†h parallel series-Gi cwÖ ZwU element ûeû GKB iKg , breaking down deadwood, and pollinating plants.
n‡e| g–jZ †`L‡Z n‡e G¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e Av‡Q wKbv|
A. they condition soils B. to condition soil
For example, I want you to wash the kitchen, go
to the store and cash a check at the bank. C. conditioning the soil D. soil conditioned
2. Frozen orange juice must be packed ———,
GLv‡b parallel elements-¸‡jv n‡”Q to wash, (to) go,
(to) cash. GLv‡b cÖ_gwUi Av‡M (to wash) to i‡q‡Q hv and stored when the fruit is ripe.
cieZ©x cÖ‡Z¨KwU elements-Gi Av‡MB Dn¨ Av‡Q|
4. wb‡gœv³ correlatives-Gi †¶‡Î parallel grammatical A. be frozen B. must be frozen
construction _vKv Avek¨K|
C. frozen D. it must be frozen
both .... and 3. The Sioux language is spoken not only ———
Not only .... but
Not only .... but also Sioux but also by the Crow and Osage tribes.
Not.... but
Either.... or A. by the B. the C. do the D. and the
Neither.... nor
1st .... 2nd 4. In 1900, electrically powered cars were more
Not merely .... but
Not so much .... as popular than gasoline powered cars because
As much .... as they were quiet, operated smoothly, and ———.
More .... than
Less .... than A. handled easily B. ease of handling
Example:
Inc: The opera is both a complex work and original. C. handling easily D. easy to handle
Cor: The opera is both complex and original [both, 5. Roger Williams was a clergyman, ———— the
adj, and, adj]
Cor: The opera is both complex and original work. colony of Rhode Island, and an outspoken
[both, article, adj, and, article, adj]
Inc: He not only is selfish but also deceitful. advocate of religious and political freedom.
Cor: He is not only selfish but also deceitful.
Cor: He not only is selfish but also is deceitful A. founded B. the founder of
Exercise:
Change the following sentences so that they are parallel. C. was the founder of D. he founded
(a) The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, 6. Paint can be applied to a surface with rollers, —
blinking its eyes, and barked. ———, or spray guns.
(b) Ecologists are trying to preserve our environment
for future generations by protecting the ozone A. brushes B. brushes can be used
layer, purifying the air, and have replanted the
trees that have been cut down. C. with brushes D. by brush
(c) The chief of police demanded from his assistants 7. The use of labor-saving devices in homes, ——
an orderly investigation, a well-written report, and ———, and in factories added to the amount of
that they work hard.
(d) Marcia is a scholar, an athlete, and artistic. leisure time people had.
(e) Slowly and with care, the museum director removed
the Ming vase from the shelf and placed it on the A. at office B. used in offices
display pedestal.
Answers: C. offices D. in offices
a. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail,
blinked its eyes, and barked. 8. A dulcimer can be played by either striking its
b. Ecologists are trying to preserve our environment strings with a hammer or —————.
for future generations by protecting the ozone
layer, purifying the air, and replanting the trees A. to pluck them with the fingers
that have been cut down.
c. The chief of police demanded from his assistants an B. fingers are used to pluck them
orderly investigation, a well-written report, and hard work.
d. Marcia is a scholar, an athlete, and an artist. C. they are plucked with the fingers
e. Slowly and carefully, the museum director removed the Ming
vase from the shelf and placed it on the display pedestal. D. plucking them with the fingers
9. Throughout history, trade routes have increased
contact between people, ————— and greatly
affected the growth of civilization.
A. have resulted in an exchange of ideas
B. an exchange of ideas has resulted
C. resulted in an exchange of ideas
D. resulting in an exchange of ideas
10. Walt Disney made many technical advances in the
use of sound, color, and ——— in animated films.
A. photographing B. using photography
C. photography D. use of photographs
11. Artist Paul Kane traveled throughout Northwest
Canada on foot, by canoe, and ——— to sketch
Native Canadians going about their ordinary lives.
A. on horseback B. riding a horse
C. was on horseback D. by a horse
12. Barbara Jordan was the first woman in the
South to win an election to the House of
Representatives, —— as Congress woman from
Texas from 1973 to 1979.
A. to serve B. served C. serving D. has served
13. Photographers' choice of a camera depends on
what kind of pictures they want to take, how
much control they want over exposure, and ——
they want to spend.
A. the amount of money B. what money
C. how much money D. so much money that
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 77
14. Atlanta is the commercial, financial, and —— of Georgia. Direct Object & Indirect Object
Verb-†K ÔKxÕ Øviv cÖkœ Kiv n‡j Rev‡e direct object (e¯)‘ Ges ÒKv‡K / Kvi
A. center of administration B. administrative center
C. center for administering D. administering center Rb¨ / Kvi cÖwZÓ Øviv cÖkœ Kiv n‡j Rev‡e indirect object (e¨w³) cvIqv hv‡e|
15. Even after the Revolutionary War, American He gave me the book.
importers obtained merchandise from Britain Kx w`‡qwQj the book (eB) direct object (e¯)‘
because British merchants understood American Kv‡K w`‡qwQj me (Avgv‡K) indirect object (e¨w³)
tastes, offered attractive prices, and —-- Structure:
A. easy credit was provided (a) subject + verb + indirect object + direct object +....
B. because of easy credit (b) subject + verb + direct object + to/for + indirect object
Inc: Manager’s Secretary sent to him the manuscript last night.
C. easy credit D. provided easy credit Cor: Manager’s Secretary sent him the manuscript last night.
Cor: Manager’s Secretary sent the manuscript to him last night.
Answers with Explanations
1. [C] and Gi c‡ii phrase wU v+ing (pollinating) nIqvq
Zvi Av‡Mi AskwUI v+ing n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option C| Not all verb allow for this object transformation.
2. [C] and Gi c‡i verb-Gi past participle form _vKvq Here are some that do:
parallel structure Abyhvqx Zvi Av‡Mi verb wUI past zbring feed leave paint sell write give offer
participle form G n‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option C| build find lend pass send cut promise teach
show draw hand owe
3. [A] ‘but also’-Gi ci by + noun _vKvq parallel structure Abhy vqx buy get make pay
‘not only’ Gi c‡iI by + noun n‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option A| read tell
4. [A] and Gi Av‡M v3 + adverb’ _vKvq parallel g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e:
structure Abhy vqx and Gi c‡iI ‘v3 + adverb’ n‡e| hw` object `y‡Uv pronoun nq †m‡¶‡Î 1 bs structure-wU follow Ki‡e|
mZy ivs mwVK DËi option A| e.g: They gave us it.
5. [B] and Gi c‡i ‘an outspoken advocate’ †Kv‡bv Mention Ges introduce-Gi †¶‡Î 2 bs structure-wU follow Ki‡e|
e¨w³‡K modify Kivq and Gi c‡~ e©I Ggb GKwU phrase e.g: They introduced John to Arif.
Confusing Verbs
em‡e hv H e¨w³‡K modify Ki‡Q| Finite verb _vKvq (a) do/make
option A,C,D mwVK bq| bx‡Pi Expression-¸‡jv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e:
6. [A] ‘or’ Gi c‡i GKwU noun (spray guns) _vKvq Zvi make advances in Do an assignment
make an attempt Do business with
Av‡MI parallel structure Abyhvqx simply GKwU noun make a comparison Do a duty
make a distinction make a contribution
n‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option A| make a forecast make a decision
make an investment Do a job
7. [D] and Gi c‡i ‘in + noun’ _vKvq parallel structure Abyhvqx make a suggession Do research
and Gi Av‡MI ‘in + noun’ n‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option D|
8. [B] either Gi ci verb Gi mv‡_ ing _vKvq or Gi c‡ii Inc: I have made a research on the tribe.
verb wUi mv‡_I ing h³y n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option D| Cor: I have done a research on the tribe.
(b) say/tell
9. [C] and Gi c‡i verb Gi past participle form
Option-G tell emv‡Z n‡e hw` tell-Gi ci indirect object
(affected) _vKvq parallel structure Abyhvqx and Gi (hv‡K ejv n‡jv) _v‡K| Ab¨_vq say em‡e|
Av‡MI verb Gi past participle (resulted) n‡e|
10. [C] and Gi Av‡M sound, color BZ¨vw` noun _vKvq and Gi Who said/ told you that he went there? (told)
c‡iI mgRvZxq Av‡iKwU noun n‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option C| He said that he was busy.
You told Mary that the party started at 7 pm.
11. [A] on foot, by canoe- Gi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L Av‡iKwU
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e story, joke, secret, lie, the truth, (the)
prepositional phrase ‘on horseback’ e¨eüZ n‡e| time-Gi †¶‡Î me©`v tell e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
option D mwVK bq KviY, ‘on horseback’ e¨eüZ n‡e| John told a story last night.
He couldn’t tell the time.
GB structure-G article e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| Exercise:
Write the correct form of say or tell in the following
12. [C] GUv n‡jv clause-Gi question. Actually cy‡iv AskUv sentences. Be careful to observe sequence of tenses.
1. Harvey — he would take us on a picnic today.
wQj who served as congress woman| GUv‡K reduced 2. Pete — the children some funny stories now.
3. Who — you that he was going to New York?
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Reduced-Gi wbqg Abmy v‡i clause marker 4. When did you — Mary that the party would be?
5. My sister –– us that it had snowed in her town last week.
ev`| Zvici auxiliary verb ev` main verb †hgbUv Av‡Q wVK 6. No one in the second grade class could — time.
7. The comedian always — his friends funny jokes
†ZgbUv e‡m hv‡e| Avi auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j main verb-
when he is at a party.
Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| So answer n‡e serving| 8. What time did you — that the lecture had begun?
9. Who — that we are having an exam tomorrow?
13. [C] and Gi Av‡Mi clause wU ‘how much’ Øviv modify nIqvq Zvi 10. The judge instructed the witness to — the whole
c‡ii clause wUI how much Øviv modify n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi C| truth about the accident.
Answer Key: 1. said; 2. is telling; 3. told; 4. tell; 5.
14. [B] and Gi c~‡e© commercial, financial cÖfw… Z adjective told; 6. tell; 7. tells; 8. say; 9. says; 10. tell.
_vKvq parallel structure Abyhvqx G‡`i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L and Gi
c‡iI Ggb GKwU adjective n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option B|
15. [D] ‘and’ conjunction wUi Av‡Mi AskwU verb Gi past
participle Øviv modified nIqvq Zvi c‡ii Ask past
participle n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option D|
78 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
(c) lie/lay 4. Unless we can find a better solution for —— with
lie (wg_¨v ejv) lied lied lying. nuclear waste, scientists fear that future
lie (ï‡q _vKv / †Kv_vI c‡o _vKv / †Kv_vI Ae¯’vb Kiv) lay lain lying. generations on this planet will have difficulty
finding clean drinking water.
lay (†kvqv‡bv / †Kv_vI wKQy ivLv) lay laid laid laying.
Practice: A. making up B. doing away
Correct or Incorrect? C. make up D. do away
(a) Lie the child down to sleep. [Lay] 5. The president usually ——— unless his press
(b) He lay the book on the table. [lays] secretary approves it.
A. doesn’t do a statement B. doesn’t make statement
(c) The hen laid an egg. [Cor.] C. doesn’t statement D. no statement
(d) Let me lay here. [lie]
(e) He lay under that tree. [Cor.] Answers with Explanations
1. [D] ‘do an exercise’ n‡jv GKwU expression hvi A_©
(f) It had laid in the closet for a week before we found it [lain]
(d) sit/set n‡jv e¨vqvg Kiv|
sit n‡jv wb‡R emv Avi set n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K emv‡bv ev e¯‘‡K ¯’vcb Kiv|
I sit on the chair. 2. [B] cZvKv ˆZwi Kiv A‡_© mwVK expression n‡jv make the flag|
3. [C] ‘make out sth’ n‡jv GKwU phrasal verb hvi A_©
He sets the AC on the wall.
(e) rise/raise n‡jv †Kv‡bv wKQy eyS‡Z cviv|
rise n‡jv wb‡R DVv ev ew„ × cvIqv Avi raise n‡jv †Kv‡bv wKQy‡K 4. [B] ‘do away with’ GKwU phrasal verb hvi A_© n‡jv
DVv‡bv ev e„w× Kiv| †Kv‡bv wKQy Z¨vM/cwinvi Kiv|
Flood water rises/raises the water level of river. (raises) 5. [B] ‘to make a statement’ n‡jv GKwU expression
hvi A_© n‡jv †Kv‡bv wel‡q wee„wZ †`Iqv|
Water level rises/raises due to flood water. (rises)
I raise my hands. (DVv‡bv)
My hands rise at the time of pray. (DVv) Exercise 2: Other Confusing Verbs
Decision Rules of Cofusing Verbs: 1. The average elevation of the Himalayas is
twenty thousand feet, and Mount Everest ———
1. lay (†kvqv‡bv) Set (emv‡bv), raise (DVv‡bv) n‡jv transitive
verb A_©vr verb-Gi ci direct object e‡m| A_©vr Lay / Set / to more than twenty-nine thousand feet it apex.
raise ZLbB answer n‡e hLb G‡`i c‡i direct object _vK‡e| A raises B. rises C. roses D. arises
2. The geographic position of North America, ——
Example:
in the early days of the European settlement.
I laid the book on the table (lay what? Ans the book)
I raise the window shade (Raise what? Ans. the window shade) A. laying between the Atlantic and the Pacific
I set the computer on the desk (set what? Ans. the computer) Oceans, isolating it
2. Avi hw` c‡i direct object bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv Intransitive verb B. isolating is as it laid between the Atlantic and
G‡¶‡Î lie (ï‡q _vKv), rise (ew„ × Kiv) sit (emv) eR¨ e¨envi n‡e| the Pacific Oceans
C. lying between the Atlantic Oceans, isolated it
3. sit-Gi noun n‡jv seat| Z‡e ‘seat’ verb wn‡m‡eI e¨envi nq-
Example: D. isolating it between the Atlantic and the
Please, be seated, (Here the speaker asks the Pacific Oceans as it was layed
gentlemen to sit on the chairs) 3. When Jacqueline Kennedy was first lady, she
collected many beautiful antiques and —— them
Practice:
among the original pieces in the White House.
1. The letters lying/laying on the table have been
lying / laying there for a week. A. sat B. set C. sit D. sits
2. I lay/laid my briefcase on the table and lay/laid 4. In his inaugural speech, John Kennedy ————
down on the bed.
3. The windows rise/raise at the press of a button. that we should not ask what our country could
4. Sitting/ Setting the flowers on the table she saw do for us but what we could do for our country.
a cat sitting / setting on the chair nearby. A. said B. told C. did D. got
5. Although blood ———— a residue in urine and
Exercise 1: CONFUSING VERBS 'Do/Make'
stool samples, it cannot always be detected
1. —— an aerobic exercise for 20 minutes a day will
strengthen your heart and get rid of excess fat. without the aid a microscope.
A. Do B. Make C. Making D. Doing A. let B. leave C. leaves D. lets
2. Betsy Ross, a seamstress, may or may not —— 6. Countries may —— the World Bank of
—— the first American flag. development projects.
A. made B. have made A. borrow large sums of money from
C. done D. have done B. lend large sums of money from
3. Lip reading is a skill in which a person —— words just
by observing the movement of a speaker’s mouth. C. borrow large sums of money
A. does with B. does out D. lend large sums of money
C. makes out D. makes with Answer Key: 1. B; 2. C; 3. B; 4. A; 5. C; 6. A.
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 79
Inversion Change the structure of the following sentences:
Word order Gi cwieZ©b †hgb t "subject + verb" ‡_‡K Usual Pattern : The enemy had no chance of
"verb + sub" ‡jLv‡K inversion e‡j| winning the battle.
Inverted Pattern : No chance-------------------------------
I never went there. (Usual Pattern) Usual Pattern : They know little about their son's affairs.
