Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
“STUDY OF SACRED GROVES OF
WESTERN PANHALA TEHSIL,
DISTRICT KOLHAPUR”
A
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED TO
YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN MAHARASHTRA
OPEN UNIVERSITY,NASHIK
AS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
BY
Dr. KONDEKAR SACHIN HINDURAO
B.Sc., B.Ed.,D.S.M.,M.A., M.Phil.,Ph.D.,SET
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof.Dr. KIRAN P.SHINDE
M. Sc.,M.Phil., Ph. D.
PROFESSOR & HEAD DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR (AUTONOMUS)
YEAR 2019 - 2020
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Dr.Sachin Hindurao Kondekar
has completed his project work entitled “STUDY OF SACRED
GROVES OF WESTERN PANHALA TEHSIL, DISTRICT
KOLHAPUR”. This project work is required towards the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science, Nashik. I find that work is comprehensive, original &
complete.
Date:
Place: Kolhapur
Project Guide External
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
DECLARATION
This project report entitled “STUDY OF SACRED
GROVES OF WESTERN PANHALA TEHSIL, DISTRICT
KOLHAPUR”. is a result of my study under the guidance of Dr.
Kiran P. Shinde, Head & coordinator of Environment science,
Vivekanand College, Kolhapur & it has not been submitted in
part or in full for any other degree or diploma in this or any other
university.
Date:
Place: Kolhapur
Dr.Sachin Hindurao Kondekar
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express deep sense of gratitude to our Head &
Coordinators of Environment Science Prof.Dr. Kiran P. Shinde. His
valuable guidance rendered in all phase of project. I am thankful to
him whole charted assistance, advice & expert guidance to word
making my project as a success.
My special thanks to honorable Principal Dr. Sitaram Y.
Honagekar for his keen interest, encouragement & excellent support.
I would also like to express my thanks to Mr. Sunil G.
Bhosale Sir, Miss. N.A. Patel madam, Miss. J. V. Gangadhare madam
for giving valuable guidance.
I must mention my deepest gratitude to Shri. Vijaysinh
Mane President, Shri.Vikasrao Mane Chief executive of Shri.
Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, Ambap and Mrs.
Manisha Mane Honorable Member of Z.P., Kolhapur for encourage
and inspire me always.
I am thankful to my friends Prof. Shivaji Sawant, Mr.Pravin
Kumbhar, Mr.Arjun Harale,Dr.Sagar Deshmukh(Botanist), Dr.
Makrand Aitwadekar(Botanist) and Akshay Jangam for their
encouragement and help.
It would have been impossible for me to undertake this work
without inspiration, blessing of my family, my school colleague. Who
helped me directly & indirectly during the completion of this project.
Dr.Sachin Hindurao Kondekar
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CONTENTS
PARTICULAR/CONTENT PAGE NO.
List of photo plate/maps
v
List of tables
vi
CHAPTERS PAGE NO.
I Introduction 1 - 11
II Material and Methods 12 - 13
III Observations 14 - 59
IV Summary and Conclusion 60 - 63
V References 64 - 78
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List of photo plate/maps
Plate No. Particulars Page no.
1.1 Location of Study area in Map 3
1.2 Location of Sacred groves with villages 11
3.1 Vithalai grove, Padsali 15
3.2 Destruction of Padsali grove 16
3.3 Dakroba grove, Gothane 17
3.4 Rasai grove, Kolik 19
3.5 Laxmidevi grove, Washi 21
3.6 Destruction of Washi grove 22
3.7 Kalammawadi grove, Manwad 24
3.8 Destruction of Manwad grove 25
3.9 Kedarling grove, Pisatri 26
3.10 Destruction of Pisatri grove 27
3.11 Siddhoba grove, Pombre 29
3.12 Kapling grove, Patpanhala 31
3.13 Bhogeshwar grove, Bajarbhogav 33
3.14 Destruction of Bajarbhogav grove 34
3.15 Tamjai grove, Pohalewadi 35
3.16 Flora found in study area - 1 43
3.17 Flora found in study area - 2 44
3.18 Fauna found in study area -1 58
3.19 Fauna found in study area -2 59
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
NO.
