DUW10022 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR ENGINEERING

OSDACUFCEUWTPYA&1 T0IHOE0NA2LATL2H

FOR ENGINEERING

INFOGRAPHIC

https://anyflip.com/kkvfh/qzuy/

1

Ts. Nur-ul Balqes Md Zaid  Mohd Azman Mohd Noor  Ts. Alvy Bartholomeus Philip

OD CUCUW PA1 T0IO0N2AL2

SAFETY & HEALTH

FOR ENGINEERING

INFOGRAPHIC

2

Published by:
POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU
No. 4, Jalan Politeknik, KKIP Barat
Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park
88460, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

Tel : 088-401800
Faks : 088-499960
Website : https://polikk.mypolycc.edu.my
© Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
First Edition, 2021

All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopy, recording, or any information storage

and retrieval system without permission in writing from,
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu.

3

DUW 10022
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

FOR ENGINEERING

Sypnosis

Occupational Safety and Health for Engineering Infographic is designed for the
Occupational Safety and Health for Engineering course offered at local polytechnic
institutions. It covers the fundamental concept of safety and health for engineering, and
aims to educate students on the best practices necessary to create and maintain safe and
healthy workplace environments. The books promotes the understanding of occupational
safety and health (OSH) regulations, OSH management and accident prevention.

Ts. Nur-ul Balqes Md Zaid is a lecturer at Politeknik Kota Kinabalu,

Sabah, with Master of Engineering (Civil) in UTM 2013, Bachelor of
Education Civil Engineering (with Honours) in OUM 2009 and Diploma
in Civil Engineering with Education in 2001. She has 19 years
experience of teaching in Architecture Department and one (1) year in Civil
Engineering Department.

Mohd Azman Mohd Noor is a lecturer at Politeknik Kota

Kinabalu, Sabah, with Bachelor in Civil Engineering,
UTHM in 2010, Diploma in Civil Engineering with
Education in 2003. He has 18 years experience of teaching
in Civil Engineering Department.

Ts. Alvy Bartholomeus Philip is a senior lecturer

at Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, with Master
in Technical and Vocational in UTHM 2005 and
Bachelor of Civil Engineering in UTHM 2003
with major in Building Services. He has 17 years
experience of teaching in Civil Engineering
Department.

Reach Us! Connect With Us!
Civil Engineering Department Telephone No : 088-401800
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu,
No. 4, Jalan Politeknik KKIP Barat, Faxs : 088-499960
Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park,
88460 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, email : [email protected]
Malaysia.
4email : [email protected]
email : [email protected]

“To our family who have been a
constant source of intellectual

inspiration”

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Preface

This E-Book was produced in collaboration with two authors, namely Ts. Nur-ul
Balqes Md Zaid, Mr. Mohd Azman Mohd Noor and Ts. Alvy Bartholomeus
Philip. First and foremost, Praise and thanks to God the Almighty, for His
blessing, we were able to complete the task to produce the DUW10022
Occupational Safety and Health for Engineering Infographic E-Book
successfully.

With this opportunity, we would like to express our special thanks and
gratitude to Ts. Abdull Sulaiman Ismil as the Head of the Civil Engineering
Department, who has gave us this golden opportunity to do the task of
producing this E-book. We would also like to thank all parties involved in
helping us to complete this task, especially to Mr. Ronnie Patrick Masida, the
Head of Civil Engineering Diploma Programme; our sincere appreciation for
your unwavering support and discretion in providing guidance throughout this
task.

The completion of this project could not have been
accomplished without the support of the of the Civil
Engineering Department, E-Learning coordinator Mrs.
Noorhidayah A. Kassim, we extremely grateful for what she
has offered us.

Finally, to our caring, loving, and supportive family
members: our deepest gratitude. Your encouragement
when the times got rough are much appreciated and duly
noted.