Inverted Pattern : ---------------------------------------------
Never did I go there. (Inverted Pattern) Usual Pattern : He was so hungry that he ate
Inversion Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv sentence ïiæ nq wb‡Pi k㸇jv w`‡q| nonstop for three whole hours.
Inverted Pattern : So hungry ------------------------------
Group-A:
1. Negative expressions
Hardly Rarely Scarcely Few
Seldom Nowhere Never little Structure for Group B
Not once Not only No sooner hLb †Kv‡bv sentence ïiæ nq Group B Gi words ¸‡jv
Not until At no time By no means w`‡q ZLb structure wU n‡e
2. Only, such and so Listed expressions + Verb + Sub
Group-B: Exercise:
1. Here and There Usual Pattern : The oldest house stands over the
2. Expressions of locations top of the hill
Structure for Group A Inverted Pattern : Over the top of the hill stands the
hLb †Kv‡bv sentence ïiæ nq Group A Gi k㸇jv w`‡q oldest house.
ZLb wb‡Pi structure wU e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Usual Pattern : A golden pen was on his desk
Inverted Pattern : On his desk was a golden pen.
Listed expressions + Aux + Sub + Main verb Exception to Group B:
hw` main verb wU GKwU ‘Be’ verb nq, ZLb structure wU n‡e i) If there is pronoun after here & there, there will
Listed expressions + Be + Sub be no Inversion.
Example:
Usual Pattern : They will never stay in that hotel. ii) If the sentence is complete without the expression
Inverted Pattern : Never will they stay in that hotel.
Normal Pattern : The enemy had no chance of of location, then there will be no inversion
winning the battle. Usual Pattern : The grass is always greener on
Inverted Pattern : No chance did the enemy have of
the other side of the fence.
winning the battle.
Normal Pattern : They know little about their son's affairs. Inverted Pattern : On the other side of the fence -------
Inverted Pattern : Little do they know about their son's affairs.
Normal Pattern : I have been to Argentina only once. Other inversion:
Inverted Pattern : Only once have I been to Argentina.
Normal Pattern : You can get chance in Dhaka i) If the Expression is like: Not only A but B.
University only if you study hard ii) Three situations of inversion of Conditional Sentences.
Inverted Pattern : Only if you study hard can you get
Sample item:
chance in Dhaka University.
Normal Pattern : The falling pots made such a clamor 1. Not until ------ lungs does it leave the water and
that the noise woke the sleeping baby. live on the land.
Inverted Pattern : Such a clamor did the falling pots make
A. a frog develops B. does a frog develop
that the noise woke the sleeping baby.
Normal Pattern : He was so hungry that he ate C. a frog does develop D. does develop a frog A
2. Not only ————— shade and beauty, but they
nonstop for three whole hours.
Inverted Pattern : So hungry was he that he ate also reduce carbon dioxide.
nonstop for three whole hours. A. do trees provide B. trees provide
Normal Pattern : You can complete the assignment
C. provide trees D. trees do provide A
only by working all day.
Inverted Pattern : Only by working all day can you 3. Only if is its plan modified can the company start
complete the assignment. generating a healthy profit.
A. is its plan modified can the company start
generating a healthy profit.
B. is its plan modified the company can start
generating a healthy profit.
C. its plan is modified can the company start
generating a healthy profit.
D. its plan is modified the company can start
generating a healthy profit. C
80 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Exercise: Inversion 12. Only if —— will proper labeling be essential.
1. Not only —— shade and beauty, but they also A. the law is changed B. is changed the law
reduce carbon dioxide. C. is the law changed D. the law being changed
13. Not until 1865 ——— the first antiseptic
A. do trees provide B. trees provide
treatment on a compound fracture.
C. provide trees D. trees do provide
2. Not until the seventeenth century ——— to A. when Joseph Lister tried
measure the speed of light. B. when did Joseph Lister try
A. did anyone even attempt C. did Joseph Lister try
B. anyone did even attempt D. that Joseph Lister tried
14. At each end of the tube —— one which gathers light
C. did anyone attempt even
and one which magnifies the image.
D. did even attempt anyone
A. are two lenses there B. two lenses are
3. Most southern states -had set up primary school
C. are two lenses D. two lenses are there
systems by the late eighteenth century, but only
in New England ——— and open to all students. Answers with Explanations
A. primary schools were free 1. [A] not only GKwU negative expression hv sentence
Gi ïiæ‡Z emvq inversion Gi wbqg Abyhvqx Gi ci aux verb
B. were primary schools free + sub + main verb n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option A|
C. free were primary schools 2. [A] not until GKwU negative expression hv sentence-Gi
ïiæ‡Z emvq Zvi ci aux verb + sub + main verb n‡e|
D. were free primary schools
4. Seldom ——— more than 20 minutes a night. 3. [B] cÖ`Ë expression wU GKwU location cÖKvk Kivq
inversion Gi wbqg Abyhvqx GLv‡b ‘location’ expression wUi
A. sleep giraffes B. do giraffes sleep ci verb + subject e¨eüZ n‡e| myZivs mwVK DËi option B|
C. giraffes do sleep D. giraffes sleep 4. [B] seldom GKwU negative expression hv sentence-Gi
5. So complicated — that consumers who use a ïiæ‡Z emvq Gi ci aux verb + sub + main verb n‡e|
product are seldom aware of where all its 5. [C] negative expression QvovI so/such/only BZ¨vw`
sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z em‡j Zvi inversion nq| G‡¶‡Î
components come from. c`Ö Ë expression ¸‡jvi ci main verb wU be verb n‡j
wb‡¤œv³ expression Abhy vqx sentence wU mvRv‡Z nq-
A. today trade is international
Expressions + be verb + sub
B. today international trade is
6. [B] ‘Across the Chesapeake Bay’ GKwU location
C. is international trade today †K modify Ki‡Q weavq Gi ci ‘verb + subject’ e¨eüZ
n‡e| mZy ivs mwVK DËi option B|
D. international trade is today
7. [D] ‘so’ GKwU expression hv sentence-Gi ïiæ‡Z em‡j
6. Across the Chesapeake Bay from the rest of Zvi inversion Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖ`Ë verb wU hw` be verb
the state ————, whose farms produce nq Zvn‡j so Gi c‡i be verb wU Ges Zvici subject e‡m|
mZy ivs, mwVK DËi option D|
beans, tomatoes, and other garden vegetables.
8. [A] ‘off the coast of North Carolina’ GKwU location
A. there lies Maryland's Eastern Shore cKÖ vk Ki‡Q weavq Gici verb + subject e¨eüZ n‡e|
B. lies Maryland's Eastern Shore 9. [D] ‘not until’ GKwU negative expression hvi mv‡_ GKvwaK
clause _vK‡j not until Gi mv‡_ h³y clause wUi inversion nq
C. Maryland's Eastern Shore lies there bv; inversion nq Zvi c‡ii clause wUi| Inversion Gi wbqg
Abhy vqx GLv‡b cieZ©x clause wUi cÖ_‡g auxiliary verb ‘does’
D. Maryland's Eastern Shore lies Ges Zvici subject ‘it’ Ges Zvi ci verb ‘leave’ e¨eüZ n‡e|
7. ——— that climbers can take only a couple of
10. [A] ‘only after’ GKwU expression hv sentence Gi
steps per minute as they near the summit. ïiæ‡Z em‡j inversion nq Zvi cieZ©x clause wUi|
mZy ivs mwVK DËi option A|
A. The height Mount Everest is
11. [B] not only GKwU expression hv sentence Gi
B. How high Mount Everest is ïiæ‡Z em‡j sentence wUi inversion nq|
C. Mount Everest is high 12. [A] ‘only after’ GKwU expression hv sentence Gi
ïiæ‡Z em‡j inversion nq Zvi cieZ©x clause wUi|
D. So high is Mount Everest mZy ivs mwVK DËi option A|
8. Off the coast of North Carolina ———, a popular
13. [C] not unit ïiæ‡Z _vKvq inversion Gi wbqg Abhy vqx Gi ci
summer resort area. auxiliary verb Ges Zvi ci subject G verb em‡e|
A. lie the Barrier Islands 14. [C] ‘at each end of the tube’ n‡jv GKwU expression
of location hv sentence- Gi ïiæ‡Z _vKvq inversion
B. the Barrier Islands lie there Gi wbqg Abyhvqx Gici verb + subject e¨eüZ n‡e|
C. around the Barrier Islands
D. there lie the Barrier Islands
9. Not until a frog develops lungs ——— the water
and live on the land.
A. that it leaves B. it leaves
C. leaves it D. does it leave
10. Only after the earthquake had taken place ——
—— become obvious.
A. did the lack of safety measures
B. the lack of safety measures did
C. when the lack of safety measures did
D. then did the lack of safety measures
11. ——— Mary Ann Shadd famous for helping
escaped slaves, she was also the first African
Canada woman to establish a newspaper.
A. Was only not B. Not only was
C. Was not only D. Not only
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 81
Section Articles Different uses of A Ges An
16 Awbw`©ó †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i bv‡gi c~‡e© A ev An e‡m|
†hgb: I saw a man on the street. An old lady
A, An Ges The-†K Bs‡iwR‡Z Article e‡j| Parts of speech
wnmv‡e Giv Adjective-Gi b¨vq KvR K‡i e‡j G‡`i‡K came to our house yesterday.
Adjective ejv nq|
Article `yB cÖKvi| h_v- i) Definite Article; ii) Indefinite Article †Kv‡bv GKK ev BDwbU eySv‡Z A ev An e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb: An ounce is enough. He is a seven years old boy.
The-†K Definite article ejv nq| †Kv‡bv wKQ‡y K wbw`©ó
K‡i eySv‡Z Definite article e¨eüZ nq| I say my prayers five times a day. Fifty miles is a
†hgb: The book is on the table. long distance.
The man who came here is my friend. ÔH iƒ‡c GKRbÕ eSy v‡Z Proper Noun-Gi c~‡e© A ev An e‡m|
H †¶‡Î Proper Noun-Common Noun wnmv‡e MY¨ nq|
A I an-†K Indefinite article ejv nq| †Kv‡bv wKQ‡y K †hgb: He thinks he is a Rabindranath. A Daniel
mvaviYfv‡e ev Awbw`©ófv‡e eySv‡Z Indefinite article e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb: A tiger lives in a forest. has come to Judgement.
You are a Nazrul, I see. He seems to be a
An ox is running on a road. Bangladeshi.
Usage of Articles AcwiwPZ e¨w³i bvg ev c`wei c‡~ e© A ev An e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb: A Mr. Hashem came to our house
mvaviYZ wbqg Abhy vqx Common Noun- Singular
number-Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m| †hgb: yesterday. A Faruk called on you. An Iqbal came
here to tell the news.
I see a boy, or, I see the boy.
N.B: A ev An ev` w`‡q Faruk, Mr. Hashem I Iqbal
mvaviYZ Common Noun hw` Plural number nq, Z‡e ej‡j eySv‡bv n‡e †h e³v Zv‡`i cwiwPZ e¨w³|
Zvi c‡~ e© The e‡m bv| wKš‘ wbw`©ófv‡e eSy v‡j Common mgRvZxq wKQy eSy v‡Z Common noun-Gi c~‡e© A ev An e‡m|
Noun-Plural number-Gi c‡~ e© the e‡m| †hgb: Birds of a feather flock together. They are
†hgb: Boys are fond of sweets. GLv‡b boys-†K In sailing in a same boat.
general ev mvaviYfv‡e eSy v‡bv n‡q‡Q|
The boys of class ten are fond of sweets. GLv‡b Kv‡iv †ckv ev e¨emv eSy v‡Z A ev An e¨eüZ nq|
boys-†K wbw`©ó K‡i eSy v‡bv n‡q‡Q| †hgb: He is a business man. Mr. Khan is an engineer.
Score, Dozen, hundred. thousand, million BZ¨vw` word-
mvaviYZ A Ges An-Gi e¨envi sound Øviv wba©vwiZ nq| ¸‡jvi c~‡e© a e‡m|
†Kv‡bv Word-Gi c_Ö ‡g Consonant sound _vK‡j Zvi †hgb: There are a thousand people in the street.
c~‡e© a e‡m Ges †Kv‡bv Word-Gi c_Ö ‡g Vowel sound
_vK‡j Zvi c‡~ e© an e‡m| At least a million people were affected by the tornado.
Here are a dozen of bananas. A hundred boys
A An came out from school.
a book a mango an ass an elephant each ev per (cwÖ Z) A‡_© A ev An e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb: He earns one thousand take a month. (a
a chair a woman an apple an inkpot
month = per / each month)
a horse a tree an ox an ice-cream He drives the car at 50 miles an hour. (an hour =
per / each hour)
a camera a table an eye an idiot
mvgwMÖKfv‡e RvwZ eySv‡Z singular common noun-Gi
a pencil a watch an orange an umbrella c~‡e© a, an ev the e‡m|
†hgb: A cow is a domestic animal. (a cow = all cows)
A Ges An-Gi e¨envi
The cow is a domestic animal. (the cow = all cows)
D”Pvi‡Yi w`K †_‡K: †Kv‡bv Vowel-Gi D”PviY we‡kl K‡i An elephant is a wild animal. (an elephant = all elephants)
u, Eu, Ew-Gi D”PviY ÔBDÕ-Gi b¨vq n‡j Dnvi c~‡e© An- The elephant is a wild animal. (the elephant = all elephants)
Gi cwie‡Z© A e‡m| Abiy ƒcfv‡e O-Gi D”PviY ÔIqvÕi b¨vq
D”PvwiZ n‡j Dnvi c~‡e©I An-Gi cwie‡Z© A e‡m| What w`‡q Exclamatory sentence ïiæ n‡j what-Gi
†hgb: A ewe, a European, a union, a uniform, a c‡i a ev an e‡m|
†hgb: What a pity! What a pretty girl she is! What
university, a useful book, a one-eyed man, a one-
a nice bird it is!
taka, a one-act drama, a unique position. What an awful remark! What a nice flower it is!
†Kv‡bv Consonant-Gi D”PviY Aby”PvwiZ _vK‡j ev †Kv‡bv Consonant Superlative degree-i †¶‡Î e¨eüZ ‘most’ word-wU Øviv
D”Pvi‡Y hw` Vowel sound G‡m c‡o, we‡kl K‡i Abbreviation hLb ‘very’ ev Lye †ewk eySvq, ZLb the-Gi cwie‡Z© a e‡m|
†hgb: He saw a most wonderful sight. (a most = very)
D”Pvi‡Yi †¶‡Î, Zv n‡j †m †¶‡Î A-Gi cwie‡Z© An e‡m|
†hgb: an hour, an heir, an honest man, an honorable This is a most interesting story. (a most = very)
man, an MA. an M.Ed. an M.B.A. an S.D.O, An M.L.A, Few, little, lot of, good deal, good many, great
an M.P.A, an M.R.C.P, an F.R.C.S, an X-ray BZ¨vw`| many BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© article ‘a’ e‡m|
†hgb: There are a few books on the table.
NB: H-Gi ÔnÕ D”PviY n‡j Dnvi c‡~ e© a e‡m| †hgb: a
house, a hospital. wKš‘ Hotel Ges Historian-Gi c‡~ e© There is a little honey in the bottle.
a wKsev an †h †Kv‡bvwU e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| He has a lot of money.
†hgb: A hotel, a historian, an hotel, an historian. He lived here for a great many years.
A good many people witness the football match.
82 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Singular common Noun-Gi c~‡e© quite, many, mgMÖ RvwZ eSy v‡Z Singular Common Noun-Gi c‡~ e©
such, but, merely, rather, not BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ n‡j HB the e‡m| Giƒc the †K generalizing the e‡j|
mKj Noun-Gi c‡~ e© a ev an e‡m| †hgb: The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.