Sacred groves distributed in different parts of
1 5-6
India
2 List of Sacred Groves in Kolhapur 6 - 10
3 List of Sacred Groves in Study area 10
4 Inventory 37
5 List of trees 38-42
6 List of Shrubs 45-46
7 List of Climbers 47-48
8 List of Bamboos 48
9 List of Grasses 48-49
10 Medicinal plants and uses 52
11 List of spotted Animals and Birds 57
12 List of Questionnaire 64
Questionnaire English version 67-72
Questionnaire Marathi version 73-78
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CHAPTER I
Inroduction
Patches of vegetation protected on the basis of religious faith are called
sacred groves. Apart from India, they occur in other parts of Asia, Africa, Europe,
America and Australia. In India, sacred groves are mainly distributed in the states of
Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West
Bengal and the Union Territory of Puducherry. Their ecological, biological, cultural and
historical values are invaluable. According to the National Environment Policy of India,
ancient sacred groves should be treated as possessing “Incomparable Values”. Many
valuable medicinal plants and wild relatives of cultivated species are present in the
groves which may have definite role to play in the future species improvement
programmers’. It is estimated that the total number of sacred groves in India is likely to
be between 100,000 and 150,000. However, very less number of them are enumerated,
documented and studied. Sacred groves are known by different names in different
regions as Than or Madaico in Assam, Matagudi, Devgudi or Sarana in Chattisgarah,
Dev Van in Himachal Pradesh, Jaherthan or Sarana in Jharkhand, Devarakaadu or
Kans in Karnataka, Kaavu in Kerala, Umang Lai in Manipur, Law Kyntang or Law
Niam in Meghalaya, Jahera or Thakuramma in Orissa, Orans in Rajasthan, Kovilkaadu
in Tamil Nadu, Bugyal or Dev Van in Uttarakhand and Garamthan or Jahiristhan in
West Bengal. They may vary in size from a few trees to dense forests covering
extensive tracts of land.Though there are many references to the sacred groves and
sacred trees of India in early literature, the scientific study of them was initiated by
Gadgil and Vartak.
In Maharashtra sacred groves are found in tribal as well as non-tribal
areas. The sacred grove in western part is called devrai or devrahati whereas in the
eastern part Madiya tribals call it devgudi. Gadgil and Vartak documented 233 sacred
groves from Thane, Raigad, Jalgaon, Pune, Satara, Kolhapur, Yewatmal, Bhandara and
Chandrapur districts. A recent study by Bombay Natural History Society shows
existence of about 1600 sacred groves in Maharashtra. Mahadev Koli tribe in the
Western Ghats of Maharashtra also has the tradition of sacred groves.The average size
of the groves is a few acres. Large groves are found occasionally. Smaller groves in the
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western and eastern parts rarely allow extraction of resource from the groves. Sacred
groves form an important landscape feature in the deforested hill ranges of the Western
Ghats of Maharashtra.
The Devrai word came from two local words; that is, Dev means God and
rai means forest. So it means god’s forest is Devrai. Such forest patches are considered
a sacred forest by locals so they are called sacred groves. The groves thus act as key
benchmarks of less disturbed vegetation in a mosaic of other traditional and modern
forms of land use. The groves play a role in maintenance of the local ecological balance,
conservation of watersheds, and preservation of bioresearches. Sustainable use of
resources and use of management principles for different landscape elements are
frequently linked to culturally distinct sentiments. In the villages in which groves are
protected, regionally relevant folk knowledge supports traditional conservation
practices. Local people have evolved their own traditional rules and management based
on ancient practices which led to conservation and maintenance of the groves as
relatively intact patches of forests as a by-product of their religious sentiments .During
the last two decades farmers have sold large pieces of land to speculators for
urbanization. This is due to the enormous rise in the price of land. This change has
triggered several socioeconomic and cultural aspects in the region with a consequent
loss of protective sentiments for the sacred groves.
Kolhapur, once home of around 200 Devrai, has less than 50% of such
forests at present. Much of the land is converted into agriculture or temple has been
established removing the forest. "Hardly any private Devrai exists nowadays. The
extreme variety of plant species makes Devrai unique laboratory. In 1980s eminent
ecologist Madhav Gadgil and V D Vartak created first inventory of Devrai forests in
Maharashtra during which they documented 233 places. From Kolhapur district, 37
Sacred Groves were visited from Radhanagari; Bhudargad; Ajara; Malkapur areas. but
apart of this a narrow passage between Malkapur(Shahuwadi Taluka) and Gaganwavada
Taluka i.e Western part of Panhala Taluka no reports are available about sacred groves.
Hence, it has been decided to carry out the work entitled, “Study of Sacred Groves of
Western Panhala Tehsil, District Kolhapur”
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Location and Administrative Region
Panhala is about 20 km from the Kolhapur City and is famous for the
historical place of fort Panhala which is Maratha capital for long time. Location
Geographical coordinates of Panhala Taluka is 16˚48'20” N and 74˚06'19.80”E and
elevation 750 m.It is enriched with lush green hills, beautiful landscape, fauna and flora.
There are more than three thousand trees including fruits, flower, foliage, ornamnetal
garden plants, grasses and medicinal plants. Panhala has not only been gifted with lush
green cool nature, birds, fresh air and calm atmosphere but a place with great history
blessed by Shivaji Maharaj.
The Taluka is surrounded by Ratnagiri district to the west, the shahuwadi Taluka to the
North, part of Karveer and Hatkanangale Talukas to the east and Gaganwabada and
Radhanagari Talukas to the South. The area of Panhala Taluka is 565.09 sq km area out
of area of Kolhapur district 7746 sq. km. panhala tahsil have 127 villages,with two big
towns. To the west mountain ranges with red soil maximum, the river banks of Warna,
contain fertile soil. The mountainous region in the west is made up of red laterite.
