Exercise 3 u-fl 'slnce' niio'for' t$rttttsnrielil# 1. fi 6 oe-nesrufr urirurn n-utu*s dufi eo n-ufi"u rlfl nnar (for) nars-ilufrr 2. d ar asa"utrilfifi e:unq ar"naia uuaauilnns-r (for) uruufir 3. a-u"lu'lfifirhngnr-naiaur,aafiusi (srnce) n 2oP 4. atunn#rusi (stnce) uf,rnposi'uf 5. ilanrar'lfifaerunrma"snqufitnaa$or) il1ilulfl 6. naia$"lfifeeunrur*a-sua#rwi (stnce) rdar+4arnuiliiufia 7 . ilaurirosa"illfiugissr$n"%il'uflnna"r (for) 25 -ilufia 8. $1sras%1{q0riu#r+"lfiusissrun'uu, #ruri (stnce) fl 2005 9. +h1fi'fea$iils1ilfisd{shee) a'ufi arqfitnt 10. u-nr5auneirdtfidtmu-s6lan-uilrfiusi (stnce) fiT Tusrf,rufia )u unenf,1noilxQnn0{ 1. nau{o c qnrorffinErfurna'sornfrq@ ar 2. sroufra a dolafinruiinfstar{dtfitlu6r.".aurrtfr reiou'itat'tfr (weeps) rauo 3. narffo c 4ouuidratnanta'fuad (ts sleePlng) aeiraunaur+s 4. norffo b a-utriarnranaan'lrlffrruon'lfi $reT ca'uetth$rilri66q (have not flntshed) 5. nauffo b a-urhdsq:fl! (am seetng) 4orngra{qrrehuqs# alnecd${anrrutolqnrlfiut't G. narfia b fiuflrpra'suanfkrrdnprurle:dtnelndn#q (has succeeded) lnnra-tluttr4nuvu 7. norfra a lnfufihatota"ulh(goes) {T sruTosan1neldre{esdrfl1s 8. nat{o c do4r*il'Hmrufr (have done) 4ororoo;oan}le1nfiosdtfi Exercise 4 nr4atowi BASIC GRAMMAR 153
9. 6au{o a 10. nor{a a 11. narffa c 12. srarffa d 13. narffa d 14. flau{a a 15. qarffa a 16. Hauffo a 17. qailffa c 18. qauffa a 19. Hauffa a 20. norffo c 21. Hauffa b 22. c,,a:Uilab 23. qaufio c 24. na:uila a 25. sraufio d 26. fiauffo c 27. aa:uila b 28. Houffa c 29. natfia b 30. narffa b q rxal@ {oh n r a ni a m o u fiIil r+Ia n r a t o s 4 or ii o & r,r u n' r 1{ r s{rl1ila1fl1?rf,T riar+fr qrxo;sanh (go) ffisuan dnfrtrer pr udtfinnmilrr (tras vrcnea) fr 11 uu.nr ara oa'rufie 16'r uradra"rficr?o[r (ls conslderln g) n,rer a # ou cirufl r+s I as q-fi ah@rimnrreernrrrm'sucimaunen4rnariiaimurufi e nasoh rfiqnlgoes) aarTan ilatoilurirdr{o ftas Just bought) riTura-fltrei larririra-rarrfsoqjiir.rhTr+nauf, r,,rr n ul ihl(gQ uffr fi+ 6s uuaTrr n #rl o r tia y d a s pr evs uenrardralrfi (are havtng) narardunduruadrrurnn"ui6Tarnarf,(nei{una*f tre6urdarrn (eat) unsfrouacalrrasirslnrnurcriifieatrofiniau d"rr a u r a sq rufi ndn (smel Is) fi aukaer fi 6ee r["rn a u o Jtatr6 a a"u rltrnrs{Sq (ha v e fl n I shed) 15 a ria er ufrr a"ilfl f a u fr e y'[rJ un u ui r+ n-l q or andrerasilanrarfi prrrurirfi'6 fl aiauqndr (remembers) "lfr'lndsrlnoeirr +"ud'm1rrh (am cookln g) a,nrrauffr a g'l*, a ud E n dn orq4 ruri osTfl eu rldtfl e.l adruarru-qf, anrdr#u'lrl%suanu-uUhilrra(do_lolbelong)qrx {{rrludsfi arsntr naiautn (speaks) nrurara'rrld nrurdnluuasnrrrgoeuir fl ?nt?@ rirnotrasurnmtfl r+mardasrnauufrr e*n-unauf qnrng@rinruyrusfr"ufi rudordtre'rrdn1 *oafuaqjdtnu" *urrdrairdou (ls repatrlng) anrotrrracrluTamn' a"ua-nnruerilnfi6asfi"'a"riHE{haveseen)u-r+urdriafr'.rnrvsu5r a'ulsi ar u m n a a n'[rL m a u dlfi ahdralree (a m wa r t n g ) tfl e rflr^r fdr ri'ru a qi e n'fir H a uf a"uft"lrifi (have not had) Ta n.rd iie s nare d ail {a u afi-ra'r A' {nr"oatri 4nroirg 1,54
Post Tenses Exercise I 6an1ftrr past slmple ralrrisrlnNdu 1. -rl iiufr r a"r+h (ruen| rja v wr rl a"s n qu1u rirsriu n q nu"n ai a t 2. *rhtfln (was) fisiiirtto6sl 3. ahag' (was) n"lrdantasa"udasnil 4. flrnre1rBJgilifl (vlslted) aoruiiiirlT au1qal'lnil,rel 5. lu1n1rf,r uanua,6'n (walked) lilmruntntttmssirs{un?{aanoail 6. lup1ufiu uenuerllil-(rued) tfierear"t 7. aTnrrlnvu6 (was) adrsuTurlanle 8. xuLisn (dtdrotroh) urnnir'la 9. udnrnrar'lfid$ (sa\d {sfiur"["rfraeasT u 10. eot@ drsr'nnqou-naiar+iiai1+rurdltutia 6en1ftl past slmple niio past contlnuous -od ro{fYtg1Ht2'ilall 1. a'r+tn (saw) nraurisir-%uudrlaalfluprfsuennar+da'urirdla, rfgeg' (was llvlng) tilfireadn 2. elndratnn (was ratntng) 6r-{uvuilenr?'rosdntnle (dectded) dotaqid,unaanfl'sdrsilrer 3. eilrhsifi (were you dolng) oJlenaudqtHutqrn-n{H (haPPened) 4. a-urirairis$ (was wrtttng) Eman-rddTmrasa"r+aqjnaufrteiau&na-(ealled) urtrduuaE 5. urnre.rn',ratrtio (were dtscus$ng) rlqrT rirr{r+iirirsruaqinauiiTtunaduraaulJsmed) lorqan"turntarfieEl 6. uauoq{'dratr-um (was drlvhg) tasilesurflnoufrentasn'ttn (htt) fiuld Exercise 2 nrqaTovrei BASIC GRAM 155
Exercise 3 7. teiauFn (was) qntqn"uli'reilln6seunesr&neior.r'lfiri,rufieri"rr,rruin (dropped) uazdu (started) 5or'[ri GenHgrr past slmple r6a past perfect relniisrl$r{du 1. dauiiaheucrn (!eft) ertrtnsla-n a"il1ft6$xt1il (had been) ilegrrri?.te&r6afirer#su5a 2 - u,{fifuJhad he-drunk) rfi sdtilfi ienufiariariiu,raenqrn 0eft) ait'[r.r 3. noufiilantermf,r (got) iitiru urnrerrfin (saw) 'jrtprer.rlsor$'lfiqnEn (had braken) v A f J taeJt tfl 'ril't$,t 0 fl tilfl maa tt-r+n n neo lil 4. +h@ dra-u'lfiriru-sramen-nr os ahdrunrs (had Iost) qunas fl's a'u nsrglu (trted) dqsars uQu Fi,r arfl rerir iin-fi Fr.r Fl.r? 5' nar+fitrnuernrft (arrlved) iiri,urasfidau r.mnrardnrru (dtscovered) .imaiau'lfr' rhernte (had coo ked) fi"a ri.rlihl'r^n n rer fepl Uia s ufi r 1. norfro d 2. narffa a 3. marffo b 4. norffa b 5. narffa b 6. narffa a 7. qouffo d 8. nouffa d 9. narfra a 10. marfra d ahd'dlerufi (was takng) qa$fi oorTflas{rflr frtrenrorq'uleirrahLqlar.turriauuasqunesfltH,r:hlGorl{uent) iiu'r+nr'oiriiufia tTaoud'mtFn (was feeltng) trsurn ucin6iau"lfin"a8u1eiiquaan'hlffrsuano_ci6 a"uframtr(wanted)fr os'hl.i,rerd"ruciil"rn'urfi uil.rnrfi u"[r.t -lo t .al n ou fi a"uuu rai o u nfsuan rai a udrdlEn (was standlng) aqjiia;ufi as nru iln n-ufieyaarisina usiru' o6 unrdtr (read) n+i'sfr a ua urnrasJnnan (used to getuP) usirfl1$r' am oiliinria ur'n a qj iifi u"uarnrfi ull q omfi a'ld'eanlrjuf,e (had al ready l"ft) n a ufi a-r+ur n-s eilnhrfl€rhffihod(wereyoud naurfr,rlersrf,rru'ar.uf ; -e n a u fi nr n rn-q rir u n rfl u'i rl n e#n n u'[6'trEuJhadLaken) fi r+-s f, a r a s n rlil Exercise 4 o? {nfaanf lnroSrg 156
11. natffa b 12. norffa a 13. narfia c 14. fiouffo a 15. nauffo b 16. notffo d 17. Hauffo a 18. fiorfra a 19. nailffa b 20. eauffo c 21. notffa d 22. nau{o a 23. Har{a d 24. notfra c 25. notfra b 26. grou{a c 27. 9',a:Uila c 28. natffa b 29. crauffa b 30. natna c -, l. n ou nn zu lrreur a urlratftg$ (was studyl n g) nrtr a"lnqtoqi ?rnr?ftl{rfl a1rrfl 1nmu1ilfl asilannnrdied$ (flnlshed) rdaeaefr1usiizuruan nor+iia-udTdqq(waswatchlng)Tyren?trf rfr asn6srta;4fi oil-i nn{a (bou g ht) a nfl u ei'o"il'ln ei d a 16 a u iiu6e usi n{ri Fi o tr t a t uh u r n wi rla u"n a'u ua rri"rh q n'tu a: ntu t nu ii a'tdT ft rh (wa s cookt n g) ar tratf,r oqi qr t as+--u{ur{# (had been smokt n g) ufl uueard6r-r.lufien a udurT r6n4ttr+d4a a'uhildhtldtdnl-eall) rnr 4 ord arT r+fi' u,ar gtnaFfnfr os a"*Gler urrrira-seaenToradrarlasdrfl T saqjnoufr urnloartrfrs (attacked) u$r a-uufi udrqntrarasa-udratnenna'u(wassleePlng)ahdsn"er8utq'laiilqnulr rdaelrfi"renua'r'[rla-sfifianinr"rliiu"reillsu?isflfr{dflanre'r'trina'1il6fft{h€dn'f vlslted) rioutrlT# riouiirrnua,r'lto1 ndoulfiea (had been waltlnd uenrarddn, fi eolrlrfl uuaar a'rarfe1usufir er 6atn ru of Tn d'u t? dnrru (dt scove red) n-e r.t o nr6nrtu-rl a.Ft. 1492 reudaEiiid{udarfioudufir n@ fr r1uuaariounrirf *.Cr* (t "a *.ftt"n) ennursfi'rau-un-s{o-onTerior*ftud4otnrfilfia"rnrenatnd't ndauriraithn'tlndseT n (was cleanlng) frosil'st6irleauf,tffiur?lcrsur.lan{unre"r +11'tfidE ftad aSked) ?{2ntfl'tttltl'11{artrerirtarapre'triaufiurntrr'lfiHounnal q *r, q ntu na. Er"[fi64n (had-leek€d) rJ e; q 1 n t'r u ri a u due n nT a a n'[rl uennnm(came)tdsufl ante1fi aretp,e'sfl a$fi ilenualarrflsa-cfl uffi osu6arn"r+ ofiitu{uenr)'lTari"rlnfr+'lurieri'utqnamiiaiTuerT 4nruanS{fi"fiarnra{yts) traaeirsquuaufr o-tdu5r usin6iailfftfirrfl traToEI dnrgeolufir sraqatoYrd BASIC GRAMMAR 757
Future Tenses Exercise I rn-ur.tflIsn1f;afl gmrifrra'wtll'ua:niisrr'qnfrertundar 1. A: prr*asrnflruoibfi B. aruq:ro (wtll have) uquriitn"rflane'l 2. A: uaiff, nrrfi aau m #ufi"uaicjs rura-uois 1ua v o dn1ilfi a s ne-r8 B: od1n"sra1ilr,asac'u arue;fr{ar$ (wtll do)'lfruaiuor 3. A: 6ra fiprunonfs qnrrira-reolnaoqjniontrir B: td ahaodrtruoerrira-rurfisuA'rua a-r+esfln (wlll open) il?e,r,{ 4. A: ri,r'[u4rxorralripTprr.lufern6"ofirrir1ai; B: 6u aheilildsil (wtll vts[) nrda{laaard'ari"rriruuSalfiiu 5. A: q rr0s,rnenrruotrrari,r iiri,ru +'ruuar1n qaudasfi"n-u'[nu aia B: rfiunmaraoiifi a"ue:rh (wttl brtng) "teritilfrae 6. A: qu"u8fiErrhaanumrnmdosrilflmndra B: q r*^l n mr6a sri au ua ; a"uesTrnf?sn (wt l l phone) u6,rtrrh ii prerru rr aa on-Er rn-au*Taolf;gngtnffiaa'wt I l' r6e -won't, ua:n6arlnal6t Iesu5atsitle:rfl$ (wlll schools be) niulalr+ar.nnn Tnn? dsaglua-a 14 -rJua;arrflaaqj lunqsaouoau fipraratproufiudrTesrsetunre:fia'nrog (wlll probably be) unnciltaanliladrsilln ernltltSErulllfloquh ""ufinp{il (wtll go) Iesr6s%u6i#{nrriasflu-re-l.rwi.nrvu Ea rnlfuo-qrd uan utmsf?s$ (wlll work) frterun6ornaafierqaddlrsr6sr+ usiilrnuvrerhifi (won't have) nrerjruuas 4rur"t,'unu.ae:rfl$ (wlti be) riuar+oi ahaod{asrAeruear+r'hlr6suulnn.j{ugaufi- usiarfl.aqELi (won't be) oeogarrn" Exercise 2 oa. {na"oanf lnrofry 1s8
