KEDCHelloKEDC's Grammar
5
Writer
Amar Bahadur Sherma
Kantipur Education Development Council
Maharajgunj, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4202027/2151710
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.kedcnepal.com
KEDC
Kantipur Education Development Council
Maharajgunj, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4720202/2151710
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.kedcnepal.com
Kantipur Education Development Council 2058 ALL
RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing
by the publisher.
Written by:
Amar Bahadur Sherma
M.A. English, Tribhuvan University
TEA Fellowship, California State University
Advisor:
Subadra Shresta
Editor:
Jerell Morales - Shrestha (M.Ed.)
Education Management
First edition, 2008
Revised edition, 2015
New edition, 2019
Layout/Design
Sarika Koirala
Preface
Hello Grammar series (new edition) is carefully designed to help school
level English language students learn grammar systematically and creatively.
This series has been developed as an additional course for the school students
of Nepal who learn core English in the communicative language teaching
setting. Based on the major grammar elements that are deemed inevitable
for the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, this Hello Grammar
series presents grammatical rules in the concise form of notes.
We educators are well aware that grammar plays a significant role in
communication, both in the spoken and written form. Adequate knowledge
of grammar helps learners achieve accuracy in the use of language.
Understandably, most students fear or dislike a long list of grammatical rules.
So, this series calls a change in the approach to the teaching of grammar.
Although there are arguments that inductive approach to grammar teaching
is better than deductive approach, I strongly suggest following whatever
is useful depending upon the case in hand. Both approaches have been
integrated into the series.
A wide range of contextual exercises, useful notes or easy-to-understand
explanations, unit reviews to test learners’ understanding or help them
recall what is already learnt, the new attractive cover and layout with clipart
illustrations enhance the appeal of the book.
It is sincerely hoped that this new edition of the series will cater to the
needs of both teachers and students in the years to come. Many thanks to
Kantipur Education Development Council (KEDC) and those who have
assisted me in producing the book in this present shape. Any constructive
feedback and suggestions for the improvement of the book will be gratefully
acknowledged.
Amar Bahadur Sherma
Contents
Unit 1 14. Tenses 84
1. Sentences 1 Unit 4
2. Types of Sentences 5 15. Pronouns 96
3. Subjects and Predicate 14 16. Subject and Object 102
4. Sentence Combining 19 Pronouns
Unit 2 17. Possessive Pronouns 107
5. Common Nouns and 29 ŗŞǯȱȱ Ě¡ȱ ȱȱ 114
Proper Nouns Emphatic Pronoun
6. Concrete Nouns and Unit 5 120
Abstract Nouns 37 19. Adjectives
7. Collective Nouns and 43 20. Adjectives That 128
Compound Nouns Compare
8. Singular Nouns and 49 21. Adjectives with 134
Plural Nouns Irregular Forms
9. Noun: Gender 57 22. Articles 139
Unit 3 Unit 6 149
63 23. Adverbs 158
10. Action Verbs 166
24. Prepositions
11. Main Verbs and 68
Helping Verbs
25. Punctuation
12. Linking Verbs 74 26. If-Clause 171
13. Irregular Verbs 79 27. Writing 178
Unit 1 SENTENCES
Lesson
1
Cat:ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱęȱ¢ȱȱǯ ȱ
Rat:ȱȱ ȱ ȱ¡Ƿȱȱȱ
Cat: I am very happy today.
Rat: Great.
Cat: I want to be a writer.
Dog: Great news.
A sentence is a group of words, with at least a verb,
ȱ¡ȱȱȱǯ
I am very happy today.
(am = a verb)
A phrase is a group of words which gives some
meaning but not a complete idea.
Great news.
(It has no verb.)
ASSIGNMENTS
A. Read the following groups of words. Then write an ‘S’ for
sentences and a ‘P’ for phrases on the lines at the end.
1. We are good friends. ________
2. They do not play here. _______
3. A famous author. ________
4. Saroj and Geeta are cousins. ________
5. In pain. _______
Hello Grammar Book 5 1
NOTE:
A sentence is a group of words that are arranged in a meaningful
way.
Aslesha is a smart girl. (Arranged properly)
a Aslesha girl is smart. (Not arranged)
A sentenceȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ
He is tall and handsome.
he is tall and handsome.
B. Rewrite the following groups of words arranging them so that
they are sentences.
1. Hari the tallest is boy in our class.
_____________________________________________________
2. Sambhav a footballer is.
_____________________________________________________
3. am I student good a.
_____________________________________________________
4. Bimala best Ganga friends and are at school.
_____________________________________________________
C. Add suitable words to the following groups of words to make
them sentences.
1. Rajan and Deepak are best ____________.
2. We _______ learning English now.
3. ____ am a disciplined student.
4. She and I are _______________.
5. Rabina and Bikash __________________.
2 Hello Grammar Book 5
NOTE:
A phrase can be a part of a sentence.
ȱĴ¢ȱǯȱ(phrase)
ȱĴ¢ȱȱis coming to the party. (sentence)
Yesterday, I met ȱĴ¢ȱ. (sentence)
So, a phrase gives some idea but not a complete idea like a sentence.
