DFN30053 OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM E-BOOK

FILE SYSTEM TYPES (CONT.) 251

 iso9660 (ISO 9660 filesystem)
 A filesystem that used to access data stored on CDs and
DVDs.

 ntfs (New Technology File System)
 A Microsoft proprietary filesystem developed for its
Windows operating systems.

 vfat
 DOS FAT filesystem with long filename support.

 zfs (Zettabyte File System)
 A very high-performance filesystem and volume manager
originally created by Sun Microsystems that protects
against data corruption and has features that support
very large distributed storage systems.

FILE SYSTEM TYPES (CONT.) 252

 BtrFS (b-tree file system)

 Comes with advanced features such as automatic Defrag and
transparent compression.

 XFS

 Support for delayed allocation, dynamic inode allocated and
improved algorithms for read-ahead helps to achieve superior
performance, especially in large storage pools of size up to
hundreds of terabytes.

 F2FS (Flash-Friendly File System)

 Purpose by Samsung F2FS splits the carrier into smaller parts,
which in turn divide into even smaller parts

 JFS (Journaling File System)

 From IBM was one of the first file systems that support
journaling, which led to the reduction of the probability of data
loss.

JOURNALING FILE SYSTEMS 253

 A journaling is a file system that keeps track of changes not yet
committed to the actual storage area.

 Example: You are intent to delete a file. During deletion process,
the system crashes. Journal is used to retrieve the task (delete)
and finalized deletion from the disk.

 Journaling capabilities provides for fast and effective recovery in
case of disk crashes

 System just reads it journal files to restore the filesystem
 Example: ext3, ext4, reiserfs, …

FILE SYSTEM INFORMATION 254

 All devices are represented as special files on /dev directory
 These partitions (device name) start with the name of the
hard disk and append a number indicating the partition on
that hard disk, example: /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2
 The logical drives/partitions (MBR-style) starting with
number 5. example /dev/sda5

 To report filesystem disk space usage, but show only
mounted partitions & their filesystems, use the df command

 To show file space usage, use the du command

255

FILE
SYSTEM

MANAGE
PARTITIONING USING
CLI

PARTITIONING HARD DISKS 256

 Divide a hard disk into smaller sections called partitions
 The default graphical tool in Ubuntu is Disks
 To determine the path that your system has assigned to the new hard

drive:
sudo lshw -C disk

 To manage disk partitions (needs the root privilege), use the fdisk
command.
fdisk -l [devicename] command; list partition tables.

 To create partitions on the second hard disk:
 sudo fdisk /dev/sdb

257

MBR-STYLE PARTITION  Master boot record (MBR) disks use the standard BIOS
partition table

 Partitioning and boot data is stored in one place, a special
boot sector located at the beginning of a drive. This
information includes where partitions start and begin, so
your operating system knows which sectors belong to each
partition and which partition is bootable

 MBR’s Limitations:

 Cannot handle disks with more than 2 TB of space

 MBR also only supports up to four primary partitions

 Beyond four primary partitions, you have to make one of
the primary partition an “extended partition” and create
logical partitions inside it

 MBR had no way of knowing if its data was corrupted

GPT-STYLE PARTITION 258

 GUID partition table (GPT) disks use unified extensible
firmware interface (UEFI) .

 GPT allows more than four partitions on each disk.
 GPT supports for disks larger than 2 TB.
 It is more robust and can recover if the data is corrupted.
 It recover the damaged data from another location on the

disk.

259

FILE
SYSTEM

FORMATTING FILE
SYSTEM

FORMATTING FILESYSTEMS 260

 To create filesystem (need root privilege), use the mkfs
command

 To format the new partition as ext4 filesystem:
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
or
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

 To check and repair a filesystem (need root privilege), use
the fsck command. The partition must be unmounted before
executing fsck.