†hgb: Mr. Alamin is rather an honest man. The cow is a useful animal. The dog is a faithful animal.
Rita is a girl. NB: mgMÖ RvwZ eSy v‡Z man Ges woman-Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv article
He is not such a boy as I expected. e‡m bv| †hgb: Man is mortal. Woman is man’s mate.
You are merely a child. †Kv‡bv Non-count Noun †K wbw`©ó K‡i eSy v‡j Zvi c~‡e© ‘the’ e‡m|
Not a single man was present in the meeting. †hgb: The gold in this ring is very bright. The
Quite a number of boys did well in the examination.
water of this tank is clean.
Many a man could do this work.
The wisdom of Iswarchandra made him familiar
Abstract Noun hLb Common Noun iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq
ZLb Zvi c~‡e© a ev an e‡m| as Vidyasagar. The rice of Dinajpur is fine.
†hgb: The Tajmahal is a beauty.
AwØZxq e¯‘i bv‡gi c~‡e© ‘The’ e‡m| wK¤^v cÖK…wZ‡Z hv GKwU
He is a justice of the peace. gvÎ Av‡Q, Zvi bv‡gi c‡~ e© ‘the’ e‡m|
†hgb: The earth moves round the sun. The sky is blue.
GKvwaK Adjective GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡j c_Ö g
Look at the moon. The sun shines by day.
Adjective-Gi c‡~ e© a ev an e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb: He has a nice and costly pen. †Kv‡bv RvwZ ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi bv‡gi Av‡M ‘the’ e‡m|
I have a nice and speedy car. †hgb: The English are industrious. The French
He is a smart and intelligent boy. are a brave nation.
wKš‘ GKvwaK Adjective c_„ K c_„ K e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYx‡K The Bangladeshis are good fighters.
c_„ Kfv‡e wb‡`©k Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki c‡~ e© a ev an e‡m| †h †Kv‡bv Road-Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
†hgb: He has a red and a blue car. I have bought †hgb: The bus is running on the Grand-Trunk Road.
a Japanese and a Chinese watch. wKš‘ Street ev Avenue-Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv|
wbgœwjwLZ phrase-Gi †¶‡Î mvaviYZ a ev an e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: The book is bought from college street.
†hgb: The Sony T.V. is available in s shop on Central Avenue.
In a hurry I am in a hurry My uncle lives in Rankin Street.
A good many I saw a good many boys there
†h mKj Noun Øviv †ckv ev ew„ Ë eySvq, Zv‡`i c~‡e© the e‡m|
Take an interest They take an interest in this matter
In a body They went there in a body †hgb: Mr. Zaman joined the Bar. Mr. Tom joined the Church.
Turn over a new leaf After the death of his father he turned My brother joined the Army.
over a new leaf †KD †Kv‡bv ev`¨hš¿ evRv‡”Q Giƒc A‡_© H ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
In a nut-shell Tell the story in a nut-shell i) †hgb: He plays the flute. My uncle plays the violin.
In a fix She is now in a fix what to do ev`¨hš¿ Av‡Q Giƒc A‡_© H ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© a ev an e‡m|
Cut a sorry figure The boy has cut a sorry figure in the
examination †hgb: He has a flute. My uncle has a violin.
As a matter of fact He looks clever but as a matter of fact, he ii) Avevi †KD †Kv‡bv ev`¨hš¿ evRv‡”Q G A‡_© Play on GB Group
At a glance is a fool
verb-wU e¨eüZ n‡j Dnvi c~‡e© ‘the’ e¨eüZ nq bv|
He understands everything at a glance
All on a sudden She was angry and left the place all on a †hgb: He plays on flute. Mina plays on harmonium.
At a time sudden mvaviY wbqg Abmy v‡i Proper Noun-Gi c‡~ e© †Kv‡bv article e‡m
One cannot attend two places at a time
With a view to We should eat vegetables with a view to bv| wKš‘ ag©MÖš’, msev`cÎ, RvnvR, †Uªb, wegvb, gnvKvkhvb, weL¨vZ
getting vitamins AÆvwjKv, b`x, mvMi, gnvmvMi, DcmvMi, ce©Zgvjv, ØxccÄy ,
giæfw~ g, FZz, ZvwiL, w`K BZ¨vw`i bv‡gi c‡~ e© ‘the’ e‡m| †hgb:
Usage of The ag©MÖ‡ši’ bvg: The Quran, The Bible
msev`c‡Îi bvg: The Bangladesh Observer, The Ittefaq
wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘ eSy v‡Z Singular and Plural Rvnv‡Ri bvg: The Titanic, The M.V Akbar
Common Noun-Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †Uª‡bi bvg: The Ulka, The Rajdhani Express
G‡iv‡cø‡bi bvg: The Bangladesh Biman, The Singapur Air lines
†hgb: The book is out of print. The boys are playing. weL¨vZ AÆvwjKvi bvg: The Tajmahal, The Empire
Look at the sky. I want the book of “Golden Treasury”
cwiwPZ †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev ¯’v‡bi bv‡gi c‡~ e© the e‡m|
†hgb: The Park is a beautiful place. The play ground
was wet. The chair was made of foam.
NB: GLv‡b Park, playground I chair cwiwPZ e¯‘‡K eSy vq e‡j State Building, The Word Trade Centre
G‡`i c‡~ e© the e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Giƒc the-†K ‘Familiar the’ ejv nq|
b`xi bvg: The Padma, The Jamuna, The Meghna.
†Kv‡bv Phrase ev Clause Øviv hw` †Kv‡bv Noun-†K
mvMi/DcmvM‡ii bvg: The red sea, The Arabian sea.
wbw`©ó Kiv nq, Zvn‡j H Noun-Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| The Bay of Bengal
†hgb: The boy in blue shirt is my friend. GB
Sentence-G in blue shirt-Phrase-wU Øviv boy †K gnvmvM‡ii bvg: The Atlantic
wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j boy- Noun-wUi c‡~ e© The e‡m‡Q| ce©Zgvjvi bvg: The Himalayas, The Alps, The Bindha
Abiy ƒcfv‡e, The boy who came here is my friend. GB Øxcc‡y Äi bvg: The Andamans, The west indies, The philipines
sentence-wU‡Z who came here yesterday GB clause-wU giæfw~ gi bvg: The Sahara, The Gobi
Øviv boy †K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j boy-Noun-wUi c~‡e© the e‡m‡Q| w`‡Ki bvg: The East, The North
NB: GKwU gvÎ ce©Z, Øxc, AšÍixc ev n«‡`i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv|
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 83
†Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi bv‡gi †fŠMwjK Zvrchc© ~Y© A_© _vK‡j Zvi c‡~ e© the e‡m| †Kv‡bv wKQyi we‡kl Ask eySv‡Z Adjective-Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
†hgb: I like the yellow of an egg. He entered the
†hgb: The Punjab is a land of five rivers.
thick of the forest.
The Decean is a great plateau.
KL‡bv KL‡bv Common Noun-Gi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective
mgwóevPK †`‡ki bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| wn‡m‡e the e‡m| GLv‡b ‘The’-†K Possessive ‘the' ejv nq|
†hgb: The U.S.A (The United States of America) He caught me by the arm. (the = my)
He struck me on the head. (the = my)
The U.K. (The United Kingdom) He pulled the cat by the tail. (the = its)
The teacher pulled the boy by the ear. (the = his)
cwiev‡ii cwiPq ÁvcK eûePb n‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|
Adjective hLb ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g Subject iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Dnvi
†hgb: The Mughals, The Pathans, The Khans, The Nawabs c‡~ e© ‘The’ e‡m Ges Zv Plural-Common Noun-Gi KvR K‡i|
†hgb: The poor are born to suffer. (The poor = poor people)
`ywU e¨w³, e¯‘ ev ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ ¸YMZ mv`„k¨ ev ˆemv`‡„ k¨i
Zjz bv eySv‡j, hvi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zvi c‡~ e© ‘the’ e‡m| The rich are not always happy. (The rich = rich men)
The virtuous are happy. (The virtuous = virtuous men)
†hgb: Rabindranath is the Shakespeare of India.
Abstract Noun hw` Common Noun iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq,
Narayangonj is the Dundee of Bangladesh. Zvn‡j Zvi c‡~ e© the e‡m|
†hgb: The kindness of Mohsin is known to all.
Ahmedabad is the Manchester of India.
The cruelty of Chengis Khan is beggars description.
Nazrul is the Shelley of Bangladesh.
Adjective-Gi Superlative degree -i c‡~ e© the e‡m|
†Kv‡bv Proper Noun hw` †Kv‡bv Adjective, Adjective phrase †hgb: Alamin is the best boy in the class. Rina is
ev clause Øviv we‡kwlZ nq, Zvn‡j Zvi c‡~ e© the e‡m| †hgb: the most beautiful girl.
1. The great Omar was a mighty ruler. (GLv‡b hZ ZZ eySv‡Z Comparative-Gi c~‡e© Adverb wnmv‡e the e‡m|
Adjective ‘great'-Noun ‘Omar’-†K we‡kwlZ K‡i‡Q) The sooner, the better. The more, the merrier.
The more we have, the more we want.
2. I am the Humayun Ahmed, who never stood
`y‡qi g‡a¨ Zjz bv eySv‡Z hw` two D‡jLø _v‡K Z‡e
second in the examinations. (GLv‡b Proper Noun Adjective-Gi Comparative Degree i c‡~ e© the e‡m|
‘Humayun Ahmed’-†K ‘who never stood second in †hgb: Rina is the better of the two girls. This is
the examinations GB Clause-wU Øviv we‡kwlZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|) the finer horse of the two.
Common Noun Ges Adjective hw` Abstract Noun- GKwU Singular Noun-Gi c‡~ e© `By ev Z‡ZvwaK
Gi b¨vq e¨eüZ nq, Zvn‡j Zvi c‡~ e© The e‡m| †hgb: Adjective _vK‡j Dnv‡`i c‡Ö Z¨KwUi c‡~ e© the e‡m| wKš‘
Noun-wU Plural n‡j ïay cÖ_gwUi c~‡e© the e‡m|
1. The mother rose in her at this tragic sight. (GLv‡b †hgb: The boy has won the first and the second prize.
mother Øviv motherly affection ev gvZZ… ¡ eSy vq Ges Bnv The boys have won the first and second prizes.
Abstract Noun wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|) Proper Noun-Gi c~‡e© Adjective _vK‡j D³
Adjective-Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
2. Education could not remove the beast in him. †hgb: The great Omar was the second Caliph of Islam.
(GLv‡b beast kãwU Øviv beastly propensity ev cïZ¡‡K I want to go to the national park yesterday.
eSy vq Ges Bnv Abstract noun wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|) GKB Sentence-G e¨eüZ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Noun ev
Adjective Øviv hw` wfbœ wfbœ e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYx‡K eSy vq,
3. Do not keep him in the dark. (GLv‡b dark Zvn‡j Hiƒc †¶‡Î cwÖ ZwU Noun ev Adjective-Gi c‡~ e©
Adjective-wU Øviv darkness A_© cKÖ vk cvq Ges BnvI article e‡m Ges verb-Gi Plural Number nq|
†hgb: The Headmaster and the Secretary are
Abstract Noun wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|)
coming. (two different persons)
Morning, noon, afternoon, night, evening cfÖ „wZ He had a clever and a black cat. (two different cats)
Give me a red and a blue pencil. (two different pencils)
Noun-Gi Av‡M in e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡`i c‡~ e© the e‡m| wKš‘
hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Noun ev Adjective GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K
in-Gi ¯’‡j at e¨eüZ n‡j †m‡¶‡Î ‘the’ e‡m bv| eySvq, ZLb †Kej cÖ_g Noun ev Adjective-Gi c~‡e© Article
e‡m| G‡¶‡Î Verb-Gi Singular Number nq|
†hgb: The sun rises at morning. Or, The sun rises †hgb: The Headmaster and secretary is coming.
(GKB e¨w³, whwb †nWgv÷vi wZwbB †m‡µUvwi)
in the morning.
He had a clever and black cat. (one cat)
Tomorrow I will have to start my work at evening. Give me a red and blue pencil. (one pencil)
Or, Tomorrow I will have to start my work in the evening.
He came at night. or, He came in the night.
†Kv‡bv Abstract quality ev ¸YMZ Av`k© eSy v‡Z
Adjective-Gi c‡~ e© the e‡m|
†hgb: We respect the honest. People love the brave.
†Kv‡bv ZvwiL Ges HwZnvwmK NUbvi c‡~ e© the e‡m|
†hgb: My father will come on the 10th instant.
I was born on the 9th September, 1974
Babar won the battle of Panipath
Sher-Shah defeated Humayun in the battle of Chousha.
84 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Omission of Articles †Ljvi ev Lvevi msµvšÍ bv‡gi c~‡e© article e‡m bv|
mvaviYZ wbgœwjwLZ †¶‡Î Article e‡m bv:
Proper Noun-Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ article e‡m bv| †hgb: †hgb: We like to play football, cricket, hockey,
Delhi is the capital of India. Newton is a great tennis and badminton.
scientist. Tumpa is a beautiful girl.
We have dinner breakfast as usual.
N.B: wKš‘ Proper Noun hw` Common Noun wnmv‡e
e¨eüZ nq, †m‡¶‡Î Dnvi c~‡e© article e‡m| evi, gvm, FZ,z Drme I fvlvi bv‡gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ article e‡m bv|
†hgb: A Newton can not be a Milton. An Omar is
†hgb: He will come on Friday. I will start a business next Sunday.
not born at every age.
He speaks English well. Winter is the best time for picnic.
Material Noun-Gi c‡~ e© mvaviYZ article e‡m bv|
†hgb: Coal is black but very useful to us. Cotton The first time I went to Darjeeling was summer.
grows in India Egypt and America. King ev Queen-Gi m‡½ Zv‡u `i bvg ev c`ex Noun in
Gold is a precious metal but Iron and steel are
useful metals. apposition wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j Zvi c‡~ e© article e‡m bv|
NB: wKš‘ we‡klfv‡e wbw`©ó K‡i eSy v‡j Material Noun-Gi †hgb: King George-V, was once the emperor of India.
c~‡e© the e‡m|
†hgb: The water of this tank is pure. The gold of Mr. Sen, Principal of our College, is a well-known figure.
Australia is pure. Transitive verb-Gi Complement-Gi c‡~ e© article e‡m bv|
Abstract Noun-Gi c‡~ e©I †Kv‡bv article e‡m bv| †hgb: They made him President. He was elected
†hgb: Health is wealth. Honesty is the best policy.
Chairman of the Board.
Kindness is a great virtue.
Mr. Sen became Principal of the College.
NB: wKš‘ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i we‡kl ¸Y‡K wbw`©ó K‡i eSy v‡j Zvi
c~‡e© the e‡m| Dc‡iv³ Sentence-¸‡jv‡Z President, Chairman,
†hgb: The kindness of Mohsin is known to all.
Principal-verb-Gi complement wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q
The truthfulness of the great prophet is praiseworthy.
Ges G‡`i c‡~ e© †Kv‡bv article e¨eüZ nq wb|
ckÖ œ‡evaK ev‡K¨ kind of, sort of, species of _vK‡j Gi
c‡~ e© article e‡m bv| Preposition I Zvi Object wb‡q MwVZ wbgœwjwLZ
†hgb: What kind of flower is it? What species of
Phrase-¸‡jvi c‡~ e© Article e‡m bv|
mosquito is Anopheles?
What kind of man is he? What sort of fellow are you? At home, at dinner, at ease, at dawn, at day-break, at
NB: wKš‘ Assertive sentence-Gi †¶‡Î G‡`i c~‡e© Article e‡m| sunrise, at sun-set, at noon, at night, by day, by night,
†hgb: Malaria is caused by a species of mosquito.
by name, by land, by water, by river, by air, by boat, by
The rose is a kind of flower.
bus, by train, by steamer, by ship, on foot, under
†jL‡Ki bv‡gi Øviv eB eSy v‡j A_ev eB‡qi bv‡gi Av‡M
†jL‡Ki bvg _vK‡j Zvi Av‡M the e‡m bv| ground, above ground, from hand to mouth etc.