Exercise 3 tdenlillliqnfrar 1. A: "4rxfiasnratfra"urira4r*1ru" B: "tai torqrxna"t ear{%q:riag (ls golng to help) ,{e{ros' 2. A: "4r*fiasnraeYrdrr6anruilEnalr' B: ""aruesra (wlll have) nruilufied'une1" 3. A: "ri,luqnrdrdrudflsi'rrisrosqn+ei;" B: "aruq:flrr (am golng to have) ortmnarsrinn"tqndTeralnqirasaru" 4. A: -a'u,ftfl ufr'asilan-uaora-ilfi"' b: --zuilfl 'ra{s&aaitfi.ur,rnufi.1r*u orrfi' urierruqsndunr (wll l be) lun,rafl a-s' 5. A: *uarunrerasqrxdmaht'unqnuhaiou6oaJta" B: "+-ueihdeil (am gotng to vlslt) ilauaitasa-'ulfluraardardrua,-uuavqc'tilfiorif,s'tilfiaeodn' Je 6On619eUllQn9A.{ 1. narffa b ahd'rpqthahcj[rra (wlll call) rrqr*r"ufiiia"u"tfidtrireprmeashurfi'rs 2. qouffa d narfi"rosaiurqrf nouc:un (ull be flyhg) aqimfiaurrdegteuonuaufinesn'jrs nra6nrrs}luadgl"% 3. nor{a c nesrttlr6iruvuqfiri"rrr+-nrurn a'nes6a (wtll carry) rlru*s1t1n#r+1frqr*uas 4. naufio c frasiltTfiuradnriau qrxrrn'jratne:nn (WIl lt r€tn) lnu 5. crauf,o b *a6{frosnraundrn-rqr*' *nqnmronroadrarare;Trm (wlll cal!) trtoan"r+fifr'jTs' 6. flarffa d riauqr*o;nairur rdautar4nrnsqsaen6$it (wlll have left) }Juerfir^tadrfieru5r 7. groufra c il?nr?1@ 4nraqjnouiiankanfis 8. nar{a d "ililn'nsrauf,rr6oTuruqsfi"u;' ""talvrufiter arue;rirat{rlr$ (wlll be worklng) nouf,tu6nTus' g. aor{o c *a-unecn,rprli"'rerrn" "arue:r'r (wlll gel) adlarur1fi4rxdu rorldnniari"rtrfids' Exercise 4 nrqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 159
10. nauffo c 11. natffa d 12. nat{a c 13. norfra c 14. narffa b 15. norfro d 16. Hauffa c 17. notffo d 18. norfra d 19. nar{o c 20. norLffo b 21. Hor{a c 22. norffa d 23. narffa b 24. nar{o c 25. Hauffa d 26. srouffa c 27. narila d 28. nor{a c 29. narffo c 30. narffo d nailrfidne;#flftt (wlll start) nousrtusnar nar*raoaeifr fi rdruratosa"uqsna'!flr (wlII return) luEnErLuT fi utn"uiianT fiu;! a"ue:slail (wtII be weartng) G"ou6nrnn3uprs rirkr q nr"[+i l alfiq il dasais a"uunledrmrq:des (wt Mel p) q or nfiitTdruqrfi fl anre, eg$a$mEsnsm (wl I I be lylng) u il{1trfl ,ts na a o r"tfu uuuau'imrnreTqlLitd$l (won't have flntshed) sruri'sflunriaurearfi"rosfuuqrf nqorroeirnan6suu'oqoru,rn-sdd qnras+"uegrhs1!$a$rCiJsti (wll be sleeptng) d.n-,rr"tu*u ^n"r"lri..n (*on't 1.""")'trt'lruToa'leifi 4ol 4 nru, rE'uuaru'lfif,Bilqs d amrq:'tdlfi{r (won't be dotn g) a Jtedd.ro-rglnea n a-uoo'jrnresiler(wtllfl nd)drsrufihrautqdourrlnir--ull *a'uoan}lnrsr+an.tru1fi urerca-$1sifirtilrag' "acit4eo}luas +he;lffiu (wtll lend) rtr+urinnuas" nour6erTus ilrnuaT c:rfidtaa (wlll be waltlng) nSost-urasuanntdnrrsarrn-s nratu 4n #r.t oti r6n tler n uq"qflfim (wil ! have spent) rtur oqnrrrar o'hlufia aha!&JtuflLsend) SmarrprornhqEiah'ltnsTasuaudahrff ru-n J)ae urarfl[urd a unri, a"uqsrr6nrfl6$ (wt I I be enJoyln g) n"rfunq nr'naio r+ raTfl uilsuFiiluurnaufriTrus"lulfi aruc:drotd$ (wtll be playlng) {nrLoanhrdoul c) o9 d ^ -r u6E-- nlg[uuralfirasilnri, eofue:rfiuw-n (wtll have saved) "Hlfiprarnu-snduoaaard ocirlvrenra'uasfi'irsraaruilorTnsn-sriiss ahcgrha'qrhm$od (wrll be workrng) a"u pr adran t'rar asfl enuares (wl l l be) eeaua;fiii a6asl$#ni'1.ifl il{ ahe:ri?s (wt I I he I p) 4 rx rh fi d ah rf rler ee n ra fi"66e f,"u nrs1urdss ilanuere:rrlfid$ (wtll have flntshed) n-rnreuiumufid 160 n?. 6n?GNl.[ flnrQ?ru
Possive Voice Exercise I err.t"aanEl actlve tf;iflnEl passlve 1. This activity will be done by the children. nane?ilfl se0nfl 1 [nau??a']nn"l 2. The ball was thrown by the player. qntaalfiqnth{oa{uiu 3. This book is studied by these girls. fl il--sd 0taeJ 1{n n a'l % [aelmntJ?1 6u{1fl 41il 4. A good meal has been prepared by the cook atnrefi"a o a o u'lfi q n r.tq sTo a vi a nfr 5. The dishes were washed by my wife. o'ruqn fiT sTnaneeart a s a"$ 6. The bread is ealen by the dog. tuuflsonfiuTaa{n"t 7. The robbers will be arrested by the police Teeer q no't q uTn Eit61nfir d sirem 8. This house was built by mY father rr utra-'suond't1€fl il [n go ol1'101 a{ ilrr 9. A decision was made by the managers. n T a n-n fr ulo q nf,"r 1 aTa et uaa rnfi tl"'n n ra 10. Four books have been written by him. tr ut f, a ?i ui ulfi q n rfi s ufr1{To a urr 11. This tree was planted by my grandfather fr u'tfr fi u dtfi q n r1 q nTo a q rurl t o I a'u 12. The accident was seen by several people 4 e -ulotafinnurnilrel qumt$sl[nqnilutfl' nzqalcYrei BAslc GRAMMAR E
Exercise 2 esrtdanqil passtve Ifrlflfl?il aclve 1. Peter will wear this sweater. fl rn o de s d e il 6"a n-r+ r r+m n-r fi' 2. Mr. Green teaches the biology class Friln?ft6ail2{,1{2afls,l 3. The thieves stole the money Tq e n a r er pnr rTu s r, u'hj 4. The children have done the work. 6 Ye " .d ." rdn 1 ldrirlT urdieR%u5r 5. Tom is going to see that film. fl aars rtilnl?ls $ ndr6or #il 6. My sister painted this picture 1,t61?1ASil1-[21A?U1{ 7. Many people watch this program. 9a -v il FI li3t 1 ft 8l1El o?,tEl fl 1?1{ 8. rlames will send the letters. re u dq r6ise a fi u,rcrilrn fi' 9. Paul organized the party. ilaaso{,11{[afl{ 10. Millions of tourists visit Paris. r+"n ri o s rd fl r fl a,r s 6,r u o ulil rE' Er a{ t il n ar il 1T d 11. An architect designed our house. d ntl rin frm u's16'a anurufi1ilfl 0 {?,r2fl r?,r 12. Steve took this photograph. oi dHll0mnl?t1{ 6tf 4na"oani' 4nrofrg 762
Exercise 3 rcr-e$iTsnlfraaporifiaaErJ past slmple ua: passlve ^od re,{fl?g1[tt2.Qlall traaarnu'lfiQnr,rurfin (were seen) naurlnqnuffr}.ttutjtuta-stu*uuunt uii#r+aTrfaaqi m'o6u# rfirrri,riisireeoQnlrra6sn (were called) rarfllntrlatlfisodrmrnrsruTn tTafitu*lQflq"u lXlwas caughfl 'lunhfi {rs6nnuru*sralnfltrl usinr,qnfllgl-a (was found) 'ltlaiflr tranus{ gnrlrda (were taken) "lrlEr-ran']fisireaqiiiirilrnurrQnderelr$ (were questloned) uennirTotr r6rfi ri'rd girarq ilrsfi fis trad a s nr ufi"Qnnd,nnr (we re char@ lu fr a nrtqaneeu GanrlT naudqnfror 1. narffo c ru-l;larreiru3ngnffi (are used) Tnc'r"nfesn,ra{},rafltr. 2. narffo d ri'nfaauiira6aaaarn{dffifir{wos-glven) tunraf,nmtu"rliiu5r 3. naufio d frfrtfia-urou6renrirda (were taken) dsTesvrsrilra1nerudtrririio"t$rfie 4. narffa c enenrni'n-r+#r+en{t (ls drtven) tna{rfudfioariu b. fiaufia c na'snrrasoraraQnilrlf;rasnrg (was damaged)'lurt4auurqu-nudadasdrur"triou 6. narffa b ornrerirsl"lfiqnetfi{t'$ (have been b,t|t) tnflnrndr€"lff 7. nat{o d u-rt-ilufionTnuaclfiotoelilen%'$ Tnaqr*aratas+"u B. ct ailffa d +"ulfffu (om+Uve-n) tastfrgiiudtidu'tua"urfi atas+1u1n1-rJ g. nouffo c e@ "lrler-ssruf#es rir1u4or6ilultdv 10. nor{a b m6ase'nameirfi"gdf,lere used) lun'reardudeuilesnaualn,arirslr{'rfiean"r+ 11. nalffa c ilrnulrQntq (were told) tfrag'lurhutuaatrjrsdufinu'rq 12. Hailffo d ri"ril6xrorurn,nde (s drunk) lue;t'iTsnredsuris 13. Hoilffa c qnlQndr (were taken)'liltes6erilloeran[oadreilasd']flrr 14. nar{o d fi?iad1e'tarf,u'tfiqnfi{ (has been hlre4 Tosflu-sBafiufidnesan6uaare,trfis Exercise 4 nrqalowi BAslc cRAMMAR 163
15. Haufio a 16. qouffa a 17. qauffo d 18. norffo c 19. narfia c 20. Haufra b 21. narffa c 22. sa\ila a 23. narfra b 24. na:uila b 25. narfia c 26. natffa a 27. na:uila d 28. moilffo a 29. narfra c 30. aorfra d I*rrsrur16'ea-u'l?ililacdunleornreri.xrulairfludsiienu-so-u.hfiolfi (ts requtred) fr aml as a-uends (was sent) 6 uar ailey nar n ur n-u,a" ar.,r* fi ' qrE*qdruar+*Tnqnrtfl f;rn-nrsn(arecaused)Tnsnrefuqiiia-ufl erel ' Ie r1u rils 1lfiengn6'n (were cance led) Tn e fl rsil fl .ri ilfl r a-er r% a sq r nlai fi ff(auan s prarardu1quffr??aJutEr %"nr5g unn n %q;'lfifir (wt I I be g t ven) ii ar,l'1flua ran?ait+ r8"a u6 n rn n ii fi ar Er r uu r fr 4 nlaonfi Graruou+r) Tn a rd a u a fi n I o s a-*r s1u rusnil nq:enri'ltfrdfrti (wl I I have been com p leted) nral%raalfrrTer s ?0{tct%21.[% tnrlec ufl Ftd fi fg' aurfnr nrau6 a n nvsila; oru1a u 6ene'nf$ (are heId) 1 n 1?irL zuan1?dou loaqrunraitrnma.snqr fl0s?{?nt?1 n rirsirrQn{T lf,unn (was broken) tn aufinfrrra { nfi s ii rir a's*i,,r^1 nr aa oqj utunJ n;qnnru (ts drunk)'lufi{eisfi1s-ilrir uA alfiqn$ G[as-bowht) to a il a il fl a-s e r n fi n r n nm r r-a d ar n fi uuti r ud a #rt n r t{ii ufi r qnqn#r (have been told) hloqjnralurirunaoodruf,r 4 uh@'l u usi a v filTo suri rir u tr+ t nr y fr udr r a.! rir a-s a Ei 'lu rirsfil tr g ar,fnaia u n t"sf, a rl nuiu'lrem'il 0 #ulfignritr (hav e been rea4 Toa ueror il'nfea ur a surnrar 2"n tfi od'rs1'lfienft { (have been wash"d) ri a r+ rirura-r rhs fl 1% ae. 4na'oanf 4nro6rp 1,64
