Examination_Slipsem3

CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM

BLOOD COMPONENT

NSH 10103
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

SEMESTER 1 YEAR 1

1

Learning objective :

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

 Describe the important components and major
functions of blood.

 Discuss the composition and functions of plasma.
 Describe the origins and production of the formed

elements in blood.
 Discuss the characteristics and functions of red

blood cells.
 Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis

of their structures and functions.
 Explain the factors that determine a person's blood

type, and why blood types are important.

2

Introduction

 Blood is the river of life.

 Transports nearly everything that must be
carried from one place to another.

 Overview of blood circulation:

 Initiated by the pumping action of the heart.
 Exits the heart via arteries until become tiny

capillaries.
 Diffusing oxygen and nutrient to the body tissue.
 Flow into vein, return to the heart.

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Blood

 Blood is a sticky and opaque.
 Colour – depending on the

amount of O2 it is carrying.

 Scarlet – O2 rich
 Dark red – O2 poor

 8% of total body weight
 Male – 5 to 6 L;
 Female – 4 to 5 L.

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Blood

 A specialized type of connective tissue.

 Blood in the blood vessels is always in
motion because of the pumping action of the
heart.

 Consist of:

 plasma

 blood cells

 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

 White blood cells (leukocytes)

 Platelets hmy08 5

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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White blood cells (leukocytes)

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Platelet

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Blood Composition

 Normal blood separates into ~45% formed
elements and ~55% plasma

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Function Of Blood

 Blood Transport Gases of Respiration

 Its carries O2 from the lung to the tissue, and
CO2 from the tissue to the lungs for exretion.

 Blood Aids in Nutrient, Hormone and
Enzyme Transport.

 Blood carries many types of nutrients – simple
sugar, amino acids, fats and vitamin from the
alimentary tract to the tissues.

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Function Of Blood (cont.)

 Blood Helps Transport Waste

 Blood carries the waste products of cell to the
kidneys, liver and sweet glands for eventual
removal from the body.

 Blood Help Regulate Body Temperature

 Water in the blood absorbs the heat produced by
tissue and carries throughout the body via blood
circulation.

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Function Of Blood (cont.)

 Blood Aids the Stoppage of Bleeding

 The clotting factors in the blood will minimizing
bleeding from ruptured blood vessels.

 Blood Depends Against Harmful
Microorganisms and Toxin

 Blood contains specialized cells and antibodies
that aid the immune system by resisting or
destroying foreign microorganisms.

 Leukocytes and lymphocytes.

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Plasma 14

 Straw-colored, sticky fluid.
 Contain

 Water (90%)
 Protein
 Nutrient
 Gases
 Hormone
 Waste and product
 Ions

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Plasma Component

 Plasma differs slightly from what is termed
serum, which is generally taken to mean
the fluid part of the blood which remains
after the blood has coagulated (clotted).

 Consist :

 91.5% - water

 7% - protein

 1.5% - other solutes

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Plasma proteins

 These protein play a role in maintaining proper
blood osmotic pressure.

 Important factor in the exchange of fluid across
capillary wall.

 Major solutes in plasma protein
 Albumins – 60%
 Globulins – 36%
 Fibrinogen – 4%

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Albumin

 Produce by liver.

 To maintain the blood volume and pressure.

 E.g. : amount of albumin , fluids leaves the
bloodstreams tissue, causing swelling
(edema).

 Acts as carrier molecules for lipids and steroid
hormones and maintain osmotic pressure.

 Globulins – formed in liver 17

 Transport lipids & fat soluble vitamins

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Globulins – formed in liver

alpha beta gamma

Immunoglobulins
IgG, IgA, IgM,IgE,IgD

Transport lipids & fat solube vitamins

High density lipoproteins
HDLP

Low density lipoproteins

LDLP hmy08 18

Fibrinogen

 Produce by liver.
 Play essential role in blood clotting.
 Serum is plasma from which clotting factor

has been removed.

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Electrolyte

 Inorganic salts.
 Help maintain osmotic pressure and play

essential roles in the function of cells.
 Healthy person blood slightly alkaline.

Nutrient

 Products of digestion pass into blood for
distribution to all body cells.

 E.g. : Amino acid, glucose, fatty acid.

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Hormones & Enzymes

 Enzymes, produced by body cells,
catalyze chemical reactions.

 Hormone, produced by endocrine glands
regulate metabolism, growth and
development.

Gases

 O2, CO2 and N2 (nitrogen).
 O2 more in Hb, CO2 more in plasma.

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Waste product

 Urea, creatinine and uric acid are the waste
products of protein metabolism.

 Carried out by blood to organ of excretion.

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Cellular Content of Blood 23

3 types of blood cells
 Erythrocytes

(Red blood cell = RBC)

 Leukocytes

(White blood cell =
WBC)

 Platelets

(Thrombocytes)

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Erythrocytes ( Red blood cell )

 Contain the oxygen-
carrying protein
hemoglobin, which is a
pigment that gives
whole blood its red
color.

 Healthy adult :
M – 5.4 million / uL
F – 4.8 million / uL

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structure

 Biconcave disc, thin at the middle and thicker
around the periphery.

