!* j0f{ljGof;
zAbdf /xg] j0f{x¿nfO{ 7Ls;“u ldnfP/ /fVg'nfO{ j0f{ljGof; elgG5 . zAbdf
k|of]u ePsf cIf/x¿df ljleGg dfqf hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . o:tf dfqfnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf
k|of]u ug{'nfO{ g} j0f{ljGof; elgG5 . j0f{ljGof;cGtu{t x|:j bL3{, a / j sf]
k|of]u, z, if, ; sf] k|of]u, o / P sf] k|of]u /\ pRrf/0f x'g] ljleGg dfqfsf] k|of]u
xnGt / chGtsf] k|of]u tyf rGb|ljGb' / lz/ljGb'sf] k|of]u, n]Vo lrÅgx¿sf]
k|of]u cflb k5{g\ .
x|:j / bL3{sf] k|of]u M
x|:j Osf/ / psf/ nfu]sf zAbx¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M
;'?df lkª lh/fkm l6g lzj lunf; lxdfn ls;fg gflt ls/0f Ogfd
x|:j psfnf] pv' s'df/ r'/f 5'/f s'gf d'gf pQ/ piff a'l4
aLrdf ulx/f] klx/f] aflx/ dflg; kl;gf el/of ul/a ;flns x“l;of xl/of]
x|:j af“;'/L s5'jf cb'jf dfs'/f] as'Nnf] v's'/L u?8 cu'N6f] uh'/ 9's'/
cGTodf k|s[lt k5fl8 cufl8 s[lif zflGt ;f/ly slj lglDt efO cl:t
x|:j h]7fh' lkF8fn' bfh' cfn' df;' cf“;' aVv' wg' afa' l3p
of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕
efn] gfd jf k'lnª\u a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] Osf/ tyf psf/ x|:j n]lvG5 .
bfO, efO, klt, HjfO“, legfh', bfh', h]7fh', gflt, k'mkfh', kgflt
Hofg gePsf j:t' a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] psf/ x|:j n]lvG5 .
df;', cf“;', l3p, 8f8', t/fh', cfn', pv'
cJoo a'¹fpg] zAb cGTodf x|:j n]lvG5 .
d'lg, dfly, cufl8, k5fl8, cl3, kl§, b]lv
;j{gfdaf6 ag]sf zAbsf] cGTosf] lt x|:j n]lvG5 .
slt, olt, plt, hlt
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 101
bL3{ O{sf/ nfu]sf zAbx¿ cfjfh lgsfn]/ k9 M
;'?df O{Zj/ O{iof{ O{z O{v zLtn zLt u|Lid tLy{ jL/ k"j{
bL3{ pmg p“m6 pmhf{ ;"o{ d"lt{ e"t e"ldsf e"sDk d"No e"ld
aLrdf k/LIff pQL0f{ k|frLg z/L/ gjLg ;ª\uLt t[tLo cfTdLo s]Gb|Lo ctLt
bL3{ :juL{o ;hLj k|tLs ck"0f{ ;Dk"0f{ hfpmg\ k9"g\ ;d"x lqz"n n]v"g\
cGTodf sfutL v;L hf]uL xfQL kfgL ;fyL af/L xfdL sfsL 5f]/L
bL3{ e}“;L kfyL ;Q/L 8sdL{ efph" dfOh" ;f;" cfk"m k'mk" ef/L
of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕
kf]yL gfd jf :qLlnª\u a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] O{sf/ tyf pmsf/ bL3{
n]lvG5 .
>LdtL :jf:gL s'df/L gfgL a"9L alxgL
a'xf/L r]nL a]x'nL sfG5L ;fgL sfnL
ylkgL 5f]/L tfdfª\gL dfOnL ufO{ sfsL
Hofg gePsf j:t' a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] O{sf/ bL3{ n]lvG5 .
8fnL yfnL kfnL ef/L s';L{ 6f]kL
d;L kfgL sfkL dbfgL 7]sL l9sL
ljz]if0f zAbsf] cGTosf] O{sf/ bL3{ n]lvG5 .
cN5L 1fgL af7L xf]rL wgL hftL
;'Gb/L /fd|L sfnL kftnL 7"nL ;fgL
k];f a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] O{sf/ bL3{ n]lvG5 .
l;kfxL 8sdL{ xnL k'hf/L
gf]s/L Jofkf/L v]tL df:6/L
102 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
of] klg ofb /fv x} ∕
;j{gfd a'¹fpg] zAbsf] clGtdsf] cIf/ bL3{ n]lvG5 M
xfdL pgL ltgL pm
logL sf]xL cfk"m oL
hft jf y/ a'¹fpg] zAbsf] cGTosf] O{sf/ pmsf/ bL3{ n]lvG5 .
If]qL pk|]tL d}gfnL ;fsL{ sfsL{
wf]aL sfdL hf]zL clwsf/L k/fh'nL
a / j sf] k|of]u
‘a’ sf] k|of]u
as'Nnf] a/fn alnof] abdf; abgfd a'af ca]/ ;a}
aQL lan la; a]n a]F;L a]sDdf rf}aGbL lahf]/
a];/L a]gL axfb'/ ca afnL afF;'/L lahft anzfnL
‘j’ sf] k|of]u x'g] s]xL zAbx¿
jg hLjg jf0f jf0fL jfSo jlsn ljb]z
jhg ljrf/ ljif j;Gt kfn'jf sf}jf ljdfg
O{Zj/ zj jnL jtg ljsf; jftfj/0f ljr/0f
hgfj/ b]jtf b]j kj{ 1jfnL j:t' ljof]u
z, if, ; sf] k|of]u
‘z’ sf] k|of]u x'g] s]xL zAbx¿
b]z ljb]z z]if ;'/]z oz ljz]if z'4 z'e lzlz/ lzv/
zf]ef lzv/ cz'e z'e]R5f z/0f lzj zª\s/ zDe' z"n lzIfs
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 103
‘if’ sf] k|of]u x'g] s]xL zAbx¿ M
z]if cz]if cjz]if if6\sf]0f ljz]if Zn]if ljZn]if0f lzio cfiff9 k'ik
:ki6 b[li6 ifi7 jfik ljz]if0f 3f]if0ff zf]if0f efif0f ;ª\3if{ iff]8z
‘;’ sf] k|of]u x'g] s]xL zAbx¿ M
;Ddfg ;Hhg ;/sf/ ;kmn ;Tsfo{ ;b\efjgf ;+jfb :jfy{ :jo+j/ ;'dfu{
;nfd ;lxb ;l/tf ;x/ d';'Ss ;"rgf ;'tL{ ;do ;lD¹g' ;+;f/
‘o’ sf] k|of]u x'g] s]xL zAbx¿ M
;+od lgod cWoog jfSo lj|mof ho ljho oxfF ToxfF o;f]
To;f] cfof} lbof} el/of ;hfo of] Tof] olt Tolt ufoa
‘P’ sf] k|of]u x'g] s]xL zAbx¿ M
cfP uP uP/ cfP/ Pp6f Pstf P]gf P]g cfP5 uP5
kfPsf] lnPsf] ePF lnPF Ps P3f/ PSsfO{; PDa'n]G; Psn Pe/]:6
rGb|ljGb' k|of]u ePsf s]xL zAbx¿ M
?lkofF plkofF ufpF 7fpF 8fF8f rfFbgL rFb'jf wlgofF eF};L u}F8f
afFs] h'Fuf xfF; cfF6L cfFr cfFvf cfF;' cfFwL ¹}F 3fF;
lz/ljGb' k|of]u ePsf s]xL zAbx¿ M
;+;f/ ;+od ;+of]u ;+:sf/ ;+:s[t c+z j+z s+z x+; b+z
k|z+;f ;f+:s[lts ;+ljwfg ;+oldt ;+jfb ;+nfk ;+zo c+z' l;+x ;+/rgf
n]Vo lrÅg
s'g} s'/f n]Vbf eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ ljleGg lrÅgx¿sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 . n]vfOdf k|of]u x'g] o:tf lrÅgx¿nfO{ n]Vo lrÅg elgG5 .
