DUW10022 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR ENGINEERING

Flammable Substance

TYPE TYPE TYPE

Ordinary Flammable Liquids Live Electrical
Combustibles USE FOR; Equipment
USE FOR; ✓Liquids USE FOR;
✓Trash ✓Cloth ✓Grease
✓Wood ✓Rubber ✓Electrical
✓Paper ✓Plastics equipment
TYPE TYPE

Combustible Metal Commercial
USE FOR; Cooking Equipment
✓Combustble metal
USE FOR;
Operating Instruction ✓Oils
✓Lard
➢ Pull the pin ✓Fats
➢ Hold the unit upright
Types Of Fire

➢ Sweep the nozzle from side to
side aiming at the base of the
fire until the fire goes down

➢ Aim the nozzle at the base of the ➢ Squeeze the operating lever to
fire, stand back several feet from
the fire relese the extinguishing agent
➢ Fire will initially flare, but keep

squeezing lever

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Flammable Substance

The Fire Triangle

Oxygen Source : Heat Source :
Hot Surfaces, sparks,
Normal air contains
frictions, electrical
21% O2. fuel may also energy, others
contain oxygen

Fuel Source :
Can be a solid, liquid or gas.

Gas or vapours Characteristics of fire Transfer of heat happen
• May ignite by sparks • Will continue with through:

or small flames positive heat Flow
Liquids or solids • The edges of the
• Requires more heat • Spreads through solid
fire are the barriers
to ignite
• Requires more weakest points Convection
• Elimination
oxygen to ignite (2– • Spreads upwards
requires reducing
5%) Radiation
Ignition of flammables a small
• Small spark/flames or • Spreads directly to other
• Heated to self-ignition percentage of objects

temperature oxygen content • Spreads through open
spaces
Fire spreads through: Spreading
• Direct burning Of Fire Movement of burning
• Transfer of heat materials
• Movement of • Burning liquid
• Flammable
flammables
vapour that is
produced by the
heat of burning
solid materials.

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Source Of Ignition

Fire Hot works

Self heating • Open • Welding Hot surfaces
burning • Cutting
• Due to slow heat • Fire in
oxidisations oven/boiler/f • Oven
ire tower
• Materials in • Small fires • Machines with
processes,
storage or excessive such Hot particles
as motors and
transportation
pumps

Smoking Abrasion and Force

Self ignition • Generation of
sparks due to
Intentional burning hotspots on
or arson the surface
Ignition compression
(compression of mixtures Chemical energy
to reach self ignition
• Thermal
temperature) reaction
Radio frequency
signals Instable & receptive
materials

• Instrumentations that
have stimulations

Hot gas & material

Lightning Diesel engines – high
exhaust temperature

Vehicle

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Electrostatic

Transport Handling of powder
machinery
▪ Grinding activities
• Lifting vehicles ▪ Sifting activbities
▪ Pneumatic process
Spraying activities
Liquid Handling
▪ Steam
▪ Steam leakage ▪ Filing of tanks
▪ Flows in pipes
Low current, high ▪ Mixing of materials in
voltage
container
Generate when there is
abrasion of two surfaces Electrostatic hazard
existing
that when separated,
will produce two ▪ Human body
▪ Spraying equipment/activities
surfaces of different ▪ Transport machinery
charges ▪ Handling of liquids
▪ Handling of materials in
• Charges will remain if
the surface is not a powder form
conductor

• Charges will disintegrate if
surfaces are good
conductors

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Classes of Fire

Code BS EN2 : 1992 1 2 NFPA 10 : 1984 Code.

Class Type of Fire Class Type of Fire
A
A Solids that cause fire B Wood, material, paper,
rubber & plastic
B Liquid or solid that C
becomes liquid D Flammable liquid, oil,
grease, tar, paint & gas
C Gas / vapour
Electrical equipment
D Metals with connected
electrical supply
According to industrial
Metals
3processes.
• Pool fire (liquid) / moving 4 Requirements for fire
fighting equipment
liquid Type of Fire No of Equipment
• Fireball Extremely
• Steam cloud fire > 20 jet
big
- Type 1 Fire without explosion Big 8 – 19 jet
Moderate 3 – 7 jet
- Type 2 Fire due to explosion Small 1 – 2 jet / 3 hose
Extremely 1 – 2 hose / fire
- Type 3 Fire causing explosion small extinguisher
• Jet fire (steam)

• Burning of solids

-Burning of solid materials

-Burning of powders
• Warehouse fire

• Fire involving oxygen

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Safety Planning

Once the fire safety management strategy is set up, the
organization can then work towards implementing it in the
workplace. Training and fire drill of the emergency plan should be
implemented annually. Auditing and continual improvement
should be conducted based on feedback from staff.