Climate
Panhala's climate is classified as tropical. The summers are much rainier
than the winters in Panhala. This climate is considered to be Aw according to the
Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The temperature here averages 23.1 °C. About
1636 mm of precipitation falls annually. At an average temperature of 26.9 °C, April is
the hottest month of the year. The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in
December, when it is around 20.9 °C .Between the driest and wettest months, the
difference in precipitation is 640 mm. The variation in temperatures throughout the year
is 6.0 °C.In the western region hirda, behda, ain, sag, kinjal, narkya, (all local names)
plums, cinnamon, mangoes, jackfruits are common. On the lower slopes with heavy
rainfall chandan, shisav, kejal, khair, bamboo, babool are found this area also has a lot
of medicinal plants and herbs while some medicinal plants also have been protected in
specific devrais (Sacred Groves). Population As per the census conducted in 2011 the
population of the taluka is total 26,432 in which male 14,333 female 12,099.
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Study area
Out of 127 villages 34 villages lies western part of Panhala Taluka. In
which Bajarbhogav to Padsali are covered by dense forest. There are ancient trade route
also be traced. About 200 years ago, goods from Ratnagiri through Kajirda ghat carried
to market place of Bajarbhogav. Later in British era importance of Kajirda ghat is
neglected due to road construction of Anuskura ghat (Pachal-Ratnagiri) and Karul ghat
(Vaibhavwadi).
Through ancient trade route i.e. Bajarbhogav to Padsali, there are 10 sacred
groves are spotted. Namely Padsali (Vithalai),Gothane (Dakroba), Kolik (Rasai), Washi
(Laxmidevi), Manwad (Kalamma), Pisatri (Kedarling),Pombre (Siddhoba), Patpanhala
(Kapling) ,Pohalewadi ( Tamjai), Bajarbhogav ( Bhogeshwar) are documented and
studied.
Table 1: Sacred groves distributed in different parts of India
(Adopted from Malhotra 1998 and Malhotra et al. 2001)
Sr.No. Location Number of Sacred Groves
1
Andhra Pradesh 800
2 Arunachal Pradesh 101
3 Assam 40
4 Gujarat 29
5 Harayana 248
6 Himachal Pradesh 11
7 Karnataka (Coorg) 1214
8 Kerala 2000
9 Madhya Pradesh 275
Maharashtra 1600 Deshmukh et al. (1998)
10 Maharashtra 483 Gadgil and Vartak (1981b)
Maharashtra 250 Godbole et al. (1998)
11 Manipur 365
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12 Meghalaya 79
13 Orissa 322
14 Rajasthan 9
15 Sikkim 56
16 Tamil Nadu 448
17 Uttar Pradesh 6
18 West Bengal 670
Table 2:List of Sacred Groves in Kolhapur
(As per C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre,Chennai)
Sr.No. Sacred Grove Location Name of the deity Area (Hecteres)
1 Ainari Rasai 1.00
2 Aini Bhairi 1.00
3 Aini Lingdev 0.40
4 Amba Ambeshwar 2.80
5 Amba Dhopeshwar 0.81
6 Amba Mankali 0.41
7 Amba Varuleshwar 1.00
10 Antuli Ling 0.60
11 Archirne Oevrasai 1.00
12 Asalaj Rasaidevi 2.00
13 Asandule Thai 0.81
14 Asangaon Lingdev/Virdev 2.00
15 Assandule Ohakubai 1.00
16 Baki Baknath 1.00
17 Bambarde Bandbirdev 0.40
18 Bambarde Ramling 1.20
19 Bambrachiwadi Pavdola 8.63
20 Belane Kd. -avanadevi --
21 Bhogoli --- 20.00
22 Bhandane Patnadevi-Lingdev 2.80
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23 Bhom Gango 1.10
24 Bhutalwadi Thai 4.05
25 Chandel ---- 0.50
26 Dhakale --- 0.50
27 Farale Dongardev 0.40
28 Gadgad Gango 1.00
29 Gadgad Vaijnath 1.00
30 Gajapur Sukaidevi 0.80
31 Gajapur Vitthaidevi 0.80
32 Galvade Kedarling 0.80
33 Garivade Kedarling 2.00
34 Gavadi Ugaidev 2.40
35 Gholasavade Thaloba 0.08
36 Girgaon Katyayani 1
37 Girgaon Katyayani 1
38 Gudavale Mauli 1.00
39 Hajgoli Chaloba 0.81
40 Hanumante Hanumane 0.80
41 Hasane Gangobadev 4.00
42 Hasane Mahadev 0.80
43 Here Mateshwar 2.02
44 Het Kedarling 1.00
45 Jambhwade Laxmibai 1.00
46 Jambur --- 0.50
47 Jargi Jyotirling 2.00
48 Javati Italai 4.00
49 Kadgaon Khetarpal 1.62
50 Kalasgare Gulumbai 0.07
51 Kalasgare Mahadev 0.01
52 Kambarde Hanuman 2.40
53 Kandalgaon Lingdev 2.00
54 Kandvan ---- 0.50
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55 Karal Kedarling 2.00
56 Kassarde Dhopeshwar 12.00
57 Kassgade --- 0.50
58 Kateli Mahadev 0.81
59 Khokurte Jyotirling 1.00
60 kode-Bu Shankaroba 1.00
61 Kode Khurd Bahirnath-Thakaroba 1.00
62 Kolepe Gangodev 2.00
63 Kolik Ramling 0.10
63 Koloshi Bhavaidevi ---
64 Koloshi Pavanaidevi ---
