No. Work Activity Hazard Which may cause He might be fall while painting the wall The size and height chair is not ergonomic Rotating machine without any barrier Example for 'Hazard' 1. 2. 3. Death/injury Occupational disease Hand can be pull inside the machine Example for 'which may cause' 1. 2. 3. The table below can be used to identify hazards in the workplace for risk assessment Workers need to climb up the ladder to paint the upper part of the building without harness Clerk in the office is using the small and short chair while inserting data in the computer Operator using rotating machine without barrier Example for 'Work activity' 1. 2. 3. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 45
Number of employee involves Existing risk control Machinery Failure Safety Device Failure Frequency and duration of exposure RISK ASSESSMENT Risk assessment is to determine whether the hazard can cause low, medium or high risk to the worker/ other people. The determination of risk is depending on these 5 factors. 46
Risk control (if exist) Likelihood Severity Risk Likelihood Example Score Most probably Everyday/ev ery week 5 Probably Every few months 4 Can be predited Every few years 3 Rarely Every 10 years 2 Can't be predited Never happened 1 Severity Example Score Disaster Cause a lot of death 5 Fatal 1 death 4 Serious Major injury 3 Minor Minor injury 2 Least Bruise/wound 1 RISK ASSESSMENT Risk = Likelihood x severity 47
Posibility/ Likelihood 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 10 15 20 25 4 4 8 12 16 20 3 3 6 9 12 15 2 2 4 6 8 10 1 1 2 3 4 5 High Need to apply control measures immediately Moderate Needs temporary and planned control measures Low Risk is assume to be acceptable and control measures maybe not necessary RISK MATRIKS RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY 48
effe ctiv e n e s s d e cre a s e Substitution Isolation Engineering control Administrative control PPE Elimination HIERARCHY RISK CONTROL 49
ELIMINATION Hazard : Ergonomic hazard Lifting boxes process by using human energy. The process is now carried out by using forklift. Elimination 50
SUBSTITUTION Hazard : Application of hazardous chemical Application of hazardous chemical for example carsinogenic Chemical that is less hazardous to health (noncarcinogen) Substitute to 51
ISOLATION Hazard : Noise from the rotating machine Rotating machine usually cause vibration and noise That type of machine is isolated in different room 52
ENGINEERING CONTROL Hazard : Physical Hazard Design the handrail for the stairs as an engineering control to the hazard CNC lathe machine is designed with a barrier and the machine will only start rotates when the barrier is closed 53
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL Prepare a complete Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Job rotation Training Implement job rotation to eliminate ergonomic hazard. Assign worker with different job task after certain period of time Provide training to worker so that they are aware with risk and hazard in work-related activities 54
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) 55
FIRE can be defined as a chemical reaction that occurs when a combustible material and oxygen come into contact with a source of heat or ignition FIRE SAFETY CHAPTER 556
Building to be provided with not less than two exits from every floor Means of escape in case of fire to be provided (ERP) – direct to outside air Enough for everyone No obstruction – locking door or materials Clearly mark on emergency door- green colour To train workers on ERP (Mock drill) To provide and maintain fire extinguisher – suitability and adequate. FMA FIRE SHW REG 21 AND 22 57
OXYGEN HEAT FUEL Fire triangle consists of 3 main elements that should exist to start fire. Fire can be eliminated if one of these elements is eliminated CONCEPT OF FIRE TRIANGLE 58
Class Type of fire Fire extinguisher type A Freely burning combustibles ABC/powder, water, water mist, foam B Burning liquid or gas ABC/powder, CO2, water mist, clean agent C Electrical fire ABC/powder, CO2, water mist, clean agent D Metallic fire Powder CLASSES OF FIRE 59
Safety Prevention System for startup and shutdown Selection of safe technology Safety Protection System Emergency Action Plans Medical Treatment FIRE SAFETY PLAN 60
Using the non-flammable chemical in the process Using chemical that refrigerated at atmospheric pressure Using equipment with design that can control the respond without relief system Factory layout that has fire breaking door and correct spacing between equipments SELECTION OF SAFE TECHNOLOGY SAFETY PREVENTION SYSTEM FOR STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN Elimination of fire after the initiation of fire Fire Extinguisher Start up prevention Elimination of fire through: Cooling Fuel reduction by cooling, dilution, emulsification and liquid coverage Oxygen reduction with foam Disruption of combustion reactions 61