 Greater surface for diffusion of gas molecule.

 Can neither reproduce nor carry on extensive
metabolic activities.

 About 7 micrometers in diameter. 25

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Erythrocytes (Rbc) - cont.

 Life span 120 days.
 After RBC has worked so hard it become

weaken.
 The membrane become fragile and rupture.
 RBC has no nucleus and less organelle,

RBCs cannot synthesis new components to
replace damaged one.

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Erythrocytes (Rbc) - cont.

 The ruptured RBCs are destroyed by spleen
and liver.

 Some of the breakdown products are
recycled (especially iron from Hb) to form
new RBC in red bone marrow.

 Erythrocytes are produced in red bone
marrow. (erythropoiesis)

 Present in the epiphysis of long bones, flat and
irregular bones.

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Erythropoiesis

 The term erythropoiesis
 Erythro = RBC + poiesis = to make

 to describe the process of RBC formation or
production.

 Erythropoiesis is the development of mature red blood
cells from Pluripotent stem cells – about 7 days.

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Destruction of Erythrocytes

 Red blood cell death and phagocytosis.

 Hemoglobin - Globin (protein)

- Hemo ( iron + biliverdin (non-iron)

 Globin amino acids reused to

synthesis other protein.

 Iron transferin (blood) ferritin (liver -

storage) erythropoiesis (red bone marrow).

 Haemolysis– breakdown of red blood cell.

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(cont.)

 Biliverdin (non-iron)

 a green pigment

 bilirubin (blood)

 a yellow pigment
 bile (liver) small intestine large intestine +

bacteria (urobilinogen) feces (stercobilin)

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O2 Transport

 Haemoglobin + O2 = Oxyhemoglobin (HbO)
 Rich O2 – bright red in color.
 Lower O2 – dark red – periphery (bluish)

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Leukocyte (WBC)

 The largest blood cell and about 1% of
the blood volume. Contain nuclei.

 2 main type

 Granulocytes

 neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil.

 Agranulocytes

 monocytes and lymphocytes.

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Leukocyte (WBC)

 These cells have an important function
in defending the body against microbes
and other foreign materials.

 Life-span – live for a few hours to a few
days.

35

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Granulocytes

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Neutrophils

 A highly mobile cells, responds quickly to
tissue destruction by bacteria – to kill the
microbes by phagocytosis.

 Unleashes several chemicals to destroy the
pathogen – Lysozyme, strong oxidants.

 Contain defensins, protein that exhibit a
broad range of antibiotic activity against
bacteria and fungi.

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Eosinophil

 Able to release enzyme, such as histamine
which involved in inflammation during allergic
reaction.

 Major role – ingest against certain parasitic
worms.

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Basophils

 Release heparin, histamine and
serotonin :-

 Intensify inflammatory reaction.

 Involve in allergic (hypersensitivity)
reaction.

 Similar function with mast cell.
(connective tissue cell)

 The skin, mucous membrane of respiratory

tract and GIT. hmy08 40

Agranulocytes 41

 Large nucleus and no
granules in the
cytoplasm.

 2 types – monocytes
and lymphocytes.

 They make up 25%
to 50% of all
leukocytes.

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Lymphocytes

 A major soldiers in immune system – fight
against infection and provide protection
against some disease.

 Circulate in blood and present grade number
in lymphatic tissue such as lymph node and
spleen.

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Lymphocytes

2 types of lymphocyte :
 T-lymphocyte

Attack viruses, fungi, cancer cell, allergies
and the rejection of transplanted organ.

 B-lymphocytes

Destroying bacteria and inactivating their
toxin.

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Monocytes

 Same function as neutrophil – arrive to
affected area in large number and fight
more microbes.

 Produce factor important for
inflammation and repair.

 Cause pus - dead bacteria and
macrophage, cellular debris (after
infection).

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Phagocytosis.

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Phagocytes

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Platelet (Thrombocytes)

 A variety of substances to promote blood
clotting which cause hemostasis.

 Contain many vesicles but no nucleus.
 Life span – 8-11 days.
 1/3 platelet are stored in spleen as

emergency store to control excessive
bleeding.

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Platelets Plug Formation :
3 processes

1. Platelet contact and stick to a part of a
damaged blood vessel – platelet adhesion.

2. The platelet become activated and
characteristic change.

 Contact and interact each other.

 Liberated ADP, thromboxane and serotonin.

3. ADP makes the area become sticky causes

platelet adhere and gather. The

accumulation and attachment form a mass

called platelet plug.hmy08 48

Coagulation

 Blood clotting result in formation of an insoluble thread-
like mesh of fibrin, which traps the blood cells.

 Final stages – Prothrombin activator acts on another
plasma protein prothrombin and thrombin converting it
to fibrinogen.

 Thrombin then acts on plasma protein fibrinogen and
converts it to fibrin.

 Fibrin will create a clot to stop the bleeding.

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Blood Count 50

 RBC
M – 5.4 million / uL
F – 4.8 million / uL

 Hb
M – 13.5 – 18 g / 100ml
F – 14 – 20 g / 100ml

 WBC - 5,000 – 10,000 / uL
 Platelet - 150,000 – 400,000 / uL

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