65 Kolik Sateri 5.00
66 Kurane-Buzawade Ravalnath 6.07
67 Kurli Kuladevi 1.25
68 Kusur Gango 1.00
69 Kusur Pavanabai 1.00
70 Majgaon Mahadev 1.60
71 Majivade Garadidev 0.40
72 Malewadi --- 0.50
73 Malgaon --- 0.50
74 Malkapur Italai 4.00
75 Mangvali Ganeshwar 1.00
76 Mangvali Kharnath 1.00
77 Mani Mulkeshwar 1.20
78 Manoli Adishtidevi 1.62
79 Sangashi Shrisangai 2.00
80 Manope Ling 0.80
81 Manvet Rasaidevi 2.00
82 Mhalang Donidev 0.08
83 Mhalang Ravalnath 4.05
84 Nanibale Gangoba-Dingdev 3.20
85 Naraveli Gangoba 2.00
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86 Nimarule Borchabai 1.00
87 Nivade-Tisangi Gangoba 2.43
88 Nivade-Tisangi Shantadevi 8.09
89 Nivale Kalamma 1.30
90 Padli Rasaidevi 1.20
91 Padsali Jugai 7.69
92 Pal Mahadev 4.00
93 Palasmbe Gangoba 2.00
94 Palaswadi ----- 0.50
95 Parle Sateri 2.00
96 Parpoli Ramling 2.00
97 Patagaon Ling 1.20
98 Patagaon Shambu 1.20
99 Patgaon Hanuman 1.62
100 Pathe Sateri 1.20
101 Patpanhala Lingdev 10.83
102 Saitvade Shridev 2.00
103 Sakedi Pavanaidevi ----
104 Salvan Gangoba 1.62
105 Salvan Gangoba 2.43
106 Salvan Jyotiba 2.02
107 Salvan Narvelidevi ----
108 Salvan Shanidev 8.09
109 Savarde Ramlingdev 6.65
110 Selosbi Jyotirling 1.00
111 Shembvane Navlaidevi 0.30
112 Shembvane Rasaidevi 0.80
113 Shivdav Thaldev 1.70
114 Sonali Pavanadevi 3.20
115 Sule Sule 6.00
116 Taliye Shanidev 2.00
117 Talye Gangoba 1.00
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118 Talye Gangoba 1.00
119 Tambechiwadi Sateri 1.20
120 Tanali --- 0.50
121 Tiravade Bhutaval 3.24
122 Tirwadi-Kharepatan Dev Gangoba 1.00
123 Tithwali Dirvyadevi 1.00
124 Udgiri Kalammadevi 1.70
125 Umbrat Pavanaidevi ---
126 Upale Sidheshwar 1.00
127 Vasarane Rasaidevi 2.00
128 Vengsar Kalechari 1.25
129 Vengsar Maharparul 1.00
130 Viryadesoundal Gangodev 5.10
131 Wadi-Ratnagiri Jyotiba 1.00
132 Waki Wakoba 4.05
133 Wirle ---- 0.50
Table 3: List of Sacred Groves in Study area
Sr.No. Name Of Village Deity
1 Padsali Vithalai,Ugwai
2 Gothane Waltai,Dakroba
3 Kolik Rasai,Kedarling
4 Washi Laxmi,Vithalai
5 Manwad Kalamma, Vithalai
6 Pisatri Kedarling
7 Pombare Siddhoba
8 Patpanhala Kapling
9 Bajarbhogav Bogeshwar
10 Pohalewadi Tamjai
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CHAPTER II
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present work was distributed in to following major categories:
Aims and objectives
1) Preparation of an up to date inventory of sacred groves of Western Panhala Tehsil.
2) Exploration of natural resources of selected sacred groves of Western Panhala of
Kolhapur District.
3) To study the Past and Present Status of selected sacred groves with the help of EIA.
4) Photography of some plants
5) To prepare the list of ethno-medico-botanically important plants.
The work has been carried out through a number of steps as given below.
i) Preparation of an up to date inventory of sacred groves in Western
Panhala Tahsil:
A detailed survey through inventorying of sacred groves in Western
Panhala was undertaken during December 2019 to March 2020. The
secondary information on existence of sacred groves was gathered with the
help of previous literature as well as personal visits in the Talathi offices.
The primary information about existence of sacred groves was recorded by
personal visits. A questionnaire (in Marathi, the English versions of which is
given as Annexure I of this chapter) was prepared for gathering the primary
information on sacred groves from Talathi and local people. After the field
visits, a detailed list of sacred groves with information was prepared. At the
same time photographs of some sacred groves was taken. The selections of
sacred groves for study were done on the basis of area of sacred grove.
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ii) Environmental Impact Analysis:
EIA is an important policy initiative to conserve natural resources and
environment. Many human activities produce potential adverse
environmental effects which include the construction and operation of
highways, rail roads, pipelines, airports, radioactive waste disposal and
more. Environmental impact statements are usually required to contain
specific information on the magnitude and characteristics of environmental
impact. The EIA can be carried out efficiently by the help of GIS, by
integrating various GIS layers; assessment of natural features can be
performed.