SAFETY PROTECTION SYSTEM Protection in case of fire Restrictions on the spread of fire Prevent startup Prevent ignition source Protection in case of fire Fire wall/airflow barrier Fire resistance mitigation - fire suppression Fire traps to avoid explosions Arrangement of tanks and equipment 62
EMERGENCY ACTION PLANS An emergency action plan (EAP) is a written document required by particular OSHA standards. The purpose of an EAP is to facilitate and organize employer and employee actions during workplace emergencies Hazard identification & risk assessment Methods to overcome it Communication and control systems/ incident command system (Incident Command System-ICS) Declarations and Notifications of Emergency Cooperation with external parties Public relations MEDICAL TREATMENT Sending the victim to the treatment center as a result of exposure to: Toxic Substances from fire Hot heat Procurement Procedures for The shipment; Appointment of responsible officers
FIRE CONTROL METHOD FIRE PREVENTION (BEFORE THE INCIDENT OF FIRE) Avoid the release of flammable into the atmosphere Release of heat Control of heat source FIRE PREVENTION (DURING THE INCIDENT OF FIRE) Release heat Close/stop the supply of flammable Close/stop the supply of oxygen Stop/control the source of the hazard as soon as the incident happens to eliminate fire through Cooling Reduce flammable through cooling, dilution, emulsion and liquid Reduce oxygen content Disrupt fire reactions 64
Fire extinguisher, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation Aim more to detect the fire early and evacuated the building Controlling the movement of smoke and fire Suppressing and starving the fire of oxygen and fuel FIRE PROTECTION METHOD Active fire protection method Passive fire protection method Education There are 3 key components of structural fire protection in buildings ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION METHOD 65
A range of measures designed to prevent, contain or slow the spread of fire There are 4 main passive fire protection method 1. Cavity barrier PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION METHOD Design to prevent the spread of smoke and fire through walls, floor and cavities in building Offers resistance to the movement of smoke and fire inside the spaces Example : Fire rated partition and doors 66 Source : Scutum London
Provide an appearance that are comparable to paint In fire situation, the temperature increase causes a chemical reaction that caused the intumescent coating to expand Act to protect steelwork by insulating the steel, preventing it from reaching the temperature that causes the structural failure 2. Instumescent coating 3. Boarding system Involve encasing the structural steelwork in rigid and semi-rigid boards to protect the structural integrity in case of fire Source : tremcocpg-asiapacific.com 67 Source : www.promat.com
4. Fire resistant glass Uses intumescent technology that becomes viscous and forms a dense when the temperature increases Stop the spread of fire and chance of window to blow out EDUCATING THE PUBLIC School system Fire station tours Public service announcement 68 Source : lamiflame.com
EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN An evacuation plan is to inform on how to exit a building safely during an emergency of fire. Every person in the building should be educate about several ways to leave the building and the assembly point. Example of the Emergency Evacuation is shown below 69 Source : Conceptdraw.com
ASSEMBLY POINT An assembly point is a place where all people occupying buildings nearby should assemble in case of fire. The person in charge who is appointed by the employer should report to the fire service liaison person indicating all persons accounted for or whose missing and where they were last seen. The assembly point should be far enough away from the building not to put staff in danger The area chosen should be larger enough to accommodate all the staff, like pedestrian areas and car parks The assembly point should not be in an enclosed area and the staff should be able to disperse without the need to pass close to the premises on fire. Use appropriate signs where this is feasible as it leaves no doubts in the minds of staff 70
Noise & Hearing Indoor air quality & Respiratory level Lighting & Sightedness Temperature & Humidity CHAPTER 6WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT & ERGONOMICS SAFETY OF ENVIRONMENT 71
Employees exposed to poor indoor air quality inside the building may experience such illnesses as: Sick building syndrome Tight building syndrome Poor air quality is closely related to the bad operation and maintenance of an air conditioning system Examples of poor air quality are Too cold temperature Low humidity Lack of airflow Unpleasant smell Presence of germs and microorganisms Convenient factor Oxygen supply: 20-21% Temperature: 60-68°F Relative humidity: 30% - 70% Air movement : 150 mm/s or 30 feet/min Adequate: air change per hour > 10 times for normal /clean process > 20 times for process produce smoke/heat > 30 times if vapor can harm body. INDOOR AIR QUALITY & RESPIRATORY LEVEL 72
