44 ARRAY Type ARRAY on the command line or click on the Array tool from the Modify panel of the Home tab. - Select the object you want to array. - Choose the type of array you want to create: rectangular, polar, or path. - Specify the array parameters, such as the number of rows, columns, or items, and the spacing between them. - Preview the array and adjust as necessary. - Press Enter to create the array. OR type ARRAY Click ARRAY button 1. Select object 2. Select array type 3. Insert quantity at columns, rows and gab between each other.
45 MOVE Type MOVE on the command line or click on the Move tool from the Modify panel of the Home tab. - Select the object you want to move. - Specify the base point for the move by clicking on a point on the object or typing the coordinates. - Specify the second point for the move by clicking on a point or typing the coordinates. - If you want to move the object a specific distance, type the distance and direction in the format X,Y (for example, 10,10). - Preview the move and adjust as necessary. - Press Enter to move the object. OR type MOVE Click MOVE button 1. Select object 2. Select base point 3. Select new point to place the move
46 ROTATE Type ROTATE on the command line or click on the Rotate tool from the Modify panel of the Home tab. - Select the object you want to rotate. - Specify the base point for the rotation by clicking on a point on the object or typing the coordinates. - Specify the second point for the rotation by clicking on a point or typing the coordinates. - Type the angle of rotation in degrees, followed by the letter D, or use the reference option to specify a reference angle. - Preview the rotation and adjust as necessary. - Press Enter to rotate the object. OR type ROTATE Click ROTATE button 1. Select object 2. Select base point 3. Select angle or type the angle
47 SCALE Type SCALE on the command line or click on the Scale tool from the Modify panel of the Home tab. - Select the object you want to scale. - Specify the base point for the scale by clicking on a point on the object or typing the coordinates. - Specify the second point for the scale by clicking on a point or typing the coordinates or type the scale factor, or use the reference option to specify a reference length. - Preview the scale and adjust as necessary. - Press Enter to scale the object. OR type SCALE Click SCALE button 1. Select object want to scale 2. Select base point 3. Insert scale factor
48 OFFSET Start the Offset command by typing "OFFSET" in the command line or selecting it from the toolbar or ribbon. - Specify the distance that you want to offset the object by typing a value in the command line or selecting a point to use as a reference. - Select the object that you want to offset by clicking on it. - Choose the side of the object where you want the offset to be created by clicking on the appropriate side or typing a distance in the command line. - Repeat the process to create additional offsets or press Enter to exit the command. OR type OFFSET Click OFFSET button 1. Select object want to 2. Select base point 3. Insert offset distance
49 TRIM Select the TRIM command from the Modify menu or enter "TRIM" in the command line. - Select the objects that you want to trim. - Specify the cutting edges by selecting the objects that will be used to trim the other objects. You can select a single object or multiple objects as cutting edges. - Press Enter or the Spacebar to complete the selection of cutting edges. - Click on the parts of the objects that you want to trim. AutoCAD will remove the parts of the objects that are not within the selected cutting edges. - Repeat the process for any other objects that you want to trim. - Once you have finished trimming all of the objects, press the ESC key to exit the TRIM command. OR type TRIM Click TRIM button 1. Select line to trim
50 EXTEND Select the EXTEND command from the Modify menu or enter "EXTEND" in the command line. - Select the objects that you want to extend. - Specify the boundary edges by selecting the objects that will be used as the boundaries for the extension. You can select a single object or multiple objects as boundary edges. - Press Enter or the Spacebar to complete the selection of boundary edges. - Click on the parts of the objects that you want to extend. AutoCAD will extend the selected objects to the nearest boundary edge. - Repeat the process for any other objects that you want to extend. - Once you have finished extending all of the objects, press the ESC key to exit the EXTEND command. OR type EXTEND Click EXTEND button 1. Select line to extend