Conditionol Sentence Exercise I 1 1. fir4nraara qr*q:ufllr (wtll solve) fl{Un1"[d 2. qrxoriroJta firqnrerrrrm"a (wtn) daTnfitutis 3. a'usvflrlao'hl firu"nnrn-s (arrtves) Featxa'l 4. frrarnrdfau +"u*r"nirtn (oPen) nrirsirs 5. ufinntraovuir+{mtaa firqr*nqotruTn (lets) }r?ntirr 6. frrqrx"lultmut6"ss flentineg8n (wtll be) finnr"r 7. ahovTretrrqr* fira'ufi (have) ura'r 2 1. a'uenilsruG"nr firqorriru (lnvlted) dt 2. firqrxlnnru, o-snqrg1fi6 qnrq:flrn$ (would earn) lfiurnt-"u 3. anrasorxqs{T rtu{qtra firqrxttr(geve) rtuutr'tr] 4. fir4r*rlrosahaanrira-snrs ulres (would be) fi41nruufisuosn*r+ {- -.Y ' , . -r\ r. ) 5. aruqsif,ndfiu frTqn^rtqn (stoPPed) {4t"4 6. fiTnriauurqcguo ndauestf; (would gtve) a-uuriqr* 7 . a-%qsf,"a6"au6nunnsi'xlnsi firahfi (had) tir+aqlrirs 3 1. firqzuurTnaanur+ei' qr*asq;rh:fls"e (would have saved) uaa'l 2. il?nt?'rrr{euaqiiirhr+ firelnnn (had ralned) Exercise 2 Exercise 3 nrqalerd BASIC GRAMMAR 165
3. fr"r+"ufdmeiautea ahrNq:dr (would have sent) oanl#lt'hindauufir 4. ,rnr"."^urrorn-s#rndrfi- fi,rurnrarrrn (had caught) an'turiiar g Truuffr 5. firahf,drqrurir#sur a"r+nNeitil (would have gone) a'rLqrxdau.rufi uufir - \vcu - e 6. nnrnle;lda-unmnateltudr fr'rqunaon (had fllled) urruadufl 7. fi1ant1sfla{?,nnre.rdsndrd Hlam:'tdlfl$ (would have been) eiraao 1. firnr'tri (Unless) roTru a-uo;hi1an-rnr6nuaer 2. ft 0D qrula"narreal ilxfl rfl1q,aanuar+nrr'lttncr'leiaapror 3. fir (ll) nrioulaie"nfiostasneior+b1u{tr+asrfiau rrruueita.rfi6iauayffinTneo 4. r6nloullrdaarrerrro'lua-ur^rqsf, dretu"lri (unless) Hna{il1 5. ilrn ralq Jteifi a Jleyrr un-suaa fir (f) ue nrer'l*r'[rl-,t*.t afurdrfi n 1. marffa b 2. narffa b 3. narffa d 4. natffa a 5. Hauffa d 6. malffa b 7. Hau{a d 8. marfia c 9. qauffa a firufi n{nf soudl+im's'lqfen% traiaue:Liih$ (wr[ not pass) nredarprevsf fiT q r*ntr (ate) ar"n ri,x 1 ru,rnnsu fi araeanrr os n nroa q 6 n drf fir trei aulfiilrnr (had fol lowe0 pi.ruu clr'rr os +-ll tr ri a u nso cil rn-sr6rnd.r f nrrqrhifi fl 1s'[fis1 il?ir*s frT n r'lrirde (srarts) ar awrmr+ rirlu n, u fifi'ruenra,rfi us u n-n n-eu rn n-irf r^,nrerqihJ (would go) {unrilau Hd qrxe: (wlll get) 6'ar fir4rx'leimaorfiuurnruro# frrah'lfiqerqaoutugSq a-ilnsegrfifl (wourd have seen) fiafiouarof, tr res'trirfl $ (wou Idn't be) u-n fi rh fr 6 ni u fi"uafl ft H,ilsiln? n fl o ar a dr s n ilh 4 r*o ; r^rr #rltt n"r q nr frealn u fir 4 rxhJgo) d r r s fl ,r o Exercise 4 Exercise 5 ne. qnfoarf 4nuo6rg 766
10. eailffa b 11. narffa d 12. noufra b 13. Eauffa c 14. Hauffo b 15. crauffa b 16. Hauffa c 17. narffa d 18. Hauffo b 19. matffa b 20. Hauf,a d 21. nau{o b 22. aa:uila c 23. narfra d 24. fiau{o c 25. not{a b 26. natfra b 27. ciia:uila c 28. natffa d 29. grauffa b 30. Horffa b frT -"t "t T r+dasnrt (wa nts) }]la s 6 fl rr +-u q c r"il e n'til eis uo a ii +t'r, m s ft q rxldln{had-spoken) a d r s {r 1 n ei a r+ o r q v tffdo 4 r*1rl ufir a n 1 o r fi n m u 4 r fr'r ur n ut rltil-(ruere) rii ar1ufu n e; a u"n ai a u --P dnrunraninrqsdfru firdnrllarnrptd (had been) firu{ruranr (comes) ranurrfl %aatd'ra"urira"taeie;r'jrrrlatlu fr1 fi ar I a silrnuarirutr+ nevr fi" Tdtq: (wt I I be) fi Enrer {r urn a-r+e:riru (wou ld I nv lte) rfi a ut as a-t 1n pr u frr a"uarrl'a o g'lufir t refifl n qi frranxrfliras?,renuerln-(had spoken) nrura-snqr*lfrd utrprsqsl6'rru61rirlr]ufra ilauesroufl rsriasrdsaeauTan frrutrenerse"a (won) darnfi uutil q odq q a'[si a a nernhsilnrula firuvih' (doesnl) ff,n 6fu ft amrleifi o#rgqr ur^l rdmr a ra.ru nrsq:snTfl n (would have forgtven) tr1elerufia tr ei o ue s n 1 d1'[rl t u er a u6dn1u16' ft tr ai a r+lai e os (boo k) ntal5uri rfi u 1 firurrhialr'lue-uf r^n nraT qilna (wt I I phone) nrutrlurirsdu rloresrl,l (would you do) oJta firqolvrlneu utriiufi rulilfiretNuilr+eniles{irfl rs fir ahlffi n-(had heard) ri 1 eil s r n eofa r n 1 rl q"il n t q v fl nau cl o m"e u r fi ael frr q r*'tairfi a r+alu a-r+et6u (w I I forget) iie sfi s6 $r a fismr fi mnn n rfi (had) eu #n n-r+ ur n ul r o ;'[t] -"d url a dat rfifi a fi rfr dmtara-ut(knew)iEnmn-uaottdauesfi"aensilsi'dno"il frrurr'lfiaanuailfl 1{sr?{tlfl ttrnsq:]bir*rn (wouldn't have mIssed) rfr fl efi % u A s { r . t \ ! 4 d t 9 t, ? -u- _-1-_ o1u??n1t?{ailrlrunrtqO-(dodlStOp) cisufretliirlrna'rnit+n"u a-uqvTfltudsFl'raae fi r u-n feen+m air dttte sr 6cm n rx o ?@ To e s lr ulfi uri r{ a n til't *qrl.rri gAsrc cRAMMAR g
Non-Finite Verb Exercise I rgililflIaolf;enrgr*Inalflp tnfl nllve r6e gerund rasnA?d$tl6rl 1. aeirEut'nnon (to tell) riraurinnfiaer 2. "druoarhinaaoueYrir'tdf,r (maklng) nararfi nuarorirsl 3. uanuttirdrufqttmradouuh$ (to pass) fla{?,r?flrlr1 4. fl ai a r+ ri1a"rfi eranrmtailn (bet n g) durfl n r as {uaanrur+ 5. fidrrrrasahuu6nmrSun"rntrdn (walklng) rilunarsdrshlu 6. nrr'laidrumndcr{e (to Uuy) ansusi'#nF]-1.r"[fi 7 . rdaqrxraSof,"un"rnrtrh (dolng) nrarit+rasnrx Trema-rry 8. udaulrosalrsihf,r.r'ledqJtil (ro go) lilahsrd 9. uilr+ruarrosa-url4ueoCn:rru (to see) +-u6n 10. utruur drhairfrnlt:.L(golng) n o r+dnnrira-s tru a qj railfficTsalfrenrgmfinatfgil tnfl ntlve rie gerund rosnis{$alr6u 1. reiauaulo'h+ntain(plavhg)wrufid 2. r^ran ur tfi o u a"utfirhjto_do) sru frtfrtr u ou nr{ 1fl 3. fl r+6"randtrsflasneior+1frCI-(tq Jat) rdaufi'aa 4. qndrsratmldtra"rntmn (comtng) ara 5. qnrnqnev4'umrtf;riFg(ta_study) ru-ns-"r+ 6. rdnfftT arJe;duprarud,u$etuntrdouahn (passlng) na€rfl.r 7 . a-il rira-s mvsy fir nus nr n aantrlrj (got n g) fl ?€a oil o a r+ Exercise 2 E o?. Ftn?-carri unrofrg
8. +-u"leidraneof'n?rnrlfiar{to-eome) n"ta"u'lfi 9. q rxuei r a r a"ue"tlerlff n"t ntten (bet n g ) n"n Q"s te s 10. u6prur+sd1a-u!fui1 (lolenl) ailrdnwufudslnei $r-ertes1anlfrgepr*1na1ilErt I nf I n I tl v e dia g e rund -o., re{fitg1ttt2.|ltall 1. aeirSudn:{a (to buy) tru"s;lafiu{ 2. a-uq uhifi fl rsSuntt'tdsfin (seet n g) fl smlfl $ na"luenLael 3. rfinfitmtqnrin (playtng) !nuoata-so'tnnreu6rLiiqtu?{n0{rlrr 4.'luecr.irr fl ,ts'lr]riiastrei urnrarrq or^t'nudadeitildgil (to vt stt) q r*qst a s a1u 5. ahuf,alot're:froluds (to say)'jT qr*aatltthiinn 6. a-u 6 o.jr4 r*o vuaate nhnramn (tel I tn g) amu a-u tr"stru nt ar q oruritt't 1. Hou{a c 2. notffo d 3. Harffa d 4. narffa c 5. nat{o b 6. srauffa c 7. qotffo a 8. noufra c d I - -ih.tiiilttanileg6i'lflrs%s q"ililaetfiueoilas{,rrrsrira"stl t?2'1111{0El flxnmlna{xs (comlng) r6n{traua;r6n{n {sri T s'ilu t atntafll (l lstenlng) mrar o- ulf, n ar t u*s'f 'rTer str+nrerir (dol n g) n re tir u t a I ut r 4r*o;o'sufi ao"ltrude;fi ie$(dropptng)qane{reiau'ufi"asluneiaslfr ahnuoer qoraa, nrin (playtng) urnuriar.iT erdtru uen rarrira"s 6 odT e:th'$mq (traveI tng) Toereo'lu pr nrfi un n ar a ii 6 riT sln u dr teYt nttdhilnr ( not ca I I I n g) tr +-"u a-rrn-ianriaerhiqorueirat+-utfi {to-g[e)arlrg,ma'uaan}irdera{1s%on Exercise 3 Exercise 4 nzqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR L69
9. HA1l10 a 10. nauffa b 11. narffa d 12. marffa c 13. qaufra b 14. narfro c 15. norffa d 16. Ha!fra a 17. marffa c 18. narfio b 19. Houffa a 21. narffo b 22. qauffo a 23. narfra c 24. na:uila b 25. narffa c 26. Hailffa b 27. na:uila c 28. flaufla d 29. narfia d 30. nalffo c 20. narffa b ae-.) rfr ouaaf;frnmfi as uvtfifl oilr{1$ (worklng) ,r.ur*r U.E o ft*td atnerir iinh fi 1 a.r?a1fl 116 %uri r nr.l*s q rxrJev dr fl rg mr'lo'[n u1unratn (speaklng) nrlr a-s nqu arar Eru dq:{o (to buy) q a nlfrrfi a rlrle-urfi nurtrud,r?fl a {ar}r a'u"laid.urenins6s (to waste) *a{unmilfl reru a 6u.rer#a s fiIuri 4 r*'tfr' toeaaue"r*rldrflr (entertng) uTturilr+usineimdrurrlruld'riro;'le'lrrua*r ahdrlffilasrdf,Jploy|ng) {n n rn a u a-uer-srfl ur6n ao-i ufr orrr a s a"%rdil a fi qsriae a"%{an (to repa t r) ano-negrugu c[r a s ah tdr%1srasa"%prrona"ra"utr1ril{1il@#ari4owirtiocrfl u'hl"lfi qhdrer"lillfrn'unresn (fal llng) tr4arfnq r* ah6alo n1nldft (not I lstentn g) riru% s ?ir1 as n rxila r or a'u rn1ilq e n fllnuarrita"sqsaanlilflruamrariruonriru qrxournihftadir-(to3h) niLr,,ranrer'l6r ) clhu11ud1$hsruilastfie|ruulri,rurnter'jr@eufisna%8sfirns.| urnnrn"o8ulon'q;"lrt(togo)u6ardalu6iumvrfiir^rasehfl f '[61'r.]eofigor'netflrg (rntemuoflng) ahnauiiahrira-eilsrsrua6rrsoJlerrsacirr r^nnue'r'[r]uaugiufla-sqrnflanuartdSef"un-unrrhnrrerlge,In (cleanlng) fiasne-a doo-J unnuhu6suflSnr6asntrner (looktng) q6rFr? fit^rrnutr'lrifr'asnrefiq;Eorrirnrer aht aTnrgnri ouuri n ai o uu4rdode ggafl fiJ (to accept) il-r.r 4 rufi ar a fl a {rfl r'lfifr'.ruuvrnrs (to eat) oTrrafi'fi n auadrn aea adr a { 1ua c ni o ri1 a"s 6 o n"r+drelunifl fl (g ett I n g)'[ u u6 a n fi n u r er r - -e1,- - ttds{fi tdnhraanafl {lsrasndaudr@ rnr"hf,au1 qh o s r n q c rn a u q r*d {fi h (to_brlng) fi a 4 a ufi a e n-r ar S n nirrrri(n ei r o sila n ral u r fi a a a? (nfinrf 4nro6rg 770