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Course Learning
Outcome (CLO)

01

Explain briefly Occupational Safety & Health
(OSH) procedures, regulation and its compliance

in Malaysia

02

Initiates incident hazards, risk and safe work
practices in order to maintain health and safe

work environment

03

Demonstrate communication skills in group to
explain the factor that can lead to accident in
workplace

7

Contents

01 Introduction to Occupational Safety & page 08

Health Legislation

02 Occupational Safety & Health page 20

Management System

03 Incidents Prevention page 27

04 Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment page 34

And Risk Control (HIRARC)

05 Fire Safety page 46

06 Workplace Environment & Ergonomic page 58

8

O1

Introduction to Occupational
Safety & Health Legislation

Learning Outcomes

▪ Concept of OSH – definition, OSH legislation
▪ Importance of safety – Duty of care
▪ Statutory requirement

- Objective of Act 514
- Employer’s responsibilities, Part IV, Act 514
- Employee’s responsibilities, Part VI, Act 514
- Objective of Factory and Machinery Act 1967
- Objective of Environment & Quality Act 1974

Concepts Of OSH

▪ Protection and promotion of workers health by preventing and
controlling occupational disease and accidents.

▪ Co-operation between management and workers to create a
safe environment

▪ Top management responsible for workers safety
▪ Clear written policy for safety and health management
▪ Organization provide best available knowledge and methods for

safety and health practices in workplace

Definition Of OSH

▪ OSH is a condition in which an employee need a work
environment that is safe and healthy for themselves and other
who may be affected by its activities.

▪ Occupational health is a multidisciplinary field of healthcare
concerned with enabling an individual to undertake their
occupation, in the way that causes least harm to their health.

▪ Aims to give security to the people who are in employed in
terms of their health, welfare and safety

1010

OSHA Legislation

Seven (7) regulation under OSHA 1994 enforced by DOSH:

1 Employers Safety and Health General Policy
Statements (Exception) Regulations, 1995

2 Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard
Regulations, 1996

3 Classification, Packaging and Labelling of
Hazardous Chemicals Regulations, 1997

4 Safety and Health Committee Regulations,
1996

5 Safety and Health Officer Regulations, 1997
6 Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals

Hazardous to Health Regulations, 2000

7 Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and
Occupational Disease Regulations, 2004

11

Important Of OSHA

1 Avoid any serious accidents which will cause
injury, disability, illness or death.

2 Increase productivity, reduce staff turnover
and promote lower staff absence due to
sickness

3 Significant cost saving and good accidents
record.

4 Help to reduce compensation cost because
accidents and loss are minimized

5 Promotes a quality lifestyle, better work
methods and improve organizational
performance

6 Increase motivational to work and enhance
employee commitment or loyalty toward
organization.

12

Duty of Care

Employer have a duty of care towards their employees.

Duty of care is a moral or legal obligation to ensure the

safety, health and well being of others.

Ensuring a safe working Defining job clearly
environment
and undertaking risk
assessment

Setting up incentive Providing adequate
programme to promote training and feedback
safety
on performance

Providing enough areas Ensuring that employees
for rest and relaxation do not work excessive
hours that may lead to
inadequate period of

rest and recuperation

Protecting employees from
harassment or bullying from
collogues and third parties

Providing Providing adequate 7
training and feedback

on performance

9 communication Consulting employees
channels for employees
to raise concern 10

on issues which
concern them

13

Statutory Requirement

There are three (3) levels of types of duty imposed by statute
which allow different responses:

Absolute Duty

Absolute duty on the employer to take
specific steps to control hazard or prevent
the incidents when the risk of injury is very

high.

Practicable

The employer would have to consider
the current trend of technological
knowledge and feasibility difficult of
the task, problems and costs.

Act Reasonably Practicable
Regulation
Industry Code Of Allow the employer to consider the cost of
taking the action against the risk involved.
Practice
Guidelines 4 basic elements in legal framework related to
OSHA 1994

14

OSHA, 1994 (ACT 514)

Enacted in 25th Feb 1994, due Purpose of OSHA: To
to shortcoming in Factory & promote and encourage
Machinery Act, 1967 which occupational safety and
only cover in manufacturing, health awareness among
mining, quarrying and workers and to create
construction industries. organizations with effective
safety and health measure.
1
2

3 4

This act supported by Contain 15 section and
regulations, codes of complements any existing
practice and guidelines to legislative provision and
override ant prior
further clarification conflictions.