51 CHAMFER Select the CHAMFER command from the Modify menu or enter "CHAMFER" in the command line. - Specify the first line by selecting the first object that you want to chamfer. You can select a single object or multiple objects. - Specify the second line by selecting the second object that you want to chamfer. You can select a single object or multiple objects. - Enter the distance for the chamfer, or select the two lines that intersect to define the chamfer angle. - Press Enter or the Spacebar to complete the chamfer. Click CHAMFER button Or type CHAMFER 1. Type “d” 2. Insert distance 1 and 2 3. Select line to make chamfer
52 FILLET Select the FILLET command from the Modify menu or enter "FILLET" in the command line. - Specify the first object by selecting the object that you want to fillet. You can select a single object or multiple objects. - Specify the second object by selecting the object that you want to fillet with. You can select a single object or multiple objects. - Enter the radius for the fillet. - Press Enter or the Spacebar to complete the fillet. Click FILLET button Or type FILLET 1. Type “r” 2. Insert radius for fillet 3. Select line to make fillet
53 STRETCH Select the STRETCH command from the Modify menu or enter "STRETCH" in the command line. - Specify the objects that you want to stretch. - Specify the crossing selection window or polygon around the objects that you want to stretch. - Select a base point for the stretch. This will be the point around which the objects will stretch. - Click and drag the objects to stretch them to the desired location. Click STRETCH button Or type STRETCH 1. Select object 2. Select base point 3. Move to point to stretch object
54 BREAK Select the BREAK command from the Modify menu or enter "BREAK" in the command line. - Select the object that you want to break. - Specify the first point where you want to break the object. - Specify the second point where you want to break the object. - Press Enter or the Spacebar to complete the break. Click BREAK button Or type BREAK 1. Select object 2. Select first and second break
55 JOIN Select the JOIN command from the Modify menu or enter "JOIN" in the command line. - Select the first object that you want to join. - Select the second object that you want to join. - Press Enter or the Spacebar to complete the join. Type JOIN 1. Select line to join 2. Press enter or spacebar
56 DIMENSION Select the "Dimension" tool from the "Annotation" panel in the "Home" tab of the ribbon or type "DIM" in the command line. - Select the object or point you want to dimension by clicking on it. You can also use the "Aligned", "Angular", "Radius", or "Diameter" options in the "Dimension" panel of the ribbon to choose the type of dimension you want to insert. - Place the dimension line by clicking at the desired location. If you want to move the dimension line to a different location, use the "Grip" tool to move it. LINEAR 2. Click both ends to take dimension 1. Click LINEAR 3. Complete
57 ANGULAR 1. Click ANGULAR 2. Click both ends to take angle 3. Complete
58 DIAMETER 1. Click DIAMETER 2. select arc or circle 3. Complete
59 RADIUS 1. Click RADIUS 2. select ac or circle 3. Complete
60 CENTERMARK 1. Click CENTERMARK 2. select ac or circle 3. Complete
61 TEXT IN DRAWING Select the "Text" tool from the "Annotation" panel in the "Home" tab of the ribbon or type "TEXT" in the command line. - Click on the location where you want to insert the text. This will bring up the "Text Editor" window. - Type the text you want to insert into the "Text Editor" window. - Customize the text formatting options, such as font, size, style, and colour, using the options in the "Text Editor" window or the "Text" panel in the ribbon. - Click "OK" to insert the text into your drawing. SINGLE LINE 1. Select SINGLE LINE 2. Insert text height 3. Insert text angle 4. Type text and complete
62 MULTILINE 1. Select MULTILINE 2. Specify first and opposite corner 3. Type text and complete
63 EDIT TEXT 1. Double click at text 2. Edit until complete
64 TEXT STYLE 1. Double click at text Change text style
65 LAYER In AutoCAD, layers are used to separate and organize objects into different categories. Layers can be locked and hidden. Layers can also be used to assign the line weight (width), line type, color, and transparency to the objects on the layers. LAYER CONTROL Type the LAYER command to open the Layer Properties Manager or click the Layer Properties tool on the ribbon The green check next to layer “0” shows that is the current layer. The column labelled “On” shows that the light bulb icons for two layers are dark. It is mean the layer is turned off to hide the layer
66 To add new layer To freeze the layer To delete the layer To activate the layer Quick access to layer Click on the quick access to control the layer (on / off layer, hide / unhide the layer and lock the layer.
