MUHAMMAD NUR AZUAN BIN KAMARUDDIN KHAIRULBADRI BIN AHMAD ALFAN BIN SERAIL FIRST EDITION AUTOCAD MANUAL: A BASIC GUIDE FOR BEGINNER
MUHAMMAD NUR AZUAN BIN KAMARUDDIN KHAIRULBADRI BIN AHMAD ALFAN BIN SERAIL FIRST EDITION AUTOCAD MANUAL: A BASIC GUIDE FOR BEGINNER
POLITEKNIK MUKAH KEMENTERIAN PENGAJIAN TINGGI ALL RIGHT RESERVED FIRST EDITION, 2023 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form and by any means whatsoever including electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording etc. without the written permission of the Author and Publisher of Politeknik Mukah. Author: Muhammad Nur Azuan Bin Kamaruddin Khairulbadri Bin Ahmad Alfan Bin Serail Publisher: Politeknik Mukah KM 7.5, Jalan Oya, 96400 Mukah, Sarawak No. Tel : 084 874 001 No. Fax : 084 874 005 Laman web : https://www.pmu.edu.my Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Malaysia eISBN 978-967-2097-67-9
SYNOPSIS An AUTOCAD MANUAL: A BASIC GUIDE FOR BEGINNER book is a comprehensive guide designed to teach users how to use AutoCAD software effectively. AutoCAD is a Computer Aided Design (CAD) software used by architects, engineers, and designers to create 2D and 3D drawings. The manual book begins by introducing the user to the AutoCAD user interface, including the various toolbars, menus, and palettes. It then covers basic drawing commands, such as line, circle, and rectangle, and how to modify them using various editing tools. The book also includes chapters on layer management, text and dimensioning, blocks and attributes, and plotting and printing. Overall, An AutoCAD Manual: A Basic Guide for Beginner book is an invaluable resource for anyone looking to learn basic in using AutoCAD software with step by step instructions and comprehensive coverage of the software's features.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS MUHAMMAD NUR AZUAN BIN KAMARUDDIN is a lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mukah Polytechnic. He has 3 years of teaching experience in the field of mechanical engineering and 6 years of experience in product development for automotive parts. He received his BEng (Hons) in Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Design) from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia. KHAIRULBADRI BIN AHMAD is a lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mukah Polytechnic. He has 3 years of teaching experience in the field of mechanical engineering and 8 years of teaching experience in the field of mechatronics engineering. He received his BEng (Hons) in Mechatronic Engineering from the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Malaysia and MSc (Eng) in Control Systems from the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. ALFAN BIN SERAIL is a lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mukah Polytechnic. He has 15 years of teaching experience in the field of mechanical engineering. He received his BEng (Hons) in Mechanical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia.
TABLE OF CONTENTS OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL DRAWING AND COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)....................... 3 AUTOCAD SYSTEM AND COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................... 4 AUTOCAD USER INTERFACE NAVIGATION / INTERACTION ............................................................................ 5 VARIOUS TYPE OF COMMAND ENTRY METHOD ............................................................................................ 6 START DRAWING............................................................................................................................................. 8 SETTING UNIT FOR DRAWING.......................................................................................................................10 SETTING DRAWING WORKSPACE SIZE..........................................................................................................11 TWO PRIMARY SPACE FOR MODEL AND LAYOUT ........................................................................................12 ZOOM FUNCTION..........................................................................................................................................13 SAVE THE DRAWING .....................................................................................................................................14 COORDINATE SYSTEM...................................................................................................................................15 POLAR SYSTEM..............................................................................................................................................16 DRAWING TOOL AND SETTING.....................................................................................................................17 OBJECT SELECTION........................................................................................................................................18 WORLD COORDINATE SYSTEM (WCS)AND USER COORDINATE SYSTEM (UCS)............................................20 DYNAMIC INPUT ...........................................................................................................................................21 DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY METHOD ..............................................................................................................22 ABSOLUTE COORDINATE METHOD...............................................................................................................23 RELATIVE COORDINATE SYSTEM...................................................................................................................24 RELATIVE POLAR COORDINATES...................................................................................................................25 LINE ...............................................................................................................................................................26 CIRCLE ...........................................................................................................................................................27 ARC................................................................................................................................................................28 POLYGON ......................................................................................................................................................29 POLYLINE .......................................................................................................................................................30 SPLINE ...........................................................................................................................................................31 ORTHOGONAL...............................................................................................................................................33 GRID..............................................................................................................................................................34 GRID / POLAR SNAP ......................................................................................................................................35 POLAR TRACKING..........................................................................................................................................36 REDRAW........................................................................................................................................................37 REGEN...........................................................................................................................................................38