D. Make sentences using the given phrases.
1. a fancy dress:
_____________________________________________________
2. a big supermarket:
_____________________________________________________
3. without hesitation:
_____________________________________________________
4. with tearful eyes:
_____________________________________________________
śǯȱȱ ȱ¡ȱDZ
_____________________________________________________
E. Complete the following autobiography with appropriate given
phrases.
Anu girl ten
ęĞȱ ȱ
engineer painter housewife
I am ___________. My name is _____________________. I am
________________ old. I am a ___________ grader. There are
___________ members in my family. My home is at ___________ .
Hello Grammar Book 5 3
My father is a (an) ___________ and a mother is a (an) ___________.
My aim is to be a _____________.
F. Look at the picture below and write FIVE sentences about it.
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________
4 Hello Grammar Book 5
Lesson
2 TYPES OF SENTENCES
Dear Asmita,
I am writing to inform you that we have
moved to a bigger house. I am sure
you will like it. We have three bedrooms
now. What a modern house it is! The
kids are very happy here. More importantly,
the house doesn’t need decoration.
Why don’t you come round this weekend?
Our phone number is below, so give us a call
and let us know when to expect you. May you
visit us soon.
Lots of love,
Ramesh
ȱȱĴȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢DZȱ
NOTE:
Declarative/Assertive sentences make a statement and give
information.
We have three bedrooms now.
Interrogative sentences ask a question for information.
Why don’t you come round this weekend?
Imperative sentences tell someone to do or not to do something.
ȱěȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
Hello Grammar Book 5 5
Exclamatoryȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ
sorrow, etc.
What a modern house it is! (admiration)
Optativeȱȱ¡ȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ
May you visit us soon. (wish)
Sentencesȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ
ȱDZȱȱȱǻǯǼǰȱȱȱǻǵǼȱȱ¡ȱȱǻǷǼǯ
Sentencesȱȱ ȱěȱȱǯȱȱ
Shital is a teacher. (full stop)
What does Shital do? (question mark)
How beautiful Shital is! ǻ¡ȱǼ
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
The sun rises in the east. What does a doctor do?
[Assertive / Declarative Sentence] [Interrogative Sentence]
TYPES OF SENTENCES
Run as fast as you can.
[Imperative Sentence]
Hush! A baby is sleeping.
[Exclamatory Sentence]
6 Hello Grammar Book 5
Long live the king.
[Optative Sentence]
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
ASSIGNMENTS
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
above, decide what kind of sentence each one given below is:
ŗǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǷȱȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
Řǯȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǷȱȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
3. Dance to a Nepali folk song. _________________________
4. Dolma wakes up at 5 am every morning. ________________
śǯȱȱ
¢Ƿȱ Ȃȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
6. Are you ready to go to Japan? ________________________
7. Push the door open. ________________________
B. Rewrite the following sentences using the appropriate
capitalisation and punctuation marks.
1. Sanjiv has a beautiful wrist watch
_____________________________________
Řǯȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
_____________________________________
3. let them go home immediately.
_____________________________________
Hello Grammar Book 5 7
4. is he famous for writing novels
____________________________________
5. harka and binit are classmates
____________________________________
ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱĴǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ
punctuation marks.
Dear Madam,
ǰȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
classes are arranged for us before school Since we had no mathematics teacher
ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱ
time. have you also thought about it One thing is sure that our new mathematics
teacher is amazing. we are impressed by her teaching style. We wish Mrs tamang
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
All of us are prepared to come to school an hour early for the proposed classes.
We hope to receive a positive response from you
Thank you.
yours obediently
ȱȱȱę
NOTE:
Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences can be positive
ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱ DZ
Declarative: Sunil has arrived at the airport. (positive)
Sunil has not arrived at the airport. (negative)
Interrogative: Has Hema gone home? (positive)
Has Hema not gone home? (negative)
Imperative: Shut the window. (positive)
Do not shut the window. (negative)
8 Hello Grammar Book 5
Generally we add ‘notȂȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ
without subject, we must add ‘do not’.
Shut the window. (positive)
Not shut the window. (incorrect)
Do not shut the window. (correct)
D. Change the following positive sentences into negative ones.
1. You have my books.
___________________________________
2. She is going to accept the job.
____________________________________
3. Will you play with us?
__________________________________
Śǯȱ ȱȱȱěǯȱ
__________________________________
5. Sharpen your pencils.
__________________________________
Ŝǯȱ ȱȱĞȱȱȱǵȱ
__________________________________
E. Change the following negative sentences into positive ones.
ŗǯȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱǯȱ
__________________________________
Řǯȱ ȱȂȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ
_________________________________
řǯȱ ȱȂȱȱ¢ȱǯ
_________________________________
Hello Grammar Book 5 9
Śǯȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱǵȱ
____________________________________
śǯȱȱ ȱȂȱȱ ȱǯȱ
____________________________________
Ŝǯȱȱ ȱȂȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯ
______________________________________
NOTE:
Interrogative sentences are of two kinds: Wh-question and Yes/no
question.