67 ORTOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Orthographic projection is a method of projecting a 3D object onto a 2D plane by using perpendicular lines to project each point on the object onto the plane. This technique is used in engineering, architecture, and other technical fields to create detailed and accurate drawings of objects. In orthographic projection, the object is viewed from different directions, typically front, top, and side, and each view is drawn separately to show the object's shape and dimensions. This allows the viewer to see the object in a clear and precise manner and helps to ensure that the object is constructed or manufactured to the correct specifications.
68 ISOMETRIC DRAWING Isometric drawing is a form of 3D representation of an object on a 2D surface. It is a type of axonometric projection that displays an object in a way that maintains the correct proportions and angles between the object's faces, but with all the lines parallel to the three principal axes of the object. In other words, an isometric drawing presents a 3D object with its height, width, and depth dimensions shown in a single view. The lines in an isometric drawing are drawn at a 30-degree angle from the horizontal, and all the vertical lines are drawn vertically upward. Isometric drawing is often used in engineering and technical drawings, architectural designs, and industrial designs, where a 3D object needs to be depicted accurately on a 2D surface.
69 FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION The center of the drawing shows the front view of the object. In order to achieve this, the box must be tilted towards the left, which causes the right-side view of the object to appear on the left side of the front view. To view the left side of the object, tilt the box towards the right when the front side is facing you. This will position the left-side view to the right of the front view. The same technique applies to top and bottom views. When facing the front of the object, tilt the cube downwards to reveal the top side facing you, with the top view located beneath the front view on the drawing. To view the bottom side, tilt the front view upwards, causing the bottom view of the object to face you, with the bottom view located above the front view.
70 THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION Third angle views are straightforward as they depict the object as you would see it from the corresponding side. The center of the drawing always displays the front view. The view of the object from the right side is illustrated on the right-hand side of the front view, whereas the view from the left side is shown on the left-hand side of the front view. Similarly, the top and bottom views are presented above and below the front view, respectively. In case the view from the back is required, it would be positioned beneath the bottom view.
71 HATCHING Hatching in AutoCAD refers to the process of filling an enclosed area with a pattern of lines, dots, or other symbols to indicate a specific material, object or boundary. It is a widely used technique in engineering and architectural drawings to indicate different types of materials or objects, such as concrete, bricks, wood, or insulation. In AutoCAD, hatching is performed using the "Hatch" command, which allows the user to select the type of pattern, scale, angle, and color for the hatch. The hatch patterns are stored in .pat files, which can be customized to create new patterns or modify existing ones. Select hatch symbol After select, it will appear ribbon as below After select hatch symbol, it will display as shown below To pick or select the area to apply the hatch
72 To select the pattern type To adjust the size of hatch
73 SETUP LAYOUT DRAWING SIZE 1. Right click at layout 2. Select page setup manager 3. Select new 1 2 3
74 4. Insert new setup name 5. Select paper size 6. Select scale 7. Drawing oriental – select landscape 4 5 6 7
75 INSERT TITLE BLOCK 1. Sketch title block 2. Select the sketch 3. Copy 4. Paste the title block on layout
76 INSERT DRAWING IN LAYOUT 1. Click “layout” 2. Click rectangular 3. Click first end point to finish end point 4. Double click the drawing 5. Rescale 1 2
77 EXERCISE Exercise 1: .
78 Exercise 2:
79 Exercise 3:
80 Exercise 4:
81 Exercise 5:
82 Exercise 6:
83 Exercise 7:
84 Exercise 8:
85 Exercise 9:
86 Exercise 10:
87 REFERENCES 1. Ambrosius, L., Byrnes, D. (2006). AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies. United Kingdom: Wiley. 2. Moss, E. (2021). Autodesk AutoCAD 2022 Fundamentals. United States: SDC Publications. 3. Fane, B. (2016). AutoCAD For Dummies. Germany: Wiley. 4. Kent, D. (2012). The AutoCAD® Reference Guide: Release 13. United States: Springer New York. 5. Lockhart, S., Leach, J. (2021). AutoCAD 2022 Instructor. United States: SDC Publications. 6. Ramirez, A., Smith, D., Fuller, A. (2021). Technical Drawing 101 with AutoCAD 2022: A Multidisciplinary Guide to Drafting Theory and Practice with Video Instruction. United States: SDC Publications.