VIEWRES........................................................................................................................................................39 VIEWPORT.....................................................................................................................................................40 ERASE ............................................................................................................................................................41 COPY..............................................................................................................................................................42 MIRROR.........................................................................................................................................................43 MOVE............................................................................................................................................................45 ROTATE .........................................................................................................................................................46 SCALE ............................................................................................................................................................47 OFFSET ..........................................................................................................................................................48 TRIM..............................................................................................................................................................49 EXTEND .........................................................................................................................................................50 CHAMFER......................................................................................................................................................51 FILLET ............................................................................................................................................................52 STRETCH........................................................................................................................................................53 BREAK............................................................................................................................................................54 JOIN...............................................................................................................................................................55 DIMENSION...................................................................................................................................................56 ANGULAR ......................................................................................................................................................57 DIAMETER .....................................................................................................................................................58 RADIUS..........................................................................................................................................................59 CENTERMARK................................................................................................................................................59 TEXT IN DRAWING ........................................................................................................................................61 MULTILINE.....................................................................................................................................................62 EDIT TEXT ......................................................................................................................................................63 TEXT STYLE ....................................................................................................................................................64 LAYER ............................................................................................................................................................65 ORTOGRAPHIC PROJECTION.........................................................................................................................67 ISOMETRIC DRAWING...................................................................................................................................68 FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION ............................................................................................................................69 THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION...........................................................................................................................70 HATCHING.....................................................................................................................................................71 SETUP LAYOUT DRAWING SIZE .....................................................................................................................73 INSERT TITLE BLOCK......................................................................................................................................75 INSERT DRAWING IN LAYOUT.......................................................................................................................76 EXERCISE .......................................................................................................................................................77 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................87
1 OBJECTIVE The objective of the AUTOCAD MANUAL: A BASIC GUIDE FOR BEGINNER book is: - To provide a comprehensive and user-friendly guide to individuals who are new to using AutoCAD software. - The book aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and tools of AutoCAD, including creating and editing drawings, using various commands, and applying basic drawing principles. - To provide step by step guide for first time user. - To empower beginners to confidently use AutoCAD to create accurate and precise drawings for various purposes.
2 INTRODUCTION AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) software program developed and marketed by Autodesk. It was first introduced in 1982 and has since become one of the most widely used CAD software tools in the market, with versions for both Windows and Mac operating systems. AutoCAD allows users to create 2D and 3D designs and drawings with precision and accuracy. It includes various tools and features such as drafting tools, dimensioning, layer management, and annotation tools that help in creating and editing designs. AutoCAD also supports various file formats and allows easy collaboration with other users. The software is widely used in many industries such as architecture, engineering, construction, and manufacturing. It is often used to create building plans, machine parts, electrical circuits, and other technical drawings. AutoCAD includes a user-friendly interface that makes it easy for users to navigate and use its tools efficiently. It also includes customization options that allow users to tailor the software to their specific needs. The software is continually updated with new features and improvements to enhance its functionality and usability.