†hgb: Homer’s Illiad is a great epic. Shakespeare’s
†hgb: The old man lives from hand to mouth. I
Hamlet is a famous tragedy.
Valmiki’s Ramayan is a sacred book for the Hindus. went home on foot.
mswkóø D‡Ï‡k¨ hvIqv eySv‡Z school, college, Church, I feel quite at home here. He went out at dawn.
bed, hospital, market, prison BZ¨vw` ¯’vb¸‡jvi c‡~ e©
article e‡m bv| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ hvIqv eSy v‡Z G My father went to Chittagong by train.
mKj ¯’v‡bi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb:
Exercise
We go to school / college. (to learn)
Someone goes to church. (to pray) Fill in the blanks with appropriate ‘article’.
Someone goes to bed. (to sleep) 1. He saw —— most wonderful sight.
Someone goes to market. (to sell or buy) 2. Check —— beast in you.
Someone goes to prison. (as a punishment) 3. Ceylon is —— island.
4. —— Caspian is —— largest lake in the world.
Dc‡ii¸‡jv mswkøó D‡Ï‡k¨ hvIqv eSy vq| 5. Dhaka is —— London of Bangladesh.
5. Dhaka is —— London of Bangladesh.
I went to the school to see the Headmaster 5. Dhaka is —— London of Bangladesh.
He went to the hospital to see his uncle. 7. Do not make —— noise.
We went to the Eastern plaza to have a look of it. 8. Do not out for —— walk.
The other day pope visited the Church. 9. Does he not drive —— car?
10. Draw —— picture of —— owl.
Dc‡ii¸‡jv we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ hvIqv eSy vq| 11. Every house flies —— National flag on —— victory day.
12. Everest is —— highest mountain in the world.
13. Every age does not produce --- Akbar.
14. —— English are hard working.
15. —— English are —— industrious Nation.
16. —— earth moves round the sun.
17. —— earlier, —— better.
18. Give me —— one-taka note.
19. The Tajmahal is —— beauty.
20. Gold is —— precious metal.
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 85
21. God helps —— weak. 76. She ate —— apple.
22. He is —— S.S.C. candidate. 77. She reads —— Bangladesh observer.
23. Mr. Rashed is —— heir to his father’s property. 78. She is —— innocent girl.
24. We respect —— honest. 79. —— Shahnama is a great epic.
25. Mr. Zaman is —— unpopular man. 80. —— sooner you come, —— better it is for us.
26. Nazrul is —— Shelley of our country. 81. Soon —— game came to —— end.
27. He seems to be —— idiot. 82. He pulled —— cat by – tail.
28. —— Hindus read —— Ramayan. 83. This is —— usage of our locality.
29. He is —— D.C. 84. This is not —— easy task.
30. Doctor Shahidullah was —— man of letters. 85. He gave them —— good breakfast.
31. My father is —— Ph. D. 86. This is —— wonderful picture.
32. He is —— captain of our class. 87. This is —— slip of —— tongue.
34. He struck me on —— head. 88. This is —— latest news.
33. Zaman is —— best player in —— team. 89. He reads —— book.
35. He bought —— X-ray machine. 90. —— girl in blue Sari is my sister.
36. I will return home on —— 31st July. 91. He is —— L.L.B.
37. Ahmedabad is —— Manchester of India. 92. He was —— uncommon personality
38. They have taken —— interest in this matter. 93. This is —— unique case.
39. He struck me in —— face. 94. He spent —— hour with us.
40. —— honesty of the boy pleased all. 95. I went our for —— walk.
41. Honesty is —— great virtue. 96. I caught him by —— hand.
42. I have —— few friends here. 97. The game came to —— end.
43. I have —— urgent piece of business. 98. —— men of this village are poor.
44. I do not like —— idle man. 99. He is —— honest man.
45. —— ass is —— beast of burden. 100. This is —— book I gave you.
46. I met him —— year ago.
47. I bought —— dozen of oranges. Answer Key:
48. It cost me ten taka and —— half.
49. It is —— hopeless case. 1. a 26.the 51.a 76.an
50. It is —— fact.
51. Italy is —— European country. 2. the 27.an 52.an 77.the
52. Iqbal was —— eminent poet.
53. Is he driving —— car? 3. an 28.The, the 53.a 78.an
54. —— idle man cannot prosper in life.
55. I shall start on —— 10th June. 4.The, the 29.a 54.An 79.The
56. I have —— bad headache.
57. Let us have —— walk now. 5.the 30.a 55.the 80.The, the
58. Let me have —— cup of tea.
59. Let us make —— united effort. 6.a 31.a 56.a 81.the, an
60. Let us meet in —— park.
61. Kindness is —— great virtue. 7.a 32.the 57.a 82.the, the
62. —— lion is —— beast of prey.
63. Mr. Ahmed is —— M.P. 8.a 33.the, the 58.a 83.a
64. Mr. Salam left for —— U.K.
65. My brother is —— engineer. 9.a 34.the 59.a 84.an
66. Mecca is —— holiest place of —— Muslims.
67. —— Meghna falls into —— Bay of Bengal. 10.the, an 35.an 60.the 85.a
68. —— moon is up.
69. —— more you read, —— more you will learn. 11.The, the 36.the 61.a 86.a
70. —— more he gets, —— more he wants.
71. Of —— two things buy —— less costly one. 12.the 37. The 62.The, a 87.a, the
72. —— orange is a good fruit.
73. Don’t keep him in —— dark. 13.an 38.an 63.an 88. The
74. —— rich should not hate —— poor.
75. —— rice of Barisal is fine. 14.The 39.the 64.the 89.a
15.The, an 40.The 65.an 90. The
16. The 41.a 66.the, the 91.an
17. The, the 42.a 67.The, the 92. An
18. A 43.an 68.The 93.a
19. A 44.an 69.The, the 94.an
20.a 45.The, An 70.The, the 95.a
21.the 46.a 71.the, the 96.the
22.an 47.a 72.An 97.an
23.an 48.a 73.the 98.The
24.the 49.a 74.The, the 99.an
25.an 50.a 75.The 100.the
86 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Section Voice 3. The passive form of the sentence: Some children
were helping the wounded man. 20th BCS
17 A. The wounded man was helped by some children.
B. The wounded man was helping some children.
Passive Structures of Tenses: C. The wounded man was being helped by some children.
Tense-Gi Structure-¸‡jvB n‡”Q Active Voice-Gi D. The wounded man was to be helped by some children.C
Structure, Voice Ki‡Z Tense Structure-Gi wecixZ
Passive Structure-¸‡jv me mgq gLy ¯’ ivL‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b e¨vL¨v: cÖ_g sentence-wU past continuous tense; ZvB Gi mwVK
Common Structure-¸‡jv D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv: passive n‡jv ÔCÕ| wØZxq sentence-wU present indefinite tense-Gi
negative| ZvB present Indefinite-Gi passive structure-Gi mv‡_
Tense Active Structure Passive Structure not h³y KivB h‡_ó| †Zgwbfv‡e interrogative n‡j passive structure-
Gi auxiliary-wU subject-Gi Av‡M Avb‡Z n‡e| ZZ… xq sentence-wUI
1. Present s + v + o s + am/is/are + vpp (+ by + o) past continuous nIqvq mwVK DËi ÔCÕ|
Indefinite I eat rice. Rice is eaten by me.
Modals Gi Passive
2. Present s + m/is/are + v-ing + o s + am/is/are + being + vpp Rule-1: Modals Gi Passive: Shall, Should, will, would,
Continuous I am eating rice. Rice is being eaten by me. may, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to, have to,
has to, due to, owing to, knowing to, like to, prefer to,
3. Present s + have/has + vpp + o s + have been / has been + vpp
forward to, is to, am to, are to, h³y Active Voice-†K
perfect I have eaten rice. Rice has been eaten by me. Passive Voice-G cwieZ©b Kivi mgq G‡`i c‡i be e‡m Ges Zvi
c‡iB g~j Verb wUi Past Participle form e‡m| A_v©r,
4. Past s + v-past + o s + was/were+ vpp
Indefinite I ate rice. Rice was eaten by me. (i) Object wU Subject nq +
(ii) c`Ö Ë Verb wU e‡m +
5. Past s + was/were + v-ing + o s + was/were + being + vpp (iii) Be e‡m +
(iv)gj~ Verb Gi past participle form e‡m +
continuous I was eating rice. Rice was being eaten by me. (v) By e‡m +
(vi)Subject wUi Objective form e‡m|
6. Past s + had + vpp + o s + had been + vpp + o
perfect I had eaten rice. Rice had been eaten by me. Example: A lion may be helped even by a little mouse.
(a) A little mouse may even help a lion
7. Future s + shall/will + v + o s+ shall be / will be + vpp + o (b) Even a little mouse may help a lion
Indefinite I shall eat rice. Rice will be eaten by me. (c) A little mouse can even help a lion
(d) Even a little mouse ought to help a lion
8. Future s + shall be / will be + s+ shall be / will be being +
e¨vL¨v: cÖ`Ë evK¨wU passive voice-G Av‡Q| Passive ev‡K¨ may
continuous v-ing + o vpp + o be + V3 _v‡K, active ev‡K¨ may + V1 e‡m| Passive ev‡K¨
'even a little mouse-Gi cv‡k emvq Active ev‡K¨I 'even' kãwU
9. Future s + shall have / will s + shall have / will have been 'a little mouse'-Gi cv‡k em‡e| ZvB (L)-B mwVK DËi|
perfect have + vpp + o + vpp + o
Imperative Sentence
Assertive Sentence
Rule-1: ïagy vÎ gj~ Verb w`‡q Sentence ïiæ n‡j Active
Rule-1: mKj cKÖ vi Tense hy³ Active Voice- †K Passive Verb-†K Passive Voice-G iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi wbqg:
Voice- G iƒcvš‡Í ii wbqg: (i) c_Ö ‡g Let e‡m +
(ii) Object-wUi Subjective form e‡m +
(i) Object wU Subject nq + (iii) Be e‡m +
(iv)g~j Verb Gi past participle form e‡m +
(ii) Tense I Person Abyhvqx auxiliary verb (be verb) e‡m +
Example:
(iii) gj~ Verb Gi past participle form e‡m + Active: Do the work.
Passive: let the work be done.
(iv) By e‡m +
Rule-2: Do not w`‡q Sentence ïiæ n‡j Imperative
(v) Subject wUi Objective form e‡m| Sentence-Gi Active Voice †_‡K Passive Voice Kivi wbqg:
Example: I know him. (i) c_Ö ‡g Let not e‡m +
(ii) Object-wUi Subjective form e‡m +
(a) He known by me (iii) Be e‡m +
(iv)gj~ Verb Gi past participle form e‡m|
(b) He was known to me
ExampleB:. Idle people are not like us.
(c) He has been known by me Active: Do not hate the poor.
Passive: let not the poor be hated.
(d) He is known to me
e¨vL¨v: l know him evK¨wU Active voice, hvi tense n‡”Q
Present indefinite indefinite tense Gi passive ev‡K¨
auxiliary verb wn‡m‡e ar/i/are e‡m Ges g~j verb-Gi ci by
em‡jI know-Gi cwie‡Z© to e‡m| ZvB (N)-B mwVK DËi|
Example:
1. The correct passive of ‘Sheila was writing a letter’ is:
A. A letter was writing by Sheila.
B. A letter was being writing by Sheila.
C. A letter was being written by Shelila.
D. A letterwas been written by Sheila. C
2. The best passive form of the sentence: We don’t
like idle people. 17th BCS
A. We are not liked by idle people.
C. Idle people are not liked by us.
D. Idle people are not of our liking. C
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 87
Rule-3: Let + e¨w³evPK Object (me, us, you, them, him, Example:
her) hy³ Imperative Sentence-Gi Active Voice †_‡K
Passive Voice-G iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi wbqg: Active: Whom did you see on the road?
(i) c_Ö ‡g Let not e‡m + Passive: Who was seen by you on the road?
(ii) Object-wUi Subjective form e‡m +
(iii) Be e‡m + Rule-4: What h³y Interrogative Sentence-Gi Active
(iv)g~j Verb Gi past participle form e‡m + by e‡m +
(v) Subject wUi Objective form e‡m| voice-†K Passive voice-G cwiYZ Kivi wbqgt
(vi)c`Ö Ë e¨w³evPK object wU e‡m|
(i) What cÖ_‡g e‡m +
Example:
Active: Let him write a letter. (ii) Tense Abyhvqx auxiliary verb (be verb) e‡m +
Passive: Let a letter be written by you.
Rule-4: Never Imperative Sentence Passive (iii) gj~ Verb Gi past participle form e‡m +
(i) c_Ö ‡g Let not e‡m + (iv)by e‡m +
(ii) Object-wUi Subjective form e‡m +
(iii) Ever be e‡m + (v) Subject wUi Objective form e‡m +
(iv)gj~ Verb-Gi Past Participle form e‡m|
(vi)ckÖ œ‡evaK wPý e‡m|
Example:
Active: Never hate the poor. Example:
Passive: let not the poor ever be hated.
Active: What do you want?
Interrogative Sentence
Rule-1: Interrogative Sentence-Gi Active voice-†K Passive: What is done by you?
Passive voice-G cwieZ©b Kivi wbqgt
Special rules for Voice change
(i) c_Ö ‡g Interrogative Sentence-wU‡K Assertive Rule-1: Passive-Gi †¶‡Î me mgq by e‡m bv; eis by-Gi
Sentence-G iƒcvšwÍ iZ Ki‡Z nq +
cwie‡Z© Ab¨vb¨ Preposition †hgb to, at, with, in BZ¨vw`
(ii) iƒcvšwÍ iZ Assertive Sentence-wU‡K Active †_‡K
Passive voice-G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq + em‡Z cv‡i| mvaviY Verb †f‡` wewfbœ preposition e‡m|
(iii) Gevi iƒcvšÍwiZ Sentence wUi Passive voice-Gi verbs by-Gi cwie‡Z© e‡m
be verb wU‡K cÖ_‡g emv‡Z nq +
know to
(iv)†k‡l cÖkœ‡evaK wPý emv‡Z nq|
annoy with
Example:
Active (Interrogative): Have You done the work? surprise at
Assertive Sentence: You have done the work.
Passive (Assertive Sentence): The work has been done by you. satisfy with
Passive (Interrogative): Has the work been done by you?
contain in
Rule-2: Who h³y Interrogative Sentence-Gi Active
voice-†K Passive voice-G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg: shock at
(i) Who Gi cwie‡Z© cÖ_‡g by whom e‡m + seize with
(ii) Tense I person Abhy vqx auxiliary verb (be verb) e‡m +
(iii) Object-wUi Subjective form e‡m + marvel at
(iv)gj~ Verb Gi past participle form e‡m|
(vi)ckÖ œ‡evaK wPý e‡m| embody in
Example: Active: I know him.
Active: who will do it?
Passive: By whom will it be done? Passive: He is known to me.
Rule-3: Whom hy³ Interrogative Sentence-Gi Active Active: The student satisfied the teacher.
voice-†K Passive voice-G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg:
Passive: The teacher was satisfied with the student.
(i) Whom Gi cwie‡Z© cÖ_‡g who e‡m +
(ii) Tense I person Abhy vqx auxiliary verb (be verb) e‡m + Active: The news will shock you.
(iii) gj~ Verb Gi past participle form e‡m +
(iv)by e‡m + Passive: You will be shocked at the news.
(v) Subject wUi Objective form e‡m +
(vi)ckÖ œ‡evaK wPý e‡m| Rule-2: active verb-Gi KZ©v hw` people, one, someone,
somebody BZ¨vw` mvaviY ev Awbw`©ó e¨w³ nq Zvn‡j passive
Kivi mgq Zv‡`i‡K by mn †jLv hv‡e bv|
People always remember the patriots.