Artificial lighting from lamp LIGHTING & SIGHTEDNESS Lighting SHW Regulation 29 : No person permitted to work in any factory building where the means of obtaining natural light is less than ten percent of the floor area Arrangements to make sure uniform distribution and maintenance of all windows In every part the intensity of illumination shall not be less than 20 lux and not less than 50 lux at any point where work is actually being done Natural lighting from sunlight provide light colours for walls and ceilings 73
Heat can be reduced by insulating the wall while the roof can provide opening hole between the roof Construction of the ceiling is an effective way to reduce heat and reduce temperatures. TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY FMA Section 22(1)(d)(i) and SHW Reg 28 If any process produced heat, suitable approach to be done to reduce heat effect eg: Isolate, special clothes etc. including to raise air movement or cooling the room. 74
NOISE & HEARING 90dBA for 8 hours , No exposure > 115dBA, No exposure > 140dB SPL(peak) FMA (Noise Exposure) Regulations,1989 Reg.5 Exposure limit (TLV, Action Level) Use partitions to screen heat, noise, dust and chemical sources. Move heat, noise, dust and chemical sources from general work area 75
Segmental Vibration Heat Stress Cold Stress Whole body vibration WORKPLACE HEALTH RISK 76
SEGMENTAL VIBRATION Vibration that affects an organ, part or section of the body. Most exposure affect the hands and arms E.g: Operator of chain saw, chipping equipment, jack hammers, jack leg drill, grinders and othe job involve hand held vibrating tools 77
HEAT STRESS When body is unable to cool itself by sweating. The net heat load to which a worker is exposed. Physical exertion, environmental factors, and clothing worn all contribute to heat stress. Eg. Heat cramp, heat exhaustion, heat rashes and heat stroke 78
COLD STRESS Employees that work in the extreme cold may exposed to cold stress Extremely cold and wet weather is harm to human and may cause occupational illness. Eg. hypothermia, frostbite, trench foot and chilblains 79
WHOLE BODY VIBRATION Any vibration of any frequency is transferred to the human body. Eg: Continuous exposure to WBV especially to large large shocks and jolts is a back pain health risk for employees who drive mobile machines over poor surfaces. May affect the human body and linked to lower back pain. 80
WORKPLACE ERGONOMICS Ergonomics is knowledge of designing the workplace environment to ensure the comfort of the employees. A good ergonomic design is necessary to prevent occupational illness to the employees ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES Work in good posture Keep everything within easy reach Work at proper height Reduce excessive force Reduce excessive repetition Minimize fatigue Minimize direct pressure Provide adjustability and change of posture Provide clearance and access Maintain a comfortable environment Enhance clarity and understanding Improve work organization 81
The main postures are: Spinal position in the "S-Curve" Position neck in a straight position Elbows on the sides of the body and shoulders in a relaxed state Position of the hands and wrists in line with the forearm Optimal position for each joint, minimum physical pressure on the joint and surrounding tissues, as well as the muscles around the joint balanced and relaxed WORK IN GOOD POSTURE 82
Equipment/materials that are always used are within reach Work out of reach will result in: Posture is not neutral/awkward The pressure is concentrated on the shoulders and back KEEP EVERYTHING WITHIN REACH Source : Guidelines on Occupational Safety And Health For Seating At Work, 2002 83
Source : Guidelines on Occupational Safety And Health For Seating At Work, 2002 Height mismatches between workers and work surfaces can cause awkward posture fatigue and discomfort The most suitable level of work surface whether sitting or standing is at elbow level WORK AT PROPER HEIGHT 84
With the excessive force, muscle works more than normal which may cause pressure to the muscle, tendon and joints Pinch grip needs 3-5 times force on tendon in the wrist compared to gripping the whole hand Excessive use of force over a period of time will cause fatigue and increasing the risk of injury REDUCE EXCESSIVE FORCE REDUCE FATIGUE AND STATIC LOAD Static load occurs when the work is done at a static posture for a long period In the static posture, less blood circulation and the muscle fatigue Muscle fatigue caused discomforts and risk of injury Workload exceeds the level of physical ability and mentally can contribute to accident, low quality, productivity decreased and ‘wear and tear’ type injuries. 85
Repetitive movements are a series of constant movements or for long periods of time using the same muscles, tendons or joints. Can also occur on different jobs but has the same movement REDUCE EXCESSIVE REPETITION Light exercise and stretches may reduce the risk of injury and relax the muscles that fatigue due to static posture Diverse movements / dynamic works PROVIDE ADJUSTABILITY AND CHANGE OF POSTURE 86