Modol Verb Exercise I ,fraur;tnffira 'can','cantt','must' tlii0'mustntt' A v-' t. a.rrr1lrraset1fl ruu' dulfidfefm&anD ri1 neru dc ar arlo st as 4"1+'[fi 2. aJtrira-snntu-n qmfros (must) dT autasqr*"ltfira 3. uuadru+m (can) -lr+n*r+frr+1ettfi uri4u"ntiaram (eanD 4. urnrarfros'bi (mustn't) u6nnan"lff(uaaudlatar*s b. oafi$unfle{1n ulrtridrertm (can't) kiuilrdtnriloa"lfiGurn 6. uenutrfres (must) }liior+romriufi' mnrefuifiNun"Huatr 7. urnuarfiaetrn o-snyr+urnuetdtelrutm (can) rnTuu{ueittn'r+}.1'lfitra'rcrfl"r+ 8. r.l-nriastiiaafret (musf) ri, trisf ou6urn'rs"[r.tfirs$l'oilenutr'lrlgirsilesuflFl 9. mhlntaadotlri (mustn't) duah4ntaafiesfiarlotilrnurr 10. roouilurHnnrenfias roalhidurm-(can't) rTutfi"alfi usiunadfltm (can) duuerlfi 1. frr-tiidar (must) nqaufradrgrulnr"lileareaLflr+fruor 2. 4or@ ilTau"lilfirs alueJteinn 3. a-litrifipaT a-r+del (must) oan'lrlufirtumrr*f n*ru'rra'uesilalnaolnerdlailerdlflrs 4. q nrdrntm (Cou ! d) e o ri. fi tt'lff(fr a"r+ n a r+ ii a"r+l+i a -a'[d[t u 5. qrxqlairiaaduaa qnrnaa (should) "lrliluuilntius 6. 3dt*irqiii,j." nriauame: (mt ght) r6unrs'lr]nqslr-aaufie ahffleifitrfi aunh 7. fiarsrqiarflFldruauurntt{dil qnl@ fl"ouacl Exercise 2 n;qaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR g
8. fiTqrxfr'ornrefeauffroalontro-snqu'l#nriasupraia qr*d,rrtnfrar (need) #s'le 9. noardrutm (can) reitunur+a'lfreiauffrsd ah#r+n-rrrraqjrualnlfurqn{o#r.torri 10. 'r'ranuarrootrurfl (May) oan}Lu{ien6ildt6'lrru" "[6' uri4r*ftlLi (mustnt) na'rLenfin" rnlnffi :Tantf;aurlmfdaaniardrgn'rru,l:dil 1. u6nomq: (may) ilrsruusissrura{fl2flra1 uciflenn,rfflsiuu'lq 2. qnuvuarnrlaiuur a-uarutm (can) f,i'lfi 3. narasahdnrhflarlfl a"r+frer (must) frrrua 4. ahl aIfl uu a urir,rr nrerlUetrrrm{ean1) il 1s1 ur6"fl s I a s q r*Tua-uqs dt6' 5. +hnrtae: (Sha I l) f,"o ntaxu n a u6fnl#lnu a-uufi udr q nrejs ufi u}t 6. qrxnar (should) fr er'l$in"rra1euT n*iuf a-u6n-jru-ilevLfl udsfr .irsurn 7. "truoerhidrntm (could) Mir+filst%lfiHauiireiouarqfil$ril usirror+fi"rdaudtrtm (can) I Yrd t6t1{tooeJln 1. Hauffa b 2. norfra c 3. narffo d 4. norffo a 5. Hailffo b 6. Haufro c 7. nouffo d 8. nauffa b darerasa,-rdretm(can)Tnnrura'snquuaanruraJr&r*la16'eraioeuln qd,aJa ar"uril u rfr a s fi 6 u r n 6 a w u-r q rx oae (shou ld) }j d EI et t u uh #nr-l.r u"urira"sesd.ruufia a"r+d,uilnfror (have to) }]ufr'atuq ouf ua uurfres (must) ff,nrd a nurer n-il s,rrr I a s fl 6i a ri u-ur+rrl' aurnofs 1 4 orrir a"s a ;}t dr s il"r fl 6 a a-u stril"m (ca n)'[t n-u q rx fir alA'tn u { u"n r a r a"%alrilam (cou I d) n a ;Ta olfi 4 s u r n n a r+ fi u-u a.r q rTo a n dr f a"ues'l$islerriufr"rttar+ri'rdanruildnufietrfl*sr?on qnrfrer (must) uorduuul uhlfl upraruaYr qrxfrer"tri (must not) uan'lpremsrfi srn-rn-u Exercise 3 Exercise 4 @ oa. (nfsanf rlnreirg
9. nailfro c 10. crauffa b 11. Haufra d 12. narfra d 13. crauffo c 14. natfra a 15. Eauffa c 16. natffa b 17. Eauffo d 18. Hailffo c 19. aarffa d 20. natffo b 21. narfro b 22. natffa c 23. mauffo a 24. nat{o d 25. Houffo c 26. narffo d 2/. F|A\nA b 28. crarffo c 29. crarffa c 30. Hauffo d fi Lil r+tesfl fl rura fr n urira-sr+ a r+u'n o qj n"sriuuqrxnat (shou ld) a glu oerardst +-rlnae! (Cou I d) q a n-t 4 rx#n r r+ a fl'ldtr u fi t r s a ei r s fr dr ri'ru rfi o n-it a-u fr as nraofl n-ilqild orru f usi q"@ fi 'rn'rl4u q orfrosti (mustn't) 4u1 r-oii fi uhril um n rla o o rpr5 a-r uula'h q rxq: (wou I d) a-n n 1fl Er il fi d6 a s f n'u er o n d a e{ uael sf'ulidffim-(ead) 6rlcrnlnra'lfr'itirlnrriar+6susissrun'un'r ut'rrflunuTiuirxrn zururo (lvlav) fl a drfl n"u Fr rxafi aldtnar eraYr - 4 r*q: (wou ld) rir a c'latu d n']nnmn{uul a"u a"ufr a snreriruu ;rirt a s a rx qoidor-tri (mustn't) 6uiiq;rirartl?a0ne'rnunlarlmour6aTus ilxnrfl 10 anq1na0r+Fror{F ar+ilrerdru urnnrrdsnra (should) u,lfiriifi ufirlr+r tud' q rxnee : (Cou I d) iil o n riT ci 1 strin u a eilfr'tn er ffr s1u fi"er"%60 u +'r+frasnta(would)iie;f,"aTnen-F{riqu6arn"r+dtilfl i{rhutara-"u aul'Inaarafrer(must)prrou{ut"nrlan"snaaotaar +hnsq: (Cou I d) t oi a rdartd ut u rii t t a s alu mI a Pr"[d[n u qorcg$ilould) fsrfiere'lflufi1esqil"o111etflsdasuoeecfl'irsryxnei'trirl'lfiruael ilen ralorqe: (ml ght) }L q n o u6dnfrraJut g o n n ilanteret-€'tsiunls uacl ef 'utiararm (eanr)'lfi fi u 4 rx'[6 q oru a a ; 1 o n-s n*u"ldltr u qr*aat (should) rruar-ntat1tfi orfirqrufrasnrafi dtnrufr u{suas q rrlnee : (Cou I d) nti"'ufi r+ {fi a'u d u #n ufi'r't6'[t u X6framrt (would) iiquhdsutuufi arlnEaudndauaqiii fi r1u esorn-afanltridrutm (eouldnl) #u1fi6nrnrda-r.tiiufia clo%fi"ilanutr6s-"turn r6nnriruuanfi"drfitda(haveLo) fi ur+ouriou 7 Tusnfs urnutrfi t6sunou 8 Tus rwqaTonci BASIC GRAM*oE
Reported Speech Exercise I 1. John said (that) he had seen that movie on Wednesday. I rlv cJ U uA q 0fi $fl a12x'ttlt't [otatnlilEIfl st?t?a!%r{ua? [ilm[1{f 2. Susan said (that) the train would probably arrive on time tqrunriradranlr{orqe;u'tfisn?{r?a1 3. The man said (that) he had to finish that report by ftve o'clock. trfl frfi"n 6ire'j'rucr'rof 1r{Ir.l6'a s riralas.ril#rllr1ra6e ri a % frrTusdu 4. Mr. Brown said (that) he didn"t drive a car in the rush hour. q nrr em rfn riredttrki r"ua ntu d'rTer s ues rir u 5. My brother said (that) he didn"t want to carry my books. riasilarar+"fl neimd,usrkifi osnmfi esfi arrl'sfr aqrara-r.l rilCe$rhltson'e"trrfi frAtnErrffi itsnr'*rArtnilri,r 1. She asked her boyfriend iflwhether he lived with his family teiannraruiluruurasreiou'irHr'lfi orrl'soeinirnearna-rtosnntt6a'[ai 2. John asked Sandra iflwhether she was listening to him. e a ?iu n rer {r u o a,r'i r tr ri a u ri,r a"sfl s m,r a ei n 6 o"[ei 3. He asked me what I was doing at the weekend. nnorua"il'irahecf ras'[eTHa"ilrsprdod'rln,rr{ 4. My mother asked me where my umbrella was. qrxuainT na"u'jreutasa-iloeidt " 5. She asked Tom what kind of films he liked watching. nciaunru rau'itrr{ar{arn1ileunfilasmfllo Exercise 2 @ oa. 4nfoanf rlnuoiq
Exercise 3 Iildc${"!Tgodohrf, fraglrrfl tt:tand*rntrlne+dr 1. My father fold me to keep all the windows closed. ' s 'Oq^' Ail?rau 0nilil?1 [?1ilo111['l9l'l€11fl 1111{ 2. The robber told the woman to give him her money. teailann'ilfl fi sff r+'r+' j'r1ridsrtulosnaioulfi uriutr 3. She told her husband not to forget to take his key. rriatt andrfi torteiau'ir'lulfrfiurirqrguotasuit'l'hlfiaa )e taenfn9euflQn9a{ 1. Hailffad fl?flrflluanlnntatitlenutru{uguld)'leirhuh6n 2. qau{a b qrxnqtawriaunrua-udrrriausrrlsad (ltved) iiu'utr5o'lai 3. narffa a urruonq'udtt,@ nrfletufif#asfi"ufi? 4. norffa a trrnurira"sdsderjlodn{tfirrfiq{had) ufirn6aer"s 5. fiauffa c qnrnqranu6nfd n"ru3uiirrnnTfioqi 6. flailffa c qr*rltas+-unriTedrutTdn (woke) r+atusiuf,Tnqudua 7. eau{o d eadendm'irmTcitil (would go) {unmeunflui'uqsn*u 8. narffa b 4ornqtameiar+neimdlnaiaudrritndaq (had to) rirnrtrirurrnnfu 9. narffo a qorilorosttrn6ila'irnTdretm (could) 1a'lfiarrunt*r 10. norffa c 'luri'neil,jtlrfromt (wanted) iiqshdautdoultortrr1ua,"tnqo4n#lenr{ 11. crauffa b frdralasa-r+r6ar+a-udr@ iiqvfirn'lafl1% 12. nouffa a lat-ari'nrurdsr fiirnda$'tfiaan (she parked) antastraiar'ilTf,tnt 13. narffa b uouurtona-t1flilrru-(to-meet) utudhan'rfiao'lu Exercise 4 nr4atcrf BASIC GRAMMAR 775
14. FOUflO A 15. Hauffa d 16. nailffa d 17. Hauffa c 18. Hauffa b 19 20. narfro c 21. norffa b 22. nouffa b 23. Eauffa c 24. Eouffa d 25. nauffa d 26. Eouffo b 27. aa:uila a 28. norffo a 29. marffa d 30. qau{a d qoilffa d uu n dr o n a"r.r'jT -r-t rm a du"n ritr ( read) n r+"s f, a a qj ri a u 1 uq a#n 6irad1rnrdrat6gn (was studytn g) nrur a-rnqra cirsn uhl$ I r*sr+'il urr n ri r a'i rua u o gfl dh (had gene) ii a u.r +r fi r{.ud a n r+*s rielru s ri a u n rir f an{lerrosalrnaim'hutrq:rlr (would do) lfi6fi4nlunradarfun-aan urdnoruah'jrrir'lru*'nframr(lwanted)fr esr6fl r+nrulala&sstd urnn'r neira'iT mnutrldardh (had J.!ved) aatunqrururrfl nnarutru#a urrndrrjtrr@ rlaruii ad osr-u ri a r+ treiouneim"jrqrxrretostreia%qitil(wouldgo)rlaasfl Fldnlu'lna-uqsn-"r+ ; o4vl fr trsnrua"u'jra"ulddmnu"s8ofi nfqu(hadllnlshefltr6aer"s re t+ust a u a"u'ir@ ar fl rarfl s tJrn u'n rfr a ilfirur a surnrernaim,irn rxilor a srei ailriilsien (had dbd) sr' a-rlri o u fitrnri'ra'irtr ei a rlfias (had been wamrnd a-unmrurfi rndtr ur rietru su5r t) ilum adn rire'itr.rfilnnon (got) r1 n rf,rn our6oTar s rriauorara"udti'rlua"uLilil(hodd0 ufisuqonursn-sreiourflumarurrrurnrr*.of, v 4 nrngr"smarsuanilanual.ir@ ilHU aa1udarr a a tu on qh'j1 nei o rudrn,rmnr'td (cou Id come) tud u r+tr+ Aodufr o u r a s a"un rira'itlT q:rhnT eri, r+dfq (would have fl nlshed) ri a ufr ah urn-s ne. L76 4na"mnf qnuoirp