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Objective of OSHA, 1994
(ACT 514)

To secure the safety, health To protect others against
and welfare of persons at risks to safety or health in
work. connection with the activities
of person at work.
1
2

34

To promote an To provide the means
occupational environment towards a legislative system
adaptable to the person’s based on regulations and
industry codes of practice in
physiological and combination with the
psychological needs. provision of the act.

16

General Statutory
Requirements for
Industries

For All Industries

Employees > 5 req safety & health policy
Employees > 40 req safety & health policy &

health committee

For High Risk Industry

Employees > 100 req safety & health policy &
health committee & A Certified Safety & Health

Officer

For High Risk Industry

Employees > 100 req safety &
health policy & health committee

& A Certified Safety & Health
Officer

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Employer’s Responsibility

Providing and 2 Arranging safe use 3 Providing
in any relation to information,
1maintaining plant operation, instruction,
handling, storage training and
and systems of and transport of supervision to
work. plant and employees
substances
6 Providing a
Providing and 5 Providing and safe, healthy
maintaining the and
4maintaining a safe safety of the adequate
working working
condition by means environment for the environment
of access to and
egress from any employees and General Duties Of Employers
place of work. adequate welfare (Part Iv Section 15)
facilities at work.
General Duties Of Employers
(Part Iv Section 24 - 27)

Taking reasonable care for the Co-operating with the employer or
safety and health of self and of any other person in the discharged
the other persons while at of any duty or requirement
work. imposed on the employee.

Wearing or using any protective Complying with any instruction or
equipment or clothing provided by measure on occupational safety
the employer for the purpose of and health instituted by the
preventing risks all the times. employer or any other person
under OSH.

18

Safety & Health
Organisation in Malaysia

History: Department of Safety & Health ▪ Main Role:
(DOSH)

▪ 1967, Factory & Machinery ▪ To ensure the safety, health and welfare of people at work
Department (FMD) from arising hazards in all activities at the workplace
establish under Ministry of
Labour ▪ To investigate all accidents, poisonous or dangerous
occurrences in the workplace
▪ April 1994, FMD renamed
as DOSH under Ministry of ▪ To administer and enforce the legislation related to OSH in
Human Resources the country

▪ To study and review the legislation and OSHA 1994 policies
whenever necessary

National Institute of OSHA ▪ To provide advisory service
Occupational Malaysia and information to all
Safety & Health (NIOSH) agencies about the

management and technical
aspects of OSH

Social Security
Organization
(SOCSO)

History: History:

▪ Establish on 1 December 1992 ▪ On July 1985, SOCSO became a statutory
authority
Main roles:
▪ 1 January 1997 SOCSO or Pertubuhan
▪ To provide training and consultation Keselamatan Sosial (PERKESO) was
services
formed as a government department
▪ To disseminate information about OSH
▪ To conduct research in the field of OSH Main roles:

▪ To provide social security protection by
social insurance, including medical and
cash benefits
▪ To give provision of artificial aids and
rehabilitation to employees in order to
reduce suffering
▪ To provide financial guarantee and
protection to the workers family

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Conclusion

▪ OSH is a condition in which an employee need a work environment that is
safe and healthy for themselves and other who may be affected by its
activities.

▪ Duty of care is a moral or legal obligation to ensure the safety, health and
well being of others.

▪ OSHA (Act 154) is the main reference about OSH policies in Malaysia

▪ DOSH, NIOSH and SOCSO are competent bodies in promoting OSH in
Malaysia

Reflection Activities

Question 1:

Explain briefly chronology of history of Occupational Safety And Health
Legislations in Malaysia?