Wh-questions seek new information.
Who is your favourite player? ǻȱ¢ȂȱȱȱǼ
Yes/no questionsȱȱęǯȱ
Is Sagar Pun your favourite cricketer? ǻȱ¢ȂȱȱȱǼ
ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱ
verbs (do/does or did + base verb (V1) appropriately.
Rama loves travelling. ǻȱ¡¢Ǽ
Does Rama love travelling? (present tense)
Who loves travelling?
Rama loved travelling. ǻȱ¡¢Ǽ
Did Rama love travelling? (past tense)
Who loved travelling?
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
¢ȱ Ě ȱ Ě
eat ȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱ ran run
see cut cut
ate eaten run
saw seen cut
10 Hello Grammar Book 5
ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵ
sing sang sung go went gone
choose chose chosen do did done
F. Change the following sentences as per the instructions in the
brackets.
1. They are crying a lot. (Wh-question)
_______________________________________
2. Pharsha hates backbiting. (Yes/no question)
_______________________________________
3. Simriya is digging a hole. (Wh-question)
_______________________________________
4. Hema has received an award. (Yes/no question)
_______________________________________
5. Raj went to Denmark last year. (Wh-question)
_______________________________________
G. Rearrange the following groups of words to make interrogative
sentences.
1. write/you/ an/essay/can?_______________________________
2. are / they / who? ___________________________________
3. is / my / bag / where? __________________________________
4. she / can / speak / Nepali? ______________________________
5. they / old / are / how? __________________________________
H. Change the following sentences according to the instructions
given in the brackets.
ŗǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱǻ¡¢Ǽ
Řǯȱȱ ȱȱȱǷȱǻǼ
Hello Grammar Book 5 11
3. You have watched this move twice. (negative interrogative)
Śǯȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱǻ¡¢Ǽ
5. You want your friend to sit down. (imperative)
6. It is dangerous to drive when one is sleepy. (interrogative)
I. Read the sentences and circle the best option.
ŗǯȱȱ Ȃȱȱǯȱȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¡¢
2. Why ______________________ invite us to his birthday party?
ǯȱȂȱȱ ǯȱȂȱȱ ǯȱȂȱ
řǯȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǷȱȱ
ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¡¢
4. How many of you are vegetarian?
A. Yes/no question B. Wh-question C. Declarative
J. Read each sentence. Write whether it is a statement, a question,
a command or an exclamation. The rewrite the sentence so that
its end mark and capitalisation are correct.
ŗǯȱȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȃȱ ¢
_____________________________________________________
2. ________________ call Rupa and ask her for the words
_____________________________________________________
3. __________________ Madhu was awarded a medal
_____________________________________________________
4. _____________ How hard it is to study while your nose is
running
12 Hello Grammar Book 5
_____________________________________________________
5. _______________ do you have a colour pencil
_____________________________________________________
6. _______________ have your ever met a Nepali actor
_____________________________________________________
7. ______________ Oh, I love your dress
_____________________________________________________
Şǯȱȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ Ȃȱ
_____________________________________________________
Hello Grammar Book 5 13
Lesson
3 SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
Subjects Predicates
Rubina went home.
The girl laughed.
A big and old tree fell to the ground.
Only the combination of subjects and predicates makes a sentence and
¡ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
The subject of a sentence tells us who or what performs an action.
Rubina went home. (Who?)
A big and old tree fell to the ground. (What?)
The predicate of a sentence tells us what the subject does or is.
Rubina went home. ǻȁ ȱȂȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯǼ
A big and old tree fell to the ground.
ǻȁȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯǼ
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
(It shows who bought.) (It shows what the couple did.)
Sentence: A couple bought a beautiful house.
14 Hello Grammar Book 5
(It shows what has been done (It shows what the sentence is about)
to the subject.)
Sentence: A tree ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ Ĵǯ
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
ASSIGNMENTS
A. Read each sentence. Pick subjects and write in the boxes.
1. She is a very intelligent girl.
2. I am not tired now.
3. Rojina looked happy at the party.
4. Anjali cooked a meal yesterday.
5. Amrita had a baby last year.
6. Silpa wrote a novel in one year.
7. Two books were covered.
B. Complete the following sentences adding appropriate predicates.
1. We ________________________________
2. I __________________________________
3. She ________________________________
4. Two friends _________________________
5. Rabina _____________________________
6. Radhika and I _______________________
Hello Grammar Book 5 15
NOTE:
Subjects may have more than one word: Jyasmin and Sirish
Predicates too may have more than one verb or one word.
ȱȱƸȱȱĚ
Jyasmin and Sirish are cleaning ȱĚ.
(Subject) (Verb) (Object)
(predicate)
Sometimes predicates may not have objects.
Jyasmin and Sirish slept. (only one verb = predicate)
C. Add subjects to the following predicates.
1. __________________________ has a new pair of shoes.
2. ____________________ has climbed Mt. Everest several times.
3. __________________________ ran quickly.
4. ___________________________ passed away.
5. _______________________________ is a motivational speaker.