Which of the following is the best passive form of
the above sentence?
A. The patriots will always be remembered by people.
B. The patriots are always being remembered.
C. People are always remembered by the patriots.
D. The patriots are always remembered.
Rule-3: sentence-G wµqvi KZ©v †`Iqv bv _vK‡j Passive †_‡K
Active Kivi mgq GKwU myweavRbK KZ©v †hgb: someone,
somebody, people, the authority BZ¨vw` a‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
Passive: English is spoken all over the world.
Active: People speak English all over the world.
Passive: My pen has been stolen
Active: Someone has stolen my pen
Passive: A promise should be kept.
Active: One should keep one’s promise.
G sentence-wU D‡ëvfv‡e Avm‡Z cv‡i Gfv‡e:
One should keep one’s promise. Choose the
correct passive form- PSC: 2005
A. One’s promise should be kept by him.
B. A promise should be kept.
C. One’s promise should be kept by one.
D. One’s promise should be kept by himself.
88 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Rule-4: voice hw` right forms of verb AvKv‡i Av‡m Zvn‡j verb- Exercise: (Voice Change)
wU active bv passive n‡e †m m¤^‡Ü †kLvi Av‡M `ywU welq Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| 1. The correct passive form of ‘We don’t like idle people’ is
A. We are not liked by Idle people
Agent: wµqvi KZ©v ev Kvh©m¤úv`bKvix‡K Agent ejv nq| B. Idle people are not liked us
C. Idle people are not of our liking
Subject: sentence-G hvi m¤^‡Ü ejv nq Zv‡K Subject e‡j| D. Idle people are not liked by us
GUv mvaviYZ sentence-Gi ïiæ‡Z _v‡K| AvcvZ `w„ ó‡Z welq `wy U 2. Choose the correct passive voice. ‘All of his
friends laughed at him?
GKB g‡b n‡jI `‡y qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| bx‡Pi sentence `ywU A. He laughed at all of his friends
B. He was laughed at by all of his friend
study Kiv hvK: I eat rice, Rice is eaten by me. C. All his friends had laughed at him
1g sentence-G wµqvi KZ©v ev Agent n‡”Q I Ges GKB mv‡_ D. All his friends were laughed at by him
3. The passive of “Who taught you French” is -
sentence-Gi subject-I 'I'| wKš‘ 2q sentence-G Rice
A. By whom you were taught French
sentence-Gi subject n‡jI eaten verb-Gi agent rice bq, KviY B. By whom French was taught you?
C. French was taught you by whom?
Rice KLbI wb‡R Lvq bv eis Avwg LvB| mZy ivs 1g sentence-G I =
D. By whom were you taught French?
sub+ agent wKš‘ 2q sentence-G Rice = sub, me = agent. 4. Which one is the correct voice of “Who will help you
Rule-5: A. By whom will you be helped?
B. By whom will you be helped?
Passive Magic: Agent hw` sentence-Gi subject-G C. Who will be helped by you?
D‡jLø bv _v‡K Zvn‡j verb-wU passive n‡e| wecixZ c‡¶ D. By who you will be helped?
5. The news will please you. Change the voice:
Agent hw` subject-G D‡jLø _v‡K Zvn‡j Active voice n‡e|
A. You will be pleased by the news
Example: B You will be pleased with the news
C. You may be pleased by the news
1. Choose the right form of verbs in the bracket. All
D. You shall be pleased by this news
the books (to sell) yesterday. (SC: 2004) 6. Passive form of “Who taught you English?”
A. All the books were sold yesterday A. By whom you were taught English?
B. By whom English was taught to you?
B. All the books had been sold yesterday C. English was taught to you by whom?
C. All the books sold yesterday D. By whom were you taught English?
7. Correct passive form of -‘I have to do it’
D. yesterday sold all the books
A. It has to be done by me
e¨vL¨v: Sell A_© wewµ Kiv| †K wewµ K‡i? we‡µZv ev †`vKvb`vi B. It is to be done by me.
whwb GLv‡b Agent| Avi Agent †h‡nZz subject-G D‡jøL †bB C. Let it be done by me.
D. It has to be done to me.
ZvB sentence-wU Passive n‡e| yesterday _vKvq Past 8. “Who broke the pencil?” What is the passive form?
A. By whom the pencil broken?
indefinite-Gi passive Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB DËi n‡e A| B. By whom was the pencil broken?
2. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence. C. The pencil was broken by whom?
A new house –– at the corner of the road. (PSC:03) D. Who was broken the pencil?
9. “Has Moni finished her work?” The passive form
A. been built B. is being built of this sentence is-
A. Moni her work finished by Moni?
C. is building D. building
B. Moni has finished her work?
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b Verb build ˆZwi Kiv, †K ˆZwi K‡i? gvbly C. Has her work been finished by Moni?
D. Her work has been finished by Moni
agent, hv subject-G D‡jLø †bB| mZy ivs Zv passive 10. The active form of ‘Why wasn’t the matter
brought to my notice’?
n‡e| GLv‡b passive structure wn‡m‡e ÔBÕ MÖnY‡hvM¨| A. Why didn’t you bring the matter to my notice?
B. Why you did not bring the matter to my notice’?
Rule-6: Need, did, dare, make, hear, feel, let, know, C. Why don’t you b: i, ;g the matter to my notice?
D. Why is the matter not brought to my no:
behold, watch cfÖ „wZ verb ¸‡jvi ci Active voice-G to
Dn¨ _v‡K| Z‡e, passive Kivi mgq Bnv‡`I c‡i to e‡m| Z‡e,
Let-G verbwUi passive-G to e‡m bv|
Rule-7: Causative HAVE/GET Gi e¨envi
Active: Sub + have (any tense) + complement /
object (usually Person) + verb in simple form.
Passive: Sub + get (any tense) + complement /
object (usually thing) + verb in past participle.
Rule-8: All time Passive
1. Give the correct passive form of 'My teacher
embodies all the good qualities'.
A. All the good qualities are embodied by my teacher.
B. All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher.
C. All the good qualities are embodied to my teacher.
D. All the good qualities are embodied on my teacher.
2. The first bridge–built–probably a wooden bridge.
A. ever being, had B. that stands, is
C. that was, was D. had fallen, was
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 89
11. The passive form of the sentence, ‘The trainer 21. The passive form of sentence ‘Tell him to go’-
walked the horse after the race’ is: A. Let him be told to go
A. The horse walked after the race by the trainer B. Let his tell to be gone
B. The horse had walked after the race by the trainer
C. The horse was walked after the race by the trainer C. Let he be told to go
D. The horse had been walking after the race by the trainer. D. Let him told to go
22. Passive form of - ‘Lord knew what they cost?
12. Which one is the passive voice of “I helped him to do”? A. What they were cost was known to lord
A. He was helped to do by me. B. What they cost’s known to lord
B. He was done by any help C. What they are cost was known to lord
C. I helped him doing
D. He was helped by me. D. What they cost was known to lord
23. Change the voice of “Nobody knows him here”.
13. "It is time to shut up the shop”. The passive form is-
A. It is time to be shut up the shop A. He is known by nobody here
B. It is time to shut the shop up B. Nobody knows him here
C. It is time for the shop to be shut up.
D. It is time the shop he shut. C. He is not known here
14. How can you do this’.’” Make it passive D. He is known to nobody here
A. How could this he done by you? 24. "I saw the boy coming. Make the sentence passive”
B. How can this be done by you
C. How this can be done by you? A. The boy was seen by me coming
D. How can this has done by you? B. The boy was seen coming by mee
15. The passive voice of “He made us work” is- C. boy seen coming by the
A. We was made the work by him.
B. Work was made by him for us. D. I was seen by the boy coming
C. Work were made by him to us. 25. Correct passive of, “Who will do the work?”
D. We were made the work for him.
A. Who will done the work?
16. Who is doing the work? Passive is-
A. By whom is the work being done? B. Who will be done the work?
B. By whom is the work done? C. By whom will the work be clone?
C. By whom was the work being done’?
D. By whom the work is being done? D. By whom the work will be done?
26. Passive form of- ‘He tested the ability of the judg-
17. Passive form of, “Open tt.r window”
A. The window should be opened A. He tested the judge’s ability
B. The window must he opened B. The judge tested his ability
C. Let the window be opened b, you C. ability of the judge was tested by him
D. Let the window be opened.
D. The ability of the judge he tested.
18. He said, “Thanks my friends” — the indirect form is- 27. They are putting the horse in a stable” Correct
A. He thanks his friends
B. He thanked his friends passive form-
C. He told his friends thanks
D. lie said to his friends thanks A. The horse is put into a stable
B. The horse has been put into a stable
19. Passive form of the sentence “Never catch the Jatka”
A. Let the Jatka never be caught C. The horse will be put into a stable
B. Let not the Jatka ever be caught
C. Never the Jatka caught he you D. The horse is being put in a stable
D. The Jatka is caught by you. 28. Active form of’ it must have been stolen by him’
20. Passive form of-” Let us go, you and I” A. He must have stolen it.
A. Let's you and F, are gone B. He must have been stolen by it,
B. Let’s go then, should we?
C. Let you and I be gone C. It vas stolen by them. D. They must steal it
D. You and I should go now 29. Active voice of the sentence? ‘This can be done
today by them’
A. Can they do it today?
B. Has this been done today by them?
C. Are they able to do it by today?
D. Can this be done today by them?
30. ‘‘Srabon is writing a letter’’ Passive is—
A. A letter has written by Srabon
B .A letter was written by Srabon
C. A letter is written by Rabim
D. A letter is being written by Srabon
31. Passive form of ‘My teacher embodles all the good qualities.’
A. All the good qualities are embodied by my teacher
B. All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher
C. all the good qualities are embodied to my teacher
D. All the good qualities are embodied on my teacher
90 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
32. Identify the correct passive form of “He is going to Previous Years' Questions
open a shop” 1. Give the correct passive form of ‘My teacher
A. He is being gone to open a shop. embodies all the good qualities.’ 27th BCS
B. A shop is being gone opened by him. A. All the good qualities are embodied by my teacher
C. A shop will be opened by him. B. All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher
D. A shop is going to be opened by him. C. All the good qualities are embodied to my teacher
33. Choose the correct form (passive) of’ Who will do the work?’ D. All the good qualities are embodied on my teacher
A. Who will be done the work? 2. Choose the correct form (passive) of – Who will
B. Who will done the work do the work? 26th BCS
C. By whom will the work be done? A. Who will be done the work?
D. Whom will the work be done? B. Who will done the work?
34. Identify the correct passive form: “Open the window.” C. By whom will the work be done?
A. The window should be opened. D. Whom will the work be done?
B. Let the window be opened. 3. Identify the correct passive form of ‘He is going
C. Let the window be opened by you. to open a shop.’ 26th BCS
D. The window must be opened. A. He is being gone to open a shop
35. The passive form of ‘some children were helping B. A shop is being gone opened by him
the wounded man C. A shop will be opened by him
A. The wounded man was helped by some children D. A shop is going to be opened by him
B. The wounded man was helping some oh 4. Identify the correct passive form— Open the window.
C. The wounded man was being helped by some children 23rd BCS
D. The wounded man was to be helped by some children A. The window should be opened
36. Passive form of- ‘People always remember patriots.’ B. Let the window be opened
A. The patriots will always be remembered by people C. Let the window be opened by you
B. The patriots are always being remembered D. The window must be opened
C. People are always remembered by the patriots 5. The path ——— paved, so we were able to walk
D. The patriots are always remembered by the people. through the path. 22nd BCS
37. Passive form of “Take care of your health” A. was
B. had been
A. Let your health taken care. C. has been D. being
B. Let your health be taken care of. 6. The passive form of the sentence ‘Some children
C. Let you health taken care of. were helping the wounded man’ 20th BCS
D. Health is taken care by you. A. The wounded man was helped by some children
38. “It is known to me how it was done by him.” B. The wounded man was helping some children
C. The wounded man was being helped by some children
active choice wK n‡e?
A. I know how he has done. D. The wounded man was to be helped by some children
B. I knew how he has done. 7. The best passive form of the sentence: We don’t
C. I know how he did it. like idle people— 17th BCS
A. We are not liked by idle people
D. I knew how he did it. B. Idle people are not like us
39. Who opened the door? wVK Passive evK¨ †KvbwU?
A. By whom was the door opened. C. Idle people are not liked by us
B. The door ‘has opened by whom? D. Idle people are not of our liking
C. By whom the door was opened? 8. The correct sentence of the followings - 17th BCS
D. By whom was opened the door’? A. A new cabinet has been sworn in Dhaka
40. Transform into passive voice— “I play football.” B. A new cabinet have been sworn in Dhaka
A. Football is played by me. C. A new cabinet has been sworn by in Dhaka
B. Football has been played by me.
C. Football is being played by me. D. A new cabinet has sworn in Dhaka
D. Football was played by me.
[Hints: Sweer in A_© kc_ Kiv‡bv]
Answer Keys
9. The correct passive of ‘Sheila was writing a letter’ is—
16th BCS
1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.A A. A letter was writing by Sheila
11.C 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.D 18.B 19.B 20.C B. A letter was being writing by Sheila
21.A 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.C 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.D C. A letter was being written by Sheila
31.B 32.D 33.C 34.B 35.C 36.D 37.B 38.C 39.A 40.A D. A letter was been written by Sheila
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 91
10. People always remember patriots. 15th BCS 20. Choose the correct questions form the following
A. The patriots will always be remembered by people passive voice sentence: JU 2007-08
‘His friend laughed at him’
B. The patriots are always being remembered
C. People are always remembered by the patriots A. Has his friend laughed at him?
D. The patriots are always remembered B. Has he been laughted at by his friend?
11. A new house ——— at the corner of the road. PSC: 08
C. Why has his friend laughed at him?
A. been built B. is being built
D. Was he laughed at by his friend?
C. is building D. building E. is built
12. Identify the correct passive form of “Open the door” PSC: 2008 21. Choose the correct passive form of the sentence:
A. The door be opened What did they pay you for doing the job? PSC: 2007
B. Let the door be opened A. What had you been paid for doing the job?
C. The door must be opened B. What you were paid for doing the job?
D. The door should be opened C. What were you paid for doing the job?
E. You should open the door D. What were you being paid for doing the job?
13. The old sailor saw a ship coming towards them. 22. The passive form of the sentences ‘Fortune
(make it passive) PSC: 2008 favors the brave’ is-
A. The old sailor saw a ship to come towards them PSC: 2007
B. A ship was seen coming towards them by the old sailor A. The brave is favored by fortune
C. A ship was coming towards the old sailor B. The brave were favored by fortune
D. A ship came towards the old sailor C. The brave are favored by fortune
14. The best passive form of the sentence. ‘We D. The brave was favored by fortune
don’t like idle people’ is- JU 2007-08 23. Let us write a latter Sentence-wUi passive form n‡”Q-
A. We are not liked by idle people A. Let a letter to write by us
B. Idle people are not like us B. Let a letter be wrote by us
C. Idle people are not liked by us C. Let a letter is written by us
D. Idle people are not of our liking
15. When Selim Al Deen’s play came to town, all the D. Let a letter be written by us
tickets —— far in advance. JU 2007-08 24. We must listen to his words. sentence-wUi Passive form n‡e-
A. had been sold out B. had sold out PSC: 2007
C. were sold out D. have sold out A. His words should be listened to
16. The correct passive form of ‘Sheila was writing a B. His words must be listened to
letter’ is JU 2007-08 C. His words may be listened to
A. A letter was writing by Sheila D. His words ought to be listened to
B. A letter was being writing by Sheila 25. ‘Give the order’ sentence-wUi passive form n‡e: PSC: 2007
C. A letter was written by Sheila A. Let the order to give. B. Let the order to given.
D. A letter was being written by Sheila
17. We know that the earth is round. The passive C. Let the order be given. D. Let the order give.
form of this sentence is - CU 2007-08 26. ‘Who will help you?’ sentence-wUi Passive form n‡e- PSC: 2007
A. It is known that the earth is round A. By whom will you be helped?
B. It was known that the earth is round B. By whom you will be helped?
C. It was known that the earth was round C. By whom would you be helped?
D. It is knew that the earth is round D. By whom you would be helped?
E. It has been known that the earth is round 27. The passive form of the sentence ‘I saw him
18. Correct passive of ‘We don’t like idle people’- CU 2007-08
playing football’ is-
A. we are not liked by idle people PSC: 2007
B. idle people are not liked by us A. Football was played and seen by him
C. idle people are not like us B. He was seen playing football by me
D. idle people are not of our liking C. Football was being played and seen by him
E. we are liked by idle people D. Football was seen played by me and him
19. Which is the correct passive form of the 28. Choose the correct form (passive) of ‘Who will
following sentence? JU 2007-08 do the work?’ PSC: 2006
‘Workers pack the biscuits into boxes’ A. Whom will the work be done?
