DFN30053 OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM E-BOOK

DFN30053

OPEN SOURCE
OPERATING
SYSTEM

Editor : Dr. Norliza binti Abdullah 2
Writer : Dr. Norliza binti Abdullah
Graphic : Dr. Norliza binti Abdullah

Published: Publication 1st Edition 2021
POLITEKNIK MUKAH SARAWAK
Copyright © 2021 Norliza binti Abdullah.
K.M7.5, JALAN OYA
96400 MUKAH All right reserved. No part of this publication may
SARAWAK be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any
TEL:084-874001 form or by any means, including photocopying,
FAKS:084-874005 recording, or other electronic or mechanic
methods, without the prior written permission of
www.pmu.edu.my the writer, expect in the case of brief quotation
embodied review and certain other non-
e ISBN : 978-967-2097-41-9 commercial and education uses permitted by
Politeknik Mukah.

3

PREFACE

DFN30053 OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM is an introductory course for the

students to be able to learn open-source operating system and as a pre-requisite
for DFN40183 Open Source Server Administration for Diploma in Information
Technology (Digital Technology) students in Malaysian Polytechnic. The DFN30053
OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM Ebook is a theory guideline for the student to

learn and familiar with the open-source environment. Installation, configuration
and management of Linux operating systems also explored in this e-book. This e-
book also focus on file system management, user and group accounts
management, and common administrative tasks. This e-book is ideal for beginners
to learn the Linux command line and graphical user interface in Ubuntu , but it is
also great for intermediate and advanced users.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 4

TOPIC & SUBTOPICS PAGES

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM 5 – 62
a. Open source software (OSS) 8 – 26
b. Linux operating system 27 – 44
c. Linux distributions installation 45 – 56
d. Linux system initialization 57 – 62
63 – 105
TOPIC 2: DESKTOP ENVIRONMENTS AND SHELLS 66 – 88
a. Desktop Environments 89 – 106
b. Shells and Command Line Interface
107 - 170
TOPIC 3: LINUX FILE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT 112 – 121
a. Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 122 – 132
b. Linux directory structure 133 – 137
c. Files and directories 138 - 171
d. Text editors 172 – 240
176 – 206
TOPIC 4: MANAGE USERS, GROUPS AND PERMISSIONS 207 – 216
a. User and group accounts 217 – 240
b. Administrator privileges
c. File and directory permissions 241 – 312
247 – 265
TOPIC 5: COMMON ADMINISTRATIVE TASKS 266 – 271
a. Filesystems or disk partitions management 272 – 293
b. Manage printers 294 – 312
c. Network interfaces management
d. Manage software

5

TOPIC 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

This Photo by Unknown Author
is licensed under CC BY-NC-
ND

6

LEARNING OUTCOMES  Define open source software This Photo by Unknown
(OSS) Author is licensed
under CC BY
 Describe open source license

 State the popular OSS

 Explain Linux operating system

7

LEARNING OUTCOMES Identify the Prepare the Perform the Explain the
minimum installation Linux boot processes
installation
media installation
requirements

Identify the Configure the
various type GRUB2

of boot

loaders

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-SA-NC

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE

8

9

Two types of software :

SOFTWARE  Open source software
 Close source software

This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA-NC

Open source software is software 10
with source code that anyone can

inspect, modify
and enhance.

OPEN SOURCE  No royalty fee imposed upon redistribution. FREE =
FREEDOM
 Free available of the original source code .

 Rights to create modifications.

 No discrimination against persons or groups.

 All rights granted must flow through to/with
redistributed versions.

 The license applies to the program as a
whole and each of its components.

 The license must not restrict other software.

This Photo by
Unknown Author is
licensed under CC
BY-SA-NC

OPEN SOURCE SOFWARE 11
DEFINITION
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

 A software for which the original source code is
made freely available and may be redistributed
and modified according to the requirement of the
user.

 Open source software is that by which the source
code or the base code is usually available for
modification or enhancement by anyone for
reusability and accessibility.