Adiective Exercise I 6anl 1. u6nlnruffon1nuandr,aSnstos (deltctous) 2. ea?iiluasfl aasirsff tfi ilil-nu6sildtalqet$mt (serlous) uT nr's{ 3. rrsaeirsdsnfiunsn (good) a-alufiasna''l 4. r?l er s 6r il Fr-? ilvilrl s qudurn (te rrl b I e) +'r'la?r u"ntr'lfi 5. neiouqnteatc (nervous) triau"hilfiqhdu{ealm) uaa i ndnlfrdr qorrhrfaadrtnucia:rh;IsFr 1. ?{?nn'ryr1ila'nrmint{ho0 ua;un6asdudnl (cool) 2. a'uufi etue a rilrurnrnam (long) att tu-rfi s 4 nrilr I ar a'ndfi sqilmu#2 (e lderly) 3. rfin{t{s{f,nrYqratq (nervous) riotnreaatn#rdrotu (tmPortant) 4. a-${f,nrnfinrndag (tlred) uasfla-stasa"%fiun (sore) 5. qrxngdtnm (angry) as1ntdntrsd$rn (naughty) 16onltpdqnfrer 1. uhri'xnrrlflnarntc (surPrtslng) iindou'leitfiarrmu6"ers 2. }r?nrfl Tn 6 $ri,rsFninnntaa (worrled) urnn a l{iiHrhilfi n d't-ru'rtiT+ 3. Tosilnau5aa-rr'l$i6nmlnn# (frEhtened) n ouiia'r'rtnnruaumdneitrfrg 4. nrauri s t-ur"^l nt a a ni o uffrssT dndn (excttln g) a"r+arlnnhu"u 5. 16 n u-n fas $ 6 a d r fi nrtud a s fi'ei a u ff r srird{n-(emugng) Exercise 2 Exercise 3 naqalonei BASIC cRAMMAR 771
6. -rlrn adtri uprfl fl q nunua ; urrlairafl ilo a Jhrau iinrente (l nteresfl n g) 7. ilauasusiflasa"+lFnnnte (shocked) mr'auennrrlfifiurirr 8. {tr oarff,nnrnrfrn (exclted) u rn of l 1 n-rnre}l rJeyrr pt drfg.ouu6n,t 9. ahfrnar-nnfr (dtsappor nted) n"il nrlrs$ qdraas f a-r+ nro mfslTdr uhe y 6 ndrf 10. riT'[uqnrdsonrfiautiilnru'onurs (bored) aqjuaua f,irras4rxnrru'o Cbortng) urnofslrao riiardrn'urhrlomhrritnardulfrgnfi'or 1. The wonderful new Thai restaurant 2. The old brown wooden table 3. The expensive red silk tie 4. The big old Chinese house 5. The nice young Korean woman enl)tt nfi E1a1?011i1T [119fl [nEiuarfl a nulctu f'* -'. s tlq Y - tFlr?rr1n?fl []ld%lElauauaJdntumr uu prln frr'lnar 8uq s fi fi a1 nruils fir u ras6 u o'rarrirurifl d€'Ifi ni {r{sdmxrrunln6f(e6 rSennhneudqndel 1. narffa a nmflunffiranrarre*fiadrfi"trdnfr (exetng) urn 2- qauffa b fid'Hnloreornttlnsdn1us;a?oa (nrce ltttle That) aqjiir-ealar 3. norffo c frrrernTrdsdsfrnfin (porsonous) uffr'lrl rera1qu3sflin16' 4. norffa a q6raun.rn6ardarufiu{ffiiu'urdalofin.reriiqr*ff,n 5. glouffa d fl"rliirrxaunr+-sfrauiufi"'uhnrdutq (tnteresflng) urn 6. nauffa b ost;n'mrCr (careful) ufiauufi" u-ufau 7. narffa a Teriuqrtir (sad) errn rfinaJlef,hn'unntria 8. notfia b a"unqdruhriauffTorrfiu, ntq (embarrasstng) iiorfroslorionrirnejarnu 9. qauffo c a"uuhoaFnil*trilT (nervous) 1r+dotrnraofrrrdsoarlneilaqjr-ioaoe's Exercise 4 Exercise 5 oa. 4na"oard lnuofq L78
10. 60u{0 b dfir^tqmfior.erh?fl (aDgpy) na'se'rniiut'1"lfifiudriiriastr€llasu$1n6im 11. natffa c dtletasa-il6oyjrnranirur$-s;lafiuftfludrf,nrnntlq (dePresstng) 12. narffa a 6n{n{r1narrnnflqile-nnqtrrsnriinir{nniannlnri (handsome new Amertcan) 13. nouffa c ahtreft'jrerudulorna'jrahqfirdnf (attracttve) 14. natffa b flaaFnente (lnterested)'lr+fir{rlnrJe;unt 15. ooufia a fiu6asris (loud) 6ia6r+f, qr*"[6fiuu"u1nu 16. aot{a c tttsoe'snren-ttenmaunarl6ilorstfl%dsiiaingfls (dangerous) a{rn 17. qauffo d 4cxqslasa-'u6n'j.rn,er6r+lrtutttfludsdnrnionoara (relaxlng) urn 1g. narffa a ufin11nnut*fufaar+u'usirsn6aroarn (lntelltgent) 19. nar{a b rdaurjrucras+:%ugiss'tun-ur{selratrarfrrCrsnqe (beautlful young Greek) uda'hiuruu,f, 20. nalffa b dmdrlrargnuufir nrarirduorrr+arqLiluilradtnqenfiln*siirirrrrnn# (scary) 21. Bau{a c dufrnfrnrrUle (annoyed) uaarii'ru4trlttftu#,ro,tra 22. aartila a riosdmtara--r+a'ru'ldu8"ofiriientg (Urrgtrt) aqiueao 23. claufia a uagrritn{aaanursurutratmfudarenur6saffidm (beautlful sllm Brazlllan) 24. natfia b rirs{nfrrsrornra?irstrluusiasrifl reiar+u-nFnnueum (exhausted) aqirioul 25. eoufia a uorlirlaurnuvuq{rffiaa (deltctous) a"u,ad'nqnldtts{ 26. fiou{a b a'rfrnerudn (confuseo dolpra#nerunrurirnruarnl 27 . na:gfua a dolrntanfudr+dfiasnrentenaaqdouadrqqiqC{ (sertous) 2g. $ouna c nra'tils'rdnTrf,(vailrirsnrdnrdn (exclttng) oqimua 2g. narfia c u6trreruauuqrtu-ea*fiil*r1u6nr (small bla lunu*slfiufiuflr 30. marffa b lr+rltuunpldneYgaurinr ortrmfitrnrkiurm (exPenslve) nid'uluqTerl nrqalerri BAslc cRAMMAR L79
Adverb Exercise I 6atd1n"rlrJdTanrtfrqnfror 1. Peter has never been there before. -rlun oe'[ainEilr.tiiri$errri auuaEr 2. I usually buy vegetables from the night market -u vX u ' il%elntar{na1{'ls1n malonalsFt% oEt6e{a 3. We ate our sandwiches extremely quickly. uanr?lnruu"duri5tri'r+aeiternrSrurn 4. The girl was slightly injured in the accident. .d-?a alev d d e .6 nnatfi rUs $l?uularautantraaernqtEumn 5. I was totally confused by everything in the lecture ahf f, n#tauIoaf,"urf, sn-u1n6is1naei,rsfr lfi rfu elnnrauaesra tfiilildlsatfieqroitnalfldrr'egtnesrdrtngrJdpnfi er 1. frErunreirfi?ra-sqned,rsu,r1 (quletlv) 2. ddral os q-rld.ril1?n?{afl .lu,r a-snqu'lfiadt6 (well) 3. srlri.ra"s$irlfi Frfaddi{or{nleelg 4. u6nlrira"s#unheshfinnu{r (happrly) 5. urrdrnrerirresh{f,auoeu (carefully) a{rua 6. oolneer"renes'rdr1 (slowly) urnndrf, 7. t.raratauod,r.tranrfr (raptdly) nrn 8. qr*ngnrtnred,rrtuTr (angrlly) u,rn 9. a"* dr u re n rir ur,i?r n n-n nvs rl u o *r air dtfiodrsiraoraJeaory) Exercise 2 ne. 4nfoanf 4nrofrg 180
10. uaa ri'rsruaeitnrin (hard) urntusl"'tufl ilss1u1fl si ta lulr 11. 4r*ilotasa"#soei+tmnr*r (fast) uT n 12. ur n ur r trvr { ti a u nr ut a-s n qtathqnlqiittaret (se rl ou s I y) el 1 n 13. ohrfi u fiaen-u q nmrlrufiadleomplerely)'lur6 ar fi ' 14. nai ar+*r"nlnaei'xruT 1 (softly) n"tL 4nl a staia u 15. darrr astrei aurir+'leto fiulfiadtlnrrr: (ueaum lly) 1. usiruauoefufr1 (slowly) uaJteidrnranmT ur"unassitr'tfi 2. lu ri'u6 o n rirm or1rff o a araeiruetoot (ca reful ly) uda iiur, q s'lfi aataitr 3. 16nfitrererasrfiu'j1hifianflrrei'jr-uairililr nlqsdrurenffrernurl'lfiedtlaanm$aU$ -; , c 4. fi arfiissdttrnuir (qubkly) u{rrf,uf'suastusnraudsfl"il 5. r?41 l.rfl a€?'Hllqsn a-uo rrira-srirsruoriT tfi nra'ruclr (haPPl ly) oefl udr% l a s ah 1. notffa b 2. natfra c 3. Harffa c 4. Hailffa b 5. Houffo b 6. crouffa a 7. Harffa b 8. mauffs b ?6rfl0{ili{rdErHiaa'r1{il a-ntm-s'ilrirsdruren'daaru"u'lAoaimoufo-(+rcttv) a'uf f, n dt d uod'nfnrfu (co m P I ete I y) n-u rirn r u fi a 1 n $ a { 11' r rdanlr as a-uuas a'$d a ilffi'ruiilnrtrr a-snqulfioi't{.-dteotGas!.|y) fi T q orr-u e n srirtr.t?gurfl (rec kl ess l y) 4 or o r o il a; d t q t?nr 4'tfr' q-rl t o u fr q s ki r 16 a r n a n ua v rirlfi {n u t"ruer v a"r+uei ru6 a s n a n'lfi adt6 (uell) q r*il a t a s +'u rir m u aeirqn$"n (ha rd) u m ua s fi ta atjr s ria el el r n oar omrir a'sd asua sodtente (brt ghtly) t ufr arfi rTtes ar*fras#slqaeirserrnfrrqrxfr'asnraiiqs{Turtfilnt-o#(rttfiodtgndac{eorcetly) Exercise 3 Exercise 4 naqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR E
9. Hauffa d 10. Hauffa c 11. narffa b 12. fiauffa a 13. norffa b 14. narffo a 15. Hauffa c 16. nou{o d 17. nor{a c 18. Eaufia b 19. srauffa c 20. marffo b 21. flaula c 22. na:uilab 23. qauffa c 24. Hauffo d 25. Hauffo a 26. Hauffa b 27 aaufla a 28. narffa d 29. norffa c 30. narffo a qr*nea6rruqt+iiruorruraodta:u6sn (carefullg a"r+ d o "j rst T n a r n"r n,r u #ulfi t r ry a al n aitilrn (ext re m e ly) ev ; o d | + n n n"re n do w o s fr r"uft qhes r ufl u efarh€ln?fl 6ol (a n g rl I y) , a errura.uei:rnn-n (hard) ur n n ou fi urtdum urid usi urdfi % $i'n tus#u a T6'tf,finTnao $1hirererfiufi uuiu"lfiodrsdrud (badly) niufibel re il du'r fi sta s u6ar+ gtrs ( !ate) a qj r.i a a 1'lu p 1 fuo-u nd uanrerdu{arasaarafi fi ilrnra.rhoui'oauq"adru,hat{reat1y) nrur a"snquuasnlr.rH aee{-l+rfi errTar n"ua6hhffiot@losely) ahrfi aue: (nea r I y) d t+ n u"s fr a rai u ii q ofl riah ru re u ufr'a d, Jv ' tl r I J ntilunufr r"r?nueluln rlrlainetretoenari,r$ienma (smoothly) frutr{T rartnai,xf,t (s|owly) ufl ary arn1dfi ufis u6pr araru nfi3tlaifi ilm (terrtb lv) dlfiri'r n ru uo nler 46rFrarll€Jlenudoa4nedrrf,nre$ (ctearly) flrnnrxe;n6imdufl eilqf ah6ndr4r*'lfr'tff qrnr,{-i+u,rnufi u'lrthriald{bely) lso a t a n ld'eYr n rr u 6 a tr ra adrwn"n (se rlous I y) q r n a uE rfl n nrxnan ;tnuog'r{flTfl (angrtlD tdufi nliilntr+ trarlnodrsaresf: (fast) urnrBaeunacfl'ra-il'l$idruranuff r'lefl 6io%lfi flrunnrirarsadrrfi*ft (totaUy) ornur4a;nn ilrnnrna"renn-srirun-n(late)aqjrauotue"ungn4n#rJot{ ?__ -.". A-- ' dr ; - 611ailHasn1, lflilnfla€r?lEt?8J1tgfla{Eta?[ilaautrlralqrx qrxnalilfrUfiFla}l?nrI,l adrlfi n-ne'lnn6 (pleasantI y) nr ur a"s n q u r o s n r rir a"s u"oru rl 1 q a a a r? a'r n rrynlfiorirsd{vell) u r nlr+ H a u fi" J-.l o mTqFrouhr6sufi 6fi da(ufr+r6surr1fefl %airlnn-n(tra.a) g n?. fin2m}l ilnrasnt