A. Workers pack the boxes into biscuits B. Who will done the work?
B. The boxes are packed into biscuit by the workers
C. The biscuits were packed into workers by the boxes C. By whom will the work be done?
D. The biscuits are packed into boxes by the workers D. By whome will the work do?
92 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
29. What is the correct passive form of the sentence? PSC: 2006
A. The bill was paid by Shirley Section Narration
B. The bill has been paid by Shirley 18
C. The bill is being paid by Shirley e³vi Dw³‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Speech ev Narration e‡j|
D. The bill paid by Shirley Bs‡iwR‡Z speech ev Narration `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
30. “Let me write a letter”. Passive form is- PSC: 2006
(i) Direct speech ev Direct Narration
A. Let a letter write by me
(ii) Indirect speech ev Indirect Narration.
B. Let a letter be written by me
C. Let a letter to write by me e³vi Dw³‡K AweKj Zvi wb‡Ri fvlvq e¨³ Kiv‡K Direct
D. Let a letter is written by me speech ev Direct Narration e‡j| Avi e³vi Dw³‡K ûeû
31. My uncle looks after me - Passive form is- PSC: 2006 DØZ„ bv K‡i A_© wVK †i‡L A‡b¨i fvlvq cKÖ vk Kiv‡K ejv nq
A. I was looked after by me uncle Indirect speech ev indirect Narration|
B. I am looked after by my uncle †hgb: Alima says, “I am ill”. (Direct speech)
C. I am being looked after by my uncle
D. I am looking after by my uncle Alima says that she is ill. (Indirect speech)
32. He died of fever Passive form is –
PSC: 2006 Reported speech I Reporting verb
A. Fever caused his to die (a) Direct speech-G Quotation mark ev inverted
B. Fever caused him to death Comma-i g‡a¨ DØZ„ vsk ev e³vi K_v¸‡jv‡K Reported
C. He was caused to die of fever speech e‡j| Avi †h verb-Gi mvnv‡h¨ e³vi K_v¸‡jv
D. His death was caused with fever DØ„Z ev cKÖ vk Kiv nq, Zv‡K Reporting verb e‡j|
33. Whom did they accuse? PSC: 2006
Choose the right passive voice.
(b) Direct Narration-G Reporting verb-Gi c‡i GKwU
A. Who was accused by them? Comma e‡m Ges inverted comma -i †fZ‡i Reported
B. Who had been accused by them? speech -Gi cÖ_g Word-Gi cÖ_g Letter-wU Capital letter
C. Who was being accused by them? nq| †hgb: Alamin said, “I have done my homework,”
D. Who has been accused by them? GLv‡b ‘Said-Verb-wU Reporting verb Ges “I have
34. The passive form of the sentence ‘Some children
were helping the wounded man’ is- PSC: 2006 done my home work”. Reported speech.
A. The wounded man was helped by some children Direct Speech †_‡K Indirect speech-G cwieZ©‡bi mgq †h
B. The wounded man was helping some children mKj †¶‡Îi cwieZ©b N‡U †m¸‡jv n‡”Q:
C. The wounded man was being helped by some children (i) Reporting verb-Gi cwieZ©b
D. The wounded man was to be helped by some children (ii) Reported speech-Gi Person I Tense-Gi cwieZ©b|
35. Change the voice of the sentence ‘Shut the door’.
(iii) Reporting verb Ges Reported speech-Gi gv‡S
A. The door should be shut
B. The door should be shutted Conjunction wnmv‡e that, whether, if ev to-Gi e¨envi|
C. Let the door be shut (iv) ˆbKU¨ I `i~ Z¡ m–PK k‡ãi cwieZ©b|
D. Let the door be shutted Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jvi cwieZ©b Kivi wbqg
36. ‘He is writing a letter.’ sentence-wUi passive form n‡e-PSC: 2006 Tense -Gi cwieZ©‡bi wbqg:
A. A letter is written by him Rule-1: Direct Narration-G Reporting verb hw` Present
B. A letter was written by him
C. A letter was being written by him ev Future tense nq, Zvn‡j Indirect Narration-G
D. A letter is being written by him Reported speech-Gi verb-Gi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| †hgb:
Answer Keys Direct : Kamrul says, “I have done my duty.”
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.A+B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.D Indirect : Kamrul says that he has done his duty
11.B 12.B 13.B 14.C 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.B 19.D 20.D Direct : Rina says, “I will do the sum.”
21.C 22.C 23.D 24.B 25.C 26.A 27.B 28.C 29.A 30.B
31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.C 36.D Indirect : Rina says that she will do the sum.
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 93
Rule-2: Direct Narration-G Reporting verb hw` past 2. Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi verb, Past
tense nq, Zvn‡j Indirect Narration-G Reported speech- perfect Tense ev Past perfect continuous tense-G
Gi verb- Corresponding Past tense-G cwiewZ©Z nq| _vK‡j Indirect Narration-G Zv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
Corresponding past tense ej‡Z wbgœiƒc A_© cKÖ vk K‡i|
Direct : He said, “I had gone to market before I
Direct Narration-G Reported Speech-Gi Verb
Present Indefinite tense n‡j Indirect Narration-G went to school.
Dnv Past indefinite tense-G cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgb:
Indirect : He said that he had gone to market before
Direct : He said, “I am well”
Indirect : He said that he was well. he went to School.
Direct : Abir said, “I can help you” Direct : He said, “I had been suffering from fever for
Indirect : Abir said that he could help me.
a week.”
Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi verb-past
indefinite ev Present perfect tense n‡j Indirect Indirect : He said that he had been suffering from
Narration-G Dnv Past perfect tense-G cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgb:
fever for a week.
Direct : He said, “I wrote a letter”
Indirect : He said that he had written a letter. Rule-3: Direct Narration-G Reported speech Øviv hw`
Direct : Aman said, “I have done my work” †Kv‡bv wPišÍb mZ¨ (universal truth) ev †Kv‡bv Af¨vmMZ Kvh©
Indirect : Aman said that he had done his work.
(habitual fact) cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zvn‡j †m †¶‡Î Reporting verb-
Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi verb Past tense n‡jI Reported speech-Gi verb-Gi tense-Gi
present continuous tense n‡j Indirect Narration- †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| †hgb:
G Dnv Past continuous tense-G cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgb:
Direct : The Prophet (sm) said, “Allah is one”
Direct : He said, “I am writing a letter”
Indirect : He said that he was writing a letter. Indirect : The Prophet (sm). said thatzAllah is one.
Direct : Apu said, “I am going to market”
Indirect : Apu said that he was going to market. Rule-4: Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi g~j verb-Gi
c~‡e© hw` Shall, will, can ev may _v‡K, Zvn‡j Indirect Narration-G
Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi verb past Zv‡`i cwie‡Z© h_vµ‡g would, could Ges might e‡m| †hgb:
continuous tense ev Present perfect continuous
tense n‡j Indirect Narration-G Dnv Past perfect Direct : He said, “I shall do my work”
continuous tense-G cwiewZ©Z n‡e| †hgb:
Indirect : He said that he would do his work.
Direct : They said, “We were passing through a forest.” Direct : Tamal said, “I can help you”
Indirect : They said that they had been passing
Indirect : Tamal said that he could help me.
through a forest.
Direct : Asma said, “I have been living in Dhaka for Rule-5:
two years” (a) Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi g~j verb-
Indirect : Asma said that she had been living in Gi c‡~ e© e¨eüZ Could, might, ought to Ges used to,
Indirect Narration-G AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
Dhaka for two years.
NB: Direct : Rina said, “I might do the work”.
1. Direct Narration-G Reported speech-G `By ev Indirect : Rina said that she might do the work.
Z‡ZvwaK verb, Past Indefinite Tense n‡j Indirect Direct : Gita said, “I could give you some money on loan”.
Narration-G Zv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
Indirect : Gita said that she could give me some
Direct : Jaman said, “Yesterday I went to market
and bought a pen” money on loan.
Indirect : Jaman said that yesterday he went to (b) Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi gj~ verb-Gi
market and bought a pen. c~‡e© Should ev would, Future in past wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j
Subject-Gi Person Abmy v‡i Zv‡`i cwieZ©b N‡U| wKš‘
DwPZv‡_© Should e¨eüZ n‡j Zv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
Direct : My father said, “You should take care of your health”.
Indirect : My father said that I should take care of my health.
(c) Direct speech-G e¨eüZ ‘Must’ Indirect speech-G
AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| Avevi †¶Î we‡k‡l ‘had to’-†Z cwiewZ©Z nq|
mvaviYZ wPiKvjxb eva¨evaKZv eySv‡Z Must e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:
Direct : My father said, “You must speak the truth”
Indirect : My father said that I must speak the truth.
Direct : The teacher said, ‘Students must obey their parents.”
Indirect : The teacher said that students must obey
their parents.
Direct : My teacher said, “You must eat vegetables
in order to get vitamin.”
Indirect : My teacher said that I had to eat vegetables
in order to get vitamin.
Direct : Alamin said, “I must go there”
Indirect : Alamin said that he had to go there.
94 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqg Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi †¶‡Î
e¨eüZ here Ges there Øviv ¯úófv‡e †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi D‡jøL
Rule-1: Reported Speech-Gi †¶‡Î e¨eüZ 1st person (I, _vK‡j †m †¶‡Î here Ges there-Gi cwieZ©b nq bv|
we, me, us, my, our, mine, ours) Reporting verb-Gi
Subject-Gi Gender I Person Abmy v‡i cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgb: Direct : Jamil said to his friend, “I live here in Dhaka
for twenty years.”
Direct : He said, “I shall do my work”.
Indirect : Jamil told his friend that he lived here in
Indirect : He said that he would do his work.
Direct : The women said, “We are discussing our problems.” Dhaka for twenty years.
Direct : Himel said to Rumel, “I shall see you there
Indirect : The women said that they were discussing
at Mirpur tomorrow.”
their problems.
Indirect : Himel told Rumel that he would see him
e¨wZµg:
Reported speech-Gi Subject ‘we’ hw` gvbe RvwZ‡K wb‡`©k there at Mirpur the next day.
K‡i ev e³v Ges hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv nq, Zv‡`i `Ry b‡K eRy vq,
†m †¶‡Î Indirect Narration-G Dnv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb: Assertive Sentences
Rule-1: Direct Narration G Reported speech Assertive
Direct : My grandfather said, “ We shall all die.”
sentence n‡j
Indirect : My grandfather said that we shall all die. (i) Inverted comma DwV‡q w`‡q Reported speech Gi
Rule-2: Reported speech-Gi †¶‡Î e¨eüZ Second person c~‡e© Conjunction ‘that’ e‡m|
(you, your, yours) Reporting verb-Gi object-Gi Person (ii) Reporting verb say/said + to + e¨w³evPK object _vK‡j
Abymv‡i cwiewZ©Z nq| Number I Case AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Indirect Narration G say/said Gi cwie‡Z© tell/told e¨eüZ
Direct : He said to me, “You have done your work.” nq Ges Gi c‡i Preposition to e¨eüZ nq bv|
(iii) Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î c‡~ e© Av‡jvwPZ wbqg¸wj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
Indirect : He told me that I had done my work.
Direct : Zaman said to Aman, “You will get a prize”. Direct : He says, “I am lazy.”
Indirect : Zaman told Aman that he would get a prize. Indirect : He says that he is lazy.
Direct : He said to me, “I am brilliant.”
Reported speech-Gi AšÍM©Z Third person-(he,
Indirect : He told me that he was brilliant.
she, they, him, her, them, his, their, hers, theirs)
Rule-2: Z‡e Direct Narration †K Indirect Narration G
Indirect Narration-G AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb: iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z say I tell verb e¨envi Kiv n‡jI †¶Î we‡k‡l
A_©vbyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ Verb I e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Direct : I said to Kamal, “They did not behave well with us.”
Direct : He said, “1 hope, I shall stand first.”
Indirect : I told Kamal that they had not behaved well with us.
Direct : Kamal said to me, “He has done his duty.” Indirect : He hoped that he would stand first.
Direct : They said, “We are afraid we shall lose the game.’
Indirect : Kamal told me that he had done his duty.
Indirect : They were afraid that they would lose the game.
Reporting verb-wU hw` Past Tense _v‡K, Z‡e wbgœwjwLZ
Rule-3: KL‡bv KL‡bv Direct Narration G Reporting verb
ˆbKU¨mP– K k㸇jv Direct speech †_‡K Indirect speech-G G Introductory ev Dc¯’vcK Ask D‡jøL _v‡K bv| †m‡¶‡Î wewfbœ
mg‡q A_v©bhy vqx wewfbœfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
`i~ Z¡m~PK k‡ã cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgb:
Direct : Rony is an honest boy.
Direct : This Direct : Next week
Indirect : I say/He says/The speaker says! Everybody
Indirect : That Indirect : The following week
says that Rony is an honest boy.
Direct : These Direct : Now
Interrogative Sentences
Indirect : Those Indirect : Then
Rule-1: Direct Narration G Reported speech hw`
Direct : Here Direct : To day / to night Interrogative nq Zvn‡j—
(i) Reporting verb †K ask, demand, enquire, wonder
Indirect : There Indirect : That day/ that night
A_ev want to know †Z cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Z nq|
Direct : Ago /The same day/the (ii) Question Gi DËi ‘Yes’ ev ‘No’ w`‡q m¤¢e n‡j
Indirect : Before same night Reported speech Gi Av‡M Conjunction if ev
whether e‡m| Z‡e-
Direct : Come Direct : Tomorrow (iii) Question Gi DËi 'Yes' ev No w`‡q †`qv bv †M‡j A_v©r
who, which, what, why, when, how, ev whom,
Indirect : Go Indirect : The next day or, the whoever, wherever cfÖ w„ Z w`‡q ïiæ n‡j Indirect
Narration G G¸‡jvi Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _A‡K Ges
Direct : Last month following day if/whether e‡m bv|
/year/week Direct : Yesterday Example:
Direct : He said to me, “Have you prepared your lesson.”
Indirect : Previous Indirect : The previous day/
Indirect : He asked me if I had prepared my lesson.
month/year / The day before Direct : My friend said, ‘Where are you going last week?”
week Direct : Hence Indirect : My friend wanted to know where I was
Indirect : Thence etc going the following week.
NB: Direct Narration-G Reported speech-Gi †¶‡Î e¨eüZ
this hw` mgq wb‡`©k K‡i Zvn‡j Indirect Narration Dnv that-G
cwiewZ©Z nq| wKš‘ this Ges that hw` Adjective wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq,
†m‡¶‡Î Zv‡`i cwie‡Z© mvaviYZ ‘The’ e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:
Direct : He said, “I am going to Dhaka this week.”
Indirect : He said that he was going to Dhaka that week.