3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL DRAWING AND COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) Conventional drawing and computer-aided design (CAD) are both methods used to create technical drawings, but they differ in several key ways. Here are differences between conventional drawing and CAD: 1. Methodology: Conventional drawing is a manual method of creating technical drawings using pencils, paper, and other drafting tools, whereas CAD is a digital method that involves the use of specialized software to create and edit drawings. 2. Precision: CAD allows for higher levels of precision and accuracy compared to conventional drawing. CAD software can accurately measure dimensions, angles, and other parameters, while conventional drawing relies on the artist's skill and hand-eye coordination. 3. Speed: CAD allows for faster and more efficient creation and modification of drawings compared to conventional drawing. CAD software allows for the reuse of previously created parts and drawings, while conventional drawing requires the artist to redraw everything from scratch. 4. Revisions: Revisions are easier to make in CAD than in conventional drawing. In CAD, modifications can be made quickly and easily, and the software can automatically update all affected parts and drawings. In conventional drawing, revisions are timeconsuming and require the artist to erase or redraw parts of the drawing. 5. Cost: CAD requires an initial investment in software and hardware, which can be expensive, but it can save money in the long run by reducing the time and labour required to create and modify drawings. Conventional drawing is a relatively inexpensive method that requires only basic drafting tools. 6. Learning curve: CAD has a steep learning curve compared to conventional drawing, which is relatively easy to learn. CAD requires knowledge of the software, as well as basic computer skills, while conventional drawing requires only basic drawing skills.
4 AUTOCAD SYSTEM AND COMPONENTS AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) software program developed and marketed by Autodesk. It includes several components that work together to create and edit technical drawings. Here are some of the key components of the AutoCAD system: 1. AutoCAD software: This is the main component of the system. It is the software program that users install on their computer to create and edit drawings. AutoCAD includes a range of tools and features that allow users to create 2D and 3D designs with precision and accuracy. 2. AutoCAD LT: This is a lighter version of AutoCAD that includes many of the same features as the full version but at a lower cost. It is designed for 2D drafting and is ideal for users who don't need the full range of 3D capabilities. 3. AutoCAD Architecture: This is a specialized version of AutoCAD that is tailored to the needs of architects and designers. It includes tools and features that allow users to create and annotate architectural drawings and designs. 4. AutoCAD Mechanical: This is a specialized version of AutoCAD that is designed for mechanical engineers and designers. It includes tools and features that allow users to create and edit mechanical parts and designs. 5. AutoCAD Electrical: This is a specialized version of AutoCAD that is tailored to the needs of electrical engineers and designers. It includes tools and features that allow users to create and edit electrical circuits and systems. 6. AutoCAD Mobile App: This is a mobile version of AutoCAD that allows users to create and edit drawings on their mobile devices. It is designed for users who need to work on drawings while on the go. 7. AutoCAD Web App: This is a web-based version of AutoCAD that allows users to create and edit drawings in a web browser. It is designed for users who need to work on drawings from different devices and locations.
5 AUTOCAD USER INTERFACE NAVIGATION / INTERACTION AutoCAD has a user-friendly interface that allows users to navigate and interact with the software in a simple and intuitive way. Here are some of the ways in which users can navigate and interact with the AutoCAD interface: 1. Ribbon: The Ribbon is a toolbar located at the top of the AutoCAD window. It contains tabs that organize the commands and tools into groups, making it easy to access the necessary tools for drawing, editing, and other tasks. 2. Command Line: The Command Line is located at the bottom of the AutoCAD window. It allows users to enter commands and specify options using typed text input. Users can also access the Command Line history to reuse previously entered commands. 3. Tool Palettes: Tool Palettes provide quick access to frequently used commands, blocks, and other tools. Users can drag and drop tools from the palette directly onto the drawing area, saving time and effort. 4. Viewports: Viewports allow users to display different parts of a drawing at different scales and orientations. Users can create, edit, and manage viewports to optimize the layout and presentation of the drawing. 5. Navigation Tools: AutoCAD provides a range of navigation tools, such as Zoom, Pan, and Orbit, that allow users to move and view the drawing area from different perspectives. Users can also customize the navigation tools to suit their preferences. 6. Keyboard Shortcuts: AutoCAD includes a range of keyboard shortcuts that allow users to quickly access commonly used commands and tools. Users can customize the keyboard shortcuts to create their own shortcuts and increase productivity.