6. __________________________ were trapped by hunters.
D. Match the following subjects with its appropriate predicates.
Subjects Predicates
A group of bees sink their ship.
A octord eat carrots.
A ilot p treats patients.
Two captains work hard.
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱǯȱ
Ants make oneyh.
16 Hello Grammar Book 5
E. Rewrite the following sentences with correct punctuation by
rearranging the given groups of words. Then identify the subject
and the predicate of each sentence like in the example given
below:
ŗǯȱȱ ¢ȱȦȱȱ¢ȱȦȱ ȱ ȂȱȦȱȱȦȱ
Ans: Mrs Gurung’s children are very badly behaved.
Subject = Mrs Gurung’s children
Predicate = are very badly behaved
2. shut down / has / the corner shop
3. learning / anything / are capable of / children
4. a troubled mind / can soothe / music
śǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȦȱ ȱȦȱĞȱ
Ŝǯȱȱ ȱȦȱȱĜȱȦȱ
ȱȦȱ ȱȱȦȱȱȱ
ŝǯȱȱ ȱȱȦȱȱȦȱĚȱȦȱȱ
ȱȱ
NOTE
Sometimes, the predicateȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Up and down went his boat.
ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱĚ ȱthe river.
The river Ě ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢. (simple)
In imperative sentences (command, request, order, etc.), the subject
is not mentioned, but it is understood.
ǻ Ǽȱ ȱȱěȱ¢ȱǯ
ȱȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Hello Grammar Book 5 17
ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱęȱ ȱ
by predicates.
1. At the end of the movie cheered up the crowd.
2. Here comes the school bus.
3. On the top of the chimney sat a bird.
4. In the dark depth of the cave lay the treasure.
5. Are you very happy?
Ŝǯȱ ȱ ȱęĞȱȱȱȱǯȱ
G. Cut out and glue in the correct order on a piece of construction
paper.
Start The black cat had a funny The store
ending.
is closed on The football licked her My teacher
Saturdays. player paws.
has red The book jumped out Finish
roses. of the water.
18 Hello Grammar Book 5
Lesson
4 SENTENCE COMBINING
ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ
pleasure, butȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȂȱ ¢ȱ
ǯȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱȱȱ
whatȱ¢Ȃȱǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ
them sheltering under the banks as we
came round and so on, and they have to
live in it, soȱ ¢ȱȂȱ ǵȱ
All the red-coloured words are conjunctions. A conjunction joins two words,
phrases, clauses or sentences.
NOTE:
A compound sentence contains two parts of a sentence that are
grammatically equal or similar. Such parts are joined by the acronym
‘FANBOYS’ standing for (for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so).
Suraj likes tea, butȱ ȱȱěǯȱ
They worked hard, yet they got low marks in exams.
Sonam has no friends. Dolma has several friends.
(one subject + one predicate) BUT (one subject + one predicate)
Hello Grammar Book 5 19
Two independent clauses are joined by coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYS).
In a compound sentence, a comma (,) is placed before the conjunction to
show equal importance.
Sonam has no friends, but Dolma has several friends.
But when two words or phrases are joined by coordinating conjunctions,
a comma (,) must not be placed before the conjunction.
Ramila and Sheetal are cousins.
Either you or your uncle has to stay at home.
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
The girl reads books, but she The girl reads books because
doesn’t watch TV. (Compound) she wants to gain knowledge.
(Complex)
The dog saw a man, and he ran When the dog saw a man, he
away. ran away.
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
20 Hello Grammar Book 5
ASSIGNMENTS
A. Combine the following pairs of sentences into a single compound
sentence using coordinating conjunctions. (FANBOYS)
1. Doreman went searching for trees. He wrote a book about
them.
_____________________________________________________
Řǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱěǵȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
tea?
_____________________________________________________
řǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ƹȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ
¡ǯȱ
_____________________________________________________
4. My mother rushed home. I rushed home.
_____________________________________________________
5. He felt rested enough. He decided to resume his journey.
_____________________________________________________
6. She tried calling him several times. There was no response.
_____________________________________________________
7. I know he will not agree. I will give it a try.
_____________________________________________________
B. Read each sentence below. Underline the conjunction, and put a
comma (,) in the correct place.
1. He is seventy years old yet he works hard.
2. She was appreciated and she was rewarded.
řǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱ ǯȱ
4. She put on her hat and she went out.
5. Be kind and help the poor.
Hello Grammar Book 5 21
6. The boy saw a leopard and he ran away.
7. They spoke to him in Spanish but he responded in English.
C. Read the passage below. Circle mistakes in capitalisation and
punctuation. Then rewrite the passage.
ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
found in Asia Africa South America Central America and on many
ęȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
that a great deal of moisture is absorbed into the atmosphere. The
moisture eventually evaporates. The moisture falls back to the
ȱȱǯȱ £¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱŝŖȱȱȱ
rain a year?
A rain forest has three layers. the canopy is the tallest. The under
¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱĴǯȱ ȱȱ
Ěȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
correct sentences.
SENTENCES
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ǯȱ
I work hard, so I get success.