Direct : Safiq said, “My mother gave me this pen on
my birthday.”
Indirect : Safiq said that his mother had given him
the pen on his birthday.
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 95
Rule-2: Z‡e, Reported speech shall/will + I/we w`‡q ïiæ Rule-2: Direct speech G Vocative case ev m‡¤^vab KviK
n‡j fwel¨r Abgy vb †evSv‡j Reporting verb Gi cwie‡Z© _vK‡j wb‡Pi structure Abhy vqx Indirect G iƒcvš@i Ki‡Z
Indirect Narration G wonder e‡m| nq| Addressing + Reporting verb Gi object (hw` _v‡K)
+ as + vocative ev m‡¤^vab c`wU hv‡K m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡q‡Q +
Direct : He said, “What shall I gain after this.” comma + Reporting verb Gi subject + Reporting verb
(Reporting speech Gi fvevbhy vqx) + to + Reported
Indirect : He wondered what he would gain after that. speech Gi verb †_‡K †kl ch©š|Í
NB: Then, added that, further said that ev also said that, Direct : He said to me, “Friend, help me”.
continued that BZ¨vw` Word-¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i Indirect
Narration-G GKvwaK wfbœ ai‡bi Sentence-†K hy³ Kiv nq| †hgb: Indirect : Addressing me as friend, he requested me
Direct : I said to him, “Who are you? What do you want?” to help me.
Direct : Father said, “Rafiq, go to school.”
Indirect : I asked him who he was and what he wanted. Indirect : Father asked Rafiq to go to school.
Direct : Nira said to me, “I have left my pencil at Direct : The teacher said, “Keep quiet, my boy.”
home. Can you give me one to write with.” Indirect : The teacher asked the boy to keep quiet.
Direct : The teacher said, “Keep quiet, my dear boys.”
Indirect : Nira told me that she had left her pencil at home
Indirect : The teacher affectionately asked the boys
and asked me if I could give her one to write with. to keep quiet.
Direct : Mr. Shahed said to his friend, “What time is
Direct : Zaman cried, “My friends, I always thought of you.”
it? My watch has stopped.“
Indirect : Zaman told his friends that he always
Indirect : Mr. Shahed asked his friend what time it
thought of them.
was and added that his watch had stopped.
Direct : Bipin said, “Why are you still waiting here, Rule-3: Direct Narration Gi Reported speech G Sir _vK‡j
Indirect G Sir cwie‡Z© Respectfully/with respect e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Ripon? Go away now.”
Direct : The boy said to the man, “Sir, give me your
Indirect : Bipin asked Ripon why he was still waiting pen, please.”
there. Then he told him to go away. Indirect : The boy requested the man respectfully/with
Direct : Ali said to Mrs. Jamil, “Mother, excuse me my fault.” respect to give him/his (the man’s) pen.
Indirect : Ali begged his mother, Mrs. Jamil to excuse Rule-4: Direct Narration G Reported speech ‘let + us
w`‡q ïiæ n‡j Reporting verb Gi cwie‡Z© propose/suggest
him his fault. + inverted comma D‡V wM‡q that + they/ we should +
Direct : The boy said to the Headmaster, “Sir, please reported speech Gi verb †kl ch©šÍ e‡m| Z‡e, Gi c‡i we
Ges first person n‡j that Gi cwie‡Z© they e‡m|
pardon me this time.”
Direct : He said to me, "Let us enjoy the film.”
Indirect : The boy respectfully requested the Headmaster
Indirect : He proposed to me that we should enjoy the film.
to pardon him that time.
Direct : Apu said Anik, “What are you doing.” Anik Rule-5: Reported speech G ‘let’ Gi c‡i us bv †_‡K Ab¨
wKQz _vK‡j cÖ¯Íve eSy vq bv weavq Reporting verb †K tell w`‡q
said, “Eating rice.” cwieZ©b + object +that + Reported speech Gi subject +
might/might be allowed to +reported speech Gi verb
Indirect : Apu asked Anik what he was doing. Anik †kl ch©šÍ wjL‡Z nq|
replied that he was eating rice. Direct : said to him, “let me go now.”
Imperative Sentences Indirect : I told him that I might/might be allowed to go then.
Direct Speech G Reported speech hw` Imperative
sentence nq, Zvn‡j Indirect Narration G cwiewZ©Z Kivi Rule-6: Let w`‡q m–wPZ Imperative sentence-Gi Direct speech
mgq j¶bxq welq¸‡jv n‡jv: Øviv hw` †Kv‡bv Proposal ev suggestion e¨³ Kiv nq, †m‡¶‡Î—
Rule-1: Reported speech Gi fve Abyhvqx Reporting i) Reporting verb-wU Propose ev Suggest-G cwiewZ©Z nq Ges
verb, say/ said †K Av‡`k †evSv‡j order/command, Aby‡iva
†evSv‡j request, Dc‡`k †evSv‡j advise, webxZ cvÖ _©bv †evSv‡j Imperative sentence-wU Assertive sentence-G iƒcvšwÍ iZ nq|
beg, wb‡la †evSv‡j forbid Ges Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î mvaviYZ tell w`‡q ii) Reported speech-Gi c‡~ e© Conjunction ‘That’ Ges
cwieZ©b Kiv nq| Inverted comma DwV‡q to e‡m Ges Gici
Reported speech Gi g~j verb e‡m| Z‡e Negative Let-Gi ¯’‡j Should e‡m|
sentence Gi not wU to Gi Av‡M e‡m| iii) Direct speech-G Reporting verb-Gi e¨w³evPK object-Gi
Direct : The poor man said, “Please give a glass of water.” c~‡e© e¨eüZ Preposition ‘To’ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
Indirect : The poor man requested to give him a glass of water. Direct : Mira said to her friends, “Let us have a
Direct : The commander said to the soldiers, “March on.” picnic on Sunday.”
Indirect : The commander commanded the soldiers to march on. Indirect : Mira proposed to her friends that they
Direct : The teacher said to his student, ‘Do not should have a picnic on Sunday.
neglect your study.”
Indirect : The teacher advised the students not to
neglect their studies.
Z‡e Reporting verb-†K prohibit ev forbid w`‡q cwieZ©b Ki‡j
not Avi emv‡Z nq bv| †Kbbv G `ywU kã Negative A_©‡evaK|
Direct : The mother said to her son, “Don’t run in the sun.”
Indirect : Themother forbade/prohibitedher sontoruninthe sun.
96 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Rule-7: Propose Ges suggest-Gi c‡i Reported speech- Sorrow †evSv‡Z exclaim with sorrow/exclaim
Gi verb-†K Present participle-G cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gI Indirect sorrowfully/exclaim with grief
speech-G cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| †hgb: ï‡f”Q †eSv‡Z wish
Direct : He said to me, “Let us go hom Good bye †evSv‡Z bid
Indirect : He proposed our going home. Avb›`-D”Q¡vm †eSv‡Z applaud
Direct : I said to him, “Let us take some milk.”
Alas (nvq)! †evSv‡Z sorrow ev `ytL cÖKvk K‡i
Indirect : I proposed our taking some milk.
Hurrah! joy ev Avb›` cÖKvk K‡i
Rule-8: Reporting verb hw` Past tense-G nq Ges Reported
Sorry regret ev Ab‡y kvPbv cKÖ vk K‡i
speech-Gi evK¨wU Assertive sentence n‡j Reported speech-G
Pooh hatred ev N„Yv cÖKvk K‡i
e¨eüZ Present tense mgvšÍivjfv‡e Past tense-G cwiewZ©Z n‡e|
Bravo Drmvn, Avb›`, nvZZvwj †`qv A‡_©/mvevm
Avi future tense _vK‡j indirect Kivi mgq would + V1 em‡e| (ii) Reported speech-†K Assertive sentence G iƒcvšiÍ K‡i wb‡Z
Ex: I’ll have a cup of tea”, my father said, “Because nq Ges Tense I Ab¨vb¨ †gŠwjK ev mvaviY wbqg Abyhvqx nq|
I'm not hungry.” Which of the following sentences is (iii) Z‡e Reported speech, 'how' ev 'what' w`‡q ïiæ n‡j
the correct indirect speech? G¸‡jvi cwie‡Z© cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i very ev great e¨eüZ nq|
(a) My father said that he will have a cup of tea Direct : The beggar said, "Aas! I am undone."
because he wasn’t hungry. Indirect : The beggar exclaimed with sorrow that he
(b) My father said that he would have had a cup of was undone.
tea because he wasn’t hungry. Direct : He said, "How beautiful the bird is!"
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that the bird was
(c) My father said that he would have a cup of tea
because he wasn’t hungry. very beautiful.
(d) My father said that he has a cup of tea because Some Special Uses of Exclamatory Sentence
he wasn’t hungry.
Direct : "Help! help!" Shouted the woman.
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b Reported speech-G Future tense e¨eüZ Indirect : The woman shouted for help.
Direct : He said, "Good bye, my friends!"
n‡q‡Q, ZvB Indirect-G would have n‡e| wØZxq As‡k Indirect : He bade good bye to his friends.
Or, He bade his friends good bye.
Present indefinite-Gi cwie‡Z© Past indefinite n‡q‡Q| Direct : The teacher said, "Thank you, my boys."
Indirect : The teacher thanked the boys.
Rule-9: Reporting Verb Past _vKv Ae¯’vq hw` Reported speech Direct : He said, "By Jove! what a good news."
Indirect : He swore by Jove that it was a very good news.
cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨ nq Zvn‡j said Gi cwie‡Z© asked e‡m| Gici Reported Direct : She said to me, "Happy Christmas."
Indirect : She wished me a Happy Christmas.
Speech-Gi c~‡e© if/whether emv‡bvi ci cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨wU‡K Assertive Direct : He said them, "Bravo! you have done well."
Indirect : He applauded them saying that they had done well.
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Pvwn`vg‡Zv Tense e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Direct : The old man said to him, "Fie! You are such a coward."
Indirect : The old man exclaimed that it was shameful
Ex: He said that he— the previous day.
that he was such a coward.
a. has come b. had come Direct : He said, "Poor fellow! How changed you are."
Indirect : He Pitied the man and exclaimed that he
c. came d. arrived
was greatly changed.
e¨vL¨v: GwU GKwU speech msµvšÍ mgm¨v| Sentence wU Indirect Direct : "So help me Heaven!" he cried I'll never do so again."
Indirect : He prayed to Heaven to help him and
speech G i‡q‡Q| Indirect speech-G ‘the previous day’ †`‡L
resolved not to do again.
Avgiv eSy ‡Z cvwi Direct speech-G ‘yesterday’ i‡q‡Q| ‘yesterday’ Direct : He said, "Who knew that this would happen!"
Indirect : He said that none knew that (that) would happen.
_vK‡j sentence wU past simple tense-Gi nq| Avi ‘Direct Direct : He said, "Good Gracious! What a huge snake."
Indirect : He exclaimed with wonder that is was a huge snake.
speech’-G past simple tense, Indirect speech- Gi †¶‡Î Direct : "Good Heavens! We have reached the
cwiewZ©Z n‡q past perfect tense nq| ZvB GLv‡b option (L) had station." said the boys.
Indirect : The boys exclaimed with delight that they
come mwVK n‡e| KviY GwU past perfect. Zvn‡j Direct speech wU
had reached the station.
`vuovq- ‘He said, ‘I came yesterday d‡j (L)-B correct answer.
Ex: Choose the correct indirect speech— She asked
me, “Are you happy in your new job?”
(a) She asked me if I was happy in my new job
(b) She asked me if l have been happy in my new job.
(c) She asked me whether I am happy in my new job.
(d) She asked me if I had been happy in my new job.
Exclamatory Sentence
Indirect Narration G cwiewZ©Z Kivi mgq j¶bxq welq¸‡jv n‡jv:
(i) Direct Narration-Gi Reporting verb-†K Reported
speech-Gi fve Abyhvqx cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges inverted
comma DwV‡q that e‡m| Exclamatory sentence G said-
Gi cwie‡Z© Indirect Narration G wbgœwjwLZ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
Joy †evSv‡Z exclaim with joy
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 97
Optative Sentence 4. He said to us, “Why are you all sitting there
Optative sentence-G Kvgbv, Avkxev`© gj– K evK¨ D‡jLø _v‡K| doing nothing” — What is the correct indirect form
May God bless you. of this sentence?
Love live your father. A. He asked us why we would all sit there doing nothing
Rule-01: Reported speech G God kãwU D‡jøL _vK‡j say ev say B. He asked us why we all sat there doing nothing
to-G e`‡j indirect speech G pray e¨eüZ nq| cÖKZ… c‡¶ reporting C. He asked us why we were all sitting there doing nothing.
verb Gi subject Gi ci pray (ed) that God might wj‡L Zvici D. He asked us why all will sit there doing nothing.
Reported speech Gi verb Ges object emv‡Z nq| †hgb:
5. He wished that he might have a glass of water.
Direct : He prayed that God might bless me. (direct narration)
Indirect : He prayed that God might bless me. A. He said. “Let us have a glass of water”
B. He says, “Let me have a glass of water
Rule-02: Reported speech G God D‡jLø bv _vK‡j Ges C. He asked, ‘Let me have a glass of water
†Kv‡bv Kvgbv †evSv‡j ZLb say ev say to Gi cwie‡Z© indirect D. He said, Let me have a glass of water”
speech G wish e‡m|
Structure: Subject + wish + that + Reported speech 6. They said, ‘We won the game (direct narration)
Gi subject + might + gj~ verb †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ| †hgb- A. They said that they have v on the game.
B. They said that they had been won the game.
Direct : They said, "Long live your president." C. They said that they had won the game.
Indirect : They wished that our president might live long. D. They said that the would have won the game
Direct : The old man said, "Could I get some money."
Indirect : The old man wished that he could/might get 7. He said to me, “Do you like pop music?” The indirect form is
A. He told me if I liked pop music
some money. B. He asked me did I like pop music
Direct : The beggar said to the boy. "May you pass C. He asked me if I liked pop music
D. He asked to me whether I liked pop music
your examination."
Indirect : The beggar wished that the boy might pass 8. He inquired whether his name was not Ahmed.
Identify the correct narration.
his examination. A. He said to me “Is not your name Ahmed?”
B. He inquired, “Are you not Mr. Ahmed’?”
Rule-03: C. He questioned "In net your name Ahmed?"
Good Morning/ Good Afternoon-------Wish/Wished D. He demanded, "Is your name Ahmed or not?"
Good evening/Goodnight................Wish/wished
Good bye................................bid/bade 9. He said, “Be quiet and listen to my words” Make it indirect
Thank you....................... A. He commended that he quiet and listen to my words.
B. He told that be quiet and listen me.
Exercise-1 (Narration) C. He instructed that be quiet and listen to his words.
D. He urged them to be quiet and listen to his words.
1. He said, ‘‘I came here yesterday.” The indirect form is
A. He said that he had come here the previous day 10. He said that he had been writing a letter. Make t direct
B. He said that he had gone there the previous day. A. He said, “I was writing a letter’
C. He said that he came here yesterday B. He said, “I wrote a letter”
D. He said that he had gone there yesterday C. He said, 1 write a letter”
D. He said, “1 have written a letter’
2. Correct indirect speech - Shumi said, “I was
suffering from fever” is 11. The indirect speech of lie said, “Anwar, come in” is
A. Shumi said that she as suffering from fever. A. 1-Ic addressed Anwar to get in
B. Shumi said that she had suffering from fever. B. He requested Anwar to go in
C. Shumi said that she had been suffering from fever. C. He asked Anwar to go in
D. Shumi said that she was being suffered from fever. D. He ordered Anwar to come in
3. The indirect speech of-He said to me, “you cannot 12. Kalam said to you, “What ;s your name?”
do it thus.” A. Kalam asked you what your name was.