Question 2:

Discuss TWO objectives of OSHA 1994.

Question 3: Answer ?

State the employee’s responsibility according Section 24–27?

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O2

Occupational Safety & Health
Management System

Learning Outcomes

• Concepts of safety management
• Establishment of a safety & health committee
• Role of management in occupational safety & health

Concepts Of OSHA

• Top management involvement and work organization
• Consulting employees

• Assigning representatives to provide health & safety assistance
• Giving adequate supervision, guidelines and training
• Providing information, guideline and training

• Monitoring and reviewing conditions for best practices

22

OSH Management System

1MS1722: 2011 2 OSHMS defined as a
set of interrelated or
Guideline for interacting elements to
OSHMS were establish and
published by implement OSH policy
and objectives, and to
DOSH achieve those
objectives.

OSHMS includes risk 4 Manager must take a
proactive approach in
3assessment, setting determining
objectives, responsibility and
strategies, practices, accountability in
controlling safety &
procedures, health issue in
processes and organization.

resources.

Managers can influence safety performance by:

Setting policies that require Providing resources to achieve the
high safety performance aims of all policies

Encouraging and supporting local Demonstrating high commitment
mangers, supervisors and senior towards the development of a
safety culture in the workplace
employee for efforts to achieve
high standard of safety 23
performance

Components of
OSH – MS1722

Policy

• Structures and processes of safety • Clear written statement of
and health must be established the organization’s position
regarding safety, health & environment
• Competence and training should
• Identify who is responsible for safety &
Organising provided among workers health performance
• All OSH related work documented
• Identify the sources of experts competent
• Communication is essential to with safety & health knowledge
ensure information, ideas,
• Signed by the most senior person(s) in
documents & relevant matters are the organization
received, considered and given a
response. • Prominently displayed and up to date

• Clear and concise terms to everyone
within organization

Indicators should be measurable

according to the size and nature of

activity in the organization and Planning & Implementation
respective OSH objectives
• Planning begins with the initial review
• Performance monitoring & carried out by competent persons or
consultant
Evaluation measurement
• Audit
• The initial review will become the basis

• Management review for making decisions regarding the

implementation od the OSHMS Planning
• System planning, development &

implementation are important to

Action for Improvement support the requirement of national
laws & regulations & continual
• Identifying and analyzing the improvement of OSH performance
root causes of any non

Action conformities with relevant OSH regulations
or management arrangements

• Initiating, planning, implementing, checking
the effectiveness of corrective and preventive
action, including changes of the OSH
management itself

• Continual improvement should cover the
whole system of the organization

• Safety & health performance should be
compared with other for improvement

24

Sub Element In OSHMS

Organizing Planning & Policy
Implementation
• Responsibility • OSH Policy
• Competency • Initial review • Employee
• Objective &
• Documentation involvement
• Communication programme
• HIRARC Action For Improvement
Evaluation
• ERF • Correction &
• Performance & • Management of prevention action
monitoring
• Incident change • Continual
• Procurement improvement
investigation • Contracting
• Audit Effective safety & health
committee is important:
• Management review
• Accidents rate are reduced
Safety & Health Comeittee • Safety & health awareness is

• “Section 30, OSHA 1994 employer with improved
more than 40 workers shall establish • A broad range of safety & health
a safety & health committee in the
workplace” expertise is available for solving
problems
• Violates this provision, employed who
found guilty can be maximum fined • Cooperation is encouraged
RM5,000 of imprison for 6 month or through better communication
both • All employees have a way to
express concerns and have them
• Objective of committee: To foster
cooperation & consultation between addressed
management and workers in
identifying, evaluating and controlling
hazards at the workplace.