104 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
< . , ¤ æ Æ
k|Zg lrÅg k"0f{lj/fd cNklj/fd pb\uf/ lrÅg p4/0f lrÅg
ltdL lxhf] :s'n lsg cfPgf} < ltdL sfkL, snd / lstfa af]s .
cf]xf] ¤ slt /fd|f] k"mn NofP5f} . p;n] eGof], æd ef]ln cfpGg .Æ
k"0f{lj/fd M jfSo k"/f ePsf] a'�fpg k|of]u ul/g] -._ lrÅgnfO{
k"0f{lj/fd elgG5 . of] lrÅg jfSo k"/f ePkl5 jfSosf] cGTodf
nufOG5 . k"0f{ lj/fdn] sfd k"/f ePsf] a'�fp“5 . tnsf jfSox¿ Wofg lbP/ x]/ M
a'af sfddf hfg'x'G5 . ltdLx¿ 3/ hfg] 5f} .
lxhf] a]:;/L kfgL k¥of] . pgLx¿ ahf/ uPsf 5g\ .
cNklj/fd M Ps}yl/sf zAb tyf zAb ;d"x cfp“bf cNklj/fd -,_ lrÅgsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 . cNklj/fdn] 5f]6f] lj>fdnfO{ a'�fp“5 . tnsf jfSodf cNklj/fdsf]
k|of]u s;/L ePsf] 5 x]/ M
d}n] :ofp, ;'Gtnf, s]/f tyf cª\u'/ vfP“ .
pgL g]kfnL,cª\u|]hL, g]jf/L, lxGbL / pb"{ af]N5g\ .
k|Zg lrÅg M k|Zg u/]sf] a'�fpg k|of]u ul/g] -<_ lrÅgnfO{ k|Zg lrÅg elgG5 .
s'g} s'/fsf] lh1f;f /fVg jf pQ/ hfGg k|Zg ul/G5 / k|Zg ul/Psf] a'�fpg k|Zg
lrÅgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . tnsf jfSodf k|Zg lrÅgsf] k|of]u s;/L ePsf] 5, x]/ M
ltdLnfO{ ahf/af6 s] NofOlbp“m < leq sf] sf] 5g\ <
;fljqLn] s]xL vfO{ ls vfOg < t}“n] s] vfO;\ <
pb\uf/ lrÅg M v';L, cfZro{, 3[0ff h:tf dfG5]sf] dgdf pAhg] efjx¿
a'�fpg k|of]u ul/g] -¤_ lrÅg pb\uf/ lrÅg xf] . o:tf] lrÅg lj:doflbaf]ws
zAb k|of]u ePsf jfSodf /flvG5 . tnsf jfSodf pb\uf/ lrÅgsf] k|of]u x]/ M
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 105
s7} ¤ p;sf a'af t laTg'eP5 . cf]xf] ¤ ;lntf t k|yd eO5] .
cfTyf ¤ s:tf] kf]Nof] . cfR5' ¤ slt lr;f] kfgL .
p4/0f lrÅg M s;}n] eg]sf] s'/f h:tfsf] To:t} atfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]
-æ Æ_ lrÅgnfO{ p4/0f lrÅg elgG5 . p4/0f lrÅgn] egfOnfO{ ;f]�} h:tfsf] t:t}
/flvPsf] a'�fp“5 . tnsf jfSodf p4/0f lrÅg k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . Wofg lbP/ x]/ M
;dL/n] /lagnfO{ eGof], æt“ w]/} abdf; 5;\ .Æ
p;n] eGof], æd 3/ hfGgF .Æ
cEof;
!= tnsf] afs;af6 cz'4 zAbx¿nfO{ z'4 agfP/ vfnL 7fpFdf n]v M
kflg bofn" dfnLs ltld ufO sf]l;
efO{ bLlb alxlg pmlg t/fh" dfO{h'
Psfl; k"tnL sfult lhag ;f;' xfld
cfkm' sflG5 bfh" d}gfln wf]lj a'l9
106 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
@= tnsf dWo] z'4 zAbdf -µ_ /]hf lrÅg nufpm M
jLxfg laxfg ljxfg
jLZj laZj ljZj
;+:sf/ ;:sf/ z+:sf/
jLBfyL{ ljBfyL{ laWofyL{
k/ls|lt k/sLlt{ k|s[lt
;Djfb ;+jfb z+jfb
#= ;'?sf] cIf/ x|:j x'g] ^ j6f zAb n]v M
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
$= cGTosf] cIf/ x|:j x'g] ^ j6f zAb n]v M
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
%= ;'?df bL3{ x'g] ^ j6f zAb n]v M
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
^= aLrdf bL3{ x'g] ^ j6f zAb n]v M
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 107
&= rGb|ljGb' nfu]sf ^ j6f zAbx¿ n]v M
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
*= lz/ljGb' nfu]sf ^ j6f zAbx¿ n]v M
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
(= tnsf dWo] s'gs'g zAbdf rGb|ljGb' / s'gs'g zAbdf lz/ljGb'sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
=============== =============== ===============
ufp kfr ;:sf/
=============== =============== ===============
rfbgL sz xf;
=============== =============== ===============
cfvf ;jfb ;jfb
!)= ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] k|of]u ePsf ^÷^ j6f zAb n]v M
‘a’ k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿ M
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
‘j’ sf] k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿ M
===================== ===================== =====================
===================== ===================== =====================
!!= tnsf jfSox¿ z'4 agfP/ n]v M
s= bLbL jlxgL ldn]/ j;]sf 5g\ .
=================================================================================
v= dnfO cfÇgf] b];sf] dfof nfU5 .
=================================================================================
108 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
u= ljxfg} k'j{ lb;fdf 3fd ¹'lNsG5 .
=================================================================================
3= jgaf6 jf3 jfxL/ lgl:sof] .
=================================================================================
ª= efO{n] dL7f] dfg]/ cfk vfof] .
=================================================================================
!@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
< p4/0f lrÅg
. cNklj/fd
, pb\uf/ lrÅg
¤ k|Zg lrÅg
æ Æ k"0f{lj/fd
!#= tnsf jfSox¿df cfjZos lrÅgx¿ nufP/ km]l/ n]v M
s= ;'of]u uf]kfn zfGtf / cl:dtf :joDe" 3'Dg uP
=================================================================================
v= cfxf ;'Gtnf t Sof dL7f] /x]5
=================================================================================
u= d b]zeQm aGg rfxG5'
=================================================================================
3= cfdfn] eGg'eof] afa' c;n aGg'k5{
=================================================================================
ª= ef/tsf] /fhwfgL sxfF k5{
=================================================================================
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 109
!( zAbe08f/
ljk/LtfyL{ zAb M l;ª\uf] zAb ÷ ;f/ zAb
kof{ojfrL zAb >'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAb
n3'tfjfrL zAb
pvfg 6'Ssf
ljk/LtfyL{ zAb M
pN6f] jf ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ ljk/Ltfy{s zAb elgG5 .
tnsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAbx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 M
c;n – v/fa bfofF – afofF d"v{ – ljåfg\
pbo – c:t cfut – ljut ;'ne – b'n{e
;'ud – b'u{d ;'sd{ – s'sd{ cfsif{0f – ljsif{0f
Ps – cg]s ;Hhg – b'h{g o'4 – zflGt
hLjg – d/0f lz/ – kfp :jtGq – k/tGq
rnfv – a'4" cfsfz – kftfn z'e – cz'e
;'k'q – s'k'q 3fd – 5fof cfuf] – kfgL
ljho – k/fho psfnf] – cf]/fnf] dfgj – bfgj
sfnf] – uf]/f] alnof] – b'Anf] ldng – lj5f]8
r]t – cr]t k"0f{ – ck"0f{ km]b – 6'Kkf]
;fF¹ – laxfg wgL – ul/a :ju{ – gs{
cd[t – ljif gfkmf – gf]S;fg k'0o – kfk
110 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
pQ/ – blIf0f ;kgf – lakgf cfF;' – xfF;f]
dfof – 3[0ff aGwg – 5'6sf/f /f]uL – lg/f]uL
kfl/ – jfl/ cfkmGt – k/fO{ cfzf – lg/fzf
ljZjf; – cljZjf; b'MvL – ;'vL ;'dfu{ – s'dfu{
d]n – a]d]n ;xl/of – ufpFn] b'Mv – ;'v
n]s – a]F;L ;dy{g – lj/f]w lzIff – clzIff
;an – b'a{n 1fg – c1fg cfo – Joo
gf/L – k'?if lglZrt – clglZrt zfGt – czfGt
kof{ojfrL zAb
3/ – cfjf;, u[x cfsfz – uug, ge
bof – dfof, s?0ff rGb|df – OGb', h"g
b]jtf – eujfg\, O{Zj/ cd[t – ;'wf, kLo"if
l/; – j|mf]w pkxf/ – sf];]nL, ;f}uft
cfFvf – gog, g]q ul/a – bl/b|
v'§f – kfp, uf]8f ;+;f/ – hut\
9'ª\uf] – kTy/, lznf l;kfn' – bIf
glhs – ;dLk z/L/ – b]x,sfo
klt – nf]Ug], >Ldfg\ kTgL – :jf:gL, >LdtL
/fhf – ;d|f6\, e"klt ¹u8f – snx
;x/ – gu/ 8/ – qf;, eo
gjLg – gofF kf]v/L – tfn, bx
cfdf – dftf, hggL lktf – afaf, af
k"mn – k'ik an – zlQm
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 111
jg – hª\un ¿v – j[If
;fyL – ldq n8fOF – o'4
;"o{ – 3fd /flq – /ft
aRrf] – afns xft – x:t, s/
xfjf – kjg, jfo' 5'6sf/f – d'lQm
yf]/} – Go"g o'js – tGg]/L
wg – ;DklQ rfxgf – OR5f
kxf8 – z}n, kj{t dfG5] – dfgj, g/
af6f] – ky cgfy – 6'x'/f]
l;ª\uf] zAb ÷ ;f/ zAb
w]/} zAbn] lbg] cy{ Pp6} zAbn] lbG5 eg] To:tf] zAbnfO{ ;f/ zAb elgG5 .
slxNo} gdg]{ → cd/
df;' sf6\g k|of]u ul/g] sf7 → crfgf]
eg]sf] dfGg] → cf1fsf/L
eg]sf] gdfGg] → c6]/L
hfGg] OR5f ug]{ → lh1f;'
cfdfafa' d/]sf] → 6'x'/f]
;lhn} kfpg g;lsg] → b'n{e
;a} s'/f hfGg] → ;j{1
kl/>d u/]/ afFRg] → kl/>dL
;w}F afFlr/xg] → lr/~hLjL
cfsfz / k[YjL hf]l8Psf] h:tf] b]lvg] 7fpF → lIflth
;'sfpgsf nflu lkmFhfOPsf] cGg → la:s'g
112 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
kf/ kfOg;Sg] → ckf/
k'?ifn] nufpg] 5f]6f] wf]tL → s5f8
yfxf gePsf] → c1ft
k'Ug'kg]{ 7fpF → uGtJo
cfFvf gb]Vg] → cGwf]
Pp6f cfFvf] gb]Vg] → sfgf]
;fukft dfq vfg] → zfsfxf/L
df;' dfq vfg] → df+;fxf/L
b]zsf nflu dg]{ JolQm → ;lxb
o; ;+;f/df kfOg] → nf}lss
o; ;+;f/df gkfOg] → cnf}lss
slxNo} gfz gx'g] → cljgfzL
rf/}lt/ kxf8n] 3]/]sf] ;Dd hldg → pkTosf
tTsfn sljtf n]Vg ;Sg] slj → cfz'slj
s;};Fu t'ngf ug{ g;lsg] → cg'kd
t/af/ /fVg] vf]n → Dofg
v's'/L /fVg] vf]n → bfk
l3p l¹Sg] ;fgf] 8f8' → y'kL{
>'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAb
hflt – -hft_– g]kfndf ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x¿ a:5g\ .
hftL – -c;n_– dx]z lgs} hftL s]6f] xf] .
lbg – -rf}la; 306fsf] ;do_– d x/]s lbg ldlxg]t u/]/ k9\5' .
bLg – -b'MvL_– bLgx¿sf] ;]jfdf h'6\g' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] .
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 113
vfnL – -l/Qf]_– ;a} kfgL kf]lvPkl5 ufu|L vfnL eof] .
vfln – -dfq _– xfdLn] vfln grflxg] sfd ug'{x'Fb}g .
jf; – -a:g] 7fpF_– dflg;x¿ jf; a:g ;fF¹df 3/ kmls{G5g\ .
afF; – -Ps k|sf/sf] ¿v_– afF;sf] rf]ofaf6 8f]sf] agfOG5 .
;Ltf – -hfgsL_– ;Ltf /fhf hgssL 5f]/L x'g\ .
l;tf – -eftsf] ;fgf] c+z_– vfgf vfFbf e'OFdf l;tf v;fNg'xF'b}g .
uj{ – -3dG8_– d g]kfnL ePsf]df uj{ u5'{ .
ue{ – -k]6_– cfdfsf] ue{af6 ;Gtfg hGdG5g\ .
vfs – -v/fgL_– bfp/f afn]sf] r'nf]af6 vfs p8\of] .
vfu – -u}F8fsf] l;ª_– u}F8fsf] vfu w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
l;t – -;Fu_– d ;a}l;t dL7f] af]N5' .
zLt – -kfgLsf] yf]kf_– laxfg k"mnsf kftel/ zLt k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
km]l/ – -csf]{kN6_– xfdL km]l/ klg dgsfdgf 3'Dg hfFb} 5f}F .
km]/L – -km]g]{ sfd u/L_– ;'dgn] sk8f km]/L / ljBfno uO{ .
kl§ – -lt/_– 7"nf] bfh'n] k"j{kl§ kmsf{P/ 3/ agfP5g\ .
k§L – -afFWg] sk8f_– ;fyL n8]/ ulx/f] rf]6 nfu]kl5 xfdLn] k§L afFWof}F .
6f6f] – -bfu_– w]/} kmf]xf]/ v]n]df n'ufdf 6f6f] a:5 .
tftf] – -u/d_– d laxfg p7]kl5 tftf] b"w lkpF5' .
tfn – -kf]v/L_– tfndf w]/} df5f e]l6P .
6fn – -6fNg] sfd_– ltdL leQfsf] KjfnnfO{ 6fn .
vf6 – -;'Tg] ;fwg_– efO vf6df d:t;Fu lgbfP5 .
vft – -y'k|f]_– k;n]n] vftdfly vft ldnfP/ sk8f /fVof] .
n3'tfjfrL zAb
zAbsf] k5fl8 ‘O{’ hf]8]/ n3'tfjfrL agfpg ;lsG5 .
114 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
nf}/f] – nf}/L y}nf] – y}nL r/f] – r/L
u]8f] – u]8L r'nf] – r'nL lha|f] – lha|L
lrD6f – lrD6L 6Lsf – l6sL k6'sf – k6'sL
ufu|f] – ufu|L
zAbsf k5fl8 Osf hf]8]/ n3'tfjfrL agfpg ;lsG5 .
kq – klqsf xf6 – xl6of
gf6s – gfl6sf vf6 – vl6of
cGo s]xL k|rlnt n3'tfjfrL zAbx¿
b"w – l;sf]{ crf/ – lkTsf] eft – l;tf]
3fd – ¹'Nsf] bfp/f – rf]O6f] n;'g – kf]6L
g'g – l9sf] ;'kf/L – s'8\sf] s]/f – sf];f]
sfFj|mf] – lr/f] km;L{ – s}F8f] df6f] – 8Nnf]
skfn – /fF} rfdn – u]8f] t]n – yf]kf]
kfgL – l56f] lrof – ;'sf]{ cfFk – bfgf]
pv' – nfFj|mf] t?n – 7'Gsf] ;'Gtnf – s];|f]
pvfg
tnsf pvfg k9 / a'¹ M
hlt hf]uL cfP klg sfg} lr/]sf -;a} sfd glbg] dfq_ M 3/df h'g;'s} sfdbf/ /fv]
klg ltgLdWo] s'g}n] klg /fd|f] sfd u/]gg\ To;}n] xh'/afn] hlt hf]uL cfP klg sfg}
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 115
lr/]sf eGb} k5'tf] dfGg'eof] .
d'vdf /fd/fd aunLdf 5'/f -aflx/ l7Ss kfg]{ t/ leqleq v/fa sfd ug]{_ M s;}n]
klg d'vdf /fd/fd aunLdf 5'/f eg]¹}F Jojxf/ ug'{x'Fb}g .