6 VARIOUS TYPE OF COMMAND ENTRY METHOD
7
8 START DRAWING Once AutoCAD is open, it will be prompted to create a new drawing or open an existing one. Select “New Drawing” to create a new drawing. First method: Second method:
9 Third method:
10 SETTING UNIT FOR DRAWING Before starting to draw, it needs to set the drawing units. Click on the "Units" button in the status bar, or type "UNITS" in the command line to open the "Drawing Units" dialog box. Choose the appropriate unit system, such as inches or millimetres, and set the precision for the units. Step 1: Step 2:
11 SETTING DRAWING WORKSPACE SIZE Type "LIMIT" in the command line and press Enter. When prompted to "Specify lower left corner, type the coordinates of the lower-left corner of the drawing limit. After set the first coordinates, it will be prompted to "Specify upper right corner:". Type the coordinates of the upper-right corner. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
12 TWO PRIMARY SPACE FOR MODEL AND LAYOUT In AutoCAD, there are several spaces available for model and layout, but the two primary spaces are: 1. Model Space: This is where to create and edit the drawing's actual geometry and objects. When draw objects in model space, it will be drawing at full size. 2. Layout Space (Paper Space): This is where to create a layout or a presentation of the drawing to be printed or plotted. The layout space is typically scaled down, and objects are arranged on a sheet with annotations, dimensions, and other related details. To switch between model and layout space, it can use the Model and Layout tabs located at the bottom left of the drawing area or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + R to toggle between the two spaces.
13 ZOOM FUNCTION AutoCAD has several zoom functions that allow to navigate and view the drawing at different levels of magnification. Here are some of the most common zoom functions in AutoCAD: - Zoom Extents: Zooms out to display the entire drawing area. - Zoom All: Zooms to display all objects in the current drawing. - Zoom Window: Allows you to zoom in on a selected rectangular area by specifying two opposite corners. - Zoom Centre: Zooms in or out around the centre of the current view. - Zoom In/Out: Increases or decreases the magnification of the current view. - Zoom Previous: Returns to the previous zoom level and view. - Zoom Dynamic: Allows you to zoom in and out continuously by dragging the mouse up and down. Step 1: Step 2:
14 SAVE THE DRAWING - Select folder to save drawing - Insert file name - Select type of file - Click save
15 COORDINATE SYSTEM The cartesian coordinate system determines the location of the point in terms of the X and Y coordinates, measured from the origin.
16 POLAR SYSTEM the polar coordinate system identifies the position of the point based on the distance (r) and angle (θ) measured from the origin.
17 DRAWING TOOL AND SETTING 1. Right click at ribbon area 2. Go to “Show Panels” 3. Manage the tool (hide / unhide)
18 OBJECT SELECTION Method 1: - Click and hold - Move the cursor and touch a part of the object for selection Method 2: - Click and release - Move to left - Touch a part of the object for selection
19 Method 3: - Click and release - Move to right - Only part had fully touch will select Method 4: - Click the part want to select
20 WORLD COORDINATE SYSTEM (WCS)AND USER COORDINATE SYSTEM (UCS) The default AutoCAD graphics window contains an icon located near the bottom left corner that indicates the positive X-direction and positive Y-direction of the active coordinate system. The coordinate system utilized in AutoCAD for creating entities is known as the user coordinate system (UCS). By default, the UCS is aligned with the world coordinate system (WCS). The WCS serves as a reference point for all objects and other coordinate systems that users define. Essentially, the origin of the WCS remains fixed and functions as a reference point for all measurements. The default orientation of the Z-axis can be thought of as positive values in front of the monitor and negative values behind the monitor.
21 DYNAMIC INPUT In AutoCAD, dynamic input is a feature that allows you to enter commands and specify distances, angles, and other parameters in real-time. It provides a user-friendly interface and helps to input commands and values quickly and accurately. Here are the steps to enable dynamic input in AutoCAD: - Click on the Dynamic Input button on the status bar at the bottom of the screen, or press the F12 key to toggle it on and off. - Once enabled, it will see a small box next to the cursor that displays the current command and prompts for input. - To use dynamic input, simply start typing the command or value that want to enter, and it will appear in the input box.