I am nepalese and I speak Nepali.
ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ£¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ
SENTENCES
I love singing, but I am a bit shy.
I am tired yet I work hard.
i respect all and all respect me.
Ram is tall, but jay is a bit short.
Either speak now, or go home.
22 Hello Grammar Book 5
NOTE:
A combination of a dependent and an independent clause is called
a Complex sentence. Such clauses are joined by subordinate
conjunctions like because, if, since, when, as, unless, who, before, etc.
a. Raj went to a hospital because his friend was hospitalised.
If we divide this complex sentence into two parts:
Raj went to a hospital because his friend was hospitalised
(independent/main) (dependent/subordinate)
Dependent clauses are less important parts of a sentence. They just
add information to the independent or main clause.
Dependent/subordinate clauses do not stand independently.
Since she was illǯȱǻ ȱȂȱȱȱǯǼȱ
E. Read the following complex sentences. Identify and underline
conjunctions.
ŗǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱǯȱ
Řǯȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱęȱ ȱǯȱ
řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱǯ
4. We should not eat before the sun rises.
5. They went inside as soon as it started raining.
6. Sanju waited for me at the bus stop till I arrived there.
ŝǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǯȱ
Hello Grammar Book 5 23
F. The following complex sentences are incomplete. Complete the
following complex sentences, adding subordinating clauses.
ŗǯȱȱ ¢ȱȂȱ¢ȱ ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏǯ
2. We go to school every day ______________________________.
3. He stood in class ______________________________________.
4. Anyone can get success ________________________________.
5. I ran home ___________________________________________.
6. We get up ____________________________________________.
NOTE:
Complex sentences may begin with a subordinate/dependent clause.
But we should place a comma (,) at the end of this clause to separate
it from the main/independent clause.
Jarina called me when she saw me. (a comma is not required)
When Jarina saw me, she called me.
G. Choose an appropriate subordinate conjunction from each of
the parentheses to combine the following pairs of clauses into a
single complex sentence. Then, rewrite them, using a comma (,)
wherever required.
1. We must watch TV. TV gives us useful information. (because
/ although)
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Řǯȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȂȱȱȱǯȱǻȱȦǼ
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
24 Hello Grammar Book 5
3. We climbed mountains. We were quite tired. (because /
although)
_____________________________________________________
4. We stood in line. Our school bus came. (until / as soon as)
_____________________________________________________
śǯȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱ£ȱǯȱǻȱȦȱǼ
_____________________________________________________
H. Choose the option that best completes each complex sentence
below.
ŗǯȱȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ěȱ
their shoes.
A. When B. Since C. Although
2. We started praying ______________ the sun rose.
A. until B. as soon as C. that
3. Binita asked us _______ we were interested to go on a tour.
A. that B. since C. if
4. ___________ it rains, we are not allowed to leave this house.
A. Because B. Until C. Although
5. _________ we help the old, they always bless us.
A. As B. That C. If
I. Read the following subordinate or dependent clauses and add
appropriate main clauses to make complex sentences.
1. Although the English paper was easy, ___________________
_____________________________________________________.
2. When we saw a tiger, __________________________________.
3. As soon as the police came, ____________________________.
4. If you want to be a doctor, ______________________________.
Hello Grammar Book 5 25
ACTIVITY:5. __________________________ so that we could earn money.
The teacher should note a few verbs on the whiteboard/blackboard
and ask the students to make sentences of two types: Compound
ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ¡DZȱwin
He must work hard, or he will not win the award. (compound)
He cannot win the award unless he works hard. ǻ¡Ǽ
J. In each of the following sentences below, identify the
independent and dependent clauses.
1. If he is invited to contest the elections, he may agree.
Dependent: ___________________________________________
Independent: _________________________________________
2. I had gone to the concert because I am passionate about music.
Dependent: ___________________________________________
Independent: _________________________________________
3. Although he shouted for help, nobody stopped to help him.
Dependent: ___________________________________________
Independent: _________________________________________
26 Hello Grammar Book 5
UNIT REVIEW: SENTENCES 30
Name: __________________________ Date: ____________________
A. Read the following passage and look at the underlined phrase.
ȱȱȱ ĴȱȱĴȱ ¢ǵȱ ȱ¢ȱ ǯȱǻŘ ŘǯśƽśǼ
(1) One night I stepped into the yard. I saw Piolo going into
ȱęǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ ȱ
very faint.