Safety & health committee composition:

• A chairman (employer or authorized manager)
• A secretary

• Two representative of the employer
• Two representative of the employees

24

Roles of The Management

Management Roles

• Allocating adequate resources (financial, assets and
human training) for the best possible functioning of the

OSH programme

• Building up a good management team or organizational
representatives to support OSH development in the
company

• Assigning a senior management representative to be
responsible for OSH administration and agent to be in

charge of any OSH occasion

Procedures in policy, standard
and safety guidelines
development:

• Setting the main objectives of each items (policy,
standards and safety guidelines)

• Ensuring the policy, standard and safety guidelines in
workplace must be suitable for all levels of employees

• Keeping each format to reach all levels of employees

• Preparing readable, clear and easy to understand
procedures, standards or safety guidelines

Development of rules and
workplace procedures:

• How to report a hazard of risk 26
• Step by step samples of how to safely finish particular work

assignment
• Basic safety rules
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Chemical utilization
• Hazard communication
• Specific equipment utilization and safe operation
• Sharp item utilization and disposal

• Emergency plan

Conclusion

• OSHMS: A set of interrelated or interacting elements to establish and
implement OSH policy and objectives, and to achieve those objectives.

• 5 components of OSH-MS1722 is policy, organizing, planning and
implementation, evaluation and action for improvement

• Safety & health committee is a must in a company with more than 40
number of workers

• The objective of this committee is to foster cooperation & consultation
between management and workers in identifying, evaluating and controlling
hazards at the workplace.

• Establishing policy, standards, guidelines, rules and safety workplace
procedures are the main roles of the management

Reflection Activities

Question 1:

List the FIVE components of OSH-MS1722

Question 2:

Draft the compositon of the OSH committee.

Question 3: Answer ?

Explain THREE specific functions of the chairman and committee
representatives.

Question 4:

List THREE roles of the management in OSHMS.

27

O3

Incidents Prevention

Learning Outcomes

• Define incident, accident and near miss
• Differentiate incident, accident and near miss
• Accident causation theories: Heinrich’s Domino, Bird’s Loss,

Multi Causation Accident Model
• Incident prevention cost

Definition of Incident

• Any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning,
occupational disease or near miss that arises out of in the
course of work (MS1722:2005)

• Not every incident is an accident, but every accident & near miss
is an incident

• An incident can be identify by the elements:
- Sequence of events

- Combination of causes
- Result of the combination of events (Interruption of activities,

may or may not harm, injuries or extreme condition)

Concepts Of OSHA

Unexpected Events occur Accident Losses
and (single/multiple Physical harm to injuries
combination of death,
unplanned property & property,
event events) material destroy or
time,
combination of money
both

Near miss
An event which did
not result in injury

or damage to
property but had
the potential to do

so.

29

Incident (Based On
MS1722 & OHSAS)

Work-related event in which an injury or ill health or fatality
occurred or could have occurred

• An undesired event that result
in harm to people, damage to
property or loss to process
(Bird & Germain, 1966)

• An accident is an incident which
has given rise to injury, ill
health or fatality (MS1722:2011)

• Undesired event giving rise to
death, ill health, injury, damage
or loss (BSI-OHSAS 18001:2000)

• Incident which occur and result
to harm a person and even
cause death, damage to
equipment or property and
could be the combination of
both.

• Unsafe occurrence arising out of or in the
course of work where no health or property

damage is caused (MS1722:2005)
• Unsafe occurrence arising out of or in course

of work where no human injury or ill health,
damage to property, damage to the

environment is caused (MS1722:2011)
• The element of near miss:

- Unsafe occurrence or events happened
- Created an incident

- No harm, ill health or fatality and no damages
to property or environment.

30

Example Situation

31

Principles Of Incidents
Prevention

• Good leadership and management
• Legal compliance
• Competent organization and resources
• Co-operation between management and workers
• Best available information and technology

Accident Causation Theory Or Model

Accident causation theories use as a tool to determine the

1cause and effect of accident use in incident investigation.
Heinrich’s Domino Theory.

• A row of sequenced events towards an accident and
represented in a row of dominos.

• If an element of the sequences is activated, a domino
will knock the following domino: the whole domino will
fall.

