Grammar- 9

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Look at the following table.
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present (v /vs) go, goes past ( v ) went
1
2
Is, am , are + ing was/ were +ing
Is/are/am reading was/were/ reading
Have/has + v 3 had + v 3
Has/have written had written
Has/have been +ing had been + ing
Has/have been asking had been asking
Past( v ) found past perfect ( had + v ) had found
2
3
Was/were +ing had been + ing
Was/were running had been running
Will,can, may,etc. would, could, might ,etc
Will/can/may/shall run would/could/might/should run

Remember: Tense is changed only when the reporting verb is in the past tense.

→ The third person (he, she, they, her, etc) remain unchanged. The other persons are
changed considering who the speaker or listener is.

→ While changing adverbials, follow the table below.
Direct Indirect

now then
today that day
tomorrow the following day
yesterday the day before
last night/ month the previous night/month
next morning/month the following morning/month
here/hence there/thence

While reporting commands Remember:
→ use told, ordered, advised, asked + object
→ use ‘to’, to introduce the positive command and ‘not to’ to introduce negative
commands.
You can use forbade instead of told for negative commands. In such case use only
‘to’, to introduce the given command.




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1. Sub + make/makes/made
have/has/had agent infinitive
2. Sub + get/gets/got agent to infinitive
3. Sub + have/has/had object past participle(v )
3
get/gets/got


















































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Type Condition If clause Main clause
Universal Truth/ 1 5 Simple present
5
1
0 Scientific facts Simple present (S+v /v +obj.) (S+v /v +obj.)
If you cool water,
(automatic reaction) it changes into ice.
S+shall/will/may/can/must+v 1
Simple present
1 Cause/s and effects (S+v /v +obj.) you will go.
5
1
Imperative sentence
If she comes,
please tell her to see me.
Imaginary but Simple past (S+v +obj.) S+would/could/should/night+v
2
1
2
possible If I were tiger, I would not eat flesh.
S+would/should/would/
Part perfect (S+had+v +obj.)
3
3 Impossible could+have+v 3
It you had got a car,
you could have driven it.










































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Present Tense

Tense Structure Time adverbials
simple present v /v 5 every/usually/always/often/sometimes/occasionally
1
present continuous am/is/are+ ing now/at present/still/at the moment
present perfect have/has+v 3 already/recently/today/yet
present perfect continuous have/has+been+v 4 for + period of time/since +point of time
Past Tense

Tense Structure Time adverbials
simple past v 2 yesterday/ago/last …./ in the past
past continuous was/were + ing all day yesterday/ all last night, etc.
past perfect had +v 3 action completed before a certain moment
past perfect continuous had been + ing action began and continued upto that time
Future Tense

Tense Structure Time adverbials
simple future will/shall+v 1 tomorrow/soon / next …./ tonight
future continuous will/shall+ be + ing action going in the future
future perfect will/shall+ have + v 3 completion of action by a certain future
future perfect continuous will/shall+ have been+ ing by time + for period/point of time

































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