Develop a statement of intent Develop a fire safety task force
committee
Astatement of intent is a policy written to
ensure commitment from the Chief This task force is to create a sub
Executive Officer / Managing committee to run the emergency
Director of the Company
planning strategy.
Asess all fire hazards such as material,
procedures and building design Identify fire hazard controls
(procedure, active system, passive
Conduct an assessment to determine if a
fire prevention plan and control procedures system)
are needed.
Develop a fire emergency exit
Develop safety procedures for fire and evacuation plan
hazard control
A basic evacuation and the use
All the assessed hazards will of fire extinguishers are the two
need proper procedures to basic needs for a successful fire
avoid any unsafe act from
happening. emergency respond plan.

Training fire drill Evaluation / Audit / Report

Develop, provide and document The effective of this
orientation training for all programmed in preventing
workplace hazard, injuries and
employees and annual training illnesses should be evaluated at least
for all affected employees. annually with appropriate action
taken to address any programmed

deficiencies found..

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Safety Planning

Administrative & Engineering Control

Administrative controls

• On the job training programme
• Instructions and written procedures
• Signage
• Labelling of equipment
• Suitability of person to job
• Testing Classroom teaching
• Warning Incentive and punishments
• Persuasion methods to promote safe

work practices
• Inspection Review

Engineering control

• Better equipment
• Improved layout to minimise work hazards
• Location of valve, switch and instruments
• Design of equipment – more user-friendly
• Better manual handling methods Decentralised

computer controls
• Design of equipment – able to prevent/control

mistakes
• Online analysis
• Online parameter assessment

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Conclusion

Fire security is the set of hones planning to decrease the devastation caused
by fire. Fire security measures incorporate those that are aiming to avoid start
of an uncontrolled fire, and those that are utilized to restrain the advancement
and impacts of a fire after it starts. Fire security measures incorporate those
that are arranged amid the development of a building or actualized in
structures that are as of now standing, and those that are instructed to
inhabitants of the building. Threats to fire security are commonly alluded to as
fire risks.
A fire risk may incorporate a circumstance that increments the probability of a
fire or may hinder elude within the occasion a fire occurs. Fire security is
frequently a component of building security. Those who review buildings
for infringement of the Fire Code and go into schools to teach children on fire
security points are fire division individuals known as Fire Anticipation Officers.

Reflection Activities

Question 1: Answer ?

Class A fires involve ______________.

Question 2:

What does PASS stand for?

Question 3:

What Is the fire triangle?

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O6

Workplace Environment & Ergonomic

Learning Outcomes

• Understand the requirements of workplace environments and
ergonomics

• Understand workplace environments
• Understand workplace ergonomics

Definition Ergonomic

Ergonomic is a continuous process designed to create a high level
of comfort within the workplace. Related topics stressed by global
ergonomists and practitioners include the increase of work-related

musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSAs) among workers; the role
ergonomics discipline in workplace design; and ergonomics
intervention programs in the workplace.

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Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

IAQ is a term referring to the air quality within and around
buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and
comfort of building occupants. Its can be affected by microbial
contaminants, gases, particulates, or energy stressor that can
induce adverse health conditions

Radon Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• radioactive atomic • Most acutely toxic

gas which may be • Sources from

found in tobacco smoke,

rock/material of space heaters

buildings using fossil fuels

• heavy gas, and automobile

accumulate at exhaust.

floor level • Cause nausea,
unconsciousness
Common Pollutants• can cause lung
cancer and death

Volatile organic Asbestos fibers
compounds (VOCs)

• emitted gases from solids Bad IAQ • When asbestos-
or liquids (paint, lacquers, containing
pesticides etc) ➢ Temperature too material is
damaged,
• Includes a variety of cold/hot microscopic fibers
chemicals, may have short ➢ Less humidity are dispersed into
and long term adverse ➢ Poor air circulation the air
health effects (irritation, ➢ Unpleasant smells
nose and throat ➢ Germs and bacteria • Risk to lung
discomfort, headache, ➢ Toxic chemical cancer
allergic skin reaction etc) ➢ Fungal and spores

• VOCs consistently higher
indoors than outdoors
(10x)

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Types of IAQ Illness

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

• causes are pinned down to flaws in the HVAC
systems.