• This show the 1st element is the activator of a
sequences, the second become the activator or the 3rd
and so on until the last element (injuries or death).

Bird’s Loss Causation Model

2• Major weakness with Domino Theory relied on the concept
of a single cause leading to an incident. Incident is the
result of several factors that occurred simultaneously or
randomly to produce the incident or loss.
• Influence of management and managerial error found
happening of near misses or accidents are caused by lack
of management control towards their workers.
• Loss of the result of accident : not only represent injury
but also damages due to production losses, property
damage or wastage of other asset.

3 Multi-causation Model
• Multi-causation Accident model uses sub-causes. These sub
cases will develop the main cause factor in terms of unsafe act
(behavior) or unsafe condition (environment) or both.
• Accident occur as the result of this unsafe act or/and unsafe
condition factors.
• Unsafe Act/ Behavioral Factor: Factor pertaining to the worker
such as attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and
inadequate physical and mental condition.
• Unsafe Condition/ Environmental Factor: Such as improper
guarding of other hazardous work elements, degradation of
equipment, unsafe procedures.

32

Incidents Prevention
Cost

1 Design Cost
• High initial expenditures, one off, can be
used for long duration
• Based on HIRARC reports, job analysis

report, need analysis report or accident

investigation report

• Example: Installing machine guard to

protect worker. 2Operational Cost

▪ Incident prevention programmes
initiated by employers and safety
committee

▪ Safety training, open day of OSH to

create awareness

Iceberg Theory Direct Cost

• Incresed Premiums Paid

• Medical Expenses

• Time Off WagesPermenent Disability Benefits

Indirect Cost • Additional Temporary Workers

• Damage to Equipment anf • Cost to Hire/Train New Workers

Machinery • Management Lost Time to Deal

• Damage to Material and Facility with Sitiuation and Post

• Production Downtime Situation Follow-up

• Laower Employee Morale • Employees Assisting with

• Loss of Production or Service Accident

• Delays in Shipment or Filling • Potential OSHA Penalties
• Attorney Fees
Orders

• Additional Overtime

33

Conclusion

▪ Incident is unwanted event or sequence of events which consist accident
and near misses.

▪ Accident give injury, ill health or fatality
▪ Near miss is unsafe occurrence where no human injury or ill health, damage

to property, damage to the environment is caused
▪ Accident causation theories use as a tool to determine the cause and effect

of accident use in incident investigation.
▪ Incident prevention cost (operational and design cost) discuss the cost of

maintaining incident free condition at workplace.

Reflection Activities

Question 1:

State the FIVE principles of incident prevention

Question 2:

Explain the difference between direct costs and indirect costs of an
accident.

Question 3: Answer ?

State TWO types of cost where incident prevention is
implemented.

Question 4:

Explain the four steps of implementing incident
prevention training.

34

O4

Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment and Risk Control

(HIRARC)

Learning Outcomes

• Define hazard, risk and danger
• Types of hazard
• Risk assessment step by step
• Risk control by Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (HIRARC)

Definition Hazard, Risk & Danger

Hazard: A source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms
of human injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the

environment or a combination of these.
Risk : combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a

hazardous event with specified period or in specified
circumstances and sk: the severity of injury or damage to the
health of people, property, environment or any combination of

these caused by the event.
Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

36

Hazard vs Risk vs Danger

Hazard

is the potential to cause harm
falls & falling object

Risk

is a likelihood of harm taking place
when working in construction site, the risk of
an accident is HIGH but the risk become LOW
when using a safety helmet

Danger

is a possibility of suffering harm or injury
smoking near explosion chemicals will become
danger

37

Types of Hazard

1 PhysicalAny hazard that come from environmental factors
2 BiologicalAny hazard that come from the solid, liquid or gas

element or mixture that could cause health problem or
pollution

3 ChemicalA living or once-living organism that have potential to
poses a threat to human health

4 PsychologicalAspects of the work environment and the way that work
is organized that are associated with psychiatric,
psychological and or physical injury or illness

5 ErgonomicHazard can create physical and psychological stress
because of forceful or repetitive work, improper work
techniques, or poorly designed tools and workspaces

38

5 Steps

ARsseissms enKt

Step 1 Create A List

What Are We Thinking About?