With help of Google earth pro software satellite images are taken and
determine Land cover means the feature that is covering the barren surface
.Land use means the area in the surface utilized for particular use. The role
of GIS technology in land use and land cover applications is that we can
determine land use/land cover changes in the different areas. Also it can
detect and estimate the changes in the land use/ land cover pattern within
time. It enables to find out sudden changes in land use and land cover either
by natural forces or by other activities like deforestation.
iii) Making questionnaires :
With help of questionnaires surveying selective peoples data is collected,
interpretation collective data we easily detect present status of sacred groves
and also utilization of natural resources.I.e.The exploitation of natural
resources for economic growth.
iv) Identify and listed flora and fauna :
With help and guidance of botanist and zoologist, create list of flora and
fauna with scientific names, identify medicinal plants and ues by local
peoples, which useful for further study.
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CHAPTER III
OBSERVATIONS
Grove Name: 1. Vithalai Grove Village Name:
Padsali
Geographical coordinates: 16˚41'47.58” N and 73˚ 51'5.56” E Population: 199
Location: 52 km from Kolhapur, Close to Kajirda Ghat, West to Bajarbhogav, 22 km
away.
Area: 0.5 Acre Circumference: 90 m Conservation status: Poor
At Padsali village, very small grove is dedicated to deity Vithalai,
Located at 16˚41'47.58” N and 73˚ 51'5.56” E longitude and latitude respectively.
Padsali village 52 km away from Kolhapur, Close to Kajirda Ghat,22 km away from
Bajarbhogav.This grove quite away from main village. The grove is very small
comprising of just 7-8 trees left behind. Only 10 to 15 years ago this grove occupies 5 to
6 acre area. Due to agricultural expansion area of grove compressed.It is clearly show
that satellite image taken in year 2005 and 2019.Circumference of grove heavily
affected due to encroachment from east side.
Major trees like Mango, Umber, Sagwan and Mad are found around
temple. North side of temple, river is flows; we are spotted many Kingfisher birds.
Trees are cut down for agricultural practices, no any plantation by villages and social
forestry.West to grove another deity called Ugwai, ancient check post of Kajirda ghat
pass and protective Fort Mudagad is quite nearer. This is ancient trade route which
connects Ratnagiri and Kolhapur district. It starts Padsali and goes market place of
Bajarbhogav.Dense forest around Mudagad protected in Karveer Santhan called
“Shivaranya” by Chhatrapati Shahu of Kolhapur. Bison Gour or the Indian Bison
(Gavcecus gaurus- M. Gau) is easily spotted in “Shivaranya” because The Marathas
consider bison a bull and generally do not shoot it. Because of this superstition, the
bisons have received natural protection and are found in fairly large numbers.
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Plate No. 3.1
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1. Village: Padasali, Vithalai Sacred Grove
Location
0
16 41’47.58” N
0
73 51’5.56” E
Vithalai
Temple
Various
Deities
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Plate No. 3.2
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Plate No. 3.3
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Grove Name: 2. Dakroba Grove Village Name: Gothane
Geographical coordinates: 16˚41'26.54” N and 73˚ 53'37.38” E Population: 125
Location: 49 km from Kolhapur, South-East to Padsali.
Area: 5 Acre Circumference: 450 m Conservation status: Moderate
Second sacred grove located near Gothane Village, 49 km from Kolhapur,
South-East to Padsali. Located at 16˚41'26.54” N and 73˚ 53'37.38” E longitude and
lattitude respectively.This grove quite big about 5 acre in size. This grove dedicated to
Dakroba along with Valtai and Rasai. In 2015 new R.C.C. temple builds and replaced
old styled temple. In Navratri, fuction is attained all villagers called “Dakroba Jatra”.
Temple away from main village but road is passing through centre of grove and front of
new installed temple.Dense forest “Shivaranya” much closer to grove. But from village
side encroachment of agricultural practices consider harmfully to sacred grove. Due to
nearness plants occurs in this sacred grove is familiar to rest of Panhala deep
forest.Typical flora and fauna occurs in this grove.
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Plate No. 3.4
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Grove Name: 3. Rasai Grove Village Name: Kolik
Geographical coordinates: 16˚42'9.92” N and 73˚ 52'55.56” E Population: 1053
Location: 49 km from Kolhapur, East to Padsali and North to Gothane
Area: 3 Acre Circumference: 460 m Conservation status:
Moderate
Third sacred grove is located 16˚42'9.92” N and 73˚ 52'55.56” E
longitude and latitude respectively in Kolik village.Kolik village east to Padsali and
North to Gothane village and 49 km away from Kolhapur. This grove occupies 3 acre
area.Many years ago grove area more than 5 acre. New R.C.C. building installed 5 years
ago. Superiorly carved wooden pillars and frames replaced with concrete work leads
decline of beauty. With main Rasai deity statues of Vithalai and Kedarling also present
in innermost part of temple. Main fuction of deity held in month of May called “Rasai’s
Gondhal” in every 3 years. Main trees around temple are Hela, Limbara, Mango and
Jackfruit.