(2) I knew I could follow I could see him or not. I could hear
ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱĜȱǯȱ
1. A. One night I stepped into the yard that I saw Piolo going into the
ęǯȱȱ
B. One night I stepped into the yard, I saw Piolo going into the
ęǯȱ
C. One night I stepped into the yard, and I saw Piolo going into the
ęǯȱ
2. A. I knew I could follow whether I could see him or not.
B. I knew I could follow as if I could see him or not.
C. I knew I could follow, I could see him or not.
B. Read each group of words. If the group is a sentence, write an
ȁ Ȃǯȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȁ ȂǯȱȱǻŜ ŗƽŜǼȱ
1. A small turtle ______________
2. My sisters saw two turtles. _________
3. I can ride bikes. _______
4. Sleep well. _______
5. With a big heart _______
6. Ups and downs _______
Hello Grammar Book 5 27
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȦǻŜ ŗƽŜǼ
1. Tell me how old you are. ____________________
2. Which is your favourite pet? _____________________
řǯȱȱ Ƿȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
4. Nepal is a developing country. _____________________
5. May God give you strength. _____________________
6. Subin is a singer. _____________________
ǯȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱǻś ŗƽśǼȱ
1. A brave man lived in the mountains.
Řǯȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
3. I watched the movie twice.
4. At the end of the show, everyone wept.
śǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱĚ¢ȱȱ ȱ ǵȱ
E. Identify and underline the conjunction in each sentence and
ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¡ǯȱǻś ŗƽśǼȱ
ŗǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱĜǯȱ
2. I was so tired, so I went to sleep.
řǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĞȱǯȱ
4. This is the bike that I bought yesterday.
5. He asked me a question and he thanked me later.
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱǻř ŗƽřǼ
1. How smart my students are
2. Since she is tall she can be a basketball player
3. Where does your father work
GOOD LUCK!
28 Hello Grammar Book 5
Unit 2 COMMON NOUNS AND
Lesson
5 PROPER NOUNS
Tiger:ȱȱ Ȃȱǰȱ¢ȱǵȱ
Lion: I have some confusion about nouns.
Tiger: What do you see around you?
Lion: Pine trees, grass, animals, rivers, mountains, herdsmen, birds,
etc.
Tiger: Everything or everyone has a name. Nouns are the names of
people, things or places.
A noun is a name of people, things or places.
People: Amar, Bindu, John, sister, student, Ronaldo, etc.
Things: birds, insects, animals or objects like stone, tree, rock, etc.
Places:ȱȱ
ǰȱ ǰȱ ħǰȱ ǰ etc.
Common nouns suggest a class or general name: city, country, game, etc.
Proper nounsȱȱęȱDZȱKathmandu, Nepal, Japan, David, etc.
Hello Grammar Book 5 29
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
This is a mountain QR VSHFLÀF QDPH This is Mt. Everest VSHFLÀF QDPH
She is a girl QR VSHFLÀF QDPH She is Aslesha VSHFLÀF QDPH
Common nouns are group names, but Proper nouns are individual names.
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
ASSIGNMENTS
A. The following table contains common nouns and proper nouns.
Pick out the nouns and write them in the right box.
Amisha Akhil Damak place dog
cat human Becky tooth mouth
ȱ ȱ ȱ ħȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ
30 Hello Grammar Book 5
COMMON NOUNS PROPER NOUNS
ǯȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
nouns.
1. We live in __________________. (the birthplace of Gautam
Buddha)
2. We speak __________________. (the most spoken language in
the US)
3. We want to visit _______________. (the capital of France)
Śǯȱȱ ȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏǯȱǻȱęȱȱȱȱ¢Ǽ
śǯȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏǯȱǻȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ǽȱ
Ŝǯȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏǯȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
world)
NOTE:
Proper nounsȱȱ ȱȱȱĴDZȱBimala, Dharan, Italy, etc.
Some proper nouns contain more than one word: Hong Kong,
Dr. Limbu
Hello Grammar Book 5 31
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȦęȱ
names.
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ęȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
capitalised. Identify proper nouns in the following sentences
and correct them.
1. This story takes place in the country of the maldives.
2. My uncle wants to go to nepalgunj soon.
řǯȱȱ ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
4. We are asians.
5. jayram asks mr. rai to send him an email.
6. I have an appointment with prof. Swan.
ǯȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ
correct sentences.
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ
Rajesh Hamal is a Nepali actor.
Ȃȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱ
I have visited the Great Wall of China.
32 Hello Grammar Book 5
Let me speak spanish.
I am a student at Euro School.
NOTE:
Common nouns are a generic name for people, places or things.
People: students, teachers, friends, etc.
Places: cities, countries, continents, etc.
Things: animals, insects, mountains, trees, etc.
Common nounsȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱ
a sentence. Compare:
We suggested to students to be polite.
Students were suggested to be polite.
F. In the following sentences, underline each common noun and
ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ
appropriately
ŗǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱĴǯȱ
_____________________________________________________
2. We shall invite mr. and mrs. gurungs to the party.
_____________________________________________________
3. When dad came home, he found shiloh in the house.
_____________________________________________________
4. Shiloh is a very friendly dog.
__________________________________
5. Julu and smrity are competitors.
__________________________________
Hello Grammar Book 5 33
6. A cat is running toward me.
___________________________________
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ęȱ
names.
ŗǯȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ £ǰȱ ȱƽȱȱȱ ȱgirls
2. Arjun, Bimal, Parash, Shiva, Dinesh, Rohit = _____________
řǯȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱƽȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
4. Football, basketball, cricket, table tennis, chess = __________
śǯȱ ǰȱ
ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱƽȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
Ŝǯȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ
ȱƽȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
7. Dashain, Tihar, Holi, Christmas, Eid, Lhosar = ____________
H. Pick the common nouns from the text below and enlist them in
the box.