(https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/open-source)

KNOWLEDGE+: SOURCE CODE  Set of instructions and 12
statements written by a
programmer using This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
computer programming under CC BY-SA-NC
language.

 Javascript, Python and PHP
are popular programming
for open source projects It is
in human readable form,
easy to modify. (Java, Ruby,
C++, Lua and etc)

 Most license agreements do
not allow for access to
source code (closed-source).

 Programmers use a
compiler to turn it into
object code (object code can
only be read by
processors).

OPEN SOURCE INITIATIVE (OSI) 13

 The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is a non-profit organization
(corporation) dedicated to promoting the use of open-source
software in the commercial world.

 Eric S. Raymond, Bruce Perens and Tim O’Reilly created the OSI.
 The goal was to provide better and less ideological marketing

for free software.
 OSI uses The Open Source Definition to define open source

software.
 To be OSI certified, the software must be distributed under a

license that guarantees the right to read, redistribute, modify,
and use the software freely.

OPEN SOURCE INITIATIVE (OSI) 14

 The Open Source Definition provided by OSI contains the following
elements:

 Free redistribution

 Source code

 Derived works

 Integrity of the author's source code

 No discrimination against persons or groups

 No discrimination against fields of endeavor

 Distribution of license

 License must not be specific to a product

 License must not restrict other software This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
 License must be technology-neutral under CC BY -NC-ND

(refer to https://opensource.org/osd-annotated) for explanations

FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION  Richard M. Stallman (founder of FSF) created the 15
(FSF) concept of free software in 1983.

 FSF is a nonprofit corporation located headquarters in
Boston, Massachusetts formed in 1985.

 “free” does not mean “free of charge”, but that the
user has “freedom” to do various things they would
not be able or allowed to do with proprietary
software.

 Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run,
copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
software.

This Photo by Unknown Author is This Photo by
licensed under CC BY -NC-ND Unknown Author
is licensed under
CC BY -NC-ND

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

OPEN SOURCE LICENSE

16

SOFTWARE LICENSE 17

A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or
redistribution of software.

18

OPEN SOURCE LICENSES This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA

a)GNU General Public Licenses (GPL)

b) GNU Lesser General Public Licenses (LGPL) This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC

c) Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) License

This Photo by Unknown Author This Photo by Unknown Author
is licensed under CC BY-SA is licensed under CC BY-SA

d) Apache License

e) Mozilla Public License

This Photo by Unknown This Photo by Unknown Author is
Author is licensed licensed under CC BY
under CC BY-SA

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 19
(GPL)
 The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a widely used
free software license.

 It guarantees end users the freedom to run, study, share
and modify the software.

 The GPL is a “copyleft” license, which means that
derivative work must be distributed under the same
license terms. This is different to permissive free software
licenses.

 Copyleft has its legal power. If someone distributes
copies of the work without abiding by the GPL (for
instance, by keeping the source code secret), they can be
sued by the original author.

 Richard Stallman founded the project in 1978 at MIT.

This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA

COPYLEFT vs. COPYRIGHT OPEN 20
SOURCE OS

COPYLEFT COPYRIGHT

• licenses exist within the • a legal right bestowed
legal structure of upon creators of original
copyrights. works to dictate how
those works can or
• isn't about abolishing cannot be copied,
copyrights modified, and
distributed by others.

CLOSED
SOURCE OS

GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC 21
LICENSE (LGPL) BY-NC
free-software
 Published by the Free Software license with only
Foundation (FSF). minimal restrictions

on how the
software can be
used, modified, and
redistributed, usually

including a
warranty disclaimer.

 It sits between strong “copyleft” and permissive licenses.

 The license allows developers to integrate software
released under the LGPL into their own (even proprietary)
software without being required by the terms of a strong
copyleft license to release the source code of their own
components.