Comporison Exercise I 1. nmrourrsTnetanilag6irflrsfimnrQnnir (cheaPer) nra6umsTnsan'tr^l 2. ra"sornrqnu-naiau a'uFnnrdosum{$ (more tlred) n'j1nar+dauqvlrJrf,et6n 3. 4orriaulotras (more slowly) nuaa 4. neiaufiorsmriiargn'4n (the most beauttful) iia"umfltfiuulme 5. qr*flru'jrorrunerrt{fittqid4a-(the-blggesl) 'lr+aett46ao"nema6anreaestn 6. tl"rr*ritr.e,nm.n{und, (ro." f.t.naly) maufitriaua-luflr+ufinwraume 7 . r1a*r a s q nrq6rss (better) u rn n'ruoi 4 r*"lfidn1fr.fl uas tfi sur5fl uia'r 8. u-%Lilr+fi"aiieioeddn (the most dellctous) iia"r*'lfiue,ern,uurrflr+uearuru 9. dtradurindr (elder/older) tasa-ulfrrirsrufifiu1flutra'r 4 -tufirlumtufi" 10. turaaoror+iiriT smiifi arr'ilfi ilecdunmnifrsdtto (the least) a-u}Lrr'naiar+i'unqo#ia-rtiiufra udu-%'lfinarflLflilnarilfirsflc frasdTasueutasa-lr (1) rfinndr (smaller) frosiiag'lr+nruiir.tern4luuairu-r1uur*T a'uao'jru-ilufluf,osiifiturn (2) r6nd{n (the smallest) I1aTesueeruafl dnruarnrdfiueiurnfies u-tfiarnrpl (3) nnmndr (colder)'lua"snqt6n trsfirnlnfiri'uTaluaudnilanann u't+rirs (4) gnmnd{n (the dlrttest)'lr+ueenr{1et1rnY''{fiuAUr* ,n.rr.'urag arrmfi (5) mnrunqn'jr (more expenstve) {iq"%Fr'toFta'tTuasa"ilff1$ifitRilrfissila r"ll nfisa-l+'hlf,-arasiifrrsdeeuf,ufirur4wu*suava'uriruqn-ilufin u'rrLfluuen-uli (6) fieraT unsddn (the most expenstve) tu6.ruu'uuas ucieisii (7) uaedT sd{n (the worst) lutaenrn'sttarofida ah rirru-sflorhlfl,pflrsuaylsidruranraurrsna-rrit+lfi u-urirruflur,-utrqofnaiaud (8) eirudd{n (the most horrlble)'luBiatasa"iluafl fi u6flr Exercise 2 m;qaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 183
Exercise 3 rn-urta:tsnlfren1tr*Inatf,{oqafl ft rr 1. rninrionnir (younger than) rouuaseafq 2. eodquacflauurindr (older than) rnio 3. oadorn"nd{n (the heavtest) tureeorrnnu , 4. -! - raufrf.rmrhurrnir (ltghter) oado 5. eafodsn'da (the tallest) luraanrlnnu 6. oa&urinfi (older) rou 7. nirrlfrbilhrnfiasn+l (less money than) flau 8. eado'tfia"lGnn,rnn,h (more money than) noer 9. ^dr riTulouo?n6nn,i,r (smaller than) rjrunasflast 10. rirutasoafa@ turaanrfirura{ilfl a?r rSoncrnoun'qnfrer 1. Hauffo c nqsnr^rrrflurfiarf(nqjii4ouaamyunnddn (the most crowded) t%rlayrflrt'lne 2. qaufra b turmaruanrard.uou q-lrorufiilaudro;firsuriasddn (the least) 3. narfia c ahenu"sflolfiEai(betted noridtililhaureuneuah 4t ;;,-; ; u*-:Xffi* una,asdouahrurn 5. Haufra c r,lrntetdnrrs'lfiaeqrSeTaflansuei' usiilanrerLh-r+rrr'lfieaorSrnd,rurn (much) tosndaru$ 6. Hauffa b {dtai4rrpriu-nfiorqs$ar2n+r Oonger) frii4ulna 7. narffa d qr*ngnaim.jrsrurasah6n'{n (the best) tufur6su 8. notffa d 'larpidaauTflnfirlfialtor, ndlriqflJ{n (most srccessful) lunaarna-rroucp 9. Hauffa b oafutl"lorurrmesnn'fu (as softly as) d{rflflasuj,r Exercise 4 na. 4na"oanf 4nuofrg 784
12 13 10. Hailfra c 11. graufro d HOUflA C 6t011fl0 c 14. Hauffa d 15. nau{a b 16. notffo b 17. narffa c 18. fiauffa c 19. Eouffa b 20. nauffa d 21. narffo c 22. natffo d 23. natffa b 24. notfia a 25. fiaufra c 26. nat{o b 27. aa:uila d 28. notffa c 29. nat{a d 30. grarffa c urnuer drutu'r8 afi u{riasfl mnfi (more ofted urntermet riruri't'l oout ruantareg nr asnr o et uugn'j1 (worse) t astt au fr ufir a q. o o- / -\ - --.-. f -u au ? n s il sl FIr+ r+ rr ul u ile s Ln fl tA er e nlr+n'fu (as) a rre r+ 9i n"$ $ amr??fl 1etfi a?n'urhltgrha nfufl udr ii rirdnlqd{n (the most tnterestt n g) A - Yeu fla1{mermfl{31'l #q{iia:nnmsd{n (the most dangerous) lu1and otfi otn Tlrfi a?'1silfitilcarse'a6irua$u'rnwirn'fu d (the same...as) t aulfi nre}lu-n ai a u ii n na 6 nir (bette r) n ra}l u"n ai a u ii 4 nrr nrefi 4tnm6dT o'run'h (more I m Portant) naru u's a'ldter gu tnu'n ioraru6nurini'r (older) ueitasutrurn fr tT er I a s+-il fi o sn.r6"arflh fr fi rrnrT unqd{n (the most exPenstve)'lufru ilrn nrr ar taia ufi B6grn"$rYu (the same...as) ta s a:il utrufl rrfisluu-nr^1muaaiifi da6sld{n (the most famous) lutan a-il a a n f i't a-s n T a erj'rqlrirgna{n (m o re re gu l a rl y) H a u fi"tfl e1 s a'il rnq n 4 rL q tr-eu5r r,rafl r?l a arsl?atu'nd'r{4 s a'rqus6era*a, nn'h (wlser) n un rlrudre n q's 6 a ui u dhi r+r a r+lowirn'u (so...as) n risf a ki u rluu fi rilraci6tna-stunuufi urnuararrl'aoqitit+lasilentetral@ ;;;;;r;"-**,** uar' oqqior+-r, iiusr 'loi]u6euflueraufiarnadf,(ffnhtnsn&a'hlflmfl'4n (the mos 'luilactilFluu$ ilaa{usetr-ariogn+l (fewer...than) teud a-ufi aqs iirn'nd{n (the heavtest) uasfi a sirer I oe a-$fi aE n do sq siinraa TtilTnrriTfi"tEnaneursnfi (mor fl0s1{?nr?1 wqalonci BASIC GRAMMAR l_85
Preposition Exercise I rsnd,tnriodtfi?B'at','on' fiiilo'ln' 1. on Saturday ((ua"r.uara) 2. ln tJuly (uu6ounan4rnar) 3. ln 2009 (r-rl 2009) 4. al/on the weekend (u riari'u n g o4o#r1 oti) 5. at 9 o'clock (naurfrrTur) 6. lD summer C(r+qniou) 7. al Christmas (urixn6dei'u,ra) 8. ln the evening (unauufiu) L at half past two (mar+r-iraaarTusnfs) 10. at night (nounarrau) 11. ln the 19th century (raneaeuii ls) 12. al midnighi .J Imailrfla{ail.) 13. on September 14 Gur",xfi 14 n"uurau) 14. at noon tJ(fia%lflas?1{) 15. on Monday morning (nauuf,reho"urfl HililfiTgnlfianrgaofdeanhqrrunr'qnfros 1. uanmrurissrunhn' (ln) ruaruaacrh${'aEi8ritiiu5a 2. firfrsrr+torahaqir' (on) fi+dr r1asiidaurfrs (on) tarua 3. allfirdar+outr%*r{isarrIfla-rtl(tn) nairi,n+6nluristru*stodn-u (nead t.rafls 4. fi enerupi'oirur%fl a1fl ahsaooqjur (on) ouudrerfi"' 5. a"r+ fi o erarffin ur.r an 1n a *d a"*urtse,fisd (tn) r.tac ffi dfiIfl il p,e"suf, n 6. uanrer e-omurE"uufu at) fir r r or ur.les rirfi' a 6 r+d' 7. acire,ura"*'lur"ur^rqrfih; ahorleioqjd (at) ryru a'uovaqid ("t) rjluraseafu 8. un 6 a qfi uxrn-sn' (at) dur ur^urir ffr'lta ar rirTu r 9. uar6uasln ar ursfl nil-n fr nurr' ("t) anrrirnfl ra-s d rfrrdo [[ na. 4nfsani r4nuoin; Exercise 2
10. a-u'hiflrlrer+Lflunaruruu5r a-uuttdauprevs4ofrrad (at) sruudssruraslflri' 11. ilrnuerneae;lufird (at) tarueern"un'Tur 12. nr4onrrrdurJr.ilfrfi mrru6fl%d{t ) nqsuror6nrilutrartfis-rl 13. finurrluaTrennurun' (at) nmudasnaudfcr 14. ru'ardnfft, aaarnr+arT n-sd (at) Tasnrilar+Fd urnutrffeaufrrot 15. turlfiuflotrirultrqj finr+n"ttninmtfirn (on) tar raurh:TaFfl f;enltruifiaanhqlrunr'qnfr ot 1. qnrdruranuasrfiunxolanan (at) nars6ufrrfiasfitrTtas 2. riasdrrrara'r+orrl'aaqjr' (at) ri'ruratii 810 nr+uu6o#u 3. n nrs as oadn{u'n n urr su'r fi ffi a s1 a silrn uarud ar a1u(h) o4lu'lfrara 4. naulu'tfiaqiiifib{ail,*,fi" urmvna-us{rh-(h) frT urfi 5. zuanmurisr-ilfir{roqir' (on) flrirfla-stasflrisf,afiuf 6. arflnraTren-Flridduflutarufunen (at) 6.30 tn (rn) riasrfir+ 7 . ueudii,ts.rilfiil'nglaanfl'r#iln1ri o-sr+vuurrdstarLdec?fnaiar+h (alon) rirsr?r+trqa{o#r.tnrt{ 8. tanllrn'r?n0{+"r+"t+itfiaqjr' (at) rirvrutuait+f teiataqjd (at) rirr+ 9.'turi'uasnearloahraqnraan'ltmr+uiuh (tn) rirsuflu1 1o. u-narqrfl ur6aso"fl fiarfl do#nlriur^]mtaaun (on) fr'atouu 1. narffo a rSrrnrl n-"tanun (on) en'hluas enrila-lsvaanufia 2. srouffo d urnuelsvlrliianlfianlrltas{b$enufin{i Exercise 3 Exercise 4 mrqatond BASIC GRAMMAR E
3. Foufio a 4. marffa c 5. fiarffo c 6. norffo d 7. nar{a b 8. 9 HAUflA C 10. narffo d 11. narffa a 12. Eauffa c 13. Hailffa b 14. Eau{a d flaufla a HAUflA C EAtflA a 19. qau{a d 20. Haufro b 21. narfra d 22. norffa c 23. morffa a 24. narfro b crouffa d a"u u"n e c'hl da er q nr l q nmi tr a s +-u1u(on) r"u a T fi n dria s il r er ta"sorn{T (dol n g) srur asurrdSqufrr -ilun addsu"nai au ufi n fi { r aua n uyr+a"s n s dru d'r o gllu (h) das fl 6 a Hl 6i.r h4n) nru +-u er a s rfi u pr a a r ne'r r s r ri a glu{n) fr'a s a e'r a'Hil-nr'rilamrao'rn-rnaouna'rflasa-uh(an)r"unidsiula u a n ur r cislu'lfi rir vn+ a Jleua arilnram (fo r) d,r u e"mu6'a nru"n e c"hlfi 1u. r*tos-(by) en q'naaru1uaQ#au g{t+ri'ral fi oufiatu n us1L(h) fi ol os raia u {En+ n a u'[ri fi o nTn ua n uil u t a s ta"rufuafl m r{ n r aE d un of a"ufiudaupruyr.l*s{ittfluu-nf,nurd (at) errrirara-em4snri-s1r-(ln) ila;mrta-snr1u iltnralrila-se;hia{lfinnar (for) nu-s#rlnrri ilrnuereana'uarrlua"ud g n-uerlEru a"r-r'[ai{ ar nmu6u rrshaJby) anhlfro u q"ilrfr lrSsuir',nrrra"snqr&L(on)1nr"r+o'urfua;r"ur1o riastrsrosq'fi rfi otu(tn) Gailn-usreu tt 2010 q ruuri r a s o rurir a"r e ; n a"u s{,rq1n (fro m) f,r u 6',r fl rnre1iluilc{nuurnuraheaitf(durhg) mnre,ru-naqjdn?€a0ila afl a r r*r e"n a a s a a T n s a qjsfl nraa,r (fo r) fl ar sf, a s-il q"$ d'r s r il1u fi a r fi"fi uparjfur) n 6s frTil r ufr e ornrplrinnurahj$unourqrt6n,rfl +lulnn,jr6aun'usrsil qr*rhadlefiugi (stnce) sfirlersrffre'r+# n4rumonnJdfl uuilarh{h) etnraarsii 1g ornrp{rnurerurn nrxnaadauuil"anauriauaan"lU (golng) fr1sfl an 15. 16. 17. 18. qarffa d 188 a?. Fln?satil flnrstfl