3fF6L x]/L xf8 lgNg' -cfÇgf] Ifdtfcg';f/ sfd ug'{_ M xfdLn] ;fg}b]lv 3fF6L x]/L
xf8 lgNg] afgL a;fNg'k5{ .
9'ª\uf vf]Hbf b]ptf ldNg' -;fdfGo s'/f vf]Hbf d'Vo s'/f e]6\g'_ M Jofs/0fsf] pQ/
ghfg]/ x}/fg ePsf] j]nf k|lg;fn] g]kfnL u'?nfO{ e]§fpFbf p;nfO{ 9'ª\uf vf]Hbf
b]ptf ldn]¹}F eof] .
6'Ssf
tnsf 6'Ssfx¿ k9 / a'¹ M
gfs sf6\g' -OHht kmfNg'_ M j[hnfnn] rf]/L u/]/ kl/jf/sf] gfs sf6\of] .
cfn' vfg' -c;kmn x'g'_ M ;w}F k9\g cN5L ug]{ l;of/fdn] k/LIffdf cfn' vfP5 .
d'v 5f8\g' -ufnL ug'{_ M xfdLn] s;}nfO{ klg hyfefaL d'v 5f8\g'x'Fb}g .
dfof dfg'{ -la;{g'_ M ;f}uftn] ljb]z uPkl5 :jb]znfO{ r6Ss dfof df/]5 .
tf]/Lsf] k"mn b]Vg' -/Gylgg'_ M ufpFn]x¿ ;a} ldn]/ rf]/nfO{ tf]/Lsf] k"mn b]Vg] u/L
lk6] .
116 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
cEof;
!_ tnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v M
===================== =====================
d"v{ – alnof] –
===================== =====================
ldng – km]b –
===================== =====================
cfsfz – lz/ –
===================== =====================
hLjg – dxfg\ –
===================== =====================
cd[t – 3fd –
@_ tnsf zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb n]v M
===================== =====================
k'ik – bl/b| –
===================== =====================
dfgj – hut\ –
===================== =====================
klt – gog –
===================== =====================
;"o{ – ky –
===================== =====================
uug – gjLg –
#_ ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M
;fF¹ zflGt
ljho cz'e
o'4 laxfg
z'e k/fho
ldng s'af6f]
;'af6f] lj5f]8
1fg k'?if
gf/L c1fg
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 117
$_ tnsf dWo] kof{ojfrL zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M
tn – dfly lxhf] – cfh gj – gofF
dn – hn k'ik – k"mn ky – s'ky
snx – sn ;'ljwf – c;'ljwf b]x – z/L/
o'4 – n8fOF :yfg – dfg cgfy – gfy
;d|f6\ – vf6 o'js – tGg]/L x:t – d:t
%_ kof{ojfrL zAbsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M
tfn sf];]nL
OR5f 5'6sf/f
;f}uft /ft
d'lQm ¿v
/flq kf]v/L
j[If rfxgf
;dLk 9'ª\uf
kTy/ l/;
j|mf]w glhs
^_ sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf ldNbf] ;f/ zAb 5fg]/ n]v M
=================
s_ ‘tTsfn sljtf n]Vg ;Sg] slj’ nfO{ elgG5 .
-cfF;'slj, cfz'slj, o'uslj_
=================
v_ ‘slxNo} gfz gx'g]’ nfO{ elgG5 .
-ljgfzL, Ifl0fs, cljgfzL_
=================
u_ ‘t/af/ /fVg] vf]n’ nfO{ elgG5 . -Dofg, bfk, rfk_
118 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
===============
3_ ‘bz jif{sf] ;do’ nfO{ elgG5 . -ztfAbL, Ifl0fs, bzs_
=================
ª_ ‘l3p /fVg] ;fgf] 8f8'’ nfO{ elgG5 . -5'kL{, y'kL{, v'kL{_
&_ sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf ldNbf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb e/ M
=================
s_ ‘z'e’ sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb xf] . -w"k, v'a, cz'e_
=================
v_ ‘;'ne’ sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb xf] . -b'n{e, en, b'u{d_
=================
u_ ‘;Hhg’ sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb xf] . -dxfhg, hg, b'h{g_
=================
3_ ‘n]s’ sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb xf] . -kxf8, a]F;L, a];L_
=================
ª_ ‘cfkmGt’ sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb xf] . -cfÇgf], k/fO{, cGt_
*_ tnsf dWo] ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] hf]8L zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M
cfF;' – xfF;f] dfbn – afbn sfn – vfn
cfkmGt – cfÇgf] bfg – blIf0ff ;xl/of – ufpFn]
e"ld – hldg jfl/ – kfl/ d'lQm – 5'6sf/f
lg/f]uL – /f]uL hf]uL – ;Gt dfg – ;Ddfg
b'Mv – cfkt\ ;+;f/ – ljZj afn – j[4
(_ sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf ldNbf] n3'tfjfrL zAb e/ M
=================
s_ ‘s]/f’ sf] n3'tfjfrL zAb xf] . -vfk, 3/L, sf];f]_
=================
v_ ‘t?n’ sf] n3'tfjfrL zAb xf] . -7'Gsf], ¹]nL, a]nL_
=================
u_ ‘skfn’ sf] n3'tfjfrL zAb xf] . -s];, /f}F, hf}_
===============
3_ ‘bfp/f’ sf] n3'tfjfrL zAb xf] . -vlnof], rf]O6f], l¹j|mf]_
=================
ª_ ‘km;L{’ sf] n3'tfjfrL zAb xf] . -8Nnf], u]8f], s}F8f]_
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 119
!)_ sf]i7saf6 vfnL 7fpFdf ldNbf] kof{ojfrL zAb e/ M
=================
s_ ‘bIf’ sf] kof{ojfrL zAb xf] . -cIfd, l;kfn', eJo_
=================
v_ ‘;'wf’ sf] kof{ojfrL zAb xf] . -cd[t, ljif, aL;_
=================
u_ ‘dftf’ sf] kof{ojfrL zAb xf] . -lktf, bftf, cfdf_
=================
3_ ‘lj1’ sf] kof{ojfrL zAb xf] . -ghfGg], hfGg], dfGg]_
=================
ª_ ‘gu/’ sf] kof{ojfrL zAb xf] . -;x/, 7x/, 3/_
!!_ tnsf >'lt;dleGgfyL{ zAbsf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpm M
vf6 km]/L
n]p zLt
km]l/ bLg
l;t vft
lbg n]pm
vfs afF;
jf; 6fn
tfn vfu
!@_ tnsf pvfgsf] cy{ n]v M
=================================================
d x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft M
=================================================
d d'vdf /fd/fd aunLdf 5'/f M
=================================================
d 3fF6L x]/L xf8 lgNg' M
120 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
===========================================
d hlt hf]uL cfP klg sfg} lr/]sf M
=================================================
d 9'ª\uf vf]Hbf b]ptf ldNg' M
!#_ tnsf 6'Ssf k|of]u u/]/ PsPs jfSo agfpm M
==============================================================
d gfs sf6\g' M
===============================================================
==============================================================
d cfn' vfg' M
===============================================================
==============================================================
d d'v 5f8\g' M
===============================================================
==============================================================
d dfof dfg'{ M
===============================================================
============================================================
d tf]/Lsf] k"mn b]Vg' M
===============================================================
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 121
l;h{gfTds n]vg
lr7L n]vg
syf n]vg
lgaGw n]vg
;+jfb n]vg
122 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
!( lr7L n]vg
cfk"meGbf 6f9f /x]sf cfÇgf gft]bf/ tyf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] af/]df s]xL eGg tyf
pgLx¿sf] af/]df ;f]Wg lr7L n]lvG5 . clxn] OG6/g]6, Od]n, kmf]g cflbsf sf/0f
lr7L n]Vg] rng s]xL 36]sf] eP klg lr7L n]Vg hfGg' cfjZos 5 . lr7L n]Vbf lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg
lbg'k5{ M
sfkLsf] ;a}eGbf dfly bfofFlt/ 7]ufgf n]Vg'k5{ . 7]ufgfsf] 7Ls d'lg ldlt n]Vg'k5{ .