261

FILE
SYSTEM

MOUNTING

MOUNTING FILESYSTEMS 262

 Attach a filesystem on a partition to the main directory tree
 Make the data (on that filesystem) available
 Mount point is an empty directory where the filesystem is

attached
 List of mounted filesystems:

cat /etc/mtab
or

mount

MANUALLY MOUNTS THE FILESYSTEMS 263

 For manual mounting:
sudo mount [device_name] [mountpoint]
Example: sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /backup

 To unmount the filesystem from the main directory tree:
sudo umount [device_name]

Example: sudo umount /dev/sdb1
 To unmount the filesystem from the mount points:

sudo umount [mountpoint]
Example: sudo umount /backup

LINUX FILE HIERARCHY & MOUNTED 264
PARTITIONS
boot /dev/sda2

root directory boot Desktop home /dev/sda5
of entire usr Documents
filesystem home Downloads
etc
dev {username}
proc
/ / sbin
backup
/dev/sda1

mount points backu /dev/sdb1
p

AUTOMATIC MOUNT FILESYSTEMS AT 265
BOOT
 Using a text editor to edit /etc/fstab:
gksu gedit /etc/fstab
or, sudo nano /etc/fstab

 Add the following line to the end:
/dev/sdb1 /backup ext4 defaults 0 2

 Finally, save and quit from the text editor.
 To have the changes take effect:

sudo mount -a
or, reboot the computer

266

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under CC BY-NC

MANAGE PRINTER

267

MANAGE PRINTERS

268

CUPS

LINUX PRINTING SERVICE

PRINTERS ON UBUNTU 269

 Ubuntu supports printer sharing over networks.

 You can print from your Ubuntu machine, to another Ubuntu or
Windows machine that has a printer attached.

 Ubuntu uses the Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) to
handle printing.

 CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) as the basis for
managing print jobs and queues.

 Other protocol also supported (some with reduced
functionality):

• LPD, SMB, AppSocket, and etc.

PRINTERS ON UBUNTU 270
(cont)
 Ubuntu Printer administration tool: Printer Admin
 You can print a file from the command line, use:

lp [filename]
or, lpr [filename]

PRINTING COMMANDS 271

 BSD/LPD (Free BSD, Open BSD, Net BSD, Original Sun OS,
Mac OS X)
 lpr (print)
 lpq (display queue)
 lprm (remove jobs)

 System V (Solaris, SCO, HP-UX)
 lp (print)
 lpstat (display queue)
 cancel (remove jobs)

272

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MANAGE NETWORK
INTERFACE

273

TCP/IP

TCP/IP PROTOCOLS 274

 Internet Protocol (IP) is a connectionless protocol which deals with
network packet routing using the IP Datagram as the basic unit of
networking information. The IP Datagram consists of a header
followed by a message.

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) enables network hosts to
establish connections which may be used to exchange data stream.
TCP guarantees that the data between connections is delivered and
that is arrives at one network host in the same order as sent from
another network host.

275

TCP/IP

COMMAND-LINE UTILITIES

FINDING YOUR NETWORK INTERFACE 276

To know the network interface cards on your computer:
ls /sys/class/net
or
ip addr
or
ifconfig

sudo apt install net-tools

277

FINDING YOUR NETWORK INTERFACE

BRING UP/DOWN THE NETWORK 278
INTERFACE
To bring down (deactivated) the ethernet:
sudo ifconfig enp0s3 down
or, sudo ip link set enp0s3 down

( this your device)
To bring up (activated) the ethernet:
sudo ifconfig enp0s3 up
or, sudo ip link set enp0s3 up

You may need to disable the Network Manager service
(if applicable):
sudo /etc/init.d/NetworkManager stop

TEMPORARY IP ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT 279

To temporarily configure an IP address:
sudo ifconfig enp0s3 10.0.2.50 netmask 255.255.255.0
or
sudo ip addr add 10.0.2.50/24 dev enp0s3

To configure a default gateway:
sudo route add default gw 10.0.2.1 enp0s3 or
sudo ip route add default via 10.0.2.1

AUTOMATIC IP ADDRESS 280

To bring your enp0s3 up by using DHCP (DHCP server is
available):
sudo ifconfig enp0s3 down
sudo dhclient enp0s3
or
sudo ifconfig enp0s3 down
sudo ifconfig enp0s3 up
or
sudo ip link set dev enp0s3 down
sudo ip link set dev enp0s3 up

STATIC IP ADDRESS 281

 Edit the /etc/network/interfaces file using nano text editor:
sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces

 Changes/appends the following statements:
auto enp0s3
iface enp0s3 inet static
address 10.0.2.220
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 10.0.2.0
broadcast 10.0.2.255
gateway 10.0.2.2
dns-nameservers 10.0.2.1 8.8.8.8