BERKELEY SOFTWARE 22
DISTRIBUTION LICENSE (BSD)
 Originated from the University of California in Berkeley.
 Was first used for the Berkeley Source Distribution (BSD), also

known as BSD UNIX, an enhanced version of UNIX operating
system.
 The BSD license is extremely simple and very liberal licenses.
 Permissive software license also known as BSD-style license/
BSD-like license.
 The only restrictions placed on users that they must include in the
redistribution:
 the original copyright notice
 a list of two simple restrictions
 a disclaimer of liability

This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA

APACHE LICENSE 23

 Does not require the modified code be made available
to the public (permissive free software).

 The Apache License is a free software license written by
the Apache Software Foundation.

 It explicitly protects Apache's trademark.
 allows users to use the software for any purpose

(distribute it, to modify it) and to distribute modified
versions of the software under the terms of the license,
without concern for royalties.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-SA

MOZILLA PUBLIC LICENSE (MPL) 24

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

 The MPL is a free and open source software license
developed and maintained by the Mozilla Foundation.

 Type: corporate/commercial license.
 Weak and simple “copyleft” license.

25

PRACTICE: SOFTWARE & LICENSE

OS kernel Web server OS for PC Web browser OS for
Linux kernel BSD OS Firefox smartphone/tablet
Apache web
server Android

GPL BSD License Apache License MPL

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-SA

26

DISCUSSION

 List the popular open source software
 Office and productivity software
 Web browser and Internet software
 Graphic and Multimedia software
 Utilities

http://sourceforge.net, https://www.gnu.org, official website of the software

27

LINUX This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
OPERATING SA-NC
SYSTEM

HISTORY, BENEFITS AND LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS

LINUX 28

This Photo by Unknown
Author is licensed
under CC BY-SA

 Linux is a “free” or “open source” operating system that is
“freely available” and can be used by anyone.

 It uses the same concepts and basic idea as Unix.
 Linux refers to the operating system kernel.
 The complete operating system (Linux flavors) is known as

distribution of Linux or just called as “distro”. i.e.: Ubuntu,
Android, Red hat
 Linux kernel was first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus
Torvalds a Finnish software engineer.
 While Torvalds studying in University of Helsinki, he started
developing Linux a similar operating system to MINIX (a Unix
operating system).

29

HISTORY OF LINUX Unix This Photo by Unknown This Photo by Unknown
operating Author is licensed under Author is licensed
CC BY-NC under CC BY-NC
system
Linux project

Free Software Open Source
Foundation Initiative
(OSI)
(FSF) &
GNU project This Photo by
Unknown Author is
This Photo by Unknown licensed under CC BY
Author is licensed under
CC BY-NC-ND

HISTORY OF LINUX 30

Details of operating systems timeline can be referred at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems

UNIX 31

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
NC

 In 1969, the system was created by Bell Laboratories, AT&T.

 AT&T sold the source code to several different companies,
encouraged them to agree to standards among them.

 AT&T also gave away free copies of the source code to
certain universities, to promote widespread development of
Unix

RICHARD STALLMAN & FSF 32

 Richard Stallman formed the FSF to encourage free software
development.

 Most of free software ran on Unix.
 Unix did not represent the ideals of the FSF.
 Unix was not free software.

GNU PROJECT 33

 GNU Project in 1984 to promote free development for a free
operating system that was not Unix (Gnu is Not Unix).

 Publication of the GNU Public License (GPL).
 Any modifications made to the source code must then

redistributed free as well.
 The GNU operating system remains unfinished.

LINUS TORVALDS & LINUX 34
PROJECT
 In 1991 Linus Torvalds created the first version of Linux
kernel.

 Licensed under GPL.

 The Linux kernel was developed collaboratively and was
centrally managed.

 Many Linux add-on packages were developed freely
worldwide — This effort resulted in several distributions
of Linux.

ADVANTAGES OF LINUX 35

Explanations and other advantages can be found here

https://www.educba.com/advantage-of-linux/

Meeting Ease of Cost
business customization reduction

needs

Stability and Ease of Open source
security obtaining and free to
support
use

LINUX DISTRIBUTION 36

 A distribution of Linux is a collection of software containing
the commonly developed Linux kernel and libraries,
combined with add-on packages specific to a certain use.