ldltsf] d'lg Ps x/km 5f]8]/ afofFlt/ s;nfO{ n]Vg] xf] p;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . -cfb/0fLo, Kof/f] cflb_
;Daf]wgsf] d'lg ;fb/ k|0ffd, Gofgf] ;D¹gf cflb n]Vg'k5{ . o;sf] 7Ls d'lg ;Grf]la;Grf]sf af/]df
;f]Wg'k5{ . To;kl5 cfÇgf s'/fx¿ n]Vg'k5{ . lr7L n]lv;s]kl5 cGTodf tkfO{+sf] Kof/f] ===, ltd|f] Kof/f]===
cflb n]v]/ 6'ª\Uofpg'k5{ . cGTodf vfdsf] gd'gf klg agfpg'k5{ x} .
tnsf] lr7L Wofg lbP/ k9 M
gd'gf !
gf/fo0f:yfg (, afUn'ª
ldlt M @)&%÷!@÷ ! ut]
Kof/L alxgL ;bLIff,
dL7f] ;D¹gf ¤
d oxfF cf/fd} 5' . ToxfF ltd|f] s'zntfsf] nflu sfdgf ub{5' . ltd|f] kq kfP/ v';L nfUof] .
ltdLn] sf7df8f}F kmg kfs{ 3'd]sf] s'/f n]v]sL lyof} . Tof] s'/f k9\bf t ¹g\ dnfO{ lgs}
/dfOnf] nfUof] . d]/f] klg jflif{s k/LIff glhs} cfpFb} 5 . k/LIff ;lsPkl5 cfdfafaf;Fu
sf7df8f}F cfpg] 5' . Toltv]/ klg sf7df8f}Fsf /dfOnf 7fpFx¿df 3'df}Fnf x} .
ltd|f] k/LIff klg glhs} cfPsfn] cfh d ltdLnfO{ k/LIffdf s;/L /fd|f] ug]{ eGg] ljifodf
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 123
n]Vb} 5' . x]/ alxgL, k/LIffsf] ;dodf 3'Dg], v]Ng] eGbf k9fOdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . k/LIff
lbg hfFbf cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] snd, k]lG;n, O/]h/, s6/, :s]n cflb s'/fx¿ gla;L{sg
n}hfg'k5{ . k|Zgkq kfPkl5 To;df ePsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ Wofg lbP/ k9\g'k5{ . s'g} klg
k|ZgnfO{ g5f]8Lsg ;a} ug'{k5{ x} . l56f]l56f] n]v]/ a'¹fpglt/ nfUg'xF'Fb}g . /fd|f / ;kmf
cIf/df n]Vg'k5{ . k/LIffdf cfk"mn] n]v]sf] c¿nfO{ b]vfpg'x'Gg . clg cfk"mn] ghfg]sf]
s'/f c¿nfO{ ;f]lw;f]wL n]Vg' klg /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og . cfzf 5 ltdLn] k/LIffdf /fd|f]
ug]{ 5f} . ltdLnfO{ k/LIffsf] nflu z'esfdgf . cfhnfO{ olt g} . afFsL s'/fsfgL e]6df
u/f}Fnf .
pxL ltdLnfO{ dfof ug]{ bfh'
bLk]z ;'j]bL
gf/fo0f:yfg (, afUn'ª
vfdsf] gd'gf
l6s6
k7fpg], kfpg],
bLk]z ;'j]bL ;bLIff zdf{
gf/fo0f:yfg (, afUn'ª a"9fgLns07 :s'n
wjnflul/, g]kfn sf7df8f}F, g]kfn
124 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
lgj]bgsf] gd'gf
ldlt M @)&% ÷)! ÷@(
>Ldfg\ k|wfgfWofks,
g]kfn o'js df=lj=
ksgfhf]n, sf7df8f}F .
ljifo M labf kfpFm eGg] af/] .
dxf]bo,
pko'{Qm ;DaGwdf d o; ljBfnosf] sIff tLgdf k9\g] lgoldt 5fq x'F . cfh d la/fdL
eP/ ljBfnodf pkl:yt x'g ;lsgF . ?3fvf]sLn] u|:t eP/ cfdfn] dnfO{ lxhf] 8fS6/sxfF
b]vfpg'ePsf] lyof] . df};d kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] dnfO{ ?3fvf]sL nfu]sf] /x]5 . 8fS6/
cª\snn] Ps lbg 3/d} cf/fd ug{ eGg'ePsf] 5 .
t;y{ cfh ldlt @)&% j}zfv @( ut] Ps lbgsf nflu labf kfpFm egL dxf]bo ;dIf of]
lgj]bg k]; u/]sf] 5' .
lgj]bs M
¿k]z dxh{g
sIff $
/f]n g+= !%
cEof;
!= cfk"m 3'd]sf] s'g} 7fpFsf] af/]df j0f{g ub}{ ufpFdf a:g] 7"nf] a'afnfO{ lr7L n]v .
@= cfÇgf] 3/df k"hf k/]sfn] ljBfno cfpg gkfpg] s'/f hgfpFb} cfÇgf] ljBfnosf
k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg n]v .
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 125
@) ;+jfb n]vg
;+jfb eg]sf] s'/fsfgL xf] . s'g} vf; ljifodf b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L dflg;x¿n]
u/]sf] s'/fsfgLnfO{ ;+jfb elgG5 . ;+jfb n]Vbf lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M
;+jfbdf af]Ng] JolQmsf] gfd 5]pdf /fVg'k5{ .
af]n]sf] s'/f s'/fsfgLs} z}nLdf n]Vg'k5{ . af]Ng] dfG5]n] af]Nbf s]s] u5{ To;nfO{ klg sf]i7sdf /fVg
;lsG5 .
oxfF gd'gfsf nflu ;+jfb lbOPsf] 5 . Wofg lbP/ k9 . ;+jfb s;/L n]lvg] /x]5 a'ˆg] k|of; u/ M
tnsf] ;+jfb k9
ko{6g
-sljtf / ;Gtf]if ;/:jtL df=lj= sf] sIff b'O{df k9\g] ljBfyL{ x'g\ . ljBfnosf] vfhf vfg]
;dodf pgLx¿ ko{6gsf ljifodf s'/fsfgL ub}{ 5g\ ._
sljtf M -vfhf vfFb}_ ;Gtf]if ¤ ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < o;kflnsf] k/LIff lbPkl5 t afaf;Fu
hgsk'/wfd 3'Dg hfFb} 5' lg . bfh'n] eGg'ePsf] hgsk'/ slt /dfOnf] x'G5
/] . ltdL st} 3'Dg ghfg] <
;Gtf]if M cxF, d t st} klg hfGgF . k/LIff ;lsPkl5 x'g] kfFr lbgsf] labfdf d t 3/d}
a:5' . ;fyLx¿;Fu lj|ms]6 v]N5' . df]afOndf u]d v]N5' . cfxf ¤ slt dhf
x'G5 .
sljtf M -vfhf rkfpFb}_ ltdLn] klg s:tf] s'/f u/]sf] < 3/d} a;]/ lg dhf x'G5 t .
d]/f afafn] eGg'ePsf] – km';{bsf] j]nfdf gofFgofF 7fpF 3'Dg uPdf gofFgofF
s'/fx¿ b]Vg kfOG5 /] . 3'Dg hfFbf xfdLn] lstfadf k9]sf s'/fnfO{ cfÇg}
cfFvfn] b]Vg / cg'ej ug{ kfOG5 lg . km]l/ hgsk'/wfdsf] af/]df t xfdLn]
k9]sf klg lyof}F† xf]Og / <
;Gtf]if M ToxL t x} . vf]O d}n] t o;af/]df Wofg g} lbPsf] lyOgF .
sljtf M ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5, 3'Dg cfpg]hfg] dfG5]nfO{ s] elgG5 <
126 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
;Gtf]if M vf]O dnfO{ t o;af/]df s]xL yfxf 5}g .
sljtf M Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf 3'Dg cfpg] / 3'Dg hfg] dfG5]nfO{ ko{6s elgG5 .