A. He told me that I could not that thus. B. Kalam asked what was your name.
B. He said to me that I could not have done it that way. C. Kalam asked you your am,,
C. He told me that I could not do it that way. D. What your name was Kalam asked
D. None of the above
98 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
13. The direct speech of “Alice exclaimed that she was Exercise-2: (Narration)
very clever.”
A. Sorrowfully said Alice., “Am I clever?” Change the form of speech from Direct to Indirect
B. Alice regretted that she was not very clever & vice versa.
C. Alice said, “How clever I am 1. Dolly said to me, “I want to go to school now.”
D. Am I clever, “wondered Alice 2. He said to me, “You do not do your duty.”
14. My mother said, “I will have a glass of water.”
3. I bade him good-bye.
A. My mother said that she would have a glass of water 4. He said, “How charming the sight is!”
5. The mother said to her son, “May you pass the examination.”
B. My mother said that she can have a glass of water
6. The police asked me if I had seen the accident.
C. My mother said that she may have a glass of water 7. The poor man said, “Let me have some food.”
8. Father said, “The sun gives us light.”
D. My mother said that she will have a glass of water 9. Selima said to me, “Which book do you want.”
10. My father said to me, “We are going there tomorrow.”
15. Which of the following is a correct example of 11. I said, “Had I the wings of a bird!”
12. Mother said to Rafiq, “Don’t do it.”
indirect speech?
13. My father told me that he might do whatever he liked.
A. My father promised me that tic may bring a 14. Asma said, “I have been working since sunrise.”
15. Ripon said to me, “I should be grateful if you help me.”
wrist watch for me 16. The teacher said, “I shall not teach him English.”
17. He said, “The train reached at nine.”
B. My father promised me that he call bring a 18. I said to him, “Will you follow me?”
wrist watch for me 19. Srabon called me a coward.
20. Nasima said, “What a fine picture it is!”
C. My father promised me that he would bring a 21. He said, “Good morning, Mr. Kamal.”
wrist watch for me 22. He asked me what I had thought of him.
23. “Let us wait here till the rain stops” he said.
D. My father promised me that he will bring a 24. My father said, “Regular exercise is good for health.”
25. They said, “Long live our president.”
wrist watch for me.
16. Correct narration: He said to me, “You cannot do it.” 26. The captain ordered the soldiers to march on.
27. Sagir said to Anwar, “I have passed the S.S.C examination.”
A. He told me that I could not do that
28. He asked me if I was ill.
B. He told me that I could not do it 29. The teacher said to Rahman, “Stand up on the bench.”
30. I said to him, “When will you go home?”
C. He said to me that I could not have done it done it 31. He said to me, “Let us go home!”
32. Rafiq said, “What a fool I am!”
D. None of above.
17. He said to me, “May you he happy.” 33. The man prayed that God might bless me.
34. Amina said, “Father, I shall go to bed now.”
A. He said that I might he happy. 35. He said to my aunt, “Can you say who I am?”
36. They said to us, “Why did you write us these letters?”
B. He wished that I might be happy. 37. The teacher said, “Let the boy say whatever he likes.”
38. They said to us, “Let us decide the matter ourselves.”
C. He told that I might he happy. 39. My friend said, “May you recover soon from your illness.”
40. Salma said to him, “Why have you come here?”
D. He reported that I might be happy. 41. Nasima said, “What a beautiful flower it is!”
18. The indirect speech of “She said to me, “Are you sure? is 42. He asked me who I was.
43. The chairman said, “Let us drop the matter.”
A. She said to me whether I am sure 44. The teacher said, “Necessity knows no law.”
45. Mother said to me, “may God help you.”
B. She asked me if I was sure
46. He proposed to go out for a picnic.
C. She asked me about my surety 47. Amir said, “I have been working since sunrise.”
D. She said if was sure 48. He asked me if I had done the sum.
19. Correct indirect speech of He said to me, 49. Apu bade his friend good-bye.
50. Mother said to me, “May you be happy.”
"Which book do you want?"
A. He said to me which book I wanted
B. He told to me which book I wanted
C. He asked to me which book I wanted
D. He asked me which book I wanted.
20. He said to me “Whom do you want?”
A. He asked ire whom I had wanted
B. He asked me whom I had
C. He asked me whom I wanted
D. He asked me if I wanted whom
Answer Keys
1.B 6.C 11.C 16.A
2.C 7.C 12.A 17.B
3.C 8.A 13.C 18.B
4.C 9.D 14.A 19.D
5.D 10.A 15.C 20.C
Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure 99
Answer Key: Section Transformation of Sentence
1. Dolly told me that she wanted to go to school then. 19
2. He told me that I did not do my duty.
3. I said to him, “Good-bye”. 1. Complex sentence †_‡K simple sentence-G cwieZ©‡bi wbqg:
4. He exclaimed with joy that the sight was very charming. Rule-1: Complex sentence-Gi Subordinate clause hw`
5. The mother wished that her son might pass examination since ev when Øviv mw~ PZ nq Ges Principal I Subordinate
6. The police said to me, “Have you seen the accident”. clause `ywUi hw` GKB Subject _v‡K, †m‡¶‡Î Complex
7. The poor man requested that he might have some food sentence-†K simple sentence-G cwieZ©b Kivi wbqg:
8. Father said that the sun gives us light. i) Subordinate clause-G e¨eüZ Since, as ev When D‡V hvq|
9. Selina asked me which book I wanted. ii) Subordinate clause verb-Gi mv‡_ ing h&y³ n‡q
10. My father told me that we were going there the
Sentence-Gi cÖ_‡g subject-Gi c‡~ e© e‡m| †hgb:
following day. iii) Main clause-wU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
11. I wished that I had the wings of a bird.
12. Mother forbade Rafiq to do it. Complex : When the thief saw police, he ran away.
13. My father said to me, “I may do whatever I like”. Simple : Seeing the police, the thief raw away.
14. Asma said that she had been working since sunrise. Complex : When Kamal went to market, he bought a book
15. Ripon told me that he would be grateful if I helped him. Simple : Going to market, Kamal bought a book.
16. The teacher said that he would not teach him English. Complex : As the boys worked hard, they grew tired.
17. He said that the train had reached at nine. Simple : Working hard, the boys grew tired
18. I asked him if he would follow me.
19. Srabon said, “You are a coward”. NB: Sub-ordinate clause-Gi g~j verb wnmv‡e am, is, are, was,
20. Nasima exclaimed with joy that it was a very fine picture. were e¨eüZ n‡j Simple Sentence-G G‡`i cwie‡Z© being e‡m|
21. He wished good morning to Mr. Kamal.
22. He said to me, “What did you think of me?” Complex : As he was ill, he could not attend the meeting.
23. He proposed that they should wait there till the rain stopped. Simple : Being ill he could not attend the meeting.
24. My father said that regular exercise is good for health. Complex : Since the boy was a mere child, he could
25. They wished that their president might live long.
26. The captain said to the soldiers, “March on.” or, not do this difficult job.
Simple : Being a mere child the boy could not do
The captain said, “Soldiers, March on’.
27. Sagir told Anwar that he had passed the S.S.C examination. this difficult job
28. He said to me. “Are you ill”.
29. The teacher ordered Rahman to stand up on the bench. NB: When-Sentence-Gi gv‡S e¨eüZ n‡j H †¶‡Î When-
30. I asked him when he would go home. Gi cieZ©x As‡ki gj~ verb-Gi ing nq| †ghb:
31. He proposed to me that we should go home.
32. Raifq exclaimed with grief that he was a great fool. Complex : I went to bed when I finished my supper.
33. The man said, “May God bless you”. Simple : I went to bed finishing my supper,
34. Amina told her father that she would go to bed then.
35. He asked my aunt if she could say who he was. : Finishing my supper, I went to bed.
36. They asked us why we had written them those letters. Complex : The students entered the class when they
37. The teacher said that the boy might say whatever he liked.
38. They suggested to us that we should decide the saw the Headmaster.
Simple : The students entered the class seeing the
matter ourselves.
39. My friends wished that I might recover soon from my illness. Headmaster,
40. Salma asked him why he had gone there. : Seeing the Headmaster, the students
41. Nasima exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful flower.
42. He said to me, “Who are you”. entered the classroom.
43. The chairman proposed that they should drop the matter.
44. The teacher said that necessity knows no law. Rule-2: When, since I as Øviv mw~ PZ Complex Sentence-
45. Mother prayed God might help me. Gi Subordinate I Main clause hw` wfbœ wfbœ Subject wewkó nq
46. He said, “Let us go out for a picnic”. Ges sub-ordinate clause-Gi g~j verb wnmv‡e am, is, are,
47. Amir said that he had been working since sun rise. was, were ev has, have, had e¨eüZ nq, †m‡¶‡Î Complex
48. He said to me, “Have you done the sum”? sentence-†K Simple sentence iƒcvšÍ‡ii wbqg:
49. Apu said, “Good bye, my friend.” i) As, when Ges since D‡V hvq|
50. Mother wished that I might be happy. ii) `ywU Clause-Gi Subject AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
iii) Subordinate Clause-Gi g~j Verb-am, is, are was, were-
Gi ¯’‡j being Ges has, have, had-Gi ¯’‡j having e‡m|
iv) Main clause AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Complex : When the school hours were over, we
went back home.
Simple : The school hours being over, we went back home.
Complex : Since the weather was very bad, we didn’t go outside.
Simple : The weather being very bad, we didn’t go outside.
Complex : As the day was story, many people
couldn’t return home.
Simple : The day being stormy, many people
couldn’t return home.
Complex : When the sun has set, we stopped our playing
Simple : The sun having set, we stopped our playing.
100 Sentence Structure A complete solution for English Grammar Sentence Structure
Rule-3: Complex sentence-Gi sub-ordinate clause-G Rule-5: Complex sentence-Gi subordinate clause hw`
e¨eüZ since, because, as hw` Conjunction of reason If Øviv mw~ PZ nq Ges clause `wy U hw` Affirmative A_© cKÖ vk
wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges Dfq Clause-Gi Subject hw` GKB _v‡K K‡i, †m‡¶‡Î Complex sentence-†K simple sentence-G
Ges subordinate clause-Gi gj~ Verb wnmv‡e am, is, are cwieZ©b Kivi wbqg:
was, were ev have, has, had e¨eüZ nq, †m‡¶‡Î Complex i) “If + you” D‡V hvq Ges Zr¯’‡j By e‡m|
sentence-†K simple sentence-G iƒcvšÍ‡ii wbqg: ii) Subordinate clause-Gi g~j verb-Gi ing form nq
i) Since, because I as-Gi cwie‡Z© because of ev on
Ges By-Gi c‡i e‡m|
account of e‡m| iii) Main clause AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
ii) Subordinate Clause-Gi subject-Gi possessive
Complex : If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
form nq| A_©vr I-Gi cwie‡Z© my, he-Gi cwie‡Z© his,
she-Gi cwie‡Z© her, we-Gi cwie‡Z© our, you-Gi Simple : By working hard you will succeed in life.
cwie‡Z© your, Ges they-Gi cwie‡Z© their e¨eüZ nq|
iii) am, is, are, was, were-Gi cwie‡Z© being Ges has, Complex : If you practice regularly, you can play well.
had, have-Gi cwie‡Z© having e‡m|
iv) Main clause-wU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb: Simple : By practicing regularly, you can play well.
Complex : Since he was weak, he couldn’t work hard Complex : If you run fast, you will get the prize.
Simple : Because of his being weak, he couldn’t
Simple : By running fast you will get the prize.
work hard.
Complex : As he is intelligent, he will do well in the exam. NB: If Øviv mw~ PZ Complex Sentence-Gi Clause `wy Ui hw` `wy U wfbœ
Simple : Because of his being intelligent, he will do Subject _v‡K Ges Clause `ywU Negative A_© cÖKvk K‡i, †m‡¶‡Î
Complex Sentence-†K Simple Sentence-G cwieZ©‡bi wbqg:
well in the exam. i) If --- not chš© Í evK¨vsk D‡V wM‡q Zr¯’‡j without e‡m|
Complex : As they are industrious, they will succeed in life. ii) Without-Gi ci Sub ordinate clause-Gi Subject-
Simple : Because of their being industrious, they
Gi possessive form e‡m Ges gj~ verb-Gi ing-form
will succeed in life. nq ev g~j verb-wU Noun-G iƒcvšwÍ iZ nq|
iii) Main clause main ev cieZ©x clause-wU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
A_ev, Sub-ordinate clause-Gi Verb DwV‡q w`‡q Verb-Gi
c‡i e¨eüZ Adjective-†K Noun-G iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Simple Complex : If you don’t come, I won’t go.
sentence MVb Kiv hvq| †hgb: Simple : Without your coming, I won’t go.
Complex : If you don’t permit, he won’t leave the office.
Complex : Since he was weak, he couldn’t work hard Simple : Without your permission, he won’t leave the office.
Simple : Because of his weakness, he couldn’t work hard.
Complex : As he is intelligent, he will do well in the exam. Rule-6: GKB Subject wewkó Complex Sentence-Gi Sub-
Simple : Because of his intelligence, he will do well ordinate clause hw` unless Øviv mw~ PZ nq, †m †¶‡Î Complex
Sentence-†K Simple Sentence-G cwieZ©b Kivi wbqg:
in the exam. i) Unless + you D‡V wM‡q Zr¯’‡j without e‡m|
ii) Sub-ordinate clause-Gi gj~ verb-Gi ing-form nq|
NB: (i) subordinate clause-Gi subject hw` it Ges verb hw` iii) Main clause-wU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
continuous tense nq, †m‡¶‡Î simple sentence-G cwieZ©‡bi mgq:
Subordinate clause-Gi subject, ‘it’ Ges auxiliary verb- Complex : Unless you work hard, you won’t pass the exam.
am, is, are, was, were D‡V hvq| †hgb: Simple : Without working hard you won’t pass the exam
Complex : Unless you play well, you won’t win the game.
Complex : Since it was raining, they couldn’t come to school. Simple : Without playing well you won’t win the game.
Simple : Because of raining they couldn’t come to school.
Rule-7: Complex sentence-Gi sub-ordinate clause hw`
Rule-4: Complex sentence-Gi subordinate clause hw` if Øviv Relative Pronoun who, which, that Øviv m~wPZ nq, †m‡¶‡Î
m~wPZ nq Ges Dfq clause hw` Negative A_© cÖKvk K‡i, †m‡¶‡Î Complex sentence-†K Simple sentence-G iƒcvšÍ‡ii wbqg:
Complex sentence-†K simple sentence-G iƒcvšÍ‡ii wbqg: wbgœewY©Z Sentence-Gi †¶‡Î:
i) “If ---- Not” chš© Í evK¨vsk D‡V wM‡q Zr¯’‡j without e‡m| Sub-ordinate clause-G e¨eüZ Relative Pronoun, Who,
ii) Subordinate clause-Gi g~j verb-Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ which, that-D‡V hvq Ges Subordinate clause-Gi g~j Verb-Gi
ing-form nq| Main clause AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
n‡q without-Gi c‡i e‡m|
iii) Main clause AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb: Complex : The water that that flows through the pipe is dirty.
Complex : If you don’t work hard, you won’t succeed in life. Simple : The water flowing through the pipe is dirty.
Simple : Without working hard, you won’t succeed in life.
Complex : If you don’t eat a balanced diet, you can’t live well. Complex : The man who works hard can shine in life.
Simple : Without eating a balanced diet, you can’t live well.
Simple : The man working hard can shine in life.
wbgœewY©Z Sentence-Gi †¶‡Î:
Who, which, that Ges gj~ Verb-Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ Auxiliary
‘be verb’ D‡V hvq| Subordinate clause-Gi Verb mvaviYZ
past participle-G _v‡K Ges Zv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| Main
clause I AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb:
Complex : The machineries that were made in
Bangladesh are working well.
Simple : The machineries made in Bangladesh are
working well.
Complex : The sun which was done by the teacher
was very hard.