 All distributions of Linux share a common kernel and utilities,
but they contain different add-on packages.

 Example of distro: Debian > Ubuntu, Fedora > Red Hat,
Mandriva, OpenSUSE, Gentoo, Slackware

BEST LINUX DISTRIBUTION FOR 37
BEGINNERS

 Ubuntu This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
 Linux Mint
 Elementary OS
 Zorin OS
 Pinguy OS
 Manjaro Linux
 Solus
 Deepin
 Linux Lite
 PCLinux OS

POPULAR LINUX DISTRIBUTION 38
EXAMPLE :

 Red hat
 Fedora
 Debian
 Opensuse
 Ubuntu
 Android

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

RHEL 39

 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL
 Developed by Red Hat Inc. and targeted towards the

commercial market
 www.redhat.com/rhel

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

DEBIAN 40

 Debian is known for relatively strict adherence to the philosophies
of Unix and free software as well as using collaborative software
development and testing processes.

 www.debian.org

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-SA-NC

OPENSUSE 41

 Developed by the openSUSE Project community, sponsored by
SUSE, develops and maintains SUSE Linux distributions
components.

 openSUSE is the successor to "SUSE Linux Enterprise“ (SLED & SLES).
 www.opensuse.org

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-SA

FEDORA 42

 Fedora Linux – Developed by the community-supported
Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat.

 The Fedora Project's mission is to lead the advancement
of free and open source software and content as a
collaborative community.

 www.fedoraproject.org

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

UBUNTU 43

 Ubuntu is sponsored by the UK-based company Canonical Ltd.,
owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth.

 www.ubuntu.com

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-NC-ND

44

ANDROID  Android is a mobile operating system developed by
Google, based on Linux kernel

 Designed for touchscreen mobile devices

 Android's source code is released by Google under an open
source license

 License: Apache License 2.0, GNU GPL v2 for the Linux kernel
modifications

 Kernel type: Monolithic

This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

45

UBUNTU
INSTALLATION

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS 46

Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Desktop
Edition:

• 2GHz dual-core CPU
• 4GB RAM ( system memory)
• 25GB hard disk space
• 1024x768 screen resolution
• DVD/CD drive or USB port for

installation
• Internet access is helpful

Installer : https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS 47

Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS (CLI)
Installation:

 2.5GB disk space
 1GHz (64-bit) CPU
 1GB memory
 CD drive
 1024x768 screen resolution
 Internet access is helpful

Installer: https://ubuntu.com/download/server

NOTE : USUALLY WE THINK 48
HARD DRIVE AS A SINGLE
WHAT IS A PARTITION?
DRIVE BUT WHEN WE
PARTITION IT. THE HARD
DRIVE HAVE BEEN SPLIT INTO
MULTIPLE DIFFERENT DRIVE

 A section of the hard drive that is separate
segments from each others.

 Enables users to divide a physical disk into logical
sections

 Partition allow multiple operating systems to run on
the same device.

 Partition structure show how information is
structured on the partition such where the partition
begin and end and also the code that is used during
startup when it in bootable mode.

MBR-STYLE PARTITION 49

• Master boot record (MBR) disks use the standard BIOS partition
table

• Partitioning and boot data is stored in one place, a special boot
sector located at the beginning of a drive. This information includes
where partitions start and begin, so your operating system knows
which sectors belong to each partition and which partition is
bootable.

• MBR’s Limitations:

 Cannot handle disks with more than 2 TB of space

 Supports only up to 4 primary partitions

 If you want more, you have to create logical partitions inside it

 MBR had no way of knowing if its data was corrupted

GPT-STYLE PARTITION 50

 GUID partition table (GPT) disks use unified extensible
firmware interface (UEFI)

 GPT allows more than four partitions on each disk

 GPT supports disks larger than 2 TB. GPT not suffer
with MBR’s limit

 GPT is more robust and can recover if the data is corrupted.

 GPT also stores cyclic redundancy check (CRC), so that it
detects problem and attempts to recover the damaged data.