;Gtf]if M P, ljb]zaf6 xfd|f] b]zdf 3'Dg cfpg] dflg; klg ko{6s x'g\ t <
sljtf M xf], ltdLn] ;xL s'/f u¥of} . clg b]zleq} 3'Dg] dflg; klg ko{6s g} x'g\ .
xfdL klg ko{6ssf] ¿kdf hgsk'/ 3'Dg hfFb} 5f}F lg . o;/L 3'Dg] sfdnfO{ g}
ko{6g elgG5 .
;Gtf]if M n sljtf d}n] cfh ltdLaf6 gofF s'/f l;s]F . d klg d]/f afafnfO{ eg]/ gofF
7fpFdf ko{6ssf] ¿kdf 3'Dg hfG5' .
sljtf M nf}, xfd|f] vfhf vfg] ;do ;lsPsf] 306L klg aHof] . ca sIffdf hfcf}F x} .
;Gtf]if M n hfcfF}, hfcf}F .
-b'j} hgf sIffsf]7flt/ k|j]z u5{g\ ._
u[xsfo{
-;'dg / ;'lgtf ldNg] ;fyL x'g\ . ljBfno hfFbf af6f]df b'j} hgfsf] e]6 x'G5 ._
;'dg M ;'lgtf, ltdLn] cfhsf] kf7 k9\of} < u'? cfdfn] ;f]W5' eGg'ePsf] 5, x}g <
;'lgtf M xf] xf] d}n] t k9]/ cfPsL 5' . ltdLn] lg <
;'dg M d}n] lg k9]sf] 5' . gofF kf7 t s:tf] /dfOnf] /x]5 x} .
;'lgtf M xf] t x} . dnfO{ t sIffdf u'? cfdfn] ;f]w]sf] j]nfdf p7]/ pQ/ lbg v'a dhf
cfpF5 .
;'dg M dnfO{ klg .
;'lgtf M clg u'?cfdfn] klg h;n] k9]/ cfpF5, h;n] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbG5
p;nfO{ :ofaf;L klg lbg'x'G5 / dfof klg ug'{x'G5 .
;'dg M To;}n] g} dnfO{ 3/df k9]/ cfpg dg nfU5 .
;'lgtf M u'?cfdfn] t dnfO{ cl:t /fd|f] k9]sf] / /fd|f cIf/ n]v]sf] eg]/ rsn]6 klg
lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 127
;'dg M clg dnfO{ klg cufl8 pEofP/ ;a}n] ;'dgn] h:t} k9\g'k5{ x} eGg'ePsf]
lyof] .
;'lgtf M P nf} x]/ t xfdL t s'/f ubf{ub}{ ljBfnodf cfOk'u]5f}F . nf} ca sIffdf ¹f]nf
/fv]/ k|fy{gf ug{ hfcfF} x} .
;'dg M x'G5, x'G5 . -b'j} hgf sIffdf k|j]z u5{g\ ._
tnsf] ;+jfb k"/f u/ M
-l/ª\sL / lkª\sL ldNg] ;fyL x'g\ . vfgf vfg] ;dodf b'j} hgf ljBfnocufl8sf] rf}/df
a;]/ pgLx¿ rf8kj{sf] af/]df s'/fsfgL ub}{ 5g\ ._
l/ª\sL M lkª\sL ¤ ltdL o;kflnsf] b;}F / ltxf/ s;/L dgfpFb} 5f} <
=================================================================================
lkª\sL M
=================================================================================
l/ª\sL M
=================================================================================
lkª\sL M
=================================================================================
l/ª\sL M
=================================================================================
lkª\sL M
=================================================================================
l/ª\sL M
=================================================================================
lkª\sL M
=================================================================================
l/ª\sL M
=================================================================================
lkª\sL M
=================================================================================
l/ª\sL M
=================================================================================
lkª\sL M
=================================================================================
l/ª\sL M
=================================================================================
lkª\sL M
=================================================================================
l/ª\sL M
128 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
tnsf] ;+jfb k"/f u/ M
of]u]z cfh afaf;Fu lrl8ofvfgf 3'Dg uPsf] 5 < pm lrl8ofvfgfleq uPkl5 ToxfF
b]v]sf r/fr'?ª\uL / hgfj/sf] af/]df afaf;Fu ;f]wk'5 ub}{ 5 ._
of]u]z M afaf, lrl8of vfgfdf t slt w]/} hgfj/ x'Fbf /x]5g\ x} <
afaf M xf] t lg afa', oxfF hgfj/ dfq xf]Og, y'k|} r/fr'?ª\uL / hLj hgfj/ klg
x'G5g\ . cfh d ltdLnfO{ tL ;a}sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5' x} .
of]u]z M afaf Tof] kfgLdf a;]sf] 7"nf] hgfj/sf] gfd s] xf] <
afaf M Tof] hnu}F8f xf] afa' .
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of]u]z M
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afaf M
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of]u]z M
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afaf M
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of]u]z M
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afaf M
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of]u]z M
=================================================================================
afaf M
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of]u]z M
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afaf M
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of]u]z M
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afaf M
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of]u]z M
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afaf M
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of]u]z M
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 129
@! lgaGw n]vg
s'g} Ps ljifodf s]lGb|t eP/ n]lvg] n]vnfO{ lgaGw elgG5 . lgaGw ;'?b]lv
cGTo;Dd Pp6} ljifodf n]lvG5 . lgaGw n]Vbf ;a}eGbf klxnf s]sf] af/]df n]Vg]
xf], ;f]sf] kl/ro lbOG5 . To;kl5 To;sf] dxŒj, kmfObf÷a]kmfObf cflb n]lvG5 . ljBfyL{n] lgaGw tLg,
rf/ j6f cg'R5]bdf n]Vg'k5{ . efOalxgLx¿ ¤ ltdLn] g]kfnL lstfa k9\bf lgaGwsf] af/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf
kfpF5f} . of] kf7df klg lgaGwsf gd'gf lbOPsf 5g\ . Wofg lbP/ k9 / ltdL klg lgaGw n]Vg] k|of; u/ M
xfd|f] s's'/
s's'/ 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ xf] . xfdLn] 3/df Pp6f
;]tf] s's'/ kfn]sf 5f}F . To;sf] gfd 6fOu/ xf] .
To;nfO{ xfdLn] ;fgf] 5fp/f] x'Fbf lsg]/ NofPsf
lyof}F . clxn] Tof] 7"nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . s's'/n]
xfd|f] 3/sf] x]/rfx u5{ . pm xfd|f] 3/sf]
/vjfn xf] . xfdL ;a} 3/af6 aflx/ uPsf j]nf
pm 3/ s'/]/ a:5 . xfdL /ftdf lgbfPsf j]nfdf
klg pm glgbfO{ a;]/ 3/sf] /Iff u5{ .
s's'/n] 3/df rf]/ cfPsf] yfxf kfpF5 .
glrg]sf] dflg; 3/df cfpFbf klg pm e'S5 .
xfdLn] lrg]sf] dfG5] xf] eg]/ ;D¹fPkl5 s's'/ 1fgL eP/ a:5 . xfd|f] s's'/ w]/} 1fgL /
Odfgbf/ klg 5 . p;n] xfdLn] lbPsf] s'/f dfq} vfG5 . 3/leq k;]/ s'g} klg s'/f rf]/]/
vfg] p;sf] afgL 5}g . xfdL st} uP/ cfpFbf p;n] xfdLnfO{ k'R5/ xNnfP/ :jfut ub{5 .
xfd|f] s's'/n] df;' vfg kg k/fpF5 . df;' gePsf] lbg xfdLn] lbPsf] vfg]s'/f vfP/ a:5 .
d}n] s's'/nfO{ laxfg Psl5g 3'dfpg n}hfg] u/]sf] 5' . xfdLn] tf]lslbPsf] 7fpFdf uP/ dfq}
p;n] lb;flk;fa u5{ . oL ;a} sfo{ ug{ xfdLn] g} p;nfO{ l;sfPsf lyof}F .