Grove has much herbs, shrubs and vines in vast area. Area between
Z.P.government school and road at front of temple are quite dense and deep.Very much
reptiles, rodents and birds habitat in grove. Due to Main road passing front of temple,
invasion of agricultural practices from southern direction and big campus of Primary
school from western direction main threat for entire grove in future.
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.5
21
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.6
22
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Grove Name: 4. Laxmidevi Grove Village Name: Washi
Geographical coordinates: 16˚43'11.86” N and 73˚ 52'51.55” E Population: 427
Location: 48 km from Kolhapur,North to Padsali & Kolik and west to Manwad
Area: 1 Acre Circumference: 200 m Conservation status: Poor
Fourth grove in the village of Washi, located 16˚43'9.11.86” N and 73˚
52'51.55” E longitude and latitude respectively.Village west to Manwad and North to
Padsali and Kolik, and 48 km away from Kolhapur. The area of grove less than 1
acre.With main deity Laxmidevi, Vithalai and Kedarling also present in temple.Main
religious fuction held in Dasara and Shimaga. New temple building installed about 10
years ago. Comparing satellite image of 2003 and 2019, shows destruction of grove by
neighboring farmers for exra land demands.
Around temple large number of big trees of Mango, Jackfruit are found.
The number of peacocks is huge in entire area. Agricultural practices have been heavily
encroached upon grove from village side. Social forestry has increased forest cover near
grove but proportions of foreign trees are high due to fuel demand. Fencing is done by
villagers around remaining grove.
23
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.7
24
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.8
Grove Name: 5. Kalammadevi Grove Village Name: Manwad
Geographical coordinates: 16˚43'46.55” N and 73˚ 54'56.38” E Population : 1265
Location : 43 km from Kolhapur,East to Washi, west to Pisatri and North to Pombre.
Area: 1 Acre Circumference: 275 m Conservation status :
Modrate
Fifth grove of Kalammadevi near village of Manwad, located
16˚43'46.55” N and 73˚54'56.38” E longitude and latitude respectively.Village east to
Washi,North to Pombre and west to Pisatri and 43 km away from Kolhapur. The area of
grove is 1 acre.Temple situated on small hill, surrounding by little grove. Along with
Kalamma, statues of Vithalai and Kedarling present in internal part of temple. Temple
reconstructed about 5 to 6 years ago with R.C.C., decreases beauty of ancient temple.
Main religious event held in month of May.In old days grove expands over 5 acres but,
area of grove reduced due to encroachment of agricultural practices by villagers. Now
day’s only hilly portion of grove is protected by Panchayat. Yellow outline in above
satellite image shows decline of groves in slope region.
25
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.9
26
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.10
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Grove Name: 6. Kedarling Grove Village Name:
Pisatri
Geographical coordinates: 16˚43'37.55” N and 73˚ 55'40.37” E Population: 779
Location: 40 km from Kolhapur,East to Manwad,North to Pombre and South to
Patpanhala.
Area : 0.7 Acre Circumference : 200 m Conservation status :
Poor
Sixth sacred grove is located 16˚43'37.55” N and 73˚ 55'40.37” E
longitude and latitude respectively in Pisatri village.Pisatri village east to Manwad and
south to Patpanhala village and 40 km away from Kolhapur. This grove occupies less
than 1 acre area. Main deity Kedarling along with Gangoba lies little distance away. In
past this grove covered 3 to 4 acre area but now days compressed much due to
encroachment of agricultural practices from all sides by villagers.Comparing satellite
image of 2002 and 2019 with yellow outline shows encroachment of farmers for land
hungariness.
While neaer Gangoba temple covered by greenery due to plantation
done by social forestry.Kedarling temple old fashion temple, covered by quite big trees
of Mad and Jackfruits.Oldest Entada tree with huge circumference also present with
other trees. Main event held in Mahashivratri, where hundreds of villagers come
together in same day.
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.11
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Grove Name: 7. Siddhoba Grove Village Name: Pombre
Geographical coordinates: 16˚42'39” N and 73˚ 55'59” E Population: 825
Location: 42 km from Kolhapur, East to Kolik,Gothane and South to Manwad,Pisatri
Area: 0.5 Acre Circumference: 160 m Conservation status: Poor
At Pombre village, very small grove is dedicated to deity Siddhoba,
located at 16˚42'39” N and 73˚ 55'59” E longitude and latitude respectively. Pombre
village east to Kolik, Gothane, south to Manwad, Piasatri, and 42 km away from
Kolhapur. This grove quite away from main village and close to Kalajwade
dam.Pombre lies on the way of ancient trade route from Kajirda (Ratnagiri) to
Bajarbhogav (Kolhapur). West and south part of village part of “Shivarnya”. The grove
is very small, less than 1 acre. For construction of road to Kalajwade dam and
encroachment of agricultural practices most of grove cut down.Main religious event
done in Dasara and Shimaga.Big tree of Pimpal and colony of Bats easily shown near to
temple.