22 DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY METHOD To indicate a second point, move the cursor in the desired direction and then input a distance value.
23 ABSOLUTE COORDINATE METHOD The values of absolute coordinates are determined based on the origin point of the current coordinate system. Enter the values of the X and Y coordinates to position the point with respect to the origin point of the current coordinate system. Example to insert the coordinate - Type “LINE” - 0 , 0 - 20 , 0 - 20 , 20 - 0 , 20 - 0 , 0 or C
24 RELATIVE COORDINATE SYSTEM When using relative coordinates, the values are defined with respect to the preceding coordinates. To use relative coordinates (the format is "@X,Y"), enter the values of X and Y that are relative to the coordinates of the previous point. Example to insert coordinate - Type “LINE” - 0 , 0 - @ 20 , 0 - @ 0 , 20 - @ -20 , 0 - @ 0 , -20 or C
25 RELATIVE POLAR COORDINATES When using relative polar coordinates (in the format "@Distance<angle"), specify a distance and angle that are relative to the coordinates of the previous point. Example to insert coordinate - Type “LINE” - 0 , 0 - @ 20 < 0 - @ 20 < 90 - @ 20 < 180 - @ 20 < 270 or C
26 LINE Click on the Line command icon located in the Draw toolbar to initiate the command. The command prompt area, located near the bottom of the AutoCAD graphics window, will display the message "Specify first point:". This indicates that AutoCAD is ready to receive input for the initial point of the straight line. After that specify the next point and lastly end point. Click LINE Or type line Insert or select first point Insert or select next point Insert or select end point
27 CIRCLE Click on the circle icon in the Draw toolbar and observe the small triangle underneath it. The presence of the triangle indicates that there are further options to explore. Click CIRCLE Or type circle Insert or select center point Insert “d” and enter for diameter Insert radius length Insert diameter length
28 ARC To make an arc in AutoCAD, it can use the "Arc" command, which is available in the "Draw" panel of the "Home" tab or type "Arc" in the command line and press "Enter" to start the "Arc" command. - Specify the starting point of the arc by clicking anywhere on the screen or by typing the coordinates in the command line. - Specify the endpoint of the arc by clicking anywhere on the screen or by typing the coordinates in the command line. - Specify the radius of the arc by typing the value in the command line or by specifying the second point of the arc. Click ARC Select first point Select center point Select end point or angle
29 POLYGON It can use the "Polygon" command, which is available in the "Draw" panel of the "Home" tab or type "Polygon" in the command line and press "Enter" to start the "Polygon" command. - Specify the number of sides of the polygon by typing the value in the command line or by selecting one of the predefined values. - Specify the center point of the polygon by clicking anywhere on the screen or by typing the coordinates in the command line. - Specify the radius of the polygon by typing the value in the command line or by specifying the second point of the polygon. Click POLYGON Or type POLYGON Enter no of polygon sides Select center of polygon Select inscribed or circumscribed Enter polygon radius
30 POLYLINE In AutoCAD, a polyline is a single object that consists of one or more connected line or arc segments. Polylines are commonly used for drawing complex shapes or for creating closed shapes such as polygons. It can use the "Polyline" command, which is available in the "Draw" panel of the "Home" tab or type "Polyline" in the command line and press "Enter" to start the "Polyline" command. - Specify the starting point of the polyline by clicking anywhere on the screen or by typing the coordinates in the command line and specify the subsequent vertices of the polyline by clicking on the screen or by typing the coordinates in the command line. - To end the polyline, press "Enter" Click POLYLINE Or type POLYLINE Specify start point Insert next point until complete Select end point
31 SPLINE A spline is a smooth curve that passes through a set of points or control vertices - Type "SPLINE" in the command line and press Enter. - Specify the first point of the spline by clicking on a point in the drawing area or entering the coordinates of the point. - Continue specifying additional control points for the spline by clicking or entering the coordinates of the points. - Press Enter when have specified all the control points for the spline. Type SPLINE Enter first point Enter next point until complete To end the spline, press enter or spacebar
32 SNAP To activate the SNAP function: Click at snap button Press F3 on keyboard To select the type of snap, need to activate: Right click at snap button Tick or untick to select the needed function For advance, click
33 ORTHOGONAL To activate the ORTHO function: Click at ortho button Press F8 on keyboard When Orthogonal option is enabled, lines are restricted to 0⁰, 90⁰, 180⁰, or 270⁰
34 GRID To activate the GRID function: Click at ortho button Press F7 on keyboard The increments will be based on a rectangular grid.