130 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
xfdL cfÇgf] s's'/nfO{ ^÷^ dlxgfdf ;'O{ nufpg n}hfG5f}F . s's'/nfO{ /f]u gnfUff];\ eg]/
xfdLn] To;f] u/]sf xf}F . xKtfdf Ps lbg g'xfOlbg] u/]sfn] xfd|f] s's'/ ;kmf / ;'Gb/ klg
b]lvG5 . s's'/n] xfdL / xfd|f] 3/sf] /Iff u/]h:t} xfdL klg s's'/sf] x]/ljrf/ u5f}{F .
;u/dfyf
;u/dfyf ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] lxdfn
xf] . of] xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f]
b]zsf] ;u/dfyf c~rnsf] pQ/tkm{ of]
lxdfn /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf c¿ klg
y'k|} lxdfnx¿ 5g\ . tL lxdfnx¿dWo]
;a}eGbf cUnf] lxdfn ;u/dfyf xf] .
;u/dfyf xfd|f] b]zsf] klxrfg xf] . xfd|f]
b]zdf ;u/dfyf ePsfn] w]/} b]zsf
dflg;x¿n] xfdLnfO{ lrg]sf 5g\ . o;n] xfd|f] b]zsf] OHht a9fPsf] 5 . ;u/dfyfnfO{
glrGg] dflg; ;+;f/df k|fo sf]xL x'Fb}g . k|To]s ;fn ;u/dfyfdf r9\g b]zljb]zsf
dflg;x¿ cfpg] u5{g\ . klxn] ;fgfltgf lxdfndf r9]sf dflg;x¿ ;u/dfyfdf r9\g]
u5{g\ . o;/L lxdfndf r9\g] dflg;nfO{ kj{tf/f]xL elgG5 . kj{tf/f]xLx¿n] ljz]if
lsl;dsf] tflnd lnP/, ljz]if lsl;dsf sk8f / h'Qf nufP/ dfq} lxdfndf r9\g]
u5{g\ . ;j{k|yd t]lGhª gf]u]{ z]kf{ / P8d08 lxnf/Ln] ;u/dfyf r9]sf lyP . t]lGhª
g]kfnL x'g\ . clxn] klg w]/} g]kfnLx¿ ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]df k'Ug] u5{g\ . ljb]zLx¿nfO{
;u/dfyf r9\g klg g]kfnLx¿n] g} l;sfpF5g\ . To;}n] ;+;f/el/sf dflg;n] g]kfnLnfO{
;fx;L dflg; eg]/ lrGg] u5{g\ .
o;/L ;u/dfyfn] xfd|f] klxrfg / OHhtnfO{ klg a9fPsf] 5 . ;u/dfyf xfd|f] klxrfg
dfq geP/ xfd|f] zfg / OHht klg xf] . xfdLn] ;u/dfyfnfO{ dfof ug'{k5{ lsgeg] of]
xfd|f] cd"No ;DklQ xf] .
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 131
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/sf] cfwf/df d]/f] ljBfno zLif{sdf lgaGw n]v M
d ltd|f] ljBfnosf] gfd s] xf] <
d ltd|f] ljBfno s'g 7fpFdf kb{5 <
d ltd|f] ljBfnosf] ejg s:tf] 5 <
d ltd|f] ljBfnodf s]s] s'/fx¿ 5g\<
d ltdLnfO{ k9fpg] lzIfsx¿ sf]sf] x'g'x'G5<
d ltd|f ;fyLefOx¿ s:tf] :jefjsf 5g\ <
d ltdLnfO{ ljBfnosf] k9fO s:tf] nfU5 <
d ltdLnfO{ ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f s:tf] nfU5 <
d ltdL cfÇgf] ljBfno s:tf] xf];\ eGg] rfxG5f} <
@= tnsf a'Fbfx¿ k9 clg ‘lxdfn’ zLif{sdf Pp6f lgaGw n]v M
lxpF hd]sf] cUnf] 8fF8f] lxdfn,
lxdfnx¿sf] ;d"x lxdfno,
lxdfnaf6 w]/} gbLx¿ axg],
lxdfnaf6 aUg] gbLx¿ afx|} dlxgf aUg] gbLx¿,
gbLx¿af6 l;FrfO u/]/ cGg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] / lah'nL aQL klg
lgsflng],
lxdfndf dflg;x¿ r9\g],
lxdfndf r9\g] dflg;nfO{ kj{tf/f]xL elgg],
g]kfnsf] pQ/ lbzfdf w]/} lxdfnx¿,
g]kfnsf k|l;4 lxdfnx¿df ;u/dfyf, s~rghª\3f, ;}kfn, wf}nflul/,
df5fk'R5«] cflb,
ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf g]kfndf g} /x]sf],
g]kfndf k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] lxdz[ª\vnfn] g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{
c¹} a9fPsf] .
132 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
@@ syf n]vg
efOalxgLx¿ ¤ cfk"mn] b]v]sf], ;'g]sf], 36gf jf ljifosf af/]df l;nl;nf ldnfP/
syf n]lvG5 . syfdf s]xL kfqx¿ x'G5g\ . s'g} 36gf x'G5 . kfqx¿n] u/]sf] sfd
jf 36]sf] 36gfnfO{ j|md ldnfP/ n]lvG5 . oxfF lbOPsf] a'Fbfsf] cfwf/df syf n]Vg l;sfOPsf] 5 . of]
kf7df s]xL syfx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . ltdLx¿ Wofg lbP/ k9 clg cEof;df lbOPsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/
syf agfpg] k|of; u/ . ltdLx¿nfO{ u'?n] yk s'/f l;sfpg'x'g] 5 .
k5'tf]
kNnj sIff ltgdf k9\g] ljBfyL{ lyof] . pm aflx/
b]Vbf ;'Gb/ / xFl;nf] klg lyof] . p;nfO{ ;a}n] dfof
uy]{ t/ pm u[xsfo{ ug{ / k9\g cN5L lyof] . kNnjn]
sIffdf lzIfsx¿af6 ;w}F ufnL vfg] uYof]{ . u[xsfo{
u/]sf] lbg klg /fd|f];Fu gug]{ / kmf]xf]/ agfP/
ug]{ p;sf] afgLn] p;sf u'?u'?cfdf lbSs x'g'ePsf]
lyof] . p;n] ljBfnoaf6 cfPkl5 u[xsfo{ gu/]/ ;w}F
v]Ng hfg] uYof]{ . cfdfafafn] eg]sf] klg g6]g]{ p;sf]
afgLn] ubf{ kNnjn] ;a}af6 kfpFb} cfPsf] dfof klg
u'dfpg nfu]sf] lyof] .
;do laTb} uof] . kNnjsf] jflif{s k/LIff klg cfof] . p;n] k/LIffdf Tolt /fd|/L n]Vg
;s]g . ljBfnodf k/LIffkmn ljt/0f eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;a} hgf /fd|f] /fd|f] cª\s kfP/
v';L / k|k'mNn b]lvGy] . kNnjnfO{ xftdf 8f]xf]¥ofpFb} p;sf cfdfafaf sIff lzIfs
a:g'ePsf] 6]a'ndf k'Ug'eof] .
cfk"mn] k/LIffdf /fd|f];Fu n]Vg g;s]sf] s'/f ;D¹]/ kNnj klxn]blv g} 8/fpFb}
lyof] . lzIfsn] p;sf] af/]df afafcfdf;Fu w]/} u'gf;f] ug'{eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof],
‘afa'n] o;}u/L k9fOdf Wofg glbg] xf] eg] p;n] sIff rf/df k9\g ;Snf h:tf] 5}g .’