Make a list of the safety issues you need to address. This may be a Chemical Inventory, Equipment
Inventory, a Job/Task Lost, or all those things

EXAMPLES

Degreasers Oven Exhaust Feeding the Alligators

Step 2 Identify The Hazard

What the Problem?

For each item on the list, identify the specific hazards involved
(A hazard is a potential source of injury or loss.)

EXAMPLES

Toxic Chemicals Hot Surface Feeding the Alligators

39

5 Steps

ARsseissms enKt

Continue

Step 3 Evaluate The Risk

How Bad is it?

For each hazards, consider the following
How likely is the hazard to actually cause harm?

a. How often are b. When a person is c. When a harmful event
people exposed to exposed, how likely is happens, how difficult
the hazard? that exposure to lead is it for a person to
to a harmful event? avoid harm?

If a person is actually harmed by the hazard, how serious will that harm be?

The combination of these ideas — that is, the combination of the likelihood and the severity of an injury
that results from a hazard — is called Risk.

EXAMPLES

The degreaser is used The oven exhaust Feeding alligators from
for hours every day, and system is hard to reach, the edge of the alligator
contact with the liquid or and work on it requires
the oven to be locked out pit is a very high-risk
fumes can cause activity; it would be easy
irritation (high (low likelihood). The for the feeder to fall in
likelihood). Brief surfaces are only hot
enough to cause first- (high likelihood), and
exposures will only they could be eaten by
cause nausea (low degree burns (low
severity). Overall, this is a severity). Overall, this is a the alligators (high
severity). Overall, this is a
medium risk. very low risk.
very high risk.

HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW
LIKELIHOOD SEVERTY LIKELIHOOD SEVERTY LIKELIHOOD SEVERTY

VERY LOW RISK MEDIUM RISK VERY HIGH RISK

40

5 Steps

ARsseissms enKt

Continue

Step 4 Assign Control

What Should be Done?

Once you’ve evaluated the risk involved with hazard, assign protective steps, or controls, to reduce those
risk. A common approach is to use the Hierarchy of Controls, which tries the most effective types of
controls first

1. Elimination

Remove the hazard entirely.

Switch to room-temperature curing

Stop using the solvent process Send alligators to zoo

2. Substitution

Replace a high-risk hazard with a low-risk hazard.

Use a less dangerous solvent Reduce oven temperature Replace alligators with dwarf
caimans
3. Engineering Controls

Install a fume hood Add stand-off mesh around Build guardrails around pit
exhaust lines

4. Awareness

Chemical safety training and “Hot Surface” signs Alligator warning signs
container labels
5. Administrative Controls

Adhere to time limits for Run oven cycle only Prohibit workers from
solvent use during off shifts crossing boundary line

6. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Gloves and goggles Long sleeves and gloves Big dog-training suit 41

5 Steps

ARsseissms enKt

Continue

Step 5 Document The Assessment

What Happened?

It’s hard to make lasting improvement in the long run without writing things down. For your Risk
Assessment, create documentation that shows these details.

Who did the What safety issues were What were the hazards What controls were
and risks, as assessed? assigned, and who
assessment, and when? evaluated? was responsible for
implementing them?

Risk Assessment Matrix

Impact

Negligible Minor Moderate Significant Severe

Very Likely Low Medium Med High High High
Likely Medium
Likelihood Low Medium Med High High
Low Medium

Possible Low Low Medium Med High Med High
Medium
Unlikely Low Low Medium Med High
Low Medium
Very Unlikely Low Medium Medium Medium
Low
Low Medium

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Risk Assessment

The process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising

from hazards at work & risk assessment results is documented and

used for:
•Risk control in OSH management
•Future reference and review

Why Carry Out & Review ? When To Review?