This is my bedroom. A bed is placed near the window. Through the
window you can see a beautiful park. On the other side, you can see a
table and a chair. There is also a cupboard for clothes and a showcase for
books and toys. You can see some pictures and a clock on the wall. This
bedroom is no less than a palace for me. I love it very much.
SIXTEEN COMMON NOUNS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
34 Hello Grammar Book 5
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
NOTE:
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱĴǯ
An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word.
Most abbreviations end with a full stop (.) .
January – Jan Mister Rai – Mr. Rai Doctor Rai – Dr. Rai
I. Write the full forms for the following abbreviations.
Jr. _______________ _ Sr. ____________________
Er. ________________ Mr. ____________________
Dr. _______________ _ Ms. ____________________
Hello Grammar Book 5 35
Mrs. ________________ Feb. ____________________
Prof. ______________ _ Sat. ____________________
ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ
full stop where needed.
124
shreenagar Marg
kalanki, ktm
21 march, 2020
dear grandpa
ȱ ȱ ŗŚǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ
Ȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ
ĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǷȱ ȱȂȱ Ƿȱ
love,
Rabin
36 Hello Grammar Book 5
Lesson CONCRETE NOUNS AND
6 ABSTRACT NOUNS
Many students suggested
that sweatshirts and
T-shirts with the name
of the school would be a
good idea. There could
even be a picture of
the school building or
perhaps the school bus.
Other students suggested
that ěȱ and
bags would also sell
well. Another clever
suggestion was to make
up posters with photos of
typical school scenes like
the common room or the
new garden and to sell
these.
The words highlighted in red can be easily seen, touched, smelled etc.
Such nouns are called concrete nouns.
Raj (person), dogs (animals), parrots (birds) jungle (place or thing)
Abstract nouns name an idea, feeling, emotion or quality that cannot
be seen, touched, smelled or tasted. They can just be imagined, heard or
felt.
skill, anger, love, joy, freedom, noise, etc.
Hello Grammar Book 5 37
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
There is strong friendship The two friends are friendly.
among friends. (abstract noun) (concrete noun)
The boy took a pity on the blind This stone is very hard to
person. (abstract noun) break. (concrete noun)
Picture recognition promotes visual understanding of a concept.
ASSIGNMENTS
A. Look at the underlined words. Is the noun something you can
ǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱǵȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ
the abstract nouns.
1. Lata had great trust for the police Ĝ.
2. Climbing that mountain took bravery.
3. Michael shares lots of love with his family.
4. The Ĵ had a fear of leaving her warm bed.
38 Hello Grammar Book 5
5. He takes pride in his job.
6. Padam felt a lot of anger when Tisa moved away.
7. The pigeon is a symbol of peace.
8. My grandfather is full of wisdom.
9. Shital has ęȱȱȂȱȱȱteam.
10. Indira is very tall for her age.
B. Circle the concrete nouns in each sentence below.
1. I sat on the porch with my uncle.
2. The bridge of the castle went down.
3. We took a tour of the museum.
4. He saw a jackal in the woods.
5. The sharks swam in the ocean.
6. My wife wore a beautiful dress to the dance.
7. We had to wear a uniform to school.
8. My shoes were untied.
9. I put on a new pair of socks.
10. I wore a vest under my jacket.
C. Identify and underline the nouns in the following sentences.
Then write them in the correct column.
ŗǯȱȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ
2. Dhane felt great love for his grandmother.
řǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯ
Śǯȱȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
5. Ronnie has loyalty to only one cricket team.
Ŝǯȱȱ ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯ
7. Dad made a promise to play with us every Saturday.
Şǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡¢ǯ
Hello Grammar Book 5 39
9. Mom told us many stories about her happy childhood.
ŗŖǯȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱęȱȱǯ
Concrete Nouns Abstract Nouns
D. In each sentence below, underline the concrete nouns and circle
the abstract nouns.
1. The principal asked all the students to think about the
importance of friendship.
2. When I looked at the new mother, her love for her newborn
baby was obvious.
3. He looked at the pile of money with greed in his eyes, and
then he tried to grab it.
Śǯȱȱ
ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĞȱȱęȱ
eating his dinner.
5. Her eyes were full of hope as she asked her mom to let her
keep the puppy.
6. The nightingale stands on the brink of reality.
7. His eyesight is poor. So, he should wear a pair of glasses.
40 Hello Grammar Book 5
E. Circle the abstract nouns and underline the concrete nouns.
1. a) ball b) bat c) trust d) grass
2. a) puppies b) loyalty c) bananas d) monkey
3. a) kindness b) skateboard c)bicycle d) car
4. a) knife b) fork c) plate d) hunger
5. a) bedroom b) blanket c) comfort d) pajamas
NOTE:
Abstract nouns also name an action. ‘Obedience’ from ‘obey’ Many
abstract nouns are formed from verbs.