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 133
lzIfssf s'/f ;'g]/ cfdfafaf w]/} lg/fz x'g'eof] . p;sf ;fyLx¿n] klg p;n] yf]/}
cª\s kfPsf] b]v]/ luHofpg yfn] .
kNnjnfO{ w]/} k5'tf] eof] . p;n] cfk"mn] k9\g] j]nfdf v]Ng] u/]sf] ;Dˆof] . cfdfafafsf]
lg/fz cg'xf/n] p;nfO{ ;r]t agfof] . kNnjn] cGTodf nugzLn eP/ k9\g] jfrf u¥of] .
3dG8
Psfb]zdf Pp6f hª\un lyof] . hª\undf
w]/} hgfj/x¿ a:y] . ToxfF Pp6f l;+x
klg a:Yof] . l;+x w]/} 3dG8L lyof] .
hª\unel/df ;a}eGbf anjfg\ cfk"m g} 5'
eGg] p;nfO{ 3dG8 lyof] .
Ps lbg l;+xn] hª\unsf ;a} hgfj/¿nfO{
af]nfof] . l;+xn] eGof],‘d of] hª\unsf]
/fhf x'F . cfhb]lv k|To]s lbg PsPs hgf
hgfj/ dsxfF cfP/ d]/f] cfxf/ aGg"’ To; lbgb]lv k|To]s lbg
To; hª\unsf hgfj/x¿ 8/fO8/fO{ cfpFy] / l;+xsf cufl8 cfP/ l;+xsf] cfxf/ aGg]
uy]{ .
l;+xsf] o:tf] 3dG8L / :jfyL{ Jojxf/n] ;a} hgfj/ x}/fg ePsf lyP . To; hª\undf
Pp6f v/fof] klg a:Yof] . v/fof] lgs} rnfv lyof] . p;n] l;+xsf] bfbflu/LnfO{ ;dfKt
kfg]{ ljrf/ u¥of] . h'g lbg v/fof]sf] kfnf] lyof] Tof] lbg pm s]xL l9nf] u/L l;+xsf cufl8
xflh/ eof] .
l;+x cl3b]lv g} l/;fP/ a;]sf] lyof] . v/fof]nfO{ b]Vgf;fy uh{Fb} eGof], ‘P km'Rr] ¤ tF
lsg l9nf cfO;\ < dnfO{ l5§} ef]s nfU5 eGg] tFnfO{ yfxf 5}g <’ v/fof]n] l;+x;Fu ljgd|
efjdf eGof], ‘dxf/fh ¤ d t xh'/nfO{ ef]s nfu]sf] xf]nf eg]/ bf}8Fb}bf}8Fb} cfO/x]sf]
lyPF . clns j/ cfpFbf oxL hª\undf csf]{ l;+xn] dnfO{ e]6\of] . p;n] dnfO{ af6f] 5]Sof]
/ vfg vf]Hof] . p;n] cfk"m g} of] hª\unsf] /fhf ePsf] s'/f atfof] . d}n] xh'/sf] af/]df
atfpFbf pN6} p;n] gfgf k|sf/n] xh'/nfO{ ufnL u¥of] . dnfO{ p;sf] kGhfaf6 k'mTs]/
134 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
oxfF cfOk'Ubf ;do nfUof] xh'/ ¤’
v/fof]sf] s'/f ;'g]/ l;+xn] l/;fpFb} eGof],‘ sf] xf] Tof] kfhL h;n] d x'Fbfx'Fb} cfk"mnfO{
oxfFsf] /fhf eG5 < dnfO{ b]vf, d To;nfO{ afFsL /flVbgF .’ v/fof]nfO{ s] vf]H5;\ sfgf
cfFvf] eg]¹}F eof] . pm cl3cl3 / l;+x kl5kl5 s]xL k/ k'u] . ToxfF Pp6f ulx/f] s'jf lyof]
. rnfv v/fof]n] l;+xnfO{ s'jfsf] lsgf/df af]nfpFb} eGof] – dxf/fh ¤ x]g'{xf];\, cfk"mnfO{
hª\unsf] /fhf eGg] l;+x oxL g} xf] .
l;+xn] s'jfsf] kfgLdf Pp6f l;+xn] l/;fpFb} cfk"mlt/ x]l//x]sf] b]Vof] . Tof] cfÇgf] 5fof xf]
eGg] s'/f d"v{ l;+xn] cg'dfg klg ug{ ;s]g . pm l/;sf] ¹f]sdf csf]{ l;+xnfO{ dfg{ egL
kfgLdf xfd kmfNof] . s'jf w]/} ulx/f] ePsfn] l;+x aflx/ cfpg ;s]g / ToxL 56k6fpFb}
d¥of] . To; lbgb]lv To; hª\unsf hgfj/ s;}sf] 8/ljgf :jtGqtfk"j{s a:g yfn] .
pgLx¿n] rnfv v/fof]nfO{ wGojfb lbP .
cEof;
tnsf a'Fbfsf cfwf/df syf n]v / ;'xfpFbf] zLif{s klg b]pm M
8f]Ndf ;fgL s]6L,
8f]NdfnfO{ kfgL Kof; nfu]sf],
efG;f sf]7fdf tfnf nufP/ p;sf cfdfafaf aflx/ sfddf uPsf,
8f]Ndfn] wf/fd} uP/ kfgL lkpg] ljrf/ u/]sL,
wf/f] cUnf] 7fpFdf ePsfn] p;n] e]§fpg g;s]sL,
p;n] plk|mP/ wf/f] vf]Ng vf]h]sL,
crfgs lrlKnP/ n8]sL / uf]8fdf rf]6 nfu]sf],
cfdfafafnfO{ geg]sL,
/flt ;'t]sf] j]nfdf rf]6 ;xg g;s]/ 8f]Ndf /f]PsL,
cfdfn] ;f]Wg',
8f]Ndfn] ;a} 36gfsf] af/]df atfPsL,
p;sL cfdfn] efG;fsf]7f v'nf g/fv]sfn] / wf/f] cUnf] 7fpFdf agfpgfn] ;d:of
cfPsf] s'/f dx;'; ug'{,
;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff # 135
5f]/Lsf] pkrf/ ug'{ cab]lv aflx/ hfFbf 5f]/Lsf nflu kfgLsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg]
ljrf/ ug'{ .
tnsf a'Fbfsf cfwf/df syf n]v / ;'xfpFbf] zLif{s klg b]pm M
dl0f/fd ;fg}df 3/ 5f]8]/ efUg',
efUbfefUb} pm ;x/df k'Ug',
;x/df w]/} dfG5]sf] aLrdf pm PSnf] x'g',
uf]hLdf yf]/} k};f klg gePsfn] pm ef]sef]s} x'g',
p;n] ;x/sf uNnLuNnLdf sfd vf]Hg',
dl0f/fd pm ;fg} ePsfn] p;nfO{ s;}n] sfd glbg',
lbgel/ af6fdf dfUb} lxF8\g] / /fltdf cfsfz] k'nsf] lsgf/lt/ ;'Tg] ug'{,
3/ / ufpF 5f]8]sf]df k5'tf] dfGg',
ufpF kmls{g rfxg',
af6f vr{ gx'g',
;8ssf] lsgf/df a;]/ uLt ufpg yfNg',
:j/ dL7f] ePsfn] Ps hgf ;ª\uLtsf/n] ;fydf lnP/ hfg',
p;sf] uLt /]sl8{ª x'g',
uLt rlr{t x'Fb} hfg',
cGo uLt klg ufpFb} uP/ 7"nf] ufos aGg',
p;sf] uLt /]l8of]df ah]sf] ;'g]/ ufpFdf a:g] p;sf cfdfafaf v';L x'g',
pm 7"nf] ufos ag]/ gfd sdfpg' .
136 ;'gufef g]kfnL Jofs/0f sIff #
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