• Other causes:
• volatile organic compounds (VOC),
• improper exhaust ventilation of ozone
• lack of adequate fresh-air intake/air filtration

• Symptoms: sensory irritation of the eyes, nose,
throat, skin irritation, odor and taste sensations

• Prevention:
• Roof shingle cleaning non pressure removal of
algae, and mold.
• Pollutant source removal or modification to
storage of sources.
• Replacement of water-stained ceiling tiles and
carpeting.
• Use paints, adhesives, solvents, and pesticides in
well-ventilated areas
• Increase the number of air exchanges
• Proper and frequent maintenance of HVAC
systems

Tight Building Syndrome (TBS)

• is characterized by a significant number of
building occupants complaining of specific health
complaints common

• Non-industrial environment
• common complaints include eye, nose and throat

irritation, headache, fatigue, sneezing and
difficulty in wearing contact lenses.
• discomfort is that some air contaminants
• variety of substances; carbon monoxide, oxides
of nitrogen (tobacco)
• Ventilation system design and operational

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MSigehatsuedreneLsisghting &

Purpose
• Identify potential hazards under lighting condition

• Decide who may be harmed

• Evaluate the risks and decide improvement action

By measurement: By checklist:

• measure illuminance spot out most lighting problems
such as dim, defective, strong
parameter glare and reflections
• Use luxmeter with light
The result should be document
detection and record for reference and
• Divide work area into follow-up action.

number of equal small

areas
• Take illuminance

measurement at the

center of each small

square with luxmeter
• Get the average value and

compare with “Guidelines

for Good Occupational

Occupational Hygiene

Practice in a Workplace”
• Illuminance measure in

task/activity

Lighting example

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Benefits of Improving
Lighting

• Reduced glare • Improved work quality

• Increased productivity • Energy savings

Temperature

• Comfortable temperature must be maintained (20 – 26oc)
• Office temperature can be localized. Desk situated in direct sunlight
(much warmer), directly under air-conditioning (cooler).
Temperature So, additional windows, skylights or glass partitions shouldn’t allow

•

excessive temperature
• Air-conditional design for control the temperature in buildings
• Ventilation design for indoor air contaminant control
• the temperature in offices should vary according to the outside

temperature
• recommends to improve thermal comfort:
• Regulate air conditioning for temperature and humidity
• Avoid locating workstations directly in front of or below air conditioning

outlets
• Install deflectors on air vents to direct airflow away from people. These

measure will prevent staff being annoyed by draughts
• Control direct sunlight (radiant heat) with blinds, and louvres
• Minimize draughts and thermal differences between the head and the

feet (thermal gradients)
• Ensure adequate air flow. Feelings of stuffiness can result when air flow is

low, and draughts result when air flow is high. An air flow rate of between

0.1 - 0.2 metres per second is desirable.

Humidity

Humidity

• Humidity used to maintain a constant internal temperature of 37°C at all times at

human body
• Measured by humidex. Comfort range is 40 – 60%
• Humidex is used as a measure of perceived heat that results from the combined

effect of excessive humidity and high temperature.
• Humidex table
• Low humidity : cause dryness of the eyes, nose and throat and also increase the

frequency of static electricity shocks
• High humidity: above 80% can be associated with fatigue

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Noise

Noise Effect Noise & Hearing Quality

• Hearing loss (temporary or permanent): • Noise measure in dB; dB(A) =
temporary deafness after leaving a noisy average noise level, dB(C) = peak
place. Permanent can be caused
immediately by sudden, extremely loud noise.
or explosive • Some noise problem
• Noise intrusive: busy street,
• Physiological effects: an effect on the vacuum cleaner – for most of
cardiovascular system resulting in the
release of catecholamines (associated the working day
with stress) and an increase in blood • Employees have to raise their
pressure.
voice when about 2m apart for
• Increased risk of accidents: High at least part of the day
noise levels make it difficult for
staff to hear and communicate, • Noisy industry: construction,
increasing the probability of demolition or road repair
accidents. • Noise due to impacts:
hammering, drop forging,
Noise Level & explosive sources or guns
Limits Values
Reduce Noise
• 2 types of level: average –over a working
day or week; peak – maximum noise are • Use a different, quieter process or equipment;
• introduce a low noise purchasing policy for
exposed in a working day machinery and equipment.
• 3 types of value;
• Introduce engineering controls
• Lower exposure: • vibrating machine panels can be a source
• Daily or weekly exposure of 80dB of noise – add material to reduce vibration
• Peak sound pressure of 135dB (‘damping’);