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.12
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Grove Name: 8. Kapling Grove Village Name: Patpanhala
Geographical coordinates: 16˚44'32” N and 73˚ 56'25” E Population: 1962
Location: 38 km from Kolhapur, West to Bajarbhogav and North to Manwad,Pisatri
Area: 25 Acre Circumference: -- Conservation status: Well
Kapling or Lingdev grove is biggest sacred grove in western Panhala
tahsil. This grove located at 16˚44'32” N and 73˚ 56'25” E longitude and latitude
respectively. Nearest village Patpanhala 3 km away from grove. This grove situated on
top hill of dense protected forest around 8 to 10 acre area.Deity of Mahadev associated
main event Mahashivratri. There are no pucca road to reach top of hill where temple is
situated. Due to Forest department restriction cutting of trees and grazing of cattle’s are
not allowed. But some extend anthropological activities like grazing, poaching, jungle
fire are regularly carried out. This is main habitat of Indian Gaur, which is easily spotted
in summer days. These animals also cussed for farms in summer days. Typical western
ghat plants are generally shown in slope of hilly region of dense forest.
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.13
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.14
Grove Name: 10. Bhogeshwar Grove Village Name:
Bajarbhogav
Geographical coordinates: 16˚45'40.47” N and 73˚ 59'0.5.44” E Population: 1812
Location: 42 km from Kolhapur, East to Patpanhala and North to Pohalewadi
Area: 0.5 Acre Circumference: -- Conservation status: Poor
Very small sacred grove located centre of Bajarbhogav Village, 42 km
distance away from Kolhapur and western part of Panhala tahsil. Located at
16˚45'40.47” N and 73˚ 59'0.5.44” E longitude and lattitude respectively. This grove
quite small,only few trees are sustained. This grove dedicated to Bhogeshwar.
Bhogeshwar means god of Nag, i.e. Mahadev.Bajarbhogav name deals with bhogav
village with market is held in past days. It is important ancient central Market place,
where trade route from Kajirda (Ratnagiri) to Bajarbhogav (Kolhapur) ends. Up to
British era importance of trade route intact, so these villages are prosperous and rich in
previous time. Now day’s major transport carried from Anuskura and Bavada ghat, so
this route much neglected. Bhogeshwar temple situated heart of village so, due to rapid
urbanization previous grove area very much reduces.Above satellite image shows once
upon grove covered 5 acre but now very few plants found around temple.
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.15
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Grove Name: 10.Tamjai Grove Village Name: Pohalewadi
Geographical coordinates: 16˚42'34.01” N and 73˚ 58'47.25” E Population: 1297
Location: 30 km from Kolhapur, South to Kalajwade, Pohalewadi and Bajarbhogav
Area: 5 Acre Circumference: -- Conservation status: Well
This grove located at 16˚42'34.01” N and 73˚ 58'25” E longitude and latitude
respectively.Nearest village Pohalwadi much away from grove. This grove situated on
top hill of dense protected forest around 5 acre areas. Deity of Tamjai associated with
Dhangar caste, which may be first settlers in this area. Along with Tamjai another deity
Vithalai also present. Main religious event held in Dasara where “Devichi Palakhi”
carried from Pohaklewadi by villagers. Around of Koularu temple dense protected
forest is occurs, which major habitat of Indian Gaur, which is easily spotted in summer
days. These animals also cussed for farms in summer days. East side of forest
demolished by anthropological practices like fire, grazing and agricultural practices.
Typical western ghat plants are generally shown in slope of hilly region of dense forest.
36
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Table No: 5 LIST OF TREES
Sr.No. Local Name Botanical Name
1 Ain Terminalia tomentosa
2 Alu Vangueria spinosa
3 Amba Mangifera indica
4 Ambada Spondias mangifera
5 Amberi Nothopegia colebrookiana
6 Ambat Embelia basaal
7 Anjani Memecylon edule
8 Apta Bauhinia racemosa
9 Asana Bridelia retusa
10 Awala Emblica officinalis
11 Arjun Terminalia arjuna
12 Akash neem Millingtonia hortensis
13 Bartondi Morinda tinctoria
14 Bakul Mimusops elengi
15 Bel Aegle marmelos
16 Bhendi Thespesia populnea
17 Bherli mad Caryota urens
18 Bhokar Cordia myxa
19 Bhoma Glochidion lanceolarium
