OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENTOCCUPATIONAL SAFETY&HEALTH NURUL IZZAH BT AB RAHIM SITI ROHANI BT ISNIN SUFIAN B ABD LAJAK

WRITER NURUL IZZAH BT AB RAHIM SITI ROHANI BT ISNIN SUFIAN BIN ABD LAJAK EDITOR SUFIAN BIN ABD LAJAK Publisher Politeknik Muadzam Shah, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26700 Muadzam Shah, Pahang. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher.

PREFACE This book is written to assist student in Polytechnic to understand and increase their interest in Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) course. This course is one of the core course that should be taken by the student in Diploma Kejuruteraan Mekanikal. This book is produce by the inspiration from the students request to easily understand the safety and health in work-related activities. This book comprises of 6 chapter base on the Polytechnic latest version syllabus. Chapter 1 is introduce the reader to the OSH Legislation, then Chapter 2 focused on the OSH management System. Next Chapter 3 introduced the Incident Prevention while Chapter 4 describes on HIRARC. Then Chapter 5 elaborates on Fire Safety and the last but not least, Chapter 6 explains on the work environment and ergonomics. Our expectation is to enhance student interest and understanding in the OSH course and at the same time implement the OSH later in their working nature. i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Author would like to convey the greatest support from my beloved family and colleagues throughout the process in completing this book. Also would like to acknowledge the support of the officers in Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Politeknik Muadzam Shah that involves in production of this book. ii

TABLE OF CONTENT PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH )LEGISLATION 1.1 Introduction to OSH Legislation 1.2 Importance of safety in workplace 1.3 Statutory requirements CHAPTER 2 : OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (OSHMS) 2.1 Concepts of safety management System 2.2 Establishment of safety and health committee 2.3 Roles of the management CHAPTER 3 : INCIDENT PREVENTION 3.1 Concepts of incident 3.2Incidents prevention 3.3 Accident causation theories 3.4 Incidents prevention costs (ice-berg theory) i ii iii 1 18 29 iii

CHAPTER 4 : HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK CONTROL (HIRARC) 4.1. Hazard, risk and danger 4.2. Types of hazard 4.3 Risk assessment 4.4. Risk control CHAPTER 5 : FIRE SAFETY 5.1 Basic of fire 5.2 Fire safety planning 5.3 Emergency Evacuation Plan CHAPTER 6 : WORK ENVIRONMENT AND ERGONOMICS 6.1 Workplace environment 6.2 Workplace health 6.3 Workplace ergonomics 43 56 71

Occupational safety and health or ussually known as OSH can be defined as the set of instructions to prevent injuries and diseases in the scope of workplace and the protection and promotion of the health of workers. History of OSH regulation in Malaysia starts with Selangor Boiler Enactment(1892), followed by Perak Boiler Enactment(1903),Pahang Boiler Enactment(1908) and Negeri Sembilan Boiler Enactment(1908). These enactments focused only on safety regarding boiler operations. Next, the Federal Machinery Enactment (in state level) and Machinery Ordinance were introduced in 1913 and 1953 that covers the machineries in factory. After the Malayan Declaration of Independence, Factories and Machinery Act were developed in 1967 to control safety on machinery in factory, mines & quarry and also construction sites. Meanwhile, Occupational Safety and Health Act is introduced in 1994 to promote safety and health in various workplace. 1 OSH LEGISLATION CHAPTER 1

Prevent illness and injury Safety and health procedures can assist the organization in recognizing the potential hazards in their workplace and implement the prevention method before it may happen. Increase Productivity Employee that work in safe and healthy working environment may have higher motivation to work harder to build the organization together with the employer. Avoid from Huge Loss in Business If the worker involves with accidents in workplace, organization has to bear cost of reparation, medical and salary while they are on medical leave SAFETY IN WORKPLACEIncrease Public Perception Organization that comply the safety and health procedures may have respect and trust from customer. Employer needs to obey the requirements in OSHA to avoid facing the penalties that will cost them money and affect their reputations. Minimize Legal Liabilities 2