• Upper exposure: • Modify the paths by which the noise travels
• Daily or weekly exposure of 85dB through the air to the people exposed
• Peak sound pressure of 137dB • use barriers and screens to block the
direct path of sound;
• Exposure limit:
• Daily or weekly exposure of 87dB • Design the lay out the workplace for low noise
• Peak sound pressure of 140dB emission
• keep noisy machinery and processes away
from quieter areas;

• Limit the time spent in noisy areas

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Tips for Practical
Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the study of work environment, and work tools. Take an in-

depth look at the actual work you do, your environment and what you need

to do it well. Set these up to enhance performance

Sitting Work Characteristics

Document holder
same high as eyes

Upper frame of Relaxed
the screen same Shoulder

height as eyes Back support
not too
Keyboard tray
lower then the flexible to fit
table but not lower natural
touching knees
back arch
Wrist free in Angle elbow
straight line with 90° - 100 °

forearm Angle of hip
90° - 100 °

Angle of knee Flat feed on the floor Height of chair to be
90° - 100 ° or supported by a adjust to the person’s
pedestal
height & the table

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Tips for Practical
Ergonomics

Correct Lifting Technique

Face forwards do Plan your lift,
not bend your checking , you
neck have a clear

Do not stack route
boxes if this will
Keep your back
obscure your straight
view
Bend your knee
Get a good grip (not your waist)
snd hold the and lift with your
object close to
your body leg muscles

Keep your feet Wear appropriate
shoulder width footwear

apart

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Tips for Practical
Ergonomics

Standing Work Charateristics

Shoulder & Arms Head & Neck

• Keep the shoulders Avoid situations that
require twisting the
relexed – not “shrugged- neck or bending it
forward, backword or
up” or “slumped-down”. to the side
• Keep your elbows close to

your body
• Keep work at about elbow

height Hands & Wrists

• Keep the hands

straight and in line

with the fore-arm-

avoid twisting hands.
• Avoid working with

wrists pressed

against sharp or hard

Back edges.

• Stand straight – avoid Feet & Legs
situations that require
bending (forward or • Placing a foot on a footrest

backward), leaning to the or other support will

side or twisting. promote comfort
• A sit/stand stool will allow • Provided toe space to allow

for changes in posture workers to stand closer to
• For work performed while counters. This can reduce

sitting, a back rest will help reaching.
maintain proper posture • Good quality anti-fatigue

mats reduce back and leg

fatigue.

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Musculo-Sketel-
Disorders (MSDs)

▪ The disorder occurs when the body part is called on to work harder, stretch farther,
impact more directly or otherwise function at a greater level then it is prepared for.

▪ MSDs can affect the body's muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves. Typically,
MSDs affect the back, neck, shoulders and upper limbs; less often they affect the lower
limbs

▪ The immediate impact may be minute, but when it occurs repeatedly the constant
trauma cause damage

Common causes of MSDs

Bending forward Tension neck syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome
Rotator cuff tendonitis
Slipped disc
Low back pain DeQuervain’s
syndrome
Strain muscles
And ligamen Raynaud’s syndrome
Sciatica Carpal tunnel

Reaching above syndrome
Shoulder level Chandromalacia
Tom miniscus

Plantar fasicitis

Example of MSDs Injuries

Foot pain

Bending the wrist Elbow pain

Reaching behind
the body

Shoulder ACL

Rotating the arm Packing bottle
(repetitive)

Arthritis of the knee Tennis
elbow

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The Workplace
Environment

Communication & Feedback
Flexibility

Collaboration
Focus on well being an people

Recognition
Clean & Lighting
Growing & Learning

70

Conclusion

Numerous compositions and ergonomics applications have as of now been
effectively connected universally. Be that as it may, the quick alter and
differing qualities of fabricating industry illustrate that the development
related security and wellbeing is variable. Assist development
and execution is required. The rise of WMSDs, destitute ergonomic in working
environment are among the issues confronted by laborers within the
workplace. A collective and key approach between the government, specialists,
as well as open and private industries will offer assistance to convert the
fabricating environment into a secure and solid work environment which
is maintainable and increment financial thriving. Controlling any conceivable
dangers at work is all approximately deciding the cause, choosing what to do
and honing the leading solutions.

Reflection Activities

Question 1: Answer ?

What is common pollution?

Question 2:

Stated one (1) tips of ergonomics

Question 3:

MSDs stand for?

71

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