20 Bibla / Bija Petrocarpus marsupium
21 Biba / Bilva Semecarpus anacardium
22 Bibi / Ran biba Holigarna grahamii
23 Bor Zizyphus jujuba
24 Bulgi Vitex altissima
25 Babhul Acacia arabica
26 Bahawa Cassia fistula
27 Behada Terminalia bellerica
28 Bondara / Lendi Lagerstroemia parviflora
29 Champhar Flacourtia montana
30 Chandan Santalum alb
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
31 Chandada / Chandiva Macaranga roxburgii
32 Charoli / Char Buchanania lanzan
33 Cher/Chira Erinocarpus nimmonii
34 Chinch Tamarindus indica
35 Chafa /Sonchafa Michelia c hampaca
36 Datir Ficus gibbosa
37 Datrang / Ajan Vriksha Ehretia laevis
38 Dahivan Cordia macleodii
39 Dhaman / Tadsal Grewia t iliifolia
40 Dandas / Harrani Dalbergia lanceolaria
41 Daka Pygium gardneri
42 Dhawada Anogeissus latifolia
43 Gela / Gel phal Randia dumetorum
44 Kari Diospyros montana
45 Gulmohar Delonix regia
46 Hed /Haldu Adina cordifolia
47 Hela Terminalia belerica
48 Hirda Terminalia chebula
49 Humb / Hoom Miliusa tomentosa
50 Hura Sapium insigne
51 Haldi / Out /Tawir Garcinia spicata
52 Irai / Bobi Calophyllum wightianum
53 Jambha Xylia xylocarpa
54 Jambhul Syzygium cumini
55 Kadamb Anthocephalus cadamba
56 Kajara / Kuchala Strychnos nux-vomica
57 Kalhoni / Kavashi Hopea wightiana
58 Kakad / Kudak Garuga pinnata
59 Kalamb Mitragyna parvifolia
60 Kaphis, Khargol Trema orientalis
61 Kokam /Ratamba Garcinia indica
62 Karambel Dillenia pentogyna
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
63 Karanj Pongamia pinnata
64 Kadu kavath / Kavith Hydnocarpus launifolia
65 Khair Acacia catechu
66 Kharshing Radarmachera xylocarpa
67 Karvath Ficus asperrima
68 Safed Shirish Albizia procera
69 Kinjal Terminalia paniculata
70 Koker, Kolilnder Sterculia guttata
71 Kokum Garcinia indica
72 Koshimb / Kusum Schleichera oleosa
73 Kuda (Kala Kuda) Wrightia tinctoria
74 Pandra Kuda Holarrhena antidysenterica
75 Kuda, Nag (Nag Kuda) Tabernaemontana heyneana
76 Kumbha Careya arborea
77 Kardal / Karai / Pandruk Sterculia urens
78 Karpa /Lokhandi Hemigyrosa canescens
79 Kavath Limonia ocidissima
80 Kaju Anacardium occidentale
81 Kanchan/Kachnar Bauhinia varigata
82 Kathbor / Ghati / Ghuti Ziziphus xylopyra
83 Kashid / Kasid Cassia siamia
84 Kirmira Glycosmis mauritiana
85 Kunkuphal /Shendri Mallotus philippensis
86 Kate Kumbal Siderozylon tomentosum
87 Kunt Murraya paniculata
88 Limbara / Bakan Nimb/ Melia azedarach
Bakayana
89 Lokhandi / Raikuda Ixora arborea
90 Medshingi Dolichandrone falcata
91 Moha Madhuca indica
92 Moi, Shimati / Moya Lannea coromandelica
93 Nag Chapha / Nag - Kesar Mesua ferrea
94 Nana Lagerstroemia lanceolata
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
95 Tiwar Barringtonia acutangula
96 Naral Cocus nucifera
97 Nandruk Ficus retusa
98 Neem / Kadu nimb Aazadirachta indica
99 Padali, paral Stereospermum chlonoides
100 Pair Ficus arnottiana
101 Palas Butea monosperma
102 Pangara Erythrina indica
103 Parjambhul Olea dioica
104 Phanas Artocarpus integrifolia
105 Phanashi / Ran phanashi Carallia brachiata
106 Phudgus Alseodaphne semecarpifolia
107 Pimpal Ficus religiosa
108 Papara / Vavli Holoptelia i ntegrifolia
109 Panchota /Palla Palaquium ellipticum
110 Pisa Actinodaphne hookeri
111 Pitkuli, Bhedas Eugenia zeylanica
112 Surangi, Undi Colophyllum inophyllum
113 Ritha Sapindus emarginatus
114 Sag Tectona grandis
115 Sali/ Salai Aporosa lindleyana
116 Satwin Alstonia scholaris
117 Kate Sawar Salmalia malabarica
118 Shindi Phoenix sylvestris
119 Shendri, Kumkum Mallotus philippinensis
120 Shevga Moringa oleifera
121 Shiras Albizzia lebbek
122 Shiras, Kala Albizia odoratissima
123 Shissam Dalbergia latifolia
124 Shivan Gmelina arborea
125 Songarbi Vitex leucoxylon
126 Suru Casuarina e quisetifolia
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Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
127 Tamal patra Cinnamomum tamala
128 Tetu Oroxylum indicum
129 Tupa Canthium dicoccum
130 Tembhurni Diospyros peregrine
131 Tiwas Ougenia dalbergioidis
132 Tirphal Zanthoxylum rhetsa
133 Wad Ficus bengalensis
134 Waras Heterophragma
135 Warang / Bhoti Kydia calycina
42
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Dr. Sachin Kondekar
Plate No. 3.16
Flora found in study area-1
Phanas Artocarpus integrifolia Calotropis gigantea
Bherli mad Caryota urens
Bahawa Cassia fistula
Gulmohar Delonix regia Ficus. racemosa
43
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