•Gives organizations a more • When?
➢Internal
effective ✓Before modification, changes or

way of managing hazards introduction of new materials,
•Requirement of the law e.g. machinery or processes, working
✓OSHA 1994, CIMAH procedures,
✓Regulations 1996
✓USECHH Regulations 2000 ➢External
•Requirement of OSH ✓Amendments of national laws and

management system standards: regulations
✓MS 1722:2003, ✓Developments in OSH knowledge
✓OHSAS 18001
✓ISO 14001, etc. and technology

Should Be Carried Out

▪ Routine and non-routine activities

including emergencies;

▪ Activities of all personnel having

When & Who To Carry Out? access to the workplace (including

• When? subcontractors and visitors);
▪ Facilities at the workplace,
✓Before Operation
whether provided-by the
✓During Operation
organization or others.
✓After Operation

• Types of review:

✓initial review,

✓periodic review.

• Who?

➢Person or persons trained to identify

hazard and risk assessment

✓In some cases legally competent

person, example : Chemical Health

Risk Assessor

➢Consultation with and involvement of

workers

✓Safety and health committee OR

workers and their representatives

Involvement of supervisors

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Hierarchy Of Control

Least Use equipment to reduce workplace incidents
Effective
PPE • Respirators
Most • Gloves
Effective
• Helmets

Use training and multiple procedures to ensure
safety of workers
Administrative
Controls • Warning alarms

• Training

• Reducing exposure time to hazardous substances

Engineering Use engineering to keep the hazardous
Controls equipment away from workers

• Using technology such as noise

damping to reduce high noise produced

Isolation Isolate people from the hazard

• an insulated and air-conditioned

control room can protect operators

from a toxic chemical

Substitution Substituting hazardous material
for non-hazardous material

• Utilizing non-toxic chemical

/material instead of toxic

chemical

Elimination Eliminating the hazard

• Changing work process

to get rid of hazard

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Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment & Risk Control
Table (HIRARC)

Document ?

45

Conclusion

Hazard identification, risk assessement and danger are three more important
steps in Occupational Safety and Helath. In this chapter, the individual
definitions of HIRARC are explained in infographic. Job risk assessment is use
for hazard identification to list all existing hazard. Risk assessment uses
severity and likelyhood ratings to obtain relative risk which will identify the
level of risk of each procedure. After all the risk are known, risk control
involves steps of controlling the risk and also to turn each hazard into
controlled minimal low risk, if applicable.

Reflection Activities

Question 1:

What is different between hazard, risk and danger?

Question 2:

State six (6) type of hazard.

Question 3:

There are six (2) hierarchy of Control namely?

Answer ?

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O5

Fire Safety

Learning Outcomes

• Define the basic of fire
• Fire safety planning
• Understand the definition of fire and the use of a fire triangle
• Demonstrate escape route

Definition Fire Safety

A fire is defined as a chemical reaction due to rapid oxidation or
burning of a fuel. It needs three element to occur which is fuel,
oxygen and heat

47

FSairfeetPyreTvipesntion And

12

Beware of fire hazards. Check fire alarms.

Cooking, heating, electrical outlets, Test smoke alarms every month.
cigarettes, and candles are common Replace the batteries every year.
fire hazards.

3 4

Know what to do. Conduct a fire drill.

Create a fire escape plan with Practice your fire escape plan.
exit points for every room in Know how to stop, drop, and
your home. roll.

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Basic Of Fire

Causes of Fire

Short-circuits Overheating
Equipment failure Contact with hot
surfaces

Welding and metal Pipe leakages/
cutting activities damage

Definition
A chemical reaction that occurs when a
flammable material and oxygen comes

into contact with a heat source
or Ignition

Spill/overflow of Intentional burning
flammable liquid/gas

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

✓ Failure/damage of sprinkler system
✓ Insufficient water supply for spray system

✓ No spray system
✓ Human/operator error
✓ Existence of flammable materials
✓ Breakage of equipment or container

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