25. fiauffo c 26. eauffa c 27. natila d 28. gouffa a 29. nauffa b 30. nat{a b tra{fi?T a-reaqndsr{r (to) qn udaurasa'uflfin'tririoerdluaurhlildurlng) rirfradau urra r u ra n;j s"qrn (ft om) ii dhJd!-Gd Tu a tinr cfl il fir ilr fi uou{f;nrdotruranhnrtft (Istentng) rdosammu 1 raianaarraaqn*ilnnsr (for) nfsfrTersufierirunarsd1apJft a'uln'tfi uo a q rxua a ft usi (s t nce) ur n ue.rlrr n-u ii rlr-ea d a a o sil iiufir GffirrI BAarc CRAMMAn E
Coniunction Exercise I rgfl il?lts ntfreur;mffiaa coo rd I nate co nJ u nct I on r'qn fror 1. ahnaerit"4tm6a (or) d#nrt+u#ouarrrarir6 2. raiau"ttfri'n+6rmarerirr usi (but) ffleidrarrantrroJlefi'trriautou'[6'uaer 3. -rlunadfi'arnmiiesrEanrfl %n'nroar6o (or) rfl uff(ue"ua.rtalu 4. lnnutarriar{1errasa"il urlarsrrlfi d's6uo: (and) tardaanr6a 5. alunntrmh nl#n (so) nraudsfr+mufiddsqnunrfin 6. lurififinrdacin-?t1%*{ un; (and) nr#uuh16'6urn 7 . 1 "t.r*fr', un."us urirr n-rnuu (so) naia ndse'rL mt+t+a fl r?a,r 8. a flrn ??a a fl il rfl ua rTfl erf'iayia slt n+rr:ir (for) q r*aro 6ru u"r'lunrsra-s 9. ddrrIasa-r.lllfllenufiqyEi.rr.lfirrierrflLfl%nlurpJa-s$ld ugi (but) ar-ua,rnufiulrl 1 O. a"uf,?hriarT rx o rrr*s ua: (and) uanrarfi 6 n u-n firan-n 11. ffinelaioiaa4nruurnrh usi (UuO arrmad{.rsta?oEr 12. nmud n s n o u6dn n na nu6 n n-srEu (so) r^n n re,re slillu fpr aYr.r un u rgu ffi iTs olfieurgaoidra co r re I a t I v e co nJ u nct I on r'qn frar 1. 4rxov6'as6an6aut:rjrs (etther) it1f, einsrflSo-ilfr nf(r+nrnfaailfi fir 2. a1ilei {ir{uhether) a-u a fl r n frfl %nr ur ter a e uh 116 a nr ur d nl u n'uur 3. fi'rraiar+fi ura'rufiersila nriar+o;ltnus (both) aar+nauuacilrSd 4. qrxilotosqrxua;prrxu+ilasqrxrirrfibi (Nelther) una'Ififir+qrxuair+filerlr+mer 5. urnternaatseilSfreveraua"u:hi6gluoi{nolodg qnriaurasurnral ucia'sararlrlfisloufistos il?nt?1afla2El Exercise 2 190 o?. FIn26N% ilnrs?fu
Exercise 3 1. q-il.frrfl$fraltet:iliefl$ rdadir (so tnat) alt+qsdrureoaauait+"lfi 2. do (When) nr*na-uesqlnnremurrsufir !{?ntrlqre{'tttrLrLrrdalorquflrgnrn"u 3. ufiir (Althougtr) umtrerurn nrhitrua'fln1uaa 4. r*rr:,jr (Because) Nurira-sqsnnturir+fi' rp*neer{reuunfi n'trlfieel1ts 5. uaunqilaiarurenun-a-sn6iauqr*ilalarut'r'lfi ufidr (although) utrl6flarflrufiarsaetsufir 6. a-.uezhilorn-r*r.r e*n.h (untll) urrqstolfltluds{iu,rfiraslil 7. "truoerlorarnh,ir (as lf) naiau{'hneiatrira's1nu6asa;teaqi uritriaul+i{r6aruaa 8. qr*dretrenruruffrarnr-teu1ulfi eflulnd (as long as) qorlailnaJteuaa g. a-uleidruraof,-aenen+ci'Fl-ilutu nonrtaqrn'h (unless) 4zuilatasa"ulfra"tfiurtr'l 10. dr 0D urnuerhid'tu.ron.ot'lfiraet tlrnuerdrrumnq?14n1?Flauufdndnrrttter"etdtfi 11. +--uortnatrr4muailosa--u n-nfid (as soon as) a'r+'lfinaTtri'ralfiarn-"tqrxilotasa"r'l 12. +-.%rira-ses"hlf,'oa.rrreturfiurhfi*' rdsddr (so that) ahes't$ifiaslIr+riutqn{nd'rJn, ri 1. mar{a b srudtfidurir,auuilul$i6 n-snun (so) a-ufira-lslasflrsrt'lneiaqi 2. narfio a ufidr (Though) Hnhi{finaule'tut6asn1{n-? ullfi sasriisrhtupraurfrdsr 3. nauffa c a-urlfruaafrornirartulnl e$ndr (untll) qr*ourirsTulfroeirsdlppe 4. Hail{a a reiaulaiarurenrrr{'sf,aiitraiaufiosn're1fr ntnun (so) flaiauqsEs{fiHsdraail-llrfis lilunu 5. narfia d tm{fi"rhd'suoutei'taqi nond (when) ilrnTqeurfir Exercise 4 ruqaTonei BAslc cRAMMAR 191
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. flallfla a narffa b narffa d Haura d HAUflO A norfio b HAUflO A norffa d ahurn-rrianraarnr'en'ir(sothat)a-ndrurannsn-rqnr'tATnudrun-r o Y '- a"u lai 6 a "jtt'rq ; dr n r a u"ri r en al6' nanr3sern,j,r (u n l ess) 4 nr'tfi ra o u ua.r i - uY l un d a s ii n a-s lar a € a a q o,s o"r u"u a"n e v a a e$nfi (un t r I ) ah e y u.r o-s a"ulaia"srfi se fi1 a nra a n'tilr.ruff rrn ar mh {rsu a n narutnd (as lon g as) q nrn a-r utffriles{u n anilrsdarTur orn,al+irfiu1unoufi"uriqrxrar6"oaq*n-aei'r'trifireuy dair (tn case) arnrpteud% 'lnnmr#s drsnruau fiaair (whether) mroerrn"lildeuunr6adau#m{ J)t o q nu,ra fi fi ri.x ?1 l{.r?snfl tnror:r' (wtr I te) o4f a ufi 6auo-o uilr l t a rurrn ndru,rlhirfoud{notonry) fi uadaaari urifi (but a lso) n ei a6 n fir'l er rxe ;"[er'16'(r nilii ira l n e a n nonrdsqln'h (un l ess) q nro urt n * uTfiar r n fii a"u qetrn"uir (as tf) e"g r r a fi fl rg tr 1 EJ,r fl ar, r Er nr'elqmfi (S tnce) uh6u fi oufir r,,renre1s s'[$iaaHr16 n gi o"h] uanrerar a srfi r+rFomsdr rorsd (as) ran rerrira-suo r+ ad6er t,rs fl r 6r lranrqrlqclilGuudu n'nfir' (as soon as) a.rn.rrt6nsr ahof*iluiie;fras'tr.tn-siirirrruriau*ar rden'fi (so that) ahecdruranrirarsst+ trig6eriaurftilacdu ahe Jl+i ari rgr n&iq rx qTnan?tr[ nanr!ilgemfi (un less) n rurirnaruds ar ofi os rasnrur3sriau ut re r'[ei[r] q n r+-ser ar n-r ur n ua,r nrr:*r (beca use) rcj r m s o il r ri a u ufrr u#a (Al thou gh) n tfl u{a ru-n e d fi q rx a ar r?nr u r ; au d 4 n urn fi ler'lfia=r r t+ f rfi nu"nfesririra-sdrutru-sf aaa'lr+fr osaelnnann'(when)4r*rrgrff ru.r dtrn I a sahe rkiuiu4nr aa e$nd1 (unt l) nno rf,f, n 6n-1r 14. narfia c 15. narffa b 16. narffa d 17. gtoufia c 18. narffa b 19. narffa c 20. narffa a 21. norffa b 22. na:uila a 23. marfro d 24. sfi)ila a ne. (na"oan[ 4nro6ry 792
25. nat{o c 26. natffa b 27. $au{a d 28. floufra c 29. nat{a a 30. nat{a d ilr n re.r e nlid m ri r ar 1.,m urtar:d,r (because) er-r+ln}i ii s iiurn um #sm et Hn#l'bi (netther) drflsn6a'lfiri,rungirufitdaflllo{tfll6geauiiuanutrfiflrgtr Umuri{Uor-onfg nrurdradrreYrnladunrro[ usiurrEt"susisnlerhiutillcdu 6nfirer uenrerrila-se co a n"lil6$r6iun-uua 6 nond (when) ilnuiu nnas*. fr osnreirfi-d r oenduretuln uss (and) uanu"ufi ir6 iiu asrfi urfi os6n fiefl 4 ole fl rthi fi s d u.r +r fi {.r niu r? a 1 n? a n nenrf, aqrnfi (un l ess) q r*o r rillfi r5afi"u nvqalonei BASIC GRAMMAR 193
Question Tog Exercise I e-uq'rirorufirsilrsTsadr$rarfi or{rn-url*Iandrnf,rsfi e 1. marffa e You can"t answer all the quesilons, can you? 4 or't+idruren q a r rir m u rurnu orlfi 'hitnar 2. norffo h You will help me to do the dishes, won"t you? q rxozriea ahfrrselu'[u'hin6o 3. norfio d .lohn believes you, doesn't he? o o tiuriia q nr 1u'hitr6o 4' srarfro I The teacher shourd exprain the resson, shourdn't he? o r*nanraa6il1su ru6su lartrinio 5. qauffa i The boy didn't know the lesson, did he? 6nft ra'lrirffrteunr6au lritnu 6. noufra a 7. narfra c 8. norffa g 9. qarffa b 10. nalffa f Bob frightened you, didn't he? fl a r {T TrTq rxn n'lq n a-a lutriria You can speak English well, can,t you? q r*drnmnunnrrra"snqr'lfid lar}ir6 a She couldn't arrange that, could she? nei a r.l'tri arananeh nrauhlfi hitrar You won'l tell him, will you? qr*oilrironrt.r ldtnar He shouldn't do it, should he? nrhinrefruh 'tritnu rn-u*eitsatft f nrpoffiaarirotrf,rarJr jTgFr E Fr?. r"r!rrbr.l+ ,rta?oJ Exercise 2
1. nmhitotulasq tihrr{do vsu) 2. Tauu^dn1daqiiirirs1u'lilahfi' tritm (ts ne) 3. qnra-r"l*itfiutu-sElofinf tritnu (have you) 4. raulan*ra1e-sr,tduasdrilr+la @ 5. uanutr't*ildtrltunatrf,dn tritnu (dtd they) 6. qnrfrotnmtracbfl'lil@ 7 . ua nrer rita-sq v o o n 6 umr st'ufl qffi" L&h6q{aren:tJe) 8. rfl oain{1ilfiq-$r%aEl H,rrlvlt+od 9. aeir6u6aprr.lar4ai; nnal'ltlr (wlll you) 10. lriilkrari, ei'sq]nen-ariaqi @ 11. rnnr.lesurfisdqrSrffi"'@ 12. **nrnu.u^uturirutalqr* @ 13. dr+fi Hsdra+t-r-, #t lfi a-t nil on Ui[xn4dll you) 14. 6utrnit#nufirmoc flno{flil (shall we) 15. qrx'hiufi%qruuqlasahuas tdlnu (have you) @ rqanrr;laattf,arrnufrrsil#Tsa 1. It doesn't look verY nice, does it? u-uq'leiaru uT nwir'leras tdlnu 2. It's verY exPensive, isn"t it? u-uar n ruulrrnraa lsl'ldfl 5a 3. The film was great, wasn't it? nrfl er ufi ddasfi"era odeluliluacr "[+itri ffi a nrqaTond BAslc GRAMMAR E