35 GRID / POLAR SNAP To activate the GRID / POLAR SNAP function: Click at snap button Press F9 on keyboard Polar snap is a useful feature in AutoCAD that allows you to snap objects to specific angles or distances on a polar coordinate system Right click at snap button and can select polar grid or grid snap
36 POLAR TRACKING To activate the POLAR TRACKING function: Click at polar tracking button Press F10 on keyboard Polar tracking is a feature in AutoCAD that helps you draw or edit objects by snapping to predefined angles on a polar coordinate system. Right click at polar tracking button and tick or untick the prefer angle need
37 REDRAW The REDRAW command is used to update the display of the drawing by redrawing the screen. This can be useful when the display is not updated correctly or when there are some visual glitches on the screen. To use the redraw command: Type "REDRAW" in the command line press Enter. This will update the display of the drawing by redrawing the screen. Note: The REDRAW command may take some time to complete, especially for complex or large drawings. It can use the "CANCEL" command to stop the redraw process if it is taking too long.
38 REGEN The REGEN command is used to regenerate the drawing and update the display. This command can be used to fix display issues or update the screen after making changes to the drawing. To use the regen command: Type "REGEN" in the command line press Enter. This will update the display of the drawing by redrawing the screen. Note: The REGEN command may take some time to complete, especially for complex or large drawings. It can use the "CANCEL" command to stop the redraw process if it is taking too long. REDRAW command is faster than REGEN because it only updates the screen without regenerating the drawing.
39 VIEWRES VIEWRES is used to change the display resolution of the graphics viewport. It affects the display quality of the 3D models and increases the smoothness of curves and arcs. To use the regen command: Type “VIEWRES" in the command line Note: Changing the display resolution may affect the performance of AutoCAD, especially for large and complex models. It is recommended to use the lowest possible resolution that still provides acceptable quality for your needs.
40 VIEWPORT A VIEWPORT is a rectangular area on a layout or paper space in AutoCAD that displays a specific part of the drawing. Viewports are useful for creating multiple views of the same drawing or for displaying different parts of a complex drawing on a single layout. Type “VIEWPORT" in the command line Select viewport type Display when use viewport
41 ERASE Select the "Erase" command from the Modify panel or type "Erase" in the command line and press Enter. - Select the object or objects you want to erase by clicking on them. You can also use a window or crossing selection to select multiple objects. - Press Enter to confirm the selection. Click ERASE button Or type ERASE 1. Select object to erase 2. Press enter / spacebar to erase
42 COPY To make a copy of an object in AutoCAD, it can use the "Copy" command or type "Copy" in the command line and press Enter. - Select the object or objects you want to copy. - Specify the base point for the copy. This is the point around which the copy will be made. - Specify the second point to define the distance and direction of the copy. You can either type the distance and angle values or use the mouse to specify the point. - Press Enter to confirm the copy. Click COPY button OR type COPY 1. Select object want to copy 2. Select base point 3. Select point want to place the copy item
43 MIRROR To create a mirror of an object in AutoCAD, type "Mirror" in the command line and press Enter. It also can select the "Mirror" command from the Modify panel. - Select the object or objects you want to mirror. - Specify the first point of the mirror line. This is the point that defines the axis of symmetry for the mirror. - Specify the second point of the mirror line. This defines the direction of the mirror line. - The selected object(s) will be mirrored around the mirror line and a copy will be created. Click MIRROR button OR type MIRROR 1. Select object want to mirror 2. Select base line to mirror