STATIC IP ADDRESS (CONT.) 282

 Save the changes and quit from the text editor
 To take effect you need to restart your networking

services:
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
or, reboot your machine

CHANGING HOSTNAME 283

 Edit/change the /etc/hostname file using nano
text editor:
sudo nano /etc/hostname

 Save the changes and quit from the text editor,
then reboot your machine

STATIC LOOKUP 284

 To resolve a hostname with IP address (static lookup)

 Edit/change the /etc/hosts file using nano text editor:
sudo nano /etc/hosts

 Add IP address and hostname or FQDN (Fully Qualified
Domain Name)
10.0.2.3 ftpserver

 Save the changes and quit from the text editor, then
reboot your machine

SETTING UP DNS 285

 To cause your machine to consult with a particular server for
name lookups you simply add their addresses to /etc/resolv.conf

 To set a machine which should perform lookups from the DNS
server at IP address 10.0.2.3:
sudo nano /etc/resolv.conf

 Add the following details:
nameserver 10.0.2.3

 Save the changes and quit from the text editor, then reboot your
machine

286

TCP/IP

GRAPHICAL UTILITIES

NETWORK INTERFACE SETTINGS 287

NETWORK INTERFACE SETTINGS

288

289

REMOTE
ACCESS

SSH, VNC AND OTHERS

REMOTE SERVICES 290

 Secure Shell (SSH), also known as Secure Socket Shell, is a
network protocol that provides administrators with a secure way
to access a remote computer.
OpenSSH is a freely available version of the SSH

 Telnet is a network protocol that allows a user on one computer
to log onto another computer

 Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is a graphical desktop sharing
system that uses the Remote Frame Buffer protocol (RFB) to
remotely control another computer

INSTALL AND USE SSH 291

 To install the OpenSSH client, use this command at a terminal
prompt:
sudo apt install openssh-client

 To install the OpenSSH server, use this command at a terminal
prompt:
sudo apt install openssh-server

 To remote login to another machine on your network:
ssh [username]@[ip_address]

USING VNC 292

Remmina is an example of remote desktop client that
supports multiple protocols. RDP, VNC, SPICE, NX, XDMCP,
SSH and EXEC are supported. Remmina is free and open-
source software.
Run Remmina Remote Desktop Client

Using VNC (cont.)

293

294

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TRIES SOFTWARE
MANAGEMENT IN LINUX
SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

295

SOFTWARE
MANAGEMENT IN
LINUX SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT

PACKAGE MANAGER

PACKAGE MANAGER 296

 Package Manager is a software system that install, remove,
upgrade, configure and manage software on operating system.

 The package manager can be a graphical application software
center or a command line tool like apt-get or pacman.

PACKAGE MANAGER 297

 The most widely supported package manager:
Debian Package Management System (dpkg)
Red Hat Package Manager (rpm)
Pacman Package Manager - Arch Linux
Zypper Package Manager - openSUSE
Portage Package Manager -Gentoo

USING DEBIAN PACKAGE MANAGEMENT 298
SYSTEM
 Dpkg is base package management system for the Debian
Linux family and used by default on Linux distributions that
are based on the Debian Linux distribution.

 such as Ubuntu, Mint, etc.

 Dpkg packages use the .deb extension and are installed and
maintained.

 Useful command line package for dpkg package:
 APT (Advance Packaging Tool)
 Aptitude Package Manager
 Synaptic Package Manager

RED HAT PACKAGE MANAGER 299

 RPM is the most widely used on many Linux distributions,
• e.g. RHEL, Fedora, SUSE, openSUSE, etc.

 RPM packages use the .rpm extension and are installed and
maintained by the rpm command

 Useful command line package for rpm package:
 YUM (Yellowdog Updtaer, Modified)
 DNF – Dandified Yum

300

RPM vs. dpkg

RPM vs. dpkg  Installing/ updating

RPM DPKG DESCRIPTION
rpm -i [file.rpm] dpkg -i [file.deb]
rpm -U [file.rpm] dpkg -i [file.deb] Install package from a
file

Update package from
a file

 Remove

RPM DPKG DESCRIPTION
rpm -e [package]
dpkg -r [package] Remove an installed
package