Exercise 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. HATflA A HAUIO C srarffa b flaufro d fl0ufla a sroufla d HOUflA C Houffa b HAUflA C o..' a n a r+ tr ei a u Er-s ril $ dn n ei o r+bi-(wasnl) q ar o u r n r?i,r'h tdtfi u 2t uhu6auaYaqnnnu"nrysar&cr11{Elrfl Lfidn6a{|sdlhe) yenraru"n otrar?rrdri'uluriasilre Lildx6r(don:Lwq) mriaurroaildaer@ ua#es"ldfirfi otritriuuuu tdlne (would he) a"uiilodrq r*a,re;udr o ;6uffit hldnfe (a ren't you) urnrarna"rLurn-srjrufi nrar'oaufi"'L&tr6ojdrddr_we) ilanmre u urEi r+ n"turnrer6, @ nrxfrarrruoJta#nfi uasria%fi nnrqcilrue r @ q rufi fi adac{have) rf,u rJ a r ffas fi n t ri o fi rru lutri ni a urT e:ilr (wtll come) nhfiiinr"tfinarrdre lulinia 'taifiuf,out?m rrrq nluir ufiiaa tdtnn (are there) fl r n rr1 ri1 a-s s s fl"a n d o e o'u du {riur n ra.r htdn6o (a ren,t the9 q rxo sl*i fr a s n ratriQ n 1 r o s q or rJa ; u q m n-erd * u'u tdlrn (wou rd you) n-nndfurn (Ttm has returned) qrnfiraodnufrr'lrihin6o r n n u u m y?.da * iie c'hl nh n a u fi16'r'lntrin6a (shou ldn,t they) ua n rar fr a s"[rr nh ufial u n o u fi? a u n'q c ar s ln1d,iie (mustn't we) q r*qsr a s qrx}fjs{an fi s rlnah @ ry r fr l r o sm n re.rEi{were) ii d uer' a d'aTu r n u6a "h.tri n6 a oci'r6u fi'e sriru-neiles rr ril'lil fiaa sna€lne (wt I I you) 10. narffo b 11. nouffo a 12. norffa c 13. narffa b 14. Haufia c 15. norfra d 16. natffa b 17. Hauffa b 18. norfia c 19. qoufra d 20. nouffa a en. 4nr"oanf lnuofrg 796
21. aou{o c 22. aa:uila c 23. qatffa a 24. narffa d 25. Hauffa b 26. natfra a 27. sffi)ila b 28. matfra c 29. natffa c 30. mauffo b "teiff(erearuran6ltnr"lfi'irfi oJtefi aua, er 1dltu-(eould-they) dtT atas4oibi-(doesnl) tarLlourn tritter nrnuaroshisaulfrnrrfsunuenrfi n1iirfi nnd{fi tdhe-(wtlt rue) 'leiffheaqinaariranrEa{aT fi naea'rarltduan @ nei audn (loves) iio cfi il6"4fir1fr4n 1ra s'[u'hit6a q orlri na, tdT t$resenn-sfiTu r tdheJdqyou) '(ne1 fi arerranur fi strfi m?Fln1ilfi @ n'r 01ss ufl el ofl-n d fi es fi 'i1s m snaittir r+ @ fi r6nT eanTofl dreilesdrfl T sluufi asufin1q"@ Tn n uilale n:uatafi o o nrurl a s?1?fl tll'l @ rwqaTonei BASIC GRAMMAR 797
Finol Test 1. 16onrhneur'qndor eou{a d r+ht?sildrisfrdndasdrrunued (are)'lufi{risura{a-rl .r"r.flailfifia (;5) nflflr* urnrrturritl"r+ rire6ilra n"dr students rilr+il*arur^rr4mrf nisrfinr+rurorfroqilr.lgrJufiref Fl-o are riau Tom Lflnilecalilmnlrerd as6'a{fln6sr is iirLflr+ranr,ref 2. nauia b rire6urs J. naute c nlaol1g 4. neu{a d alaolJls 5. glau{a b riro6u,le 6. nsr{o c ri,ra6urs neu{a d riro6urs 7 qrxlaifi na;rttar+vnwn (much)'hittrar ri,iT luggage rilr+rTeru-u'[u'[fr esfr'aslffluqilurarmnuorirdua nrnfiarnraudor druar+niorjiu,rrx fraslfl much u1flElrefrr:+flfir --i ' 1 n 1 n u n a a n d a r-rj fr ar r u u r -u rn adrlttr{worked) a ci fr ft r+ a r tnau# s fi" ilevTfl F fihuensnrena;rfrfi ffi aflsnuaceuasufi'atuafin fias?f, past s i mp I e (v.2) ilannr cirsl'r'rnh r"erar var rlr?'rrn1llel rl Frdgrgtnantr Gmustn g) nrn nratffrirqrurfi'n{fie#T qe1nn6fl1 amuse iisudosomunfmfapreruff?ln rdotf,tarEj uru film tunaruflursdr r+r... fras?ffqrJ -ing .4- - 1-. e, rfr a%rar qir lddara.rt+ufrr urldre:fi (ln splte qD narufi"ufi se r.tavlserfi"uaosprarurinuffsrosfionaril6ie%frr+uas6irflfr,rs ars6an'If, in spite of -,..4 ?raJFta1ilfi atlElar uualecfr ... ffsnrararrdaarirurer ah@lraamte Gurprsed) dt6'r#r+uuar6i unr 4r+-t rfi oudosomanirianaruff,n tr+nmunrurcrdr flf,n... fi.oslffgu -eO .}t, r+hu6eruor+fll+idrumnn6nuEasn,rmasr{r (maktng) prarufi ouaro16' ru'a'lflnfar avoid fiasnrufira V.ing fiflflp avoid making... 8. seuf,o a l+irfiasuriqntrsrasa-% ugierserero-sa-%firaii8n (am) rfifinrfldaaslnnmrdr+lna 3J1nfl1.[.1o1{ nire6urs nmtf,riruiioer not only...bul also... {fsnursn-s "leiufiasuci...usigr-s... fin6i'nn1e.jr 6'o slf,nesrlfia a o pr fi'a s n-r tjec or u Fr-rfi a-s lu ti g"afl t a m n 1ar ilas a1% I E 6l? {na"oan[ lnuoSry
9. eotr{e b nho6ug 10. neu{e d rlre6rns 11. neu{o a rlra6uT g 12. not{s c rl, s6rns 13. nsu{o b Cra6tt 14. neuf,s a nl, aAtrs 15. nouia c rlT afina 16. nou{a a dreitra fir q rx fr a s n ra'lfr +h ri rs n{ 5 a q r* trLGoI) u 1n r +lu r+ s ffaf(ffilesterafiia"lrrf,"ti 1 udnsprarurflu"lrl'l6'(ufloqfut6oouroH tudfi'driltas Main Clause hifiatfir.tasaruilrflfir uuarlaa'luqrhasilecTanrird's ue16s1f,n6s'l call tuqrl V.1 pr r*ne I ar a'r+lfi u ro-l fi at s rn fi ahea (had wa I ted) nr at rlil utr ar fr r.n+ r fi * u n., ofl ,r, 6 q {i rfi n t*uua s o U a sf i a u6 n nr q nra oftr u l rer fi a slf, P a s t P e r f e c t (f'"a . V.S) t$iifi?{rnn'jrqsrfi offiruaseilasriounisr arri ved uenrqrdturaona?tu, ritrlfi u#ir (a|though) n r+r+q nri"rriru ffafi"rgosnrrur-auffsrasdasrLestandtdoatn-r+ riT riia+rfrnnfras 'lfruri although ulrflgnruurfirsilasTan (S. + V.) andrarasa-nhs?h{r$ (used to work) iifi ucifl ziouhflfitirmr+iifi ufirlu"ufi" . c) ^ fi"ilufieluoagl uardruranlf,arl S. + used to + V.1 lfifieEr nraudnsunqnl?ilrmnfl ilua? til0aE [?'la'li]{'l?'L r+anrtfiaqrn Past SimPle (V.2) -uf nd'6aJwas)?trdaludutorLnouiia"riaqidlerftern udar]esorilLilrrdaitr rerfio'jruilur+ratuonflq{ dr$du{estflnfi?lritunrqnreof tuo6e nfsrf,lfrasfr'asLflr+ was a'r+ n a.j,r n o u riun admrd a s dt*ilanerrrulrsurirn"t (as e xpensl veas) *r' 6 a l u'u nlanl-aaUtfiauna,unirn-r+tasrirqorrf,in{ uerlfiqrL as + adiective + as Toad rir q orrhr tif(f, fi'a s a -a'luqrl rl n fi q rxos"ldrftr (wou ld have seen) ernIild nrfn I os a'*ufir'jr a-$oqi iiu, ur arud a #rln, ti'fr ufir firqulfiqadrsei's1o {of(ffrLestflnfiar."Lrn'uii 3 uaorsdriirflu'trL'ter16'luo-oa reroiruflr+fraslfftnerairr If + S. + Past Perfect, S. + would have + V'3 aeir6uCre:{r (to do) uut?tntrhfi?iourisoafu dalfln6ar re membe r tnoarufi ure'jr qoof *jrezfroqrirostt fias'lf,Hrualrfiae to + V.1 6s1ffqrl remember to do'.. nrqalonei BAslc cRAMMAR 199
17. ee!f,e d rhaftrrs 18. neria c rheEtra 19. neuie c Creftt,ts 20. nouf,o d rhaftns 21. sau{o a Cla6u,rg 22. caria a dra6rns 23. neuf,e b dre6rng o ufr'iruqufiitrfaauriosa{ (fewer) ugiflriaufiraarfisaar (less) n.jrnrprrieruilufir ueinarufietrsecuflfiarln"$ 6o udorsdruaur6oilfutoriiriaeras usirarfiasoernurud nlerarlfirs sr'a classes uiluureruruorf ds1f, few turfi+ndr no fewer uac$r'o time rfluu.rru*1r'ter'lfr!ilsuilumnilqd"rduo sslf, Iittte lu#unfi ,a |ess rTa s trsr a s a"uegQnillTxn (wl I I be punlshed) ulrer crrrmnr6e ud aaruf ilavTaodtf,nSs'flunmilflursras passive voice aa rjeaorurflufinnnec?ir :ilrfigrloa Verb to be + V.3 nrdslf, will be punished qnr'leifrasnra"laanSerrdar6n htdnia (do you) nratf, ouestion tag r6ori.rn,rerfr'ratavleerdoqjfia-silaslanil46a (you don"t...) raT fiafiflqr.tranuri,r ;ils'tfiuri do you 'o 1{ 1{{61 0r6t$t lfi e{ fl a{ a il nretf,nia,r look forward fralmrudrelUi^tuyt to + N./V.ing tudfihsfr'aslff to reading 4ordrdrrh (were you dotng) a:itao{ra'aarunaufr rlusrf,r nmudo{n{ H nrenfrda nrenes?irdrira-srfi ofi+Ill a 6 H fr'a slffp pa s t co n t i n u ous (was/we re + V. i n g) Tner#srnmir$r-nfi rimcuraariiuruau rirnre*rarfr ireuln uFiilenrarfiogn$ (few) drumn q au'tfi ffafi"uaprsprerert-oufftTqEflf,Fi, rdaar but mrnrerfiasnraneirrn-qonriodsrasyr'fidruau riaaurn fr'0slfl few * urur.lir'lA'ur4mrf n,rnlff a few q;murgn-s uafirjrs naiaul+iaT ruraohTasrisu"tfi' rdawrern (because of) arufi mnasen nrudosrfiHflafinruarrfiasriru,ru fiastfl because of rilarsfi1ntfl because esfr'asnlilfirerilaetetn (S. + V.) 24. nau{o c nrura"snqr*r{tuttT iinrente (hteresfl ng) ittrf,s ahFnentq (lnterested) [112{11{ rire6trg m'audnsnarufiane'jr ur... fias?flgrJ -ing 6a interesilng uavru'afi,asnreudor narilfiurs-jr ff,n... fiaflf,grJ -ed na interested ore. qnfoarf 4nro6rg 200
25. nau{e d Cra6tre 26. nauio b draftns naalnf,rtasilannliq-nfi 6iot*ft usi(strrce)trriar+e'"s1fl u#nd, --e- 3 c> - rrfi n1?ot$rfl olti{ rl{anfi lracFirtfi ui{rqufisiloqu-u 6s1f, Present Perfect (has/ h"u" * V.3) uartr.rnfiosnramrpraTdru6urfinn*udala re,'lf, since + qadufiu $osLtal fl6oa.rqtf,eruurfirerilastantuqrl Past Simple (V.2) fflfiurir+n"u -.tr - .- V s . o--4^--- /--^- ---r$- cl sl.Iyl lytoFlfl ?lnsnu ar+rhdttis$ (was wrltlng) 5m aa g *rnn,reofdrira-ssirrfinag.'luo-orn rarlf, Past Continuous (was/were + V'ing) -"'' ,-::' . *" uasuilailontflqnmrufil{surenrffru't rerlf, Past Simple (V'2) 22. sau{o a utrlqan-r*.naufi"firerri'urna; nnal'tnu (shall we)' ulfia 'ltnhuagnar*f" Cra6uu nratf, Ouestion tag na-lrles1aniiudosnref'n{au iiss*ufiufieel Let us n5o grJeia 6a Let's uarfiaslf, shall we 28 Bauia c *qor"lfif nrireaareernuqildlias'ttu" ut+itae er-@ elnl$'l n%usia'il1dfu(recelYed) qaru'tgau-uai, 4ertasnIrfr ados6anrian" dre6'rs fiafi-neilfisur4nraoi'frleirfin1*ur,aern"susio6monn-sflo1t"u e1lfl Present Perfect (has/have + V.3) uacdolf, since frasnrufirnrlestnn Past Simple (V'2) 29. neris c "mnttrutfisnhur'olt (When)" "6unrfidufir" crefir,rc nrenrufi+rqn,rmf.i,rufiorn'ntudesraarlo uerlff When 'h.dfi"drurer'#stnnoln n"r n ot d'irue nttrur fi s d af t ur fi iiufi a 30. nerlio d lu[iiarfiaiifiqirir$ur4sd uagHrfiLilfldft-n (ts known) 'lr+nqilnlnudf(t*gtu' u-nf a s ii fi d a # a s Pn+ ttt s drefi,s rerfraslfl passive voice (verb ro be + V.3) rdasqrnlfl6aqnuflr+d{e"n tunrrutursfla{n1?onn?s{r re16s1f, is known nvquToYrd BAslc cRAMMAR 201
Irregulor Verbs $s ffi s & {$ {s *s s$ s $s s & qF {$ s s 4$ {$ $$ €$ se 4 t -ig;\ Itiv