A clearance enough for the body, head, knees, elbows and feet Adequate workspace and entrance path PROVIDE CLEARANCE AND ACCESS Suitable lighting with types of work Comfort temperature and humidity of the surrounding Good air circulation Low exposure to noise and vibration MAINTAIN A COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT 87
support a worker in a position in which worker can work comfortably and efficiently allow a worker to change position easily and without losing support not press uncomfortably on the buttocks or thighs cater for any special needs of, for example, very tall or short workers, or those who are disabled. In some cases, special seating may be required; and suit the workstation, including the height of the work surface and the layout of furniture and equipment. There are a number of basic requirements which all seating provided at work should meet. Seating should: PRINCIPLES PERTAINING TO SEATING IN THE WORKSTATION Source : Guidelines on Occupational Safety And Health For Seating At Work, 200288
WORK WITH MACHINERY SEATING & WORKSTATION LAYOUT For the employee that operates or monitors machinery, the workstation should be arranged such that they can sit, or stand, and carry out their tasks in a comfortable position. Strained positions, for example craning the neck or leaning to one side, and repeated twisting or stretching movements, are uncomfortable and will eventually lead to injury. Hand controls should be within easy reach and designed for easy use. Sufficient room should be provided for the knees and legs. 89
Wheeled, sliding or suspended seat. These are sometimes used when workers need to move frequently from one machine or to another at different locations. They may be of the swing-out or flap-down type which tuck away when out of use. If the seat is fixed to a machine, it should not vibrate as this can cause discomfort Source : Guidelines on Occupational Safety And Health For Seating At Work, 2002 The worker leans on a forwards-sloping seat, which adjusts in height to suit the individual, taking some of the weight off the feet. see figure 90
For a job that involves a sequence of tasks, it is better to arrange the task in a semicircle around the worker, rather than in a straight line. A swivel chair may assist the worker to reach all points on the semi-circle from a sitting position. The work should be placed within reach of the worker by introducing turntables, jigs and holders. A chair with a forward-tilting seat and backrest may assist the worker to reach further without loss of support. Slightly sloping work surfaces or sloping component trays may improve workers' reach and comfort. PROCESS OR ASSEMBLY WORK 91
PRECISION WORK A workers who tend to lean forward and adopt a tense posture like instrument engineers, laboratory technicians and draughtsmen may experienced pain in the back, shoulder or neck. This is because they tend to lean forward and adopt a tense posture. These workers need a comfortable chair with an adjustable, supportive backrest or a chair with a forward-tilting seat and backrest, and/or a work surface that slopes towards the worker. Source : Guidelines on Occupational Safety And Health For Seating At Work, 200292
However, modern word processors often have a very low keyboard which can be used on a normal-height desk. A fairly high backrest can reduce discomfort by allowing the back and shoulders to relax during pauses, but it should not be so wide that it restricts arm movements. When working with visual display units (VDUs), a common problem is to find a suitable seat height, either because desk thickness does not give enough clearance for the thigh or the seat is not adjustable. Table for typing work ussually is lower than normal writing desks to allow for the extra height of the typewriter. KEYBOARD WORK 93
Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan, 2013. Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994 Guidelines on Occupational Safety And Health For Seating At Work, Department Of Occupational Safety And Health Ministry Of Human Resources Malaysia, 2002 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management System, Department Of Occupational Safety And Health Ministry Of Human Resources Malaysia, 2011 Industry Code of Practice on chemical classification and hazard communication, 2014 Industry Code of Practice for Management of Occupational Noise Exposure and Hearing Conservation, 2019 Industry Code of Practice For Safe Working In A Confined Space, 2010 https://www.promat.com/en/construction/yourproject/expert-area/39617/fire-protective-boards/ https://www.scutumlondon.co.uk/help-advice/a-guide-tofire-cavity-barriers/ https://www.lamiflame.com/fire-resistant-glass.html https://www.conceptdraw.com/How-To-Guide/fireevacuation-plan-template 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. REFERENCE 94