F. Form abstract nouns using the verbs given below.
Verbs Abstract Nouns Verbs Abstract Nouns
live__________________ know ____________________
think __________________ invite ___________________
¡ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
obey __________________ imagine ___________________
believe __________________ unite ___________________
NOTE:
Abstract nouns are formed from adjectives.
able-----------ability active----------------activity
Abstract nouns are formed from common nouns.
king----------kingship friend-------------friendship
Hello Grammar Book 5 41
G. Form abstract nouns from using adjectives and common nouns
below.
Adjectives Abstract Nouns C. Nouns Abstract Nouns
thirsty ___________________ slave ___________________
long ___________________ member ___________________
pure ___________________ neighbour _________________
deep ___________________ leader ___________________
true ___________________ man ______________________
angry ___________________ boy ____________________
beautiful ____________________ child ____________________
great ___________________ owner ____________________
happy ____________________ scholar ___________________
42 Hello Grammar Book 5
Lesson COLLECTIVE NOUNS AND
7 COMPOUND NOUNS
Once there lived a family of people in
¡ǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
their Ĵ of puppies for a walk. Suddenly,
Ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱ
It had seen a brood of hens walking by.
ȃ Ȃȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱherd of sweet
cows?” Paridihi called out to her puppy.
But the puppy shook his head and went
to see a pride of lions resting in the forest.
One of the lions saw it peeking and chased
it away. The puppy got scared and unknowingly rushed through a Ě
ȱȱ£ǯȱȱ
All the red-coloured words in the story above are collective nouns.
Collective nouns are a singular word for a group of people, animals or
things.
a team of players (a group of people)
ȱ ȱȱȱĴ (a group of animals)
(a group of things)
a bunch of keys
VISUAL UNDERSTANDING PAGE
The pride of lions Ĵȱacross the plain. The prideo fl ions attacks a deer.
(no unity—plural verb) (unity—singular verb)
Hello Grammar Book 5 43
The class are reading books. (no The class is reading a book.
unity—plural verb) (unity—singular verb)
If a collective noun acts as a unit, it is singularDZȱ ȱěȱdzdz
ȱȱȱȱȱě¢ǰȱȱȱpluralǯȱ ȱěȱdzǯǯ
ASSIGNMENTS
ǯȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱ
nouns in column A and write them on the lines provided. The
ęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
AB
ȱĚȱȱȱ ȱ ships pigeons
ȱȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱ ȱ ę
a bunch of _______________ stars
ȱĚȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱ ȱ ȱ Ě
a bouquet of _____________ mountains
a school of _______________ cards
a choir of ________________ sailors
a range of _______________ singers
44 Hello Grammar Book 5
B. Underline the collective noun in each of the following sentence.
Then complete each sentence by choosing the correct form of
the verb in parentheses.
ŗǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ Ȧȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ěȱ
directions.
2. The organisation (put / puts) on a barbeque every summer.
řǯȱȱ ȱĚȱȱǻȱȦȱǼȱȱǻȱȦȱǼȱǯȱ
Śǯȱȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ȧȱ Ǽȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱ
Festival.
5. The dance troupe (practices / practice) their solos in the studio.
6. The colony of rabbits (lives / live) under the front porch.
ŝǯȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱǻȱȦȱǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
8. Every fall, the English class (writes / write) book reports on
(its / their) summer reading.
şǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻĴȱȦȱĴǼȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ
their prey.
10. A huge swarm of locusts (has / have) destroyed the crops.
C. Circle the collective noun in each group. Then use it in a sentence,
as indicated in parentheses.
1. bananas, poem, woman, band (singular)
A dance band has put up a wonderful show.
2. grandmother, team, bicycle, water (singular)
______________________________________________
3. jury, signature, contests, lipstick (plural)
_________________________________________________
Śǯȱȱ ǰȱĴǰȱǰȱ ȱǻǼ
_________________________________________________
5. skin, crowd, notebook, costumes (singular)
________________________________________________
Hello Grammar Book 5 45
NOTE:
A compound noun is made up of two or more words used together.
mother (single word)
step + mother = stepmother (two words)
mother + in + law =mother-in-law (three words)
D. Add a suitable word to each of the following to form compound
nouns.
1. straw_________ 6. notice__________
2. treat _________ 7. key____________
3. air ___________ 8. bed____________
Śǯȱěȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȱȱ şǯȱȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏȏ
5. lap___________ 10. foot___________
E. Circle the compound noun in each group, and write its plural form.
ŗǯȱȱ ¢ǰȱĞǰȱǰȱę
Řǯȱȱ ęęǰȱǰȱǰȱ
řǯȱȱ ¡ǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ
4. justify, cross-reference, unable, metaphor
5. brand-new, secretary of state, champion, reptile
6. cafeteria, cracker, slingshot, rectangle
7. topics, telegram, holiday, congress
8. heroism, kindness, caretaker, diagram
9. temperature, playground, isolated, building
10. gentleman, biography, balloon, lightning
F. Read the sentence, classify each underlined noun as collective
or compound. Write collective or compound on the lines.
1. In 2011, our school became one of the few schools which has
a major sports team. ______________
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