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ACT Duty of care in OSHA 1994, refers to the responsibility of the employer to take any action needs to ensure, his employee is safe and do not expose to risks that might affect the employees health and safety in any condition The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) was gazetted on 24th February 1994. This act accommodate the legislative framework to protect all Malaysian employee and people other than the employee in safety, health and welfare issues in related to the activities of persons at work. Persons at work in all activities such as oil and gas, timber industry, including public sectors & statutory authorities are subjected to OSHA. However, people working onboard ships & armed forces is not subject to this act. 3

To secure safety, health and welfare of person at work against risk of safety and health arising out the activities of persons at work. To protect person at a place of work other than persons at work against risk of safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work To promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs To provide the means whereby the associated occupational safety and health legislations may be progressively replaced by a system of regulations and approved industry codes of practice operating in combination with the provisions of this act designed to maintain and improve the standards of safety and health OBJECTIVES OF OSHA 1994 4

GENERAL EMPLOYER'S RESPONSIBILITIES Statutory requirement of OSHA To ensure the safety, health and welfare of all the employees so far as is practicable, ensure the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work are safe and without risks to health 1. a. b. the making of arrangements in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances for ensuring, so far as is practicable, safety and absence of risks to health the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and health at work of his employees; c Section 15 5

so far as is practicable, the employer is responsible to the maintenance of any place of work including access to and egress from it. He has to ensure that they are in a condition that is safe and without risks to health d the provision and maintenance of a working environment for his employees that is, so far as is practicable, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards facilities for their welfare at work. e 6

EMPLOYER'S RESPONSIBILITIES Statutory requirement of OSHA prepare a written statement of general policy with respect to the safety and health at work of his employees and the organization. revise the policy as often as may be appropriate ensure the enforcement is arranged so that the policy is implemented by the employee ensure that the policy and any revision of it to the notice of all of his employees. It is employer's responsibility to Section 16 to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and health of people other than his employee in his workplace provide information to people other than his employee on such aspects of manner in which he conducts his undertaking that might affect their safety or health. It is employer's responsibility to Section 17 7

EMPLOYER'S RESPONSIBILITIES Statutory requirement of OSHA to ensure that the premises in terms of access into the workplace and egress from the workplace available are safe to be responsible in the maintenance or repair of a place of work or access into the workplace and egress from the workplace the prevention of risks to safety and health that may arise from the use of any plant or substance in the place of work It is employer's responsibility as an occupier of non-domestic premises a. b. Section18 A person who contravenes the provisions of section 15, 16, 17 or 18 shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both. Section19 8

Statutory requirement of OSHA Employ a competent person as Safety and Health Officer(SHO) to assist them in ensuring compliance to OSHA 1994 and Its regulations. Minimize and prevent exposure of risks to the employees by ensuring a safe working arrangement and to identify hazards and risks as well as to prevent accident at the workplace. Notify the nearest Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) regarding any dangerous occurrences and then implement future action related. Establish safety and health comitee (SHC) if there are 40 or more persons employed at the workplace or as instructed Consult safety and health comittee in safety and health aspects Provide adequate information, training, instruction and supervision so that the employees able to perform their duties and tasks competently 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. EMPLOYER'S RESPONSIBILITIESOther 9

EMPLOYEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES To practice safe and health work procedure at all time To co-operate with his employer in implementing the safety and health procedure To use protective equipment provided by the employer while working To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health introduced by his employer Section24 Employees found guilty of violating Section 24, can be fined not-exceeding RM1,000 or imprisoned for not exceeding 3 months or both 10

EMPLOYEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES To practice safe and health work procedure at all time To co-operate with his employer in implementing the safety and health procedure To use protective equipment provided by the employer while working To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health introduced by his employer Section24 Employees found guilty of violating Section 24, can be fined not-exceeding RM1,000 or imprisoned for not exceeding 3 months or both 11

EMPLOYEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES No employer shall charge any employee in respect of anything done or provided in pursuance of this Act or any regulation made thereunder. Section26 Employee should be provided all the necessary equipment or any necessary test regarding their safety, health and welfare in workplace with no charge. Employer also should provide training on safety and health for the employee with the expenses of the employer. Employee should not intentionally, recklessly or negligently interferes with or misuses anything provided to ensure the safety, health and welfare Any employee found guilty of an offence shall be fined not exceeding twenty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a terrn not exceeding two years or to both. Section25 12

EMPLOYEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES No employer or trade union shall dismiss an employee, injure him in his employment, or alter his position to his detriment by reason that the employee makes a complaint about a matter which he considers is not safe or is a risk to health; is a member of a safety and health committee established pursuant to this Act; exercises any of his functions as a member of the safety and health committee. An employer or a trade union who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall be fined not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year or to both. Section27 13

Part I : Preminilary Part II : Safety, health and welfare Part III: Person incharge and certificate of competency Part IV: Notification of accident, dangerous occurance and dangerous diseases Part V : Notice of occupation of factory and regitration and use of machinery Part VI: General To provide the control of factories related to safety, health and welfare. To ensure the registration and inspection of machineries in factories and workplace FACTORY & MACHINERY ACT 1967 OBJECTIVES 14

Person who is employed at any machine or in any process has adequate training and sufficient information about the dangers likely to arise work under supervision of a person who has knowledge and experience of the machine or process. Nobody shall take charge of any machinery which is prescribed to be under the charge of a certificated engineer, dredgemaster or driver, unless he holds a certificate of competency as an engineer, dredgemaster or driver he has a written authority issued by the Chief Inspector. PART III PERSON IN CHARGE AND CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY FMA 1967 15

PART V NOTICE OF OCCUPATION OF FACTORY, AND REGISTRATION AND USE OF MACHINERY Person who own any machinery needs to be registered and the Inspector may make an inspection of the machinery If, upon inspection, the Inspector finds that the machinery complies with the requirements under this act, the Inspector shall issue a certificate of fitness upon payment of the prescribed fee. Any person who contravenes this act shall be be fined not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term n ot exceeding one year or to both. Factories and machinery which awarded certificate of fitness shall be inspected by an Inspector at such periods and in such manner as may be prescribe. FMA 1967 16

ENVIRONMENT & QUALITY ACT 1974 OBJECTIVES Provision for the prevention, abatement, control of pollution and enhancement of the environment 17

Occupational Health and Safety (OHSMS) is a standard documentation of Occupational Safety and Health implementation in organization. The elements of OHSMS is illustrated in the diagram CHAPTER 2OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ELEMENT source :ILO- OSH 2001 Implementation Manual 18

OSH Policy Employee participation Policy Responsibility Competency Documentation Communication Organizing Initial review Objective & programme HIRARC Procument Contracting Planning & Implementation Performance & monitoring Incident investigation Audit Management Review Evaluation OHSMS ELEMENT Correction & prevention action Continual Improvement Action for Improvement 19

OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health & Safety MS1722:2003 Management system standard. This standard was published in 2003. This is a guidance standard. ISO 45001 : 2018 Occupational Health and Safety Management System is the latest standard that is recently used Management System standard. This standard was established in 1999. Widely used and certifiable OSH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Standard 20

Review the Safety & Health policies at the place of work and make recommendations to the employer for any revision of such policies Inspect the workplace at least once in every 3 months and recommended preventive and corrective measures Discuss reports and matters from safety officer, enforcement officers, etc Practices and recommend corrective actions Assist to organise promotional activities SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE specific function of 21

Every employer shall establish a safety and health committee at the workplace if Organization has 40 or more employee directed by the Director General Safety and health committee leads by a chairman that assisted by a secretary. This comitee also compose of worker representative and management representative. Secretary Employer representative Employee representative Chairman Employee < 100, 2 employer representatives + 2 employee representatives Employee > 100, 4 employer representatives + 4 employee representatives ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE AT WORKPLACE Section 30 22

ROLE OF MANAGEMENT protecting the safety and health of all members of the organization and others who may be affected by the work carried out. preventing work-related fatalities, disabilities, injuries, ill health, diseases, property and environmental damage and near misses; complying with relevant OSH national laws and regulations, and other requirements to which the organization subscribes ensuring that employees and their representatives are consulted and encouraged to participate actively in all elements of the OSHMS continually improving the performance of the OSHMS. The role of the management is clearly stated in OSH principles The OSH policy shall include that the top management of organization shall provide leadership and commitment in: 23

It is the duty of every employer to prepare and revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work (OSH policy) of his employees and the organisation. The employer is also responsible in ensure that OSH policy is practiced by the employees Any revision of the policy shoud be informed to the employees DUTY TO FORMULATE SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY Section 16 24

OSH POLICY specific to the size and core business of the organization concise, clearly written, dated and endorsed with a signature by the employer communicated & accessible to everyone at the organization reviewed for continued suitability made available to interested parties OSH policy is a written statement of an organization's commitment to the health and safety of its employees. The policy needs to demonstrate commitment and methods to manage the safety and health issues in the organization. The policy should be : 25

It is the duty of every employer to prepare and revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work (OSH policy) of his employees and the organisation. The employer is also responsible in ensure that OSH policy is practiced by the employees Any revision of the policy shoud be informed to the employees DEVELOPMENT OF POLICIES, STANDARD & GUIDELINES Procedures of 26

Responsibilities in implementing OSH should be segregated to the worker and management Ensure that management and workers have competency in carrying out the tasks OSH documentation, HIRARC and training & programme record should be well documented Management should promote and educate the worker on safety & health ORGANIZING Programme on OSH should be planned to promote safety & health and the performance should be determined. HIRARC is one of the method that should be implemented continuously Include procedures on safety and health requirement for purchasing and contracting PLANNING & IMPLEMENTATION 27

Programme related to OSH is evaluated Investigation on the accident or near misses that occurs in the workplace to evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention method Audit is carried out to evaluate the implementation of OSH in workplace Management review meeting to assess the effectiveness of the HIRARC, the effectiveness the preventive action taken on specific hazard and the effectiveness of OSH programme EVALUATE ACTION FOR IMPROVEMENT Discuss for the best preventive and corrective action Implement Continual improvement which can be reviewed regularly 28

source : https://blog.creativesafetysuppl y.com/how-to-measure-yournear-misse/ Near miss refers to the incident that happen but did not cause any injury, illness or property damage. Near miss incident have to be reported to the employer so that the action can be taken to avoid the same incident that in worst case it may cause accident. NEAR MISS INCIDENT PREVENTION Incident can be defined as the unplanned, undesirable event that occurs whether it involves injury or not. Incident that happen might leads to accident or near miss. CHAPTER 3Accident refers to incident that caused injury, illness or property damage. For example: The worker ACCIDENT fall from the ladder or in more severe case, the worker in factory stuck his hand in the machine. 29

1 Incident prevention in the organization is an essential part of good management. It may avoid the organization from incurring high cost on employee medical cost and 2 Two-way communication between employer and his employee. Employer have to provide safe and health workplace and the employee should follow the safety procedures to ensure the safety issues in workplace never occurs 3 The employer should leads the safety and health issues. The employer that always reminds the safety to the employee may establish a safe and healthy environment in workplace INCIDENT PREVENTION Principles of Organization should have a definite safety policy in workplace. The policy must be delivered to the employees 4 30

5 Need necessary organization and resources to implement the policy. The organization should allocate appropriate committees and budget to realize the policy. 6 Knowledge and the latest technology are applied. Employers should ensure that knowledge and technology in safety and health of the organization is updated. INCIDENT PREVENTION Principles of 31

Accident causation theory explains how an accident can happen by studying the history of the incident and the sequence of events that lead to the accident. An accident is not an event that happens suddenly as a result of fate. Accidents occur as a result of several situations, people and equipment that happen to combine that lead to bad events. Therefore, it is easier for us to identify the situation, person or equipment than we want to explain the logic and rationale of the incident. The accident causation model was initially developed to help people responsible for investigating accidents at work so that the investigation process would be more efficient. By knowing the cause of the accident, the type of failure can be identified to prevent it from happening again. There are two famous theories namely Heinrich's Domino Theory and Bird's Loss Causation Model. ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES 32

In 1931, Herbert W. Heinrich published a book titled Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach which is written based on the analysis of accidents made by workers at an insurance company. H. W. Heinrich developed the original domino theory of accident causation in the late 1920s. Although written decades ago, his work on accident causation has been the basis of some contemporary theories. According to Heinrich's early theory, the following five factors influence accidents and they are represented by each domino: HEINRICH'S DOMINO THEORY Negative traits causing a person to behave in an unsafe manner can be caused by the social environment. A negative trait is the cause of an individual acting in an unsafe manner and subsequently creating a dangerous situation. Unsafe actions performed by an individual and mechanical or physical hazards are the direct cause of the accident. Drops and impacts from moving objects usually cause accidents that can result in injury. Common injuries caused by accidents include deep cuts and broken bones 33

Lack of Control Management Control refers to the functions of managers: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Eg : Buying poor quality equipment or tools, not providing adequate training, or failing to install adequate engineering controls. Bird and Loftus (1976) updated the domino sequence to describe the management relationship with the cause and effect of all events. Bird and Loftus's theory use the concept of five dominos which represent the conditions involved in all incidents. BIRD'S LOSS CAUSATION Personal factors such as lack of knowledge or skills, improper motivation and physical or mental problems Occupational factors include inadequate work standards, inadequate design or maintenance, tool wear or abnormal use of tools such as lifting more weight than maximum capacity. Root Cause Root cause is often classified into two groups: 1. 2. Model 34

Contact event "Unwanted event that is related to an energy source that exceeds the limit for a body or structure" (Bird and Loftus, 1976). The category of contact incident events is often represented by 11 types of accidents. Loss of Human Resource-Property Loss refers to the adverse consequences of an accident. It is often assessed in terms of property damage as well as its impacts on humans, such as injuries and the work environment. Similar to Heinrich's theory, Bird Loss's domino theory also asserts that contact incidents can be avoided if unsafe actions and situations can be prevented. Using the first three dominos to identify the conditions that allowed the incident to occur, and then ensure appropriate management activities are implemented accidents, related losses can be avoided Immediate Cause The main symptoms of all incidents are unsafe actions and unsafe conditions. ''When the root causes of events that can lower business operations exist, they provide opportunities for substandard practices and conditions (sometimes called errors) that can cause these dominoes to fall and lead directly to losses'' 35

Medical cost Reparation Direct Cost Fine/penalty Legal costs Overtime Production delayedTime of investigation Indirect Cost Incident prevention cost can be classified into 3 categories Design costs The design cost involves the installation of barriers on the machine for safety purposes Operating costs Operational costs involve the cost of moving the Security Department, for example providing training to the officers involved and providing Personal Protective Equipment to employees. Future costs Costs involving safety audits or sampling. INCIDENT PREVENTION COST Iceberg Theory36

A cause or condition that has the potential to cause injury or illness to humans, damage to property, pollution to the environment or a combination of all of them. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT & RISK CONTROL CHAPTER 4HAZARD The combination of the possibility of a dangerous event occurring within a certain period of time or RISK DANGER The possibility of suffering harm or injury situation and the severity of injury or illness to human health, property, the environment or a combination of the above, as a result of the event HIRARC 37

Small Workspace Confined Space Extreme Temperature Corrosion Flame Mental Stress Falling Tripping Falling Objects Working in Heights Moving Objects Explosions Acoustics / Noise TYPES OF HAZARD PHYSICAL HAZARD 38

HIV Coronavirus Japanese encephalitis (JE) RABIES toxins from biological sources. spores. fungi. pathogenic micro-organisms. bio-active substances Refers to biological substances that may cause a threat to the health of humans. Examples of biological hazards are: TYPES OF HAZARD BIOLOGICAL HAZARD 39

poisoning breathing problems skin rashes allergic reactions cancer Exposure continuously to dangerous chemicals may cause health effect such as: TYPES OF HAZARD CHEMICAL HAZARD 40

Refers to hazard in the working environment and how the work is organized that may cause physical injury or mental illness such as stress, tension and fatigue. TYPES OF HAZARD PHSYCOLOGICAL HAZARD 41

Refers to physical conditions that may pose a risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system These hazards include awkward or static postures, high forces, repetitive motion, or short intervals between activities. . TYPES OF HAZARD ERGONOMICS HAZARD 42

Risk assessment Hazard identification. Risk Control Evaluation HIRARC is abbreviation for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control. It compose of these three activities in OSH. HIRARC 43

an unguarded gear wheel on a workshop grinding machine that has the potential to draw a worker’s clothing and limbs into the drive of the machine and cause serious bodily injury handling of flammable liquids in the presence of ignitionsources an unlabelled container of caustic soda which has the potential to cause severe skin burns if handled incorrectly driving of motor vehicles or other powered equipment onsite loose asbestos released during demolition work noise from an uninsulated chainsaw which can reach levelsof up to 110 dB with the potential to seriously damage hearing Refers to the task of executing the hazard that occurs in the work area and work procedure/